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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Primates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnivores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnivores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Carnivores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnivores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Cats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Canines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandas,_bears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandas,_bears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Pandas, bears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandas,_bears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viverridae_and_Herpestidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viverridae_and_Herpestidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Viverridae and Herpestidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viverridae_and_Herpestidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otter,_badger,_weasel,_marten,_wolverine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otter,_badger,_weasel,_marten,_wolverine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Otter, badger, weasel, marten, wolverine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otter,_badger,_weasel,_marten,_wolverine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seals,_sea_lions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seals,_sea_lions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Seals, sea lions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seals,_sea_lions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whales,_dolphins,_porpoises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whales,_dolphins,_porpoises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Whales, dolphins, porpoises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whales,_dolphins,_porpoises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Baiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finless_porpoise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finless_porpoise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Finless porpoise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finless_porpoise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanic_dolphins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_dolphins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Oceanic dolphins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_dolphins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Whales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baleen_whales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baleen_whales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4.1</span> <span>Baleen whales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baleen_whales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toothed_whales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toothed_whales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4.2</span> <span>Toothed whales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toothed_whales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dugongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dugongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Dugongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dugongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elephant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elephant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Elephant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elephant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odd-toed_ungulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odd-toed_ungulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Odd-toed ungulates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odd-toed_ungulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Rhino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horses_and_wild_asses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses_and_wild_asses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Horses and wild asses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses_and_wild_asses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Even-toed_ungulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Even-toed_ungulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Even-toed ungulates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Even-toed_ungulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Deer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antelope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antelope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Antelope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antelope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goat_antelopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goat_antelopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Goat antelopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goat_antelopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountain_sheep_and_goat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_sheep_and_goat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Mountain sheep and goat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain_sheep_and_goat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cattle,_camel,_pig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle,_camel,_pig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5</span> <span>Cattle, camel, pig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle,_camel,_pig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pangolin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangolin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Pangolin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangolin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rodents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Rodents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Porcupine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porcupine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Porcupine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porcupine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Beaver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squirrels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squirrels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>Squirrels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squirrels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jumping_rodents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumping_rodents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.4</span> <span>Jumping rodents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumping_rodents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zokors,_bamboo_rats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zokors,_bamboo_rats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.5</span> <span>Zokors, bamboo rats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zokors,_bamboo_rats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamsters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamsters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.6</span> <span>Hamsters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamsters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mice_and_rats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mice_and_rats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.7</span> <span>Mice and rats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mice_and_rats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerbils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerbils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.8</span> <span>Gerbils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerbils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrew_moles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrew_moles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.9</span> <span>Shrew moles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrew_moles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pikas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pikas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Pikas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pikas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Moles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Gymnures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treeshrews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treeshrews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Treeshrews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treeshrews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hedgehogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hedgehogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Hedgehogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hedgehogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Hares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Bats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Megabats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megabats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.1</span> <span>Megabats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megabats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.2</span> <span>Microbats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vesper_bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vesper_bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.2.1</span> <span>Vesper bats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vesper_bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-winged_bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-winged_bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.2.2</span> <span>Long-winged bats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-winged_bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free-tailed_bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-tailed_bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.2.3</span> <span>Free-tailed bats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-tailed_bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_vampire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_vampire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.2.4</span> <span>False vampire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_vampire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sac-winged_bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sac-winged_bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.2.5</span> <span>Sac-winged bats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sac-winged_bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horseshoe_bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horseshoe_bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16.2.6</span> <span>Horseshoe bats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horseshoe_bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Birds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Birds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pheasants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pheasants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pheasants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pheasants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cranes_and_other_wading_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cranes_and_other_wading_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cranes and other wading birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cranes_and_other_wading_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reptiles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crocodilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crocodilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Crocodilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crocodilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lizards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lizards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lizards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lizards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turtles_and_tortoises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turtles_and_tortoises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Turtles and tortoises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turtles_and_tortoises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Snakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Amphibians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Frogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_frogs_(Ranidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_frogs_(Ranidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>True frogs (Ranidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_frogs_(Ranidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dicroglossidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dicroglossidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Dicroglossidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dicroglossidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceratobatrachidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceratobatrachidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Ceratobatrachidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceratobatrachidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tree_frogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_frogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Tree frogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tree_frogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microhylidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microhylidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Microhylidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microhylidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litter_frogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litter_frogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Litter frogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litter_frogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrub_frogs_(Rhacophoridae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrub_frogs_(Rhacophoridae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrub_frogs_(Rhacophoridae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_water_frogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_water_frogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8</span> <span>Salt water frogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_water_frogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Toads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_toads_(Bufo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_toads_(Bufo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>True toads (<i>Bufo</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_toads_(Bufo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horned_toads_(Xenophrys)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horned_toads_(Xenophrys)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Horned toads (<i>Xenophrys</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horned_toads_(Xenophrys)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_toads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_toads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Other toads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_toads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salamanders_and_newts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salamanders_and_newts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Salamanders and newts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salamanders_and_newts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caecilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caecilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Caecilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caecilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Invertebrates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freshwater_crabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_crabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Freshwater crabs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_crabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molluscs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molluscs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Molluscs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molluscs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butterflies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butterflies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Butterflies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butterflies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centipedes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centipedes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Centipedes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centipedes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Endangered species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الحياة البرية في الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحياة البرية في الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حیات وحش چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حیات وحش چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margasatwa_Tiongkok" title="Margasatwa Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Margasatwa Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_selvatica_in_Cina" title="Fauna selvatica in Cina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fauna selvatica in Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="החי בסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החי בסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Дикая природа Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дикая природа Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_a_fl%C3%B3ra_%C4%8C%C3%ADny" title="Fauna a flóra Číny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fauna a flóra Číny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дивљи свет Кине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дивљи свет Кине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="சீனாவின் வனவிலங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனாவின் வனவிலங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพในประเทศจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพในประเทศจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Hệ động vật Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ động vật Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="中国野生动物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国野生动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8001373#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lightmatter_panda.jpg/330px-Lightmatter_panda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lightmatter_panda.jpg/440px-Lightmatter_panda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a> is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to China, where it is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">endangered and protected species</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldstumpfnasen_(Rhinopithecus_roxellana).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Goldstumpfnasen_%28Rhinopithecus_roxellana%29.jpg/220px-Goldstumpfnasen_%28Rhinopithecus_roxellana%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Goldstumpfnasen_%28Rhinopithecus_roxellana%29.jpg/330px-Goldstumpfnasen_%28Rhinopithecus_roxellana%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Goldstumpfnasen_%28Rhinopithecus_roxellana%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">snub-nosed monkey</a>, another endangered and endemic species</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">vast and diverse landscape</a> is home to a profound variety and abundance of wildlife. As of one of 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_2009a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_2009a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has, according to one measure, 7,516 species of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> including 4,936 fish, 1,269 bird, 562 <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_China" title="List of mammals of China">mammal</a>, 403 reptile and 346 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of the number of species, China ranks third in the world in mammals,<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_mammals_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_mammals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eighth in birds,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seventh in reptiles<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seventh in amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_amphibians_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_amphibians-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species of animals are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to China, including the country's most famous wildlife species, the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>. In all, about one-sixth of mammal species and two-thirds of amphibian species in China are endemic to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_mammals_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_mammals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_amphibians_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_amphibians-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildlife in China share habitat with and bear acute pressure from the world's largest population of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. At least 840 <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">species are threatened, vulnerable or in danger of local extinction</a> in China, due mainly to human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution and poaching for food, fur and ingredients for <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endangered wildlife is protected by law, and as of 2005, the country has over 2,349 <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of China">nature reserves</a>, covering a total area of 149.95 million <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> (578,960 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a>), about 15 percent of China's total land area.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mammals">Mammals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mammals in China">List of mammals in China</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primates">Primates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is home to 21 <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> species including <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">macaques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf monkey">leaf monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray langur">gray langurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">snub-nosed monkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loris" title="Loris">lorises</a>. Most of China's primate species are <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">endangered</a>. Both apes and monkeys, <a href="/wiki/Monkeys_in_Chinese_culture" title="Monkeys in Chinese culture">particularly gibbons and macaques are prominently featured in Chinese culture, folk religion, art and literature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">monkey</a> is one of the 12 animals of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:557px;max-width:557px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoolock_hoolock_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hoolock_hoolock_001.jpg/126px-Hoolock_hoolock_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hoolock_hoolock_001.jpg/189px-Hoolock_hoolock_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hoolock_hoolock_001.jpg/252px-Hoolock_hoolock_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Western_hoolock_gibbon" title="Western hoolock gibbon">Western hoolock gibbons</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibbon_%C3%A0_mains_blanches_(Zoo_de_Lille_Nord).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gibbon_%C3%A0_mains_blanches_%28Zoo_de_Lille_Nord%29.jpg/175px-Gibbon_%C3%A0_mains_blanches_%28Zoo_de_Lille_Nord%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gibbon_%C3%A0_mains_blanches_%28Zoo_de_Lille_Nord%29.jpg/263px-Gibbon_%C3%A0_mains_blanches_%28Zoo_de_Lille_Nord%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gibbon_%C3%A0_mains_blanches_%28Zoo_de_Lille_Nord%29.jpg/350px-Gibbon_%C3%A0_mains_blanches_%28Zoo_de_Lille_Nord%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1252" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A female <a href="/wiki/Lar_gibbon" title="Lar gibbon">lar gibbon</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:246px;max-width:246px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomascus_leucogenys_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012-08-24-IMG_0100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nomascus_leucogenys_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012-08-24-IMG_0100.jpg/244px-Nomascus_leucogenys_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012-08-24-IMG_0100.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nomascus_leucogenys_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012-08-24-IMG_0100.jpg/366px-Nomascus_leucogenys_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012-08-24-IMG_0100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nomascus_leucogenys_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012-08-24-IMG_0100.jpg/488px-Nomascus_leucogenys_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012-08-24-IMG_0100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A female <a href="/wiki/Northern_white-cheeked_gibbon" title="Northern white-cheeked gibbon">northern white-cheeked gibbon</a> grooming a male</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The only <a href="/wiki/Apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apes">apes</a> native to China are <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a>. Gibbons are <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">tree dwellers</a> which use their long arms to <a href="/wiki/Brachiation" title="Brachiation">swing from branches</a>. Gibbons can be recognized by their loud calls, with mating pairs often singing together as a duet. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hainan_black_crested_gibbon" title="Hainan black crested gibbon">Hainan black crested gibbon</a> is among the rarest and <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_25_Most_Endangered_Primates" title="The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates">most endangered apes</a>. Endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Island">island of Hainan</a>, there are fewer than 30 individuals left in the <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Bawangling_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve">Bawangling National Nature Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GibbonConservation_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbonConservation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other gibbons, male Hainan black crested gibbons are black in color while females are golden brown. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_black_crested_gibbon" title="Eastern black crested gibbon">eastern black crested gibbon</a> is nearly as rare with only 20 or so in the <a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Zhuang_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region">Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region</a> along with 30 in neighboring Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-GibbonConservation_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbonConservation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 99% of this ape's habitat in China has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-GibbonConservation_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbonConservation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_crested_gibbon" title="Black crested gibbon">black crested gibbon</a> is found across a greater swath of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">southwestern China</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_lar_gibbon" title="Yunnan lar gibbon">Yunnan lar gibbon</a>, a subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Lar_gibbon" title="Lar gibbon">lar or white-handed gibbon</a>, might be extinct in China. The animal was last observed by <a href="/wiki/Zoologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologists">zoologists</a> in 1988 and its call was last heard by locals in 2002. A survey in November 2007 in the Nangunhe National Nature Reserve yielded no sign of this gibbon. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_white-cheeked_gibbon" title="Northern white-cheeked gibbon">northern white-cheeked gibbon</a> is nearly extinct in the wilderness of southern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> where they are hunted by local people as charms of good luck and for their bones which are made into weaving instrument and <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GibbonConservation_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbonConservation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008, a captive population of eight <a href="/wiki/Northern_white-cheeked_gibbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern white-cheeked gibbons">northern white-cheeked gibbons</a> was living in the Mengyang Nature Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the individuals were released into the wild but still relied on tourists for food.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_hoolock_gibbon" title="Eastern hoolock gibbon">eastern hoolock gibbon</a>, which are distinguished by white tufts of hair above the eyebrows, are found in western Yunnan, along the border with <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Western_hoolock_gibbon" title="Western hoolock gibbon">western hoolock gibbon</a> might be found in southeastern Tibet. All gibbons in China are Class I protected species. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:794px;max-width:794px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_emei_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mt_emei_3.JPG/122px-Mt_emei_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mt_emei_3.JPG/183px-Mt_emei_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mt_emei_3.JPG/244px-Mt_emei_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_macaque" title="Tibetan macaque">Tibetan macaque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg/114px-Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg/171px-Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg/228px-Macaca_mulatta_in_Guiyang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">Rhesus macaque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macaca_arctoides.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Macaca_arctoides.png/218px-Macaca_arctoides.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Macaca_arctoides.png/327px-Macaca_arctoides.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Macaca_arctoides.png/436px-Macaca_arctoides.png 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An alpha male <a href="/wiki/Stump-tailed_macaque" title="Stump-tailed macaque">stump-tailed macaque</a> eats as other members of his troop watch</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_macaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Formosan_macaque.jpg/213px-Formosan_macaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Formosan_macaque.jpg/320px-Formosan_macaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Formosan_macaque.jpg/426px-Formosan_macaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_rock_macaque" title="Formosan rock macaque">Formosan rock macaques</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_pig-tailed_macaque_in_Khao_Yai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Northern_pig-tailed_macaque_in_Khao_Yai.JPG/107px-Northern_pig-tailed_macaque_in_Khao_Yai.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Northern_pig-tailed_macaque_in_Khao_Yai.JPG/161px-Northern_pig-tailed_macaque_in_Khao_Yai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Northern_pig-tailed_macaque_in_Khao_Yai.JPG/214px-Northern_pig-tailed_macaque_in_Khao_Yai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Northern_pig-tailed_macaque" title="Northern pig-tailed macaque">Northern pig-tailed macaque</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The most commonly found primates in China are <a href="/wiki/Macaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaques">macaques</a>, which have oversized cheeks to store food and live in large troops. The range of the <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus macaques">rhesus or common macaque</a> extends from as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Taihang_Mountains" title="Taihang Mountains">Taihang Mountains</a> of Shanxi and down to Hainan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_macaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan macaques">Tibetan macaques</a> are often seen at tourist sites such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stump-tailed_macaque" title="Stump-tailed macaque">Stump-tailed macaques</a> have distinct red faces and live throughout southern China. The <a href="/wiki/Formosan_rock_macaque" title="Formosan rock macaque">Formosan rock macaque</a> is endemic to Taiwan. <a href="/wiki/Assam_macaque" title="Assam macaque">Assam macaques</a> are found in higher elevation areas of southern Tibet and the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_pig-tailed_macaque" title="Northern pig-tailed macaque">northern pig-tailed macaque</a> in Yunnan. Macaques are Class I protected species in China but their numbers have fallen sharply. <a href="/wiki/Monkey_brains_(cuisine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkey brains (cuisine)">Monkey brain</a> is a delicacy in parts of Guangxi and Guangdong, and macaques are often hunted for food.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba</a> people of southern Tibet eat Assam macaques.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkey_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1998 to 2004, the number of rhesus macaques in China fell from 254,000 to about 77,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkey_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the same period, the Tibetan macaque population fell by 83% from about 100,000 to only about 17,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkey_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:479px;max-width:479px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys,_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys%2C_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg/117px-Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys%2C_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys%2C_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg/176px-Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys%2C_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys%2C_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg/234px-Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys%2C_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Golden_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Golden snub-nosed monkey">Golden snub-nosed monkeys</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg/225px-FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg/338px-FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg/450px-FrancoisLangur2_CincinnatiZoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3412" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%27_langur" title="François' langur">François' langurs</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachypithecus_pileatus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trachypithecus_pileatus.JPG/125px-Trachypithecus_pileatus.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trachypithecus_pileatus.JPG/188px-Trachypithecus_pileatus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trachypithecus_pileatus.JPG/250px-Trachypithecus_pileatus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">Capped langur</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Snub-nosed_monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Snub-nosed monkeys">Snub-nosed monkeys</a> are so named because they have only nostrils and virtually no nose. Four of the five species in the world are found in China, including three that are endemic. All live in mountainous forests at elevations of 1,500–3,400 m above sea level. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Golden snub-nosed monkey">golden snub-nosed monkey</a> is most famous and most widely distributed, with subspecies in Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The <a href="/wiki/Gray_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Gray snub-nosed monkey">gray snub-nosed monkey</a> is the most endangered, with about 700 individuals, found only in Guizhou. The <a href="/wiki/Black_snub-nosed_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Black snub-nosed monkey">black snub-nosed monkey</a> has about 1,700 individuals living in 17 identified groups in Yunnan and eastern Tibet. A small population of Myanmar snub-nosed monkey was found in western Yunnan in 2011. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkeys</a> in China include the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%27_langur" title="François' langur">François' langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-headed_langur" title="White-headed langur">white-headed langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phayre%27s_leaf_monkey" title="Phayre's leaf monkey">Phayre's leaf monkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">capped langur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortridge%27s_langur" title="Shortridge's langur">Shortridge's langur</a>, which are collectively categorized as <a href="/wiki/Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">lutungs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_gray_langur" title="Nepal gray langur">Nepal gray langur</a>, which is considered a <a href="/wiki/Semnopithecus" title="Semnopithecus">true langur</a>. All of these species are endangered. Lutungs, also called leaf monkeys, have relatively short arms, longer legs and long tails along with a hood of hair above their eyes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%27_langur" title="François' langur">François' langur</a> is found only in southwest China and northern Vietnam. The range of the white-headed langur is much smaller—only in southern Guangxi and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_B%C3%A0_Island" title="Cát Bà Island">Cát Bà Island</a> in Vietnam. Phayre's leaf monkey is native to Yunnan and a larger swath of Indochina. The capped and Shortridge's langurs live along the Yunnan-Myanmar border. The Nepal gray langur is larger than the lutungs and found in southern Tibet. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:251px;max-width:251px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nycticebus_pygmaeus_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nycticebus_pygmaeus_001.jpg/168px-Nycticebus_pygmaeus_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nycticebus_pygmaeus_001.jpg/252px-Nycticebus_pygmaeus_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nycticebus_pygmaeus_001.jpg/336px-Nycticebus_pygmaeus_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_slow_loris" title="Pygmy slow loris">Pygmy slow loris</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Captive_N._bengalensis_from_Laos_with_6-week_baby.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Captive_N._bengalensis_from_Laos_with_6-week_baby.JPG/75px-Captive_N._bengalensis_from_Laos_with_6-week_baby.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Captive_N._bengalensis_from_Laos_with_6-week_baby.JPG/113px-Captive_N._bengalensis_from_Laos_with_6-week_baby.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Captive_N._bengalensis_from_Laos_with_6-week_baby.JPG/150px-Captive_N._bengalensis_from_Laos_with_6-week_baby.JPG 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_slow_loris" title="Bengal slow loris">Bengal slow loris</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Whereas apes and monkeys are grouped as <a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">haplorhine</a> or "dry nose" primates, <a href="/wiki/Loris" title="Loris">lorises</a> are <a href="/wiki/Strepsirrhini" title="Strepsirrhini">strepsirrhine</a> or "wet nose" primates. Lorises have big eyes, tiny ears, live in trees and are active at night. The <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_slow_loris" title="Pygmy slow loris">pygmy slow loris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_slow_loris" title="Bengal slow loris">Bengal slow loris</a> are both found in southern Yunnan and Guangxi and are Class I protected species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnivores">Carnivores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carnivores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cats">Cats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG/220px-2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG/330px-2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG/440px-2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/South_China_tiger" title="South China tiger">South China tiger</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Zoo" title="Shanghai Zoo">Shanghai Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>China's <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cat</a> species include the <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">tiger</a> is one of the 12 animals of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>, and figures prominently in <a href="/wiki/Tiger_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger in Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and history. Tiger bones are used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> and tiger fur is used for decoration. The animal is vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> and habitat loss. Four tiger populations were native to China. All are critically endangered, protected and live in nature reserves. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a> occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a>, along the border with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tiger</a> was last seen in the <a href="/wiki/Manasi_River" title="Manasi River">Manasi River</a> Basin of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> in the 1960s, where this population is now <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/South_China_tiger" title="South China tiger">South China tiger</a> is an endemic population whose habitat is now confined to the mountain regions of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. A few <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_tiger" title="Indochinese tiger">Indochinese tigers</a> were known to live in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> where six nature reserves have been established for their protection.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panth%C3%A8res_de_Chine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Panth%C3%A8res_de_Chine.JPG/200px-Panth%C3%A8res_de_Chine.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Panth%C3%A8res_de_Chine.JPG/300px-Panth%C3%A8res_de_Chine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Panth%C3%A8res_de_Chine.JPG/400px-Panth%C3%A8res_de_Chine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Amur_leopard" title="Amur leopard">Amur leopards</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dou%C3%A9_21_06_2010_02_Uncia_uncia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dou%C3%A9_21_06_2010_02_Uncia_uncia_1.jpg/200px-Dou%C3%A9_21_06_2010_02_Uncia_uncia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dou%C3%A9_21_06_2010_02_Uncia_uncia_1.jpg/300px-Dou%C3%A9_21_06_2010_02_Uncia_uncia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dou%C3%A9_21_06_2010_02_Uncia_uncia_1.jpg/400px-Dou%C3%A9_21_06_2010_02_Uncia_uncia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="1853" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Three leopard <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are thought to occur in China: </p> <ul><li>Leopards recorded in <a href="/wiki/Qomolangma_National_Nature_Preserve" title="Qomolangma National Nature Preserve">Qomolangma National Nature Preserve</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> are subsumed to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laguardia17_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laguardia17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_leopard" title="Indochinese leopard">Indochinese leopard</a> occurs in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Province">Yunnan Province</a> of southern China, where the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a> is thought to form a barrier to leopard populations farther north.<sup id="cite_ref-Miththapala1996_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miththapala1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camera-trap surveys conducted between 2002 and 2009 in 11 nature reserves in southern China recorded leopards only in <a href="/wiki/Changqing_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Changqing National Nature Reserve">Changqing National Nature Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qinling" title="Qinling">Qinling</a> Mountains, but not in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan Province">Sichuan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wolong_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolong Nature Reserve">Wolong Nature Reserve</a> and other protected areas in Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Amur_leopard" title="Amur leopard">Amur leopard</a> is native to northern China including the <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> province along the border with Russia and North Korea, where it has been recorded by <a href="/wiki/Camera-trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera-trap">camera-traps</a> in Hunchun National Nature Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiaoetal2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiaoetal2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yanetal2018_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanetal2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopards cross between China, Russia and North Korea across the <a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen River</a> despite a high and long wire fence marking the international boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary records of leopards exist from protected areas in <a href="/wiki/Hebei_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei Province">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan Province">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanxi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanxi Province">Shanxi Provinces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia Autonomous Region</a>, but not from <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Province">Gansu Province</a>. Whether leopards still occur in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai Province">Qinghai Province</a> is uncertain. The species has probably been extirpated in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxi province">Jiangxi provinces</a>. It is listed as nationally critically endangered, but receives little attention from Chinese wildlife biologists and conservationists.<sup id="cite_ref-Laguardia17_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laguardia17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragmented leopard populations in central China have been subsumed to the Amur leopard, as there is no notable geographical barrier to northern China that would have prevented <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-CatSG2017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatSG2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The range of the <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a> extends across the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakorum_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakorum Mountains">Karakorum Mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> in western China.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clouded_Leopard_SanDiegoZoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Clouded_Leopard_SanDiegoZoo.jpg/200px-Clouded_Leopard_SanDiegoZoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Clouded_Leopard_SanDiegoZoo.jpg/300px-Clouded_Leopard_SanDiegoZoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Clouded_Leopard_SanDiegoZoo.jpg/400px-Clouded_Leopard_SanDiegoZoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Clouded leopard</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Mountain_Cat_(Felis_Bieti)_in_XiNing_Wild_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chinese_Mountain_Cat_%28Felis_Bieti%29_in_XiNing_Wild_Zoo.jpg/200px-Chinese_Mountain_Cat_%28Felis_Bieti%29_in_XiNing_Wild_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chinese_Mountain_Cat_%28Felis_Bieti%29_in_XiNing_Wild_Zoo.jpg/300px-Chinese_Mountain_Cat_%28Felis_Bieti%29_in_XiNing_Wild_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chinese_Mountain_Cat_%28Felis_Bieti%29_in_XiNing_Wild_Zoo.jpg/400px-Chinese_Mountain_Cat_%28Felis_Bieti%29_in_XiNing_Wild_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2598" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chinese mountain cat</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a> occurs in forest regions south of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze River</a>. It became locally extinct in Taiwan in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat</a> is endemic to China and lives on the north-eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. It was recorded only in eastern <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and north-western <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-He2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was photographed by a camera-trap for the first time in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Yin2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yin2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One individual was observed and photographed in May 2015 in the <a href="/wiki/Ruoergai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruoergai">Ruoergai</a> grasslands.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:535px;max-width:535px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_Survival_Trust_Octocolobus_manul_portrait_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cat_Survival_Trust_Octocolobus_manul_portrait_03.jpg/170px-Cat_Survival_Trust_Octocolobus_manul_portrait_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cat_Survival_Trust_Octocolobus_manul_portrait_03.jpg/255px-Cat_Survival_Trust_Octocolobus_manul_portrait_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cat_Survival_Trust_Octocolobus_manul_portrait_03.jpg/340px-Cat_Survival_Trust_Octocolobus_manul_portrait_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3498" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Golden_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Asian_Golden_cat.jpg/198px-Asian_Golden_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Asian_Golden_cat.jpg/297px-Asian_Golden_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Asian_Golden_cat.jpg/396px-Asian_Golden_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="2337" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavenn_Felis_bengalensis_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stavenn_Felis_bengalensis_00.jpg/155px-Stavenn_Felis_bengalensis_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stavenn_Felis_bengalensis_00.jpg/233px-Stavenn_Felis_bengalensis_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stavenn_Felis_bengalensis_00.jpg/310px-Stavenn_Felis_bengalensis_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The range of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat</a> occurs at high altitudes on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> and in western China.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_wildcat" title="Asiatic wildcat">Asiatic wildcat</a> is distributed in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, it has been confined to three southern prefectures: <a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan</a>. It is declining rapidly in its natural habitat in the Xinjiang desert region of China mainly because of excessive hunting for pelt trade followed by shrinkage of its habitat due to cultivation, oil and gas exploration and excessive use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">leopard cat</a> have been recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Changqing_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Changqing National Nature Reserve">Changqing National Nature Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qinling" title="Qinling">Qinling</a> Mountains and in the Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve in the <a href="/wiki/Min_Mountains" title="Min Mountains">Min Mountains</a>. The leopard cat also occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Wolong_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolong Nature Reserve">Wolong Nature Reserve</a> and other protected areas in the <a href="/wiki/Qionglai_Mountains" title="Qionglai Mountains">Qionglai Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daliang_Mountains" title="Daliang Mountains">Daliang Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canines">Canines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> has many members in China including the <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">corsac fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sand_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan sand fox">Tibetan sand fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">common raccoon dog</a>. Two subspecies of wolf live in China—the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf</a>, which is found in all of mainland China<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan wolf">Tibetan wolf</a>, which lives on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. </p><p>Some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> may have been domesticated in East Asia, and several Chinese dog breeds including the <a href="/wiki/Shar-pei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shar-pei">shar-pei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chow_chow" class="mw-redirect" title="Chow chow">chow chow</a> are among the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_dog_breeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient dog breeds">most ancient</a> in terms of DNA similarity to the gray wolf. </p><p>Dholes are now found in only six provinces: <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The red fox, the largest fox species, can be found in every part of China except the northwest. The corsac fox is found in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> and the Tibetan sand fox in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan. </p><p>The raccoon dog, one of the few canids that can climb trees, is native to eastern and northeastern China. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:795px;max-width:795px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_lupus_Tiergarten_Worms_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canis_lupus_lupus_Tiergarten_Worms_2011.JPG/120px-Canis_lupus_lupus_Tiergarten_Worms_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canis_lupus_lupus_Tiergarten_Worms_2011.JPG/180px-Canis_lupus_lupus_Tiergarten_Worms_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canis_lupus_lupus_Tiergarten_Worms_2011.JPG/240px-Canis_lupus_lupus_Tiergarten_Worms_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg/201px-Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg/302px-Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg/402px-Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="323" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_corsac_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vulpes_corsac_2010.JPG/213px-Vulpes_corsac_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vulpes_corsac_2010.JPG/320px-Vulpes_corsac_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vulpes_corsac_2010.JPG/426px-Vulpes_corsac_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_Dog01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raccoon_Dog01.jpg/245px-Raccoon_Dog01.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raccoon_Dog01.jpg/368px-Raccoon_Dog01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raccoon_Dog01.jpg/490px-Raccoon_Dog01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="1937" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">Raccoon dog</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pandas,_bears"><span id="Pandas.2C_bears"></span>Pandas, bears</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pandas, bears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>, perhaps China's most famous wildlife species, lives in six patches of highland valleys of the Min, <a href="/wiki/Qionglai_City" title="Qionglai City">Qionglai</a>, Liang, <a href="/wiki/Daxiangling" title="Daxiangling">Daxiangling</a>, Xiaoxiangling and Qinling mountains of the upper <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> basin, which are spread over 45 counties in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Only about 1,600 live in the wild (80% in Sichuan) along with about 300 in captivity in Chinese breeding centers and zoos. The animal is rare and elusive. Though classified as an omnivore, the giant panda's diet is over 90% bamboo. Its black and white coloration provides a degree camouflage in the dense forests, but the adult animal has no natural predators. Giant pandas are notoriously difficult to breed; they have short mating periods, and give birth to only one or two cubs per year. The giant panda cub is the smallest baby, compared in proportion to the parents, of any placental mammal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The giant panda is considered to be a national treasure<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is an endangered species protected by state law. Since the 1970s, giant pandas have been given or lent to foreign zoos as <a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">gesture of diplomatic goodwill</a>. </p><p>Other more common bears in China include the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic black bear">Asiatic black bear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> which are found across much of the country. Sub-species of the brown bear include the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear" title="Himalayan brown bear">Himalayan brown bear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_blue_bear" title="Tibetan blue bear">Tibetan blue bear</a> in Tibet, and the <a href="/wiki/Ussuri_brown_bear" title="Ussuri brown bear">Ussuri brown bear</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a> is found in Yunnan. Bears, especially black bears, are also raised in captivity to harvest their <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">bile</a> for use in traditional Chinese medicine. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a> - which unlike the giant panda is not a bear and more closely resembles a raccoon - is from a separate family by itself (Ailuridae), and is found in Sichuan and Yunnan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viverridae_and_Herpestidae">Viverridae and Herpestidae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Viverridae and Herpestidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Viverrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Viverrid">viverrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a> families of small carnivores are represented by numerous members occurring in southern China, including <a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">binturong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">large Indian civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small Indian civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">masked palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">small-toothed palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">crab-eating mongoose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">small Indian mongoose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Otter,_badger,_weasel,_marten,_wolverine"><span id="Otter.2C_badger.2C_weasel.2C_marten.2C_wolverine"></span>Otter, badger, weasel, marten, wolverine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Otter, badger, weasel, marten, wolverine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:560px;max-width:560px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zibellino_del_Barguzin_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zibellino_del_Barguzin_%281%29.jpg/222px-Zibellino_del_Barguzin_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zibellino_del_Barguzin_%281%29.jpg/333px-Zibellino_del_Barguzin_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zibellino_del_Barguzin_%281%29.jpg/444px-Zibellino_del_Barguzin_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinmarder_Wildpark_Alte_Fasanerie_Klein-Auheim_Juni_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Steinmarder_Wildpark_Alte_Fasanerie_Klein-Auheim_Juni_2012.JPG/109px-Steinmarder_Wildpark_Alte_Fasanerie_Klein-Auheim_Juni_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="109" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Steinmarder_Wildpark_Alte_Fasanerie_Klein-Auheim_Juni_2012.JPG/164px-Steinmarder_Wildpark_Alte_Fasanerie_Klein-Auheim_Juni_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Steinmarder_Wildpark_Alte_Fasanerie_Klein-Auheim_Juni_2012.JPG/218px-Steinmarder_Wildpark_Alte_Fasanerie_Klein-Auheim_Juni_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martes_flavigula,_yellow-throated_marten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Martes_flavigula%2C_yellow-throated_marten.jpg/217px-Martes_flavigula%2C_yellow-throated_marten.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Martes_flavigula%2C_yellow-throated_marten.jpg/326px-Martes_flavigula%2C_yellow-throated_marten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Martes_flavigula%2C_yellow-throated_marten.jpg/434px-Martes_flavigula%2C_yellow-throated_marten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4798" data-file-height="3202" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">largest family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivorous mammals</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Otters" class="mw-redirect" title="Otters">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Badgers">badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasels" class="mw-redirect" title="Weasels">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martens" class="mw-redirect" title="Martens">martens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolverines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverines">wolverines</a>, all of which are found in China. All of these <a href="/wiki/Mustelids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelids">mustelids</a> are short, furry animals with short, rounded ears and thick fur, but they differ markedly in size, habit and habitat. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sable</a>, a species of marten, is prized for its fine fur, which along with ginseng and deer antler velvet, are known as the "three treasures of Manchuria". The sable is found in Manchuria (also called the Northeast) and Altai region of northern Xinjiang. The <a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">beech marten</a> of western China and <a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">yellow-throated marten</a> of southern China are closely related to the sable. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel</a>, known locally as the "yellow rat wolf", is the most common weasel in China. It is found throughout <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, and known to steal poultry from farmers but helps to control the rodent population. Hair from the tail of the Siberian weasel is used to make <a href="/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">ink brush</a> for traditional Chinese calligraphy. Other weasel species include the <a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">least weasel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoat</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">yellow-bellied weasel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">back-striped weasel</a> in the south, and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">mountain weasel</a> in the west. The <a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">steppe polecat</a> is bigger than the Siberian weasel and found across northern China. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:779px;max-width:779px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustela_sibirica_dd_winter_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mustela_sibirica_dd_winter_2002.jpg/102px-Mustela_sibirica_dd_winter_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mustela_sibirica_dd_winter_2002.jpg/153px-Mustela_sibirica_dd_winter_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mustela_sibirica_dd_winter_2002.jpg/204px-Mustela_sibirica_dd_winter_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg/104px-Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg/156px-Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg/208px-Mustela_erminea_upright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat</a> (ermine)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg/170px-Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg/255px-Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg/340px-Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustela_eversmannii_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mustela_eversmannii_3.jpg/183px-Mustela_eversmannii_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mustela_eversmannii_3.jpg/275px-Mustela_eversmannii_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mustela_eversmannii_3.jpg/366px-Mustela_eversmannii_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Weasel_(Mustela_altaica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mountain_Weasel_%28Mustela_altaica%29.jpg/200px-Mountain_Weasel_%28Mustela_altaica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mountain_Weasel_%28Mustela_altaica%29.jpg/300px-Mountain_Weasel_%28Mustela_altaica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mountain_Weasel_%28Mustela_altaica%29.jpg/400px-Mountain_Weasel_%28Mustela_altaica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="868" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In Chinese, the wolverine is called "sable bear" because it is bigger than a sable and smaller than a bear and resembles both animals. The animal lives in caves and dens, which they do not dig but take from other animals such as bears, foxes and <a href="/wiki/Bobak_marmot" title="Bobak marmot">bobak marmots</a>. Wolverines are fierce creatures that will fight bears and wolves for food. They are found in the Greater Khingan range of Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia and the Altai Mountains of northern Xinjiang, and number only about 200. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:782px;max-width:782px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulo_gulo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gulo_gulo_01.jpg/193px-Gulo_gulo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gulo_gulo_01.jpg/290px-Gulo_gulo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gulo_gulo_01.jpg/386px-Gulo_gulo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="2061" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_otter_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_otter_02.jpg/190px-European_otter_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_otter_02.jpg/285px-European_otter_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_otter_02.jpg/380px-European_otter_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/European_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="European otter">European otter</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg/190px-Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg/285px-Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg/380px-Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="2195" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_small-clawed_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental small-clawed otter">Oriental small-clawed otter</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smooth-coat-otter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Smooth-coat-otter.JPG/193px-Smooth-coat-otter.JPG" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Smooth-coat-otter.JPG/290px-Smooth-coat-otter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Smooth-coat-otter.JPG/386px-Smooth-coat-otter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="European otter">European otter</a> is found throughout much of Eurasia and China. It is nearly extinct on Taiwan though some have been found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a>, off the coast of Fujian. The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_small-clawed_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental small-clawed otter">Oriental small-clawed otter</a> is the smallest otter species and lives in mangrove and freshwater swamps of southern China and Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">smooth-coated otter</a> is confined to parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. </p><p>Like sable and martens, otter fur is also used make <a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">clothing</a>. Sables and wolverines are Class I protected species. Martens and otters are Class II protected species. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melogale_moschata_(male)_Praha_zoo_02.2011_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Melogale_moschata_%28male%29_Praha_zoo_02.2011_01.jpg/220px-Melogale_moschata_%28male%29_Praha_zoo_02.2011_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Melogale_moschata_%28male%29_Praha_zoo_02.2011_01.jpg/330px-Melogale_moschata_%28male%29_Praha_zoo_02.2011_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Melogale_moschata_%28male%29_Praha_zoo_02.2011_01.jpg/440px-Melogale_moschata_%28male%29_Praha_zoo_02.2011_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Badgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Badgers">Badgers</a> have distinctive white stripes on their faces with one long stripe that extends from nose to tail. The <a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger</a> is found throughout China proper and the eastern Himalayas. The <a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">hog badger</a> has a pig-like snout and has a slightly smaller range than the Asian badger. <a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Ferret-badgers</a> are the smallest badgers and two species live in China. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger</a> is found across much of southern China south of the Yangtze River and the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger</a> along Yunnan's border with Laos and Vietnam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seals,_sea_lions"><span id="Seals.2C_sea_lions"></span>Seals, sea lions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seals, sea lions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipeds</a> are also classified as carnivores and are divided between <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">earless or true seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eared_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Eared seals">eared seals</a>. True seals do not have ears and cannot get their hind flippers underneath their bodies to crawl. Eared seals, which include sea lions, in contrast, have protruding ears and can "walk" with all four limbs on land. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhocaLargha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PhocaLargha.jpg/200px-PhocaLargha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PhocaLargha.jpg/300px-PhocaLargha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PhocaLargha.jpg/400px-PhocaLargha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northrer_fur_seal_close_up_callorhinus_ursinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Northrer_fur_seal_close_up_callorhinus_ursinus.jpg/200px-Northrer_fur_seal_close_up_callorhinus_ursinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Northrer_fur_seal_close_up_callorhinus_ursinus.jpg/300px-Northrer_fur_seal_close_up_callorhinus_ursinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Northrer_fur_seal_close_up_callorhinus_ursinus.jpg/400px-Northrer_fur_seal_close_up_callorhinus_ursinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1395" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steller_sea_lion_bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steller_sea_lion_bull.jpg/200px-Steller_sea_lion_bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steller_sea_lion_bull.jpg/300px-Steller_sea_lion_bull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steller_sea_lion_bull.jpg/400px-Steller_sea_lion_bull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>True seals in China include the <a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded seal</a> which is found along the coast of Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong in the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seal</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">spotted seal</a>, which is primarily found in the <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohai Gulf">Bohai Gulf</a> and the northern Yellow Sea, but have been seen as far south as Guangdong. All seals are Class II protected animal. <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">Sea lions</a> have Class I protection. </p><p>The spotted seal is the only seal species that breeds in China. Its breeding grounds are found along the rim of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Bay" title="Liaodong Bay">Liaodong Bay</a> in the Bohai Gulf, including the estuary at the mouth of the Shuangtaizi River near <a href="/wiki/Panjin" title="Panjin">Panjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changxing_Island_(Dalian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Changxing Island (Dalian)">Changxing Island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GreenKorea_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenKorea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Baengnyeongdo" title="Baengnyeongdo">Baengnyeongdo</a> sanctuary in the Korean <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These seals have been poached for its fur and genitals, which were used to make an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenKorea_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenKorea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their habitats have also been heavily damaged by land reclamation, fish farming, and petroleum development.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenKorea_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenKorea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A South Korean NGO has been trying to increase public awareness and support for the protection of the seals in China, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenKorea_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenKorea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protection stations have been set up to monitor the breeding grounds and wildlife protection authorities compensate fisherman who turn in live seals caught in their nets. In April 2011, the construction of an express highway along the coast was halted due to its adverse impact on the seal breeding ground.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellite trackings revealed that not only within Yellow Sea,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also seals can migrate even between <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a> in Russia to Yellow Sea, exceeding 3,300 km in total.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recoveries and recolonizations have been observed recently, such as along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> in 1999, and in the <a href="/wiki/Changdao_County" title="Changdao County">Miaodao Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> since 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">northern fur seal</a>, an eared seal, occasionally appears off the coast of eastern and southern China and southern Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of the eared seals is the <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion</a>, who lives primarily in the Arctic but is also seen along the Yellow Sea coast in Jiangsu and Bohai Gulf in Liaoning. Among Yellow Sea – adjacent areas within the Korean EEZ, occurrence can be on locations such as at <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whales,_dolphins,_porpoises"><span id="Whales.2C_dolphins.2C_porpoises"></span>Whales, dolphins, porpoises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Whales, dolphins, porpoises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetacean</a> species that live in both freshwater and the sea. The nearly extinct <a href="/wiki/Baiji" title="Baiji">baiji dolphin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_white_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese white dolphin">Chinese white dolphin</a> are Class I protected species. All other cetaceans in China are Class II protected species. </p><p>In total, 22 species of smaller cetaceans inhabit within Chinese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong's, and Macau's waters including Baiji.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallCetaceansChina_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCetaceansChina-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although being not officially recognized, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphins</a> have been questioned. </p><p>In ancient China, inscriptions of the whales varied and inscriptions of whales and sharks were occasionally mixed. During the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, certain knowledge on whales had been deepened with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> industries in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan although both oceanic and freshwater dolphins had been classified as different animals from whales. It is said that climate change during the dynasty caused small fish to flourish within Yellow and Bohai Seas and drew large numbers of whales into the basins.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> was one of the early signatories of the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a>. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> signed convention in September 1980 and banned domestic whaling in 1981, and also signed in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>. </p><p>Until recently, observing live cetaceans nonetheless of any species including <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whales</a> and smaller dolphins and porpoises are very rare in <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Seas</a> within Chinese side, however, increases in confirmation of minke whales and other species<sup id="cite_ref-ChanghaiWhales_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChanghaiWhales-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been confirmed in larger part of Yellow Sea basin<sup id="cite_ref-DalianMuseum_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DalianMuseum-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially around <a href="/wiki/Changhai_County" title="Changhai County">Changhai County</a> due to improves in water quality and productivity achieved by fishery regulations and creating ocean farms on Zhangzi Island, and local industries have been considered to operate whale watching tours as a future prospect.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangziFarmResult_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangziFarmResult-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern distributions of cetaceans both on continent and oceanic islands including Taiwan are largely biased on toothed whales due to severe declines of baleen whales.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baiji">Baiji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Baiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lianlian_and_Zhenzhen,_two_Chinese_River_Dolphins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianlian_and_Zhenzhen%2C_two_Chinese_River_Dolphins.jpg/200px-Lianlian_and_Zhenzhen%2C_two_Chinese_River_Dolphins.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianlian_and_Zhenzhen%2C_two_Chinese_River_Dolphins.jpg/300px-Lianlian_and_Zhenzhen%2C_two_Chinese_River_Dolphins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Lianlian_and_Zhenzhen%2C_two_Chinese_River_Dolphins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lianlian and Zhenzhen</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png/200px-Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png/300px-Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png/400px-Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Baiji dolphin reserves</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Baiji" title="Baiji">baiji</a> dolphin's habit historically covered much of the Yangtze River and its tributaries and lakes, from Yichang to Shanghai. It is mentioned in historical records going back 2,000 years. According to legend, the baiji dolphin is the reincarnation of a princess and called the Goddess of the Yangtze. As recently as the 1950s, there were as many as 6,000 baiji dolphins in China, but their number fell to the hundreds by the 1980s, under 100 in the 1990s and fewer than a dozen since 2000. </p><p>The Yangtze River catchment area is one of the most densely populated areas in China and the world. The river, China's longest, is also a major highway for ships. Water and noise pollution, commercial fishing, and large propellers of ships are all major threats to the baiji. The building of the <a href="/wiki/Gezhouba_Dam" title="Gezhouba Dam">Gezhouba Dam</a> in the 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in the 1990s blocked the access of the dolphins upstream, altered the seasonal flow of the river, and enabled large oceangoing ships to sail on the river. </p><p>By 1997, a survey of the river found only 13 baiji. A <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Freshwater_Dolphin_Expedition_2006" title="Yangtze Freshwater Dolphin Expedition 2006">Sino-Swiss joint survey of the river</a> from Yichang to Shanghai in 2006 found no animals and declared the species to be <a href="/wiki/Functionally_extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionally extinct">functionally extinct</a>, that is, even if a few individuals continued to survive, their numbers are too few to reproduce. The last sighting confirmed by zoologist was in 2004 when a dead baiji dolphin washed ashore near <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. </p><p>Nature reserves to protect the baiji dolphin were established along the Yangtze in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> province, along with observation and captive centers. The longest living baiji dolphin in captivity, Qiqi, lived in a <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">dolphinarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> from 1980 to 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Tian-e-Zhou_Oxbow_Nature_Reserve" title="Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve">Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve</a>, created out of an <a href="/wiki/Oxbow" title="Oxbow">oxbow</a> bend in the Yangtze was designed as a captive breeding area for the baiji. One baiji was sent there in 1995 but died in 1996. The reserve is now a breeding ground for the <a href="/wiki/Finless_porpoise" title="Finless porpoise">finless porpoise</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finless_porpoise">Finless porpoise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finless porpoise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangtze_finless_porpoise,_10_November_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_10_November_2006.jpg/220px-Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_10_November_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_10_November_2006.jpg/330px-Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_10_November_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_10_November_2006.jpg/440px-Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_10_November_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_finless_porpoise" title="Yangtze finless porpoise">Narrow-ridged finless porpoises</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangtze_finless_porpoise,_13_August_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_13_August_2011.jpg/220px-Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_13_August_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_13_August_2011.jpg/330px-Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_13_August_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_13_August_2011.jpg/440px-Yangtze_finless_porpoise%2C_13_August_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Finless porpoises in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dongting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dongting">Lake Dongting</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At least two subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Finless_porpoise" title="Finless porpoise">finless porpoise</a> are known to inhabit coastal waters such as off <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>< <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BA%82%E5%88%97%E5%B2%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:南麂列岛">Nanji Islands Marine Sanctuary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-保护宣言_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-保护宣言-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%97%E5%B2%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:韭山列岛">Jiushan Chain Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Weizhou_Island" title="Weizhou Island">Weizhou Island</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A freshwater subspecies lives in the Yangtze, <a href="/wiki/Gan_River_(Jiangxi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gan River (Jiangxi)">Gan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang Rivers</a>. Unlike dolphins, they lack a dorsal fin. The freshwater porpoise faces the same threat as the baiji. In April 2012, twelve were found dead in <a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">Dongting Lake</a> in a span of 44 days.<sup id="cite_ref-finlessporpoise_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finlessporpoise-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Poyang_Lake_Dam" title="Poyang Lake Dam">Poyang Lake Dam</a> may cause severe damages on remaining population.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, the Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve had about 40 finless porpoises with another 85 in Dongting Lake and 300–400 in <a href="/wiki/Poyang_Lake" title="Poyang Lake">Poyang Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-finlessporpoise_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finlessporpoise-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freshwater finless porpoise, a Class II protected species, is rarer than the giant panda.<sup id="cite_ref-finlessporpoise_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finlessporpoise-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also well present in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, small concentrations have been confirmed at the estuaries on the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lijin_County" title="Lijin County">Lijin County</a>. Stable numbers of porpoises, two subspecies being involved, have been found recently along <a href="/wiki/Chongming_Island" title="Chongming Island">Chongming Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the local waters show drastic recovery<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thanks to efforts to improve water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_white_dolphin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chinese_white_dolphin.jpg/210px-Chinese_white_dolphin.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chinese_white_dolphin.jpg/315px-Chinese_white_dolphin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chinese_white_dolphin.jpg/420px-Chinese_white_dolphin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sousa in special sanctuary on <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a> in Hong Kong</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sousa_chinensis_(4)_by_Zureks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sousa_chinensis_%284%29_by_Zureks.jpg/160px-Sousa_chinensis_%284%29_by_Zureks.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sousa_chinensis_%284%29_by_Zureks.jpg/240px-Sousa_chinensis_%284%29_by_Zureks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sousa_chinensis_%284%29_by_Zureks.jpg/320px-Sousa_chinensis_%284%29_by_Zureks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="883" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_white_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese white dolphin">Chinese white dolphin</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceanic_dolphins">Oceanic dolphins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oceanic dolphins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hualien_-_panoramio_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hualien_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/220px-Hualien_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hualien_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/330px-Hualien_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hualien_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/440px-Hualien_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spinner_dolphin" title="Spinner dolphin">Spinner dolphins</a> off <a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien City</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A_%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7_Fraser_HYYU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A_%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7_Fraser_HYYU.jpg/220px-%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A_%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7_Fraser_HYYU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A_%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7_Fraser_HYYU.jpg/330px-%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A_%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7_Fraser_HYYU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A_%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7_Fraser_HYYU.jpg/440px-%E5%BC%97%E6%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A_%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7_Fraser_HYYU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_dolphin" title="Fraser's dolphin">Fraser's dolphins</a> off <a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien City</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <p>Sousa, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_white_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese white dolphin">Chinese white dolphin</a> (locally called the <a href="/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazu (goddess)">Matsu's</a> fish<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that was previously considered to be a subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_humpback_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin">Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin</a>, lives in the waters off southern China including <a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago" title="Wanshan Archipelago">Wanshan Archipelago</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanji Islands,<sup id="cite_ref-保护宣言_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-保护宣言-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-BeibuSurvey_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeibuSurvey-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Island">Hainan Island</a> such as around <a href="/wiki/Sanya_Bay" title="Sanya Bay">Sanya Bay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> Islands to the western coast of Taiwan, mainland coast along the <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa Strait">Formosa Strait</a> such as at <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiapu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiapu County">Xiapu County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHWTW_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHWTW-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%BE%8E%E5%88%97%E5%B2%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:南澎列岛">Nánpēng Islands</a> Marine Sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Nan%27ao_County" title="Nan'ao County">Nan'ao County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nánpēng_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nánpēng-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%A8%98%E6%B9%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:三娘湾">Sanniang Bay</a> dolphin sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Qingzhou" title="Qingzhou">Qingzhou</a>. The Chinese white dolphin is a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and special sanctuary has been declared to protect the species with approaches to co-exist with sustainable <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">dolphin watching</a>, although the local population is in serious peril. </p><p>Other oceanic dolphin species include the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_white-sided_dolphin" title="Pacific white-sided dolphin">Pacific white-sided</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinner_dolphin" title="Spinner dolphin">spinner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_dolphin" title="Striped dolphin">striped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_common_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-beaked common dolphin">short-beaked common</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-beaked_common_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-beaked common dolphin">long-beaked common</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_dolphin" title="Fraser's dolphin">Fraser's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantropical_spotted_dolphin" title="Pantropical spotted dolphin">pantropical spotted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rough-toothed_dolphin" title="Rough-toothed dolphin">rough-toothed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Common bottlenose dolphin">common bottlenose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin">Indo-Pacific bottlenose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Risso%27s_dolphin" title="Risso's dolphin">Risso's dolphin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMB12_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMB12-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risso's dolphins are one of the most common cetaceans along the east coast of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whales">Whales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Whales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuhof-Description-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-Chine-1665_0874.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nieuhof-Description-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-Chine-1665_0874.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Nieuhof-Description-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-Chine-1665_0874.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nieuhof-Description-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-Chine-1665_0874.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Nieuhof-Description-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-Chine-1665_0874.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nieuhof-Description-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-Chine-1665_0874.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Nieuhof-Description-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-la-Chine-1665_0874.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4968" data-file-height="3635" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of a <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a> and various fish ashore on the Chinese coast</figcaption></figure> <p>Whales were historically abundant in Chinese and Taiwanese waters especially in the winter and spring whene they come to coastal areas to breed and calve, while especially <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> other than those which migrated from the outer Pacific and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a> swam northward to feed in the Yellow and Bohai basins during warmer seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-DalianMuseum_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DalianMuseum-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the large whales in Taiwan were recorded prior to 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-CHWTW_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHWTW-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In imperial times, villages along the coast of the Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong hunted whales and made offerings of whale oil to the emperor in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPRB_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRB-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, however, like among other nations such as in Korea, China, <a href="/wiki/Ebisu_(mythology)" title="Ebisu (mythology)">Ebis</a> in Japan, Indonesia, among <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%A5c_th%E1%BB%9D_c%C3%A1_%C3%94ng" class="extiw" title="vi:Tục thờ cá Ông">in Vietnam where whales were once well respected, heavenly deities among coastal people</a>, regarded as the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_water_deities" title="List of water deities">King of the sea</a>", the "<a href="/wiki/Dragon_King" title="Dragon King">Dragon emperor in the ocean</a>", or "Dragon Soldiers" in almost entire coastal regions excluding above mentioned Hainan and Leizhou, as when whales were seen, fishermen and boats had to make ways for them and wait the whales to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese mythology, for example, <i>Yu-kiang</i>, the ruler of the sea, is said to be a whale with arms and legs.<sup id="cite_ref-nrdc15_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrdc15-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Indigenous tribes on Taiwan</a> also recognized the presences of large whales and representing whales in their local myths and folklores.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baleen_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Baleen whales">Baleen whales</a> found in the ocean off China's coast include the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, the world's largest animal, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eden%27s_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden's whale">Eden's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omura%27s_whale" title="Omura's whale">Omura's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_minke_whale" title="Common minke whale">common minke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">fin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">sei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback</a> whales. Historically, there had been an endemic, resident population of fin whales from the Yellow and Bohai Sea to the East China Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minke whales are also resident in the same regions. Historically, Bryde's whales were resident near Taiwan and the southern coast. </p><p>In the Chinese EEZ, critically endangered <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_right_whale" title="North Pacific right whale">North Pacific right whales</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">gray whales</a> had been sighted in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea only on prior to the 1970s, especially for right whales. There had been records of gray whales and the only record in the 21st century was of a mature female accidentally killed in local fisheries near <a href="/wiki/Pingtan_Island" title="Pingtan Island">Pingtan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Pingtan_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pingtan-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following statements focus on right and gray whales because their behavioral patterns (high reliance on shallow waters compared to their size, such that they enter river mouths and estuaries regularly, and their curiosity about humans) made it easier for hunters to kill them and they were wiped out faster than other species, but they also apply to the larger whales. <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">Rorquals</a>' situations were similar, but their functional local extinction was caused later in the 20th century by modern Japanese whaling. </p><p>The biology and natural history of whales in Chinese waters prior to exploitation is unclear because <a href="/wiki/Cetology" title="Cetology">academic studies or approaches to biology of cetaceans</a> was minimal. The local populations of migratory whales appear to have been intensively hunted to the point of near-functional extinction on the main migratory collider (the Japanese archipelago) by <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Japan" title="Whaling in Japan">Japanese whaling industries</a>. The fates of right whales, for example, were threatened by legal, illegal and research whaling,<sup id="cite_ref-Brownelletal2001_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownelletal2001-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most devastatingly, the Soviet Union's mass illegal whaling in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gray whales migrating on the coasts of Japanese were wiped out earlier than their Korean counterparts. Other populations along the Korean Peninsula were targeted later.<sup id="cite_ref-Weller,_D._et_al_2002_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weller,_D._et_al_2002-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most intensive hunts of all times were carried out by Japanese whaling industries in the 20th century; these covered a wide range of east Asian waters including almost entire <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">EEZ</a> of China, North Korea and South Korea. Whaling stations, such as at <a href="/wiki/Daya_Bay" title="Daya Bay">Daya Bay</a>, were established along the Chinese and Korean coastlines<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing virtual, functional extinction of almost all species of larger baleen whales in east and southeast Asian nations. The presence of larger cetaceans has not been confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">Toothed whales</a>, excluding dolphins, include the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_sperm_whale" title="Dwarf sperm whale">dwarf sperm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_sperm_whale" title="Pygmy sperm whale">pygmy sperm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_beaked_whale" title="Baird's beaked whale">Baird's beaked</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_bottlenose_whale" title="Tropical bottlenose whale">Longman's beaked</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IndopacetusPacificus_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndopacetusPacificus-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_beaked_whale" title="Cuvier's beaked whale">Cuvier's beaked</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blainville%27s_beaked_whale" title="Blainville's beaked whale">Blainville's beaked</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo-toothed_beaked_whale" title="Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale">ginkgo-toothed beaked</a> whales,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">pilot whales</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">false killer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_killer_whale" title="Pygmy killer whale">pygmy killer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon-headed_whale" title="Melon-headed whale">melon-headed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-finned_pilot_whale" title="Short-finned pilot whale">short-finned pilot</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AMB12_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMB12-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> False killers still remain along coasts of mainland China, and are known to enter rivers regularly in particular regions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_stranding" title="Cetacean stranding">Stranding</a> of toothed whales has been common on Taiwanese coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-short_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large whales have become very rare on today's Chinese coasts where only tiny remnants of minke whales or several more survived. However, <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a> industries became popular attractions along the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, offering excellent opportunities to observe majestic creatures, especially in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, whale watching has been considered in the Yellow Sea based on recoveries whale populations.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangziFarmResult_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangziFarmResult-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger rorquals have been sighted in pelagic waters occasionally. Whales migrating through <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Strait" title="Tsushima Strait">Tsushima Strait</a> possibly to Chinese waters are under serious threat of being struck by high-speed vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older and modern whaling records suggest that there had been historical summering and wintering/calving grounds for baleen whales in various areas along coastal China particularly in several locations. Below is a list showing some of those areas corresponding with baleen and few of larger toothed whales, but excluding undiscovered or unstudied regions and species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Baleen_whales">Baleen whales</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baleen whales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920s%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%A5%E9%B5%9D%E9%91%BE%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%BF%E5%9F%92%E6%8D%95%E6%92%88%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A_Whale_near_the_beach_of_Cape_Eluanbi,_Hengchun,_TAIWAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1920s%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%A5%E9%B5%9D%E9%91%BE%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%BF%E5%9F%92%E6%8D%95%E6%92%88%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A_Whale_near_the_beach_of_Cape_Eluanbi%2C_Hengchun%2C_TAIWAN.jpg/220px-1920s%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%A5%E9%B5%9D%E9%91%BE%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%BF%E5%9F%92%E6%8D%95%E6%92%88%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A_Whale_near_the_beach_of_Cape_Eluanbi%2C_Hengchun%2C_TAIWAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1920s%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%A5%E9%B5%9D%E9%91%BE%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%BF%E5%9F%92%E6%8D%95%E6%92%88%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A_Whale_near_the_beach_of_Cape_Eluanbi%2C_Hengchun%2C_TAIWAN.jpg/330px-1920s%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%A5%E9%B5%9D%E9%91%BE%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%BF%E5%9F%92%E6%8D%95%E6%92%88%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A_Whale_near_the_beach_of_Cape_Eluanbi%2C_Hengchun%2C_TAIWAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/1920s%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%A5%E9%B5%9D%E9%91%BE%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%BF%E5%9F%92%E6%8D%95%E6%92%88%E9%AF%A8%E9%AD%9A_Whale_near_the_beach_of_Cape_Eluanbi%2C_Hengchun%2C_TAIWAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Landed <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a> on <a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Taiwan)" title="South Bay (Taiwan)">Nan Wan Bay</a> nearby <a href="/wiki/Cape_Eluanbi" title="Cape Eluanbi">Cape Eluanbi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hengchun" title="Hengchun">Hengchun</a> during Japanese colonial days in 1920s</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Right whales – Yellow Sea (especially adjacent to the island of <a href="/wiki/Haiyang" title="Haiyang">Haiyang</a> Dao<sup id="cite_ref-chuansong_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuansong-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the junction of warmer and colder ocean currents exists nearby<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all the modern appearances of the species on mainland coasts of China were concentrated),<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shanghai and <a href="/wiki/Zhoushan_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhoushan Islands">Zhoushan Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huiyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyang">Huiyang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> such as along coasts of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (e.g.<a href="/wiki/Pingtan_Island" title="Pingtan Island">Pingtan Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> Islands, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klumov1962_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klumov1962-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some reaching Hainan and Leizhou<sup id="cite_ref-NPRB_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRB-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first documented stranding of the species in China was in <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a> between 2000 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first sighting in China was at <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> in 2015 although the observation was reported as a humpback, and the first of living animal in Sea of Japan since after the whaling was recorded at <a href="/wiki/Namhaedo" title="Namhaedo">Namhae</a> near <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> in February 2015 and this was the first confirmation of the species since after the last record in Korean EEZ in 1974. Since 1901, records have been concentrated to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima" title="Amami Ōshima">Amami Ōshima</a> including sightings in 1997 and 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first confirmed whale in west coast of Kyushu strayed into the port of <a href="/wiki/Ushibuka,_Kumamoto" title="Ushibuka, Kumamoto">Ushibuka, Kumamoto</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Based on studies to find coastal <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> grounds, wintering distributions may also include areas along the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-NPRB_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRB-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown if there had been a summer population of this species to in the Yellow and Bohai seas, however <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> within the basins and the geography indicate some whales might have summered there.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Gray and humpback whales – Yellow and Bohai Sea such as at <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhoushan Islands, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Nánpēng Islands,<sup id="cite_ref-Nánpēng_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nánpēng-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liaonin, Fujian to south of Hailing Bay,<sup id="cite_ref-GrayArea_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayArea-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daya Bay, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, Hainan, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%B4%B2%E5%88%97%E5%B2%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:七洲列岛">Qizhou Liedao Islands</a> (humpback),<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wailuo Harbour, <a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Parcel08_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parcel08-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Only about 130 gray whales survive today, but some recent studies indicate that the original Asian population might have been functionally extinct, and those whales seen on <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a> could originate in the well-recovering eastern population.<sup id="cite_ref-Teradomari2014_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teradomari2014-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and catch records<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest there were once wintering/calving areas in Taiwan and adjacent areas. The most recent known record in Korean waters was the sighting of a pair off <a href="/wiki/Bangeojin" title="Bangeojin">Bangeojin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, gray whales were acoustically detected among pelagic waters in the East China Sea between China and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Historical catches of humpbacks on the southern coasts of the nation were small, hence it is difficult to determine the population before exploitation. There was once a foraging area on the southern coasts along the <a href="/wiki/Bashi_Channel" title="Bashi Channel">Bashi Channel</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kenting_National_Park" title="Kenting National Park">Kenting National Park</a> or near the southern coasts and islands of Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like <a href="/wiki/Xiaoliuqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaoliuqiu">Xiaoliuqiu Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dapeng_Bay" title="Dapeng Bay">Dapeng Bay</a>. Today, their numbers<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KentingWhales_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KentingWhales-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the east coast of Taiwan are very small despite efforts of whale-watching companies.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sightings, including of a cow-calf pair, have occurred the along east coast of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whales were once abundant near <a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung County</a> and sporadic individuals have been observed off the east coast, <a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at islands such as <a href="/wiki/Green_Island,_Taiwan" title="Green Island, Taiwan">Green Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-GreenIsland_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenIsland-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first confirmation in Taiwan was of a pair off Hualien in 1994, and there was a successful unentanglement off <a href="/wiki/Taitung_City" title="Taitung City">Taitung</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 a whale was sighted around Orchid Island<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sightings have been reported almost annually at Green Island and Orchid Island, however, relative short stays in these waters indicate that they are not winter foraging grounds. There were documented sightings of humpback whales around <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in 2009 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly the first confirmed sighting, in the Yellow Sea, was of three animals including a cow-calf pair off <a href="/wiki/Changhai_County" title="Changhai County">Changhai County</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-ChanghaiWhales_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChanghaiWhales-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few whales now migrate through the Sea of Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Strait" title="Tsushima Strait">Tsushima Strait</a>, and further reaching the Korean Peninsula.</li> <li>Based on historical catches and observations, some gray whales could have occurred year round off China,<sup id="cite_ref-GrayArea_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrayArea-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly summering in the Bohai Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-chuansong_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuansong-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been at least 24 records of gray whales in Chinese waters since 1933 including sightings, strandings, and bycatch.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis of a 2011 specimen indicates that this female might not originate in the western population. Whether or not humpback whales ever summered within Yellow and Bohai basins is unknown.</li></ul></li> <li>Bryde's or <a href="/wiki/Eden%27s_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden's whale">Eden's whales</a> – Historically residential among Taiwan, Fujian and Guangdong to Hong Kong, Hainan and Leizhou, and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as off <a href="/wiki/Weizhou_Island" title="Weizhou Island">Weizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xieyang_Island" title="Xieyang Island">Xieyang Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been occasional reported sightings in areas within <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> to the Gulf of Tonkin, and strandings had been reported from areas such as Zhoushan. The number of whales currently migrating through Tsushima Strait is not clear although they have been observed on numerous occasions by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Coast_Guard" title="Japan Coast Guard">Japan Coast Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JCGlog_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCGlog-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-four Bryde's or Eden's whales were caught in the Korean <a href="/wiki/EEZ" class="mw-redirect" title="EEZ">EEZ</a> in the mid-1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-Exposea_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exposea-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one was sighted in the Sea of Japan in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fin whales – Historically resident in the Yellow and Bohai seas<sup id="cite_ref-chuansong2_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuansong2-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and east to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> off the Paracel Islands, and at least two other local groups, Sea of Japan residents and a group once migrated along the Pacific side of the Japanese archipelago to Chinese waters<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East China Sea group is considered to be either functionally extinct or critically endangered due to being one of main targets of Japanese whaling in the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today there have been occasional strandings or findings of deceased individuals along sporadic areas from the Yellow and Bohai seas to other parts including southern shores like at Kam District in <a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SanyaStrandings_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanyaStrandings-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (although the whale was speculated to have died in offshore waters),<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last confirmed sighting near Taiwan is unknown although some media and tourism operators claim that migrations still occur,<sup id="cite_ref-KentingWhales_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KentingWhales-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whales might still migrate in pelagic waters. The only modern record among the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> was of a rotten carcass beached on <a href="/wiki/Ishigaki_Island" title="Ishigaki Island">Ishigaki Island</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of known record on the Korean Peninsula was in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-Exposea_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exposea-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there have been recent <a href="/wiki/By-catch" class="mw-redirect" title="By-catch">by-catches</a> along the coasts. Some whales still live in the Sea of Japan<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pass through the Tsushima Strait.<sup id="cite_ref-JCGlog_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCGlog-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been congregation areas adjacent to Korean Peninsula such as in <a href="/wiki/East_Korea_Bay" title="East Korea Bay">East Korea Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulleungdo" title="Ulleungdo">Ulleungdo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EastSea_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastSea-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although occurrences in these locations are unclear. <ul><li>Fin whales in the Yellow Sea could have been a unique form from outer Pacific populations due to their smaller size,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and breeding season was mainly in winter.</li></ul></li> <li>Minke whales – Still be present regularly (although very rare to observe live individuals) in the Yellow and Bohai seas (resident group), Zhoushan, and in coastal and oceanic island areas (e.g. Zhoushan, Penghu,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Parcel Archipelagos). Likely to breed in early to mid – summer,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there may be four major migratory routes within the Yellow and Bohai seas such as along <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> Bay, <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohai Strait">Bohai Strait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Off Taiwan, recent sightings and entanglements occurred along the east coast such as at <a href="/wiki/Cape_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape San Diego">San Diego</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a>, or at <a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien</a>. Strandings and by-catches have been in higher rates in the Bohai Sea and at the islands of Haiyang<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Zhangzi.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blue, sei and Omura's whales – Largely unknown. Blues were known to visit the Yellow and Bohai seas<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and migrate further south to the Paracel Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Parcel08_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parcel08-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One was sighted off <a href="/wiki/Weizhou_Island" title="Weizhou Island">Weizhou Island</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Blue whales in the coastal northwestern Pacific likely became extinct due to heavy exploitation in the 20th century along southern Japan especially on Wakayama and Shikoku and Miyazaki<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the last known catches in the East China Sea (<a href="/wiki/Amami_Oshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Amami Oshima">Amami Oshima</a>) were in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent recorded stranding on the Japanese archipelago, other than the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, was in the 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only three blue whales were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> Russian waters from 1994 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gigantic whales exceeding 20 m in length have been observed in the Tsushima Strait in recent years although their species are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-JCGlog_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCGlog-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_stranding" title="Cetacean stranding">stranding</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning">Wanning</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-SanyaStrandings_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanyaStrandings-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if the whales confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a> in recent years include of the blue whales which had been seen in the Chinese EEZ;<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was speculated that these were <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_blue_whale" title="Pygmy blue whale">pygmy blue whales</a> from the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Historic distributions, occurrences, and current statuses of sei, Bryde's (offshore form) and Omura's whales in Chinese and Korean waters are unclear, but their known ranges in Chinese waters reach from the mid to southern coasts facing from the East China Sea and Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-KentingWhales_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KentingWhales-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chuansong2_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuansong2-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific confirmation of Omura's whales among continental waters was rather recent.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2006_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2006-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strandings of Omura's whales have been recorded only south of Zhejiang County. Occasionally, either Bryde's or Omura's whales have been spotted along Taiwan's east coast during whales-watch cruises.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been sightings along the Taiwanese coast in Hualien and there was a case of re-floating a stranded Bryde's whale near <a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Toothed_whales">Toothed whales</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Toothed whales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squelette_de_cachalot2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Squelette_de_cachalot2.jpg/220px-Squelette_de_cachalot2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Squelette_de_cachalot2.jpg/330px-Squelette_de_cachalot2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Squelette_de_cachalot2.jpg/440px-Squelette_de_cachalot2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of a sperm whale which was stranded on <a href="/wiki/Liugong_Island" title="Liugong Island">Liugong Island</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whales</a><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The only large cetacean still common in the nation's waters were one of the main targets of whale-watching industries along the east coast of Taiwan, as well as islands such as the <a href="/wiki/Xiaoliuqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaoliuqiu">Xiaoliuqiu</a><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some appear around the Hainan Islands although their current status in this region is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally whales strand on mainland shores in the Yellow and Bohai regions. They appear seldom in near-shore waters because they feed mostly in deep <a href="/wiki/Sea_canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea canyon">sea canyons</a>. Sperm whales appear in near-shore waters in some cases; at locations where deep waters approach shores, or some particular individuals or groups have learned to come to rest in shallow bays, straits or along beaches. There were sightings of nine whales in the East China Sea off the Korean Peninsula in 1999, and eight whales off the eastern Korean Peninsula in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-EastSea_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastSea-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last catches were of five whales off <a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_beaked_whale" title="Baird's beaked whale">Baird's beaked whales</a> – The second largest of the Odontoceti are extreme divers second only to sperm whales. Next to nothing about this species' natural history and biology in Chinese waters is clear as the species has been considered not to occur, and the origin of the skeleton at the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> Museum of natural History is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallCetaceansChina_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCetaceansChina-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This species could still be within the Chinese EEZ as some groups on the Japanese archipelago survive, but are under serious danger from commercial whaling. Based on archeological reports, these elusive, friendly whales once were regular among the Yellow and Bohai seas notably around Lingshan Island off <a href="/wiki/Huangdao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangdao District">Huangdao District</a> or the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay" title="Jiaozhou Bay">Jiaozhou Bay</a> and off <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a> at least until the mid-16th century, but they were seemingly wiped out by Japanese whalers.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern limits of their distributions in Chinese waters are unclear while a stranding or a catch was recorded in Zhoushan in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve whales were caught as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> along the eastern Korean Peninsula between 1996 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-EastSea_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastSea-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longman%27s_beaked_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman's beaked whale">Longman's beaked whales</a> and other beaked whales – Being one of newly classified and less known species, their overall distributions have been rather unclear. They are the second largest of beaked whales and third largest of toothed whales that can be seen in the Chinese EEZ. In Chinese waters records of these whales are concentrated on the east coast of Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surrounding waters<sup id="cite_ref-IndopacetusPacificus_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndopacetusPacificus-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MMS99_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMS99-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Lanyu and Green Island.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenIsland_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenIsland-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on studies, presences of other beaked whales, being lesser known as well, have been confirmed to be common around Taiwanese waters, and Taiwan is one of few locations where beaked whales have been observed with regularity during <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a> tours. <a href="/wiki/Stejneger%27s_beaked_whale" title="Stejneger's beaked whale">Stejneger's beaked whales</a> are resident in the Sea of Japan, and are one of the most commonly recorded Ziphiidae species of the Korean Peninsula although their presence within the Yellow Sea is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-EastSea_159-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastSea-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orcas</a> – The current status of killer whales along the nation's coasts and surrounding areas is unclear. Sightings are more common along the eastern Taiwanese coasts such as off <a href="/wiki/Chenggong,_Taitung" title="Chenggong, Taitung">Chenggong</a><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while on the mainland, they occur on almost the entire shoreline from the Bohai and Yellow Sea in the north to <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhoushan_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhoushan Archipelago">Zhoushan Archipelago</a> in the east, and along the southern coasts and islands including Paracel Islands as well.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallCetaceansChina_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCetaceansChina-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a commercial catch newar southern Taiwan in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallCetaceansChina_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCetaceansChina-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They still occur occasionally in the Korean side of the Yellow Sea or nearby; there was a sighting of pairs in 2001<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and five or six whales off <a href="/wiki/Wando_(island)" title="Wando (island)">Wando (island)</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Dadohaehaesang_National_Park" title="Dadohaehaesang National Park">Dadohaehaesang National Park</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-finned_pilot_whale" title="Short-finned pilot whale">Short-finned pilot whales</a> – The so-called the "Southern Form" of the species ranges within the Chinese waters. Most of records concentrate on the eastern coasts of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-short_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainland distributions are rather unclear as there had been only one stranding record in Hainan,<sup id="cite_ref-SmallCetaceansChina_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCetaceansChina-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including regularities of occurrences within the Yellow Sea, but occasional strandings have been recorded such as at <a href="/wiki/Taeanhaean_National_Park" title="Taeanhaean National Park">Taeanhaean National Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a mass stranding on the Nanji Islands in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">False killer whales</a> – One of few species surviving today in descent numbers on mainland coasts, but in peril; any warmer regions such as Taiwan, Nánpēng Islands,<sup id="cite_ref-Nánpēng_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nánpēng-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%BA%82%E5%88%97%E5%B2%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:南麂列岛">Nanji Island Marine Sanctuary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-保护宣言_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-保护宣言-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langyatai on Huangdao District,<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_County" title="Dongshan County">Dongshan County</a>, Hong Kong, Paracel Islands, and so on. <ul><li>False killer whales along continental China are known to often enter and swim up large rivers in pods or large numbered schools, reaching more than 30 to 50 km, or individuals have traveled 220 to 300 km.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallCetaceansChina_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCetaceansChina-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers and canals in <a href="/wiki/Xiangshui_County" title="Xiangshui County">Xiangshui County</a> such as Guanhe, Jiangsu, <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tongyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongyu">Tongyu</a> (<i>通榆河</i>) rivers<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have local legends of "鲸拜龙王" (<i>Worshiped Whale Dragon King</i>), telling that every spring whales gather at river mouths and swim up. In recent years, especially from earlier 2000s, false killer whales have been observed to swim up rivers rather regularly, showing dramatic recoveries<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their numbers are rising once again, up to more than 200 whales.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whales occasionally appear in <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay" title="Jiaozhou Bay">Jiaozhou Bay</a> which was part of the regular range for the species until in the 1980s.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dugongs">Dugongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dugongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg/220px-Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg/330px-Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg/440px-Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugongs</a> are marine mammals that feed entirely on vegetation such as <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a>. They are related to <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> in the Western Hemisphere, and are only <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sirenian</a> species found in Asian waters. In China,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dugongs are found along the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Zhuang_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region">Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region</a>, where <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF%E5%90%88%E6%B5%A6%E5%84%92%E8%89%AE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BA%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:广西合浦儒艮国家级自然保护区">the Hepu Dugong National Nature Reserve</a>, near Beihai, was created in 1992 for their protection, and less frequently in Hainan.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current distributions could be much more restricted than that of pre-exploitation ranges, as once might have been seen in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow sea">Yellow sea</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are considered regionally extinct in Taiwan. The dugong is a Class I protected species. They were hunted for their meat in the late 1950s and early 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>. Dugongs are threatened by the loss of seagrass beds from coastal development. Several areas still possess feasible habitats for dugongs today such as the <a href="/wiki/Dongsha_Atoll_National_Park" title="Dongsha Atoll National Park">Dongsha Atoll</a> and the west coasts of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a>, and Chinese government funded to establish a sanctuary designed for dugong and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> conservation ranging from <a href="/wiki/Hepu_County" title="Hepu County">Hepu County</a> to Shankou in <a href="/wiki/Guanxi" title="Guanxi">Guanxi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also to secure local <a href="/wiki/Chinese_white_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese white dolphin">Chinese white dolphins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals distributed among the <a href="/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a><sup id="cite_ref-BeibuSurvey_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeibuSurvey-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a> face threats of busy-becoming ship-lanes and polluted waters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elephant">Elephant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elephant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianElephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IndianElephant.jpg/250px-IndianElephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IndianElephant.jpg/375px-IndianElephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IndianElephant.jpg/500px-IndianElephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian elephants">Asian elephants</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">once roamed a large swath of China</a>, but are now confined to the <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puer_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Puer Hani and Yi Autonomous County">Pu'er</a> Prefectures of southern Yunnan. Xishuangbana means 12 elephants in the local <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai language</a>. In recent years, Chinese demand for ivory has led to a sharp increase in elephant poaching around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_elephant_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_elephant-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to strict enforcement of elephant protection laws with capital punishment for poachers and government financed feeding programs, the population of elephants within China from 1994 to 2014 roughly doubled to nearly 300.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_elephant_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_elephant-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odd-toed_ungulates">Odd-toed ungulates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Odd-toed ungulates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhino">Rhino</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rhino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Rhino_(Rhinoceros_unicornis)1_-_Relic38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_Rhino_%28Rhinoceros_unicornis%291_-_Relic38.jpg/200px-Indian_Rhino_%28Rhinoceros_unicornis%291_-_Relic38.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_Rhino_%28Rhinoceros_unicornis%291_-_Relic38.jpg/300px-Indian_Rhino_%28Rhinoceros_unicornis%291_-_Relic38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_Rhino_%28Rhinoceros_unicornis%291_-_Relic38.jpg/400px-Indian_Rhino_%28Rhinoceros_unicornis%291_-_Relic38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a>, extinct in China since 1920</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumatran_Rhinoceros_at_Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary_Lampung_Indonesia_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sumatran_Rhinoceros_at_Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary_Lampung_Indonesia_2013.JPG/200px-Sumatran_Rhinoceros_at_Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary_Lampung_Indonesia_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sumatran_Rhinoceros_at_Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary_Lampung_Indonesia_2013.JPG/300px-Sumatran_Rhinoceros_at_Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary_Lampung_Indonesia_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sumatran_Rhinoceros_at_Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary_Lampung_Indonesia_2013.JPG/400px-Sumatran_Rhinoceros_at_Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary_Lampung_Indonesia_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros</a>, extinct in China since 1916</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratotherium_simum_kwh_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ceratotherium_simum_kwh_2.jpg/200px-Ceratotherium_simum_kwh_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ceratotherium_simum_kwh_2.jpg/300px-Ceratotherium_simum_kwh_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ceratotherium_simum_kwh_2.jpg/400px-Ceratotherium_simum_kwh_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Southern_white_rhinoceros" title="Southern white rhinoceros">Southern white rhinoceros</a> introduced into the wild in 2014</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_rhino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jackson_rhino.jpg/200px-Jackson_rhino.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jackson_rhino.jpg/300px-Jackson_rhino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jackson_rhino.jpg/400px-Jackson_rhino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Northern Sumatran rhinoceros">Northern Sumatran rhinoceros</a>, declared extinct on several occasions in the 20th century</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceroses_in_ancient_China" title="Rhinoceroses in ancient China">Records and artwork from antiquity</a> indicate that three species of Asian <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran</a>, more specially the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Northern Sumatran rhinoceros">Northern Sumatran rhinoceros</a> have lived in China.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, some 3,000 years ago, rhinoceros ranged as far north as Inner Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, 2,200 years ago, they had disappeared from the Central Plains of northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, about 1,200 years ago, rhinos were found across southern China and the imperial zoo had a captive breeding program that returned some animals to the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooler climate in northern China may have caused rhinoceros habitat to shrink, but it was demand for rhino horns for use in traditional Chinese medicine, documented in as early as the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> 1,000 years ago, that drove the animal toward extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> about 650 years ago, rhinoceros were confined to Yunnan and Guizhou, and by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> to only Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing government limited the hunting of rhinos to only officials, and some 300 horns were harvested between 1900 and 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911 allowed individuals to hunt the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Sumatran rhino was killed in 1916, the last Indian rhino in 1920 and the last Javan rhino in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaRhino_215-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaRhino-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, a herd of nine southern white rhinoceros were imported from South Africa and shipped to Yunnan, where they were kept in a wild animal park for acclimation. In March 2013, seven of the animals were shipped to the Laiyanghe National Forest Park, a habitat where Asian rhinoceros once lived.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the African rhinos began the process of being released into the wild on 13 May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horses_and_wild_asses">Horses and wild asses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Horses and wild asses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:363px;max-width:363px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Takhi_Hustai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Takhi_Hustai.jpg/128px-Takhi_Hustai.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Takhi_Hustai.jpg/192px-Takhi_Hustai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Takhi_Hustai.jpg/256px-Takhi_Hustai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2355" data-file-height="3140" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg/227px-Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg/341px-Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg/454px-Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">Asiatic wild ass (kiang)</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a>, the only species of <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">wild horses</a> never to have been domesticated, once roamed free in large parts of northwestern China but became locally extinct in 1957. In the 1980s, herds from Europe have been introduced to habitats in Xinjiang and Gansu. </p><p>The other <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulates">odd-toed ungulates</a> in China are the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wild_ass" title="Mongolian wild ass">Mongolian wild ass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">Tibetan wild ass (kiang)</a>. The former is endangered while the latter is not. Both are Class I protected species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Even-toed_ungulates">Even-toed ungulates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Even-toed ungulates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deer">Deer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Deer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has a great variety of <a href="/wiki/True_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="True deer">true deer</a> and its close kin the <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest deer species, the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">elk</a> (known as the moose in North America), is found in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Khingan" title="Lesser Khingan">Lesser Khingan</a> ranges of the northeast. The moose stands at 2 m tall and weighs as much 700 kg. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">lesser mouse-deer</a> of Yunnan, which is just 45 cm in height and weighs 2 kg, is not much bigger than a rabbit. </p><p>China also contains the closely related <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, the second and fourth largest deer species, which until 2004 were considered the same species. The elk (also known as wapiti) has four subspecies in Asia – the <a href="/wiki/Altai_wapiti" title="Altai wapiti">Altai wapiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan_wapiti" title="Tian Shan wapiti">Tian Shan wapiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_wapiti" title="Manchurian wapiti">Manchurian wapiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alashan_wapiti" title="Alashan wapiti">Alashan wapiti</a> – all of which are present in China. The <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, though quite common in Europe, has subspecies in China that are endangered. The <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> are the deer that have been most important to human societies.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:909px;max-width:909px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wading_moose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wading_moose.jpg/264px-Wading_moose.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wading_moose.jpg/396px-Wading_moose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Wading_moose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Elk</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20140302_7397_Pench_Sambar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/20140302_7397_Pench_Sambar.jpg/200px-20140302_7397_Pench_Sambar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/20140302_7397_Pench_Sambar.jpg/300px-20140302_7397_Pench_Sambar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/20140302_7397_Pench_Sambar.jpg/400px-20140302_7397_Pench_Sambar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_law_keven_-_Someone_needs_to_go_back_to_camouflage_school...-O))).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flickr_-_law_keven_-_Someone_needs_to_go_back_to_camouflage_school...-O%29%29%29.jpg/189px-Flickr_-_law_keven_-_Someone_needs_to_go_back_to_camouflage_school...-O%29%29%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flickr_-_law_keven_-_Someone_needs_to_go_back_to_camouflage_school...-O%29%29%29.jpg/284px-Flickr_-_law_keven_-_Someone_needs_to_go_back_to_camouflage_school...-O%29%29%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flickr_-_law_keven_-_Someone_needs_to_go_back_to_camouflage_school...-O%29%29%29.jpg/378px-Flickr_-_law_keven_-_Someone_needs_to_go_back_to_camouflage_school...-O%29%29%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altai_maral_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Altai_maral_2.jpg/240px-Altai_maral_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Altai_maral_2.jpg/360px-Altai_maral_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Altai_maral_2.jpg/480px-Altai_maral_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Altai_wapiti" title="Altai wapiti">Altai wapiti</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yarkand_deer" title="Yarkand deer">Yarkand deer</a> lives along the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_River" title="Tarim River">Tarim River</a> in Xinjiang south of the Tian Shan. The <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_deer" title="Bactrian deer">Bactrian deer</a> lives north of the Tian Shan in northern Xinjiang and Central Asian Republics. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_red_deer" title="Tibetan red deer">Tibetan red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansu_red_deer" title="Kansu red deer">Gansu red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_deer" title="Sichuan deer">Sichuan deer</a> have been alternatively categorized as subspecies of the elk or the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>, the third largest deer species, is found throughout southern China, and on the islands of Hainan and Taiwan. They live near water and are called "water deer" in Chinese. They are not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_water_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese water deer">Chinese water deer</a>, a smaller deer which are found in the Yangtze Delta region. The water deer is the only species of <a href="/wiki/True_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="True deer">true deer</a> without antlers. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:863px;max-width:863px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Indian_muntjac,_muntiacus_muntjak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Indian_muntjac%2C_muntiacus_muntjak.jpg/240px-The_Indian_muntjac%2C_muntiacus_muntjak.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Indian_muntjac%2C_muntiacus_muntjak.jpg/360px-The_Indian_muntjac%2C_muntiacus_muntjak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Indian_muntjac%2C_muntiacus_muntjak.jpg/480px-The_Indian_muntjac%2C_muntiacus_muntjak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5090" data-file-height="3397" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian muntjac">Indian or common muntjac</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tufteddeer-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tufteddeer-2.jpg/114px-Tufteddeer-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tufteddeer-2.jpg/171px-Tufteddeer-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tufteddeer-2.jpg/228px-Tufteddeer-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="2241" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydropotes_inermis_male.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hydropotes_inermis_male.JPG/207px-Hydropotes_inermis_male.JPG" decoding="async" width="207" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hydropotes_inermis_male.JPG/311px-Hydropotes_inermis_male.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hydropotes_inermis_male.JPG/414px-Hydropotes_inermis_male.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1571" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_water_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese water deer">Chinese water deer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muntjac-chines_muntiacus-reevesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Muntjac-chines_muntiacus-reevesi.jpg/107px-Muntjac-chines_muntiacus-reevesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Muntjac-chines_muntiacus-reevesi.jpg/161px-Muntjac-chines_muntiacus-reevesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Muntjac-chines_muntiacus-reevesi.jpg/214px-Muntjac-chines_muntiacus-reevesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Reeve%27s_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Reeve's muntjac">Reeve's muntjac</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Muntjak-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2011_Muntjak-4.jpg/175px-2011_Muntjak-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2011_Muntjak-4.jpg/263px-2011_Muntjak-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2011_Muntjak-4.jpg/350px-2011_Muntjak-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac or black muntjac</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Water deer, <a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">tufted deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muntjacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntjacs">muntjacs</a> are small deer with long upper canines that protrude like tusks. Muntjacs are known for their soft hide and tender meat. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian muntjac">Indian muntjac</a> is found throughout southern China. The range of the <a href="/wiki/Reeve%27s_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Reeve's muntjac">Reeve's muntjac</a> extends north to Gansu and to Taiwan. <a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac</a> are found in eastern Tibet and the <a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac</a> in neighboring Yunnan. The <a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">hairy-fronted muntjac</a> is endemic to the mountains at the juncture of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian and is a protected species. The <a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">tufted deer</a>, a close relative of the muntjac, is found throughout central China. </p><p>Deer is prized in China for the velvet of their antlers. Antler velvet is rich in growth hormone and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most valuable antler velvet comes from the <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a> which is raised on farms. Several subspecies of the sika deer, including the <a href="/wiki/Shanxi_sika_deer" title="Shanxi sika deer">Shanxi sika</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_China_sika_deer" title="North China sika deer">North China sika</a> may have become extinct in the wild and survive exclusively in captivity. The <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_sika_deer" title="Sichuan sika deer">Sichuan sika deer</a>, another subspecies, was discovered in 1978 and lives in mountains of northern Sichuan and southern Gansu. The <a href="/wiki/Formosan_sika_deer" title="Formosan sika deer">Formosan sika deer</a> is endemic to Taiwan. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:892px;max-width:892px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_nippon_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cervus_nippon_002.jpg/239px-Cervus_nippon_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cervus_nippon_002.jpg/359px-Cervus_nippon_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cervus_nippon_002.jpg/478px-Cervus_nippon_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="1814" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panolia_eldii_thamin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Panolia_eldii_thamin.jpg/213px-Panolia_eldii_thamin.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Panolia_eldii_thamin.jpg/320px-Panolia_eldii_thamin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Panolia_eldii_thamin.jpg/426px-Panolia_eldii_thamin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3527" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_porcinus_690V6071_-_Lip_Kee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Axis_porcinus_690V6071_-_Lip_Kee.jpg/200px-Axis_porcinus_690V6071_-_Lip_Kee.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Axis_porcinus_690V6071_-_Lip_Kee.jpg/300px-Axis_porcinus_690V6071_-_Lip_Kee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Axis_porcinus_690V6071_-_Lip_Kee.jpg/400px-Axis_porcinus_690V6071_-_Lip_Kee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hog_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog deer">Hog deer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_albirostris_1_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cervus_albirostris_1_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg/224px-Cervus_albirostris_1_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cervus_albirostris_1_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg/336px-Cervus_albirostris_1_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cervus_albirostris_1_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg/448px-Cervus_albirostris_1_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3219" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's or white-lipped deer</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a>, which are found in the forests of the Greater Khingan range in northern Inner Mongolia, are domesticated by the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Ewenki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oroqen call themselves, "people who use the reindeer". One branch of the Ewenki rely on reindeer to haul goods through swampy forests. They use reindeer milk and meat for nourishment, hides for clothing and tents, and antlers for medicine and income. The Kyrgyz people, who now reside in Central Asia and western Xinjiang, used to live in northeast Asia and regard the sika deer as a holy animal. According to Kyrgyz legend, the Kyrgyz Bugu tribe descended from a mother deer.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a> is protected as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">Class I endangered species</a> by the state, though it is classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature"> International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</a> as <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>. Another Class I protected deer is the <a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's</a> or white-lipped deer. This large deer with a population of about 15,000 that is endemic to Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan, is considered <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> by the IUCN. The Chinese population of <a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer</a>, a Class I protected species that is also considered <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> by IUCN, is found only on the island of Hainan. For decades, the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_hog_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochinese hog deer">Indochinese hog deer</a> was believed to be extinct in China until a fawn was discovered in 2007 in the <a href="/wiki/Yongde_County" title="Yongde County">Yongde</a> Daxueshan National Wildlife Reserve. The Indochinese hog deer is also protected by the state. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pere_David_Deer_-_Woburn_Deer_park_(5108236985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pere_David_Deer_-_Woburn_Deer_park_%285108236985%29.jpg/250px-Pere_David_Deer_-_Woburn_Deer_park_%285108236985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pere_David_Deer_-_Woburn_Deer_park_%285108236985%29.jpg/375px-Pere_David_Deer_-_Woburn_Deer_park_%285108236985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pere_David_Deer_-_Woburn_Deer_park_%285108236985%29.jpg/500px-Pere_David_Deer_-_Woburn_Deer_park_%285108236985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer</a> at Woburn Deer Park, where the species was saved and from which the animal was eventually reintroduced to China</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most remarkable endangered deer species in China is <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer</a>. This deer, colloquially known as the <i>sibuxiang</i> or the "Four-Not-Look-Alike", is said to have the hooves of an ox, antlers of a deer, neck of a camel and tail of a donkey, but does not look like any one animal. According to Chinese legend, this animal helped the ancient sage <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ziya" title="Jiang Ziya">Jiang Ziya</a> overthrow the <a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">tyrant king</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> 4,000 years ago and became a symbol of good fortune. Chinese emperors kept the <i>sibuxiang</i> also called <i>milu</i> in imperial hunting parks, even as the animal became extinct in the wild, perhaps as early as 2,000 years ago. By 1866, when Father <a href="/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a> identified the animal, there were only 200–300 remaining in the <a href="/wiki/Milu_Yuan" title="Milu Yuan">Nanhaizi Royal Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. A few animals were sold to zoos in Europe before 1894, when the park was flooded and some of the animals escaped only to be hunted and eaten. The last of the animals in China died during the chaos of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Herbrand_Russell,_11th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford">Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford</a> assembled a herd of 18 animals from European zoos and bred them at his estate, <a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a> in England. In 1985, 22 deer from this herd was reintroduced back to the Nanhaizi Park in Beijing and in 1986 another 39 were sent to <a href="/wiki/Dafeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafeng">Dafeng</a>, in northern Jiangsu on the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>. In 1998, eight animals in the latter herd were introduced into wilderness of the Dafeng Milu National Wildlife Reserve. By 2013, the reserve had 196 Père David's deer.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paozikun530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paozikun530.jpg/160px-Paozikun530.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Paozikun530.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer</a>, once plentiful in the Northeast and favored as game meat, has also become a protected species. Hunting of roe deer was banned in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:309px;max-width:309px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberian_Musk_Deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Siberian_Musk_Deer.jpg/149px-Siberian_Musk_Deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Siberian_Musk_Deer.jpg/224px-Siberian_Musk_Deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Siberian_Musk_Deer.jpg/298px-Siberian_Musk_Deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG/152px-Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG/228px-Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG/304px-Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="2454" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Musk deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse-deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse-deer">mouse-deer</a> resemble small deer but are not <a href="/wiki/True_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="True deer">true deer</a>. They do not have antlers or facial scent glands. Male musk deer have scent glands that secrete <a href="/wiki/Deer_musk" title="Deer musk">deer musk</a>, which is used for perfume, incense and medicine. Of the seven musk deer species in the world, six are found in China and five are endangered: the <a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">dwarf musk deer</a> of central China, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">alpine musk deer</a> of western China, the <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">white-bellied musk deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">black musk deer</a> of Tibet. The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer</a> in the northeast is considered vulnerable. The lesser mouse-deer is found in southern Yunnan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antelope">Antelope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Antelope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/230px-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/345px-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/460px-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The grasslands, plateau and deserts of northern and western China are home to several species of <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle</a>, also known as the Zeren or yellow sheep, can run at speeds of up to 90 km/h and gather in herds by the thousands. They used to be spread over much of northern China but are now confined largely to Inner Mongolia. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan gazelle">Tibetan gazelle</a> or goa antelope, is slightly smaller than the Mongolian gazelle, and lives on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle</a>, whose males have distinctive horns that curl outward and then inward at the top, are extremely rare and endemic to a small region around <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Lake" title="Qinghai Lake">Qinghai Lake</a> on the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The <a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">goitered gazelle</a> is about the same size as the Mongolian gazelle and is found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope</a>, also known as chiru, is taller than the gazelles and has longer horns. It is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and is endangered. The animal is poached for its fine wool, which is made by <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri</a> weavers into the <a href="/wiki/Shahtoosh" title="Shahtoosh">Shahtoosh</a> shawl. The film <i><a href="/wiki/Kekexili:_Mountain_Patrol" title="Kekexili: Mountain Patrol">Kekexili: Mountain Patrol</a></i> documents efforts to protect the animal from poaching. The Tibetan antelope was one of the <a href="/wiki/Fuwa" title="Fuwa">mascots</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">saiga antelope</a>'s horns are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of ailments including the common cold.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its status as a Class I protected species, the saiga antelope has been poached to extinction in the <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungar Basin</a> of northern Xinjiang and is critically endangered in Central Asia and Russia. Chinese police routinely interdict large batches of smuggled horns into Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts have been made to reintroduce the saiga antelope to habitats in China.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goat_antelopes">Goat antelopes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Goat antelopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Serows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">gorals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">takin</a> are called antelope by the Chinese, and <a href="/wiki/Goat_antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat antelope">goat antelope</a> by western taxonomists. </p><p>The largest of these goat antelope is the <a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">takin</a>, a relative of the musk ox. It lives in highlands from the eastern foothills of the Himalayas to the Qinling and shares habitat with the giant panda in Sichuan and Shaanxi. The takin is a Class I protected species. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:832px;max-width:832px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Takin_1427.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Takin_1427.JPG/214px-Takin_1427.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Takin_1427.JPG/321px-Takin_1427.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Takin_1427.JPG/428px-Takin_1427.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="2220" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naemorhedus_caudatus_Toru%C5%842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Naemorhedus_caudatus_Toru%C5%842.jpg/145px-Naemorhedus_caudatus_Toru%C5%842.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Naemorhedus_caudatus_Toru%C5%842.jpg/218px-Naemorhedus_caudatus_Toru%C5%842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Naemorhedus_caudatus_Toru%C5%842.jpg/290px-Naemorhedus_caudatus_Toru%C5%842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="2024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemorhaeduscaudatusarnouxianus2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nemorhaeduscaudatusarnouxianus2.JPG/216px-Nemorhaeduscaudatusarnouxianus2.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nemorhaeduscaudatusarnouxianus2.JPG/324px-Nemorhaeduscaudatusarnouxianus2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nemorhaeduscaudatusarnouxianus2.JPG/432px-Nemorhaeduscaudatusarnouxianus2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral</a> with kid</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%95%B7%E9%AC%83%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E9%95%B7%E9%AC%83%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A.jpg/241px-%E9%95%B7%E9%AC%83%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E9%95%B7%E9%AC%83%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A.jpg/362px-%E9%95%B7%E9%AC%83%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E9%95%B7%E9%AC%83%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A.jpg/482px-%E9%95%B7%E9%AC%83%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Serows are smaller than takins but significantly larger than gorals. Both serows and gorals live in rainy mountainous regions and are excellent climbers. Serows have shorter and coarser wool than gorals. The <a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">mainland serow</a> is spread across southern China. The range of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral</a> is even broader, extending to Korea in the northeast. The <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">long-tailed goral</a> lives in the northeast, along the borders with Russia and North Korea. The <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_serow" title="Himalayan serow">Himalayan serow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">red goral</a> are found in southern Tibet. The <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow</a> is endemic to Taiwan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mountain_sheep_and_goat">Mountain sheep and goat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mountain sheep and goat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharal,_Himalayan_blue_sheep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bharal%2C_Himalayan_blue_sheep.jpg/180px-Bharal%2C_Himalayan_blue_sheep.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bharal%2C_Himalayan_blue_sheep.jpg/270px-Bharal%2C_Himalayan_blue_sheep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bharal%2C_Himalayan_blue_sheep.jpg/360px-Bharal%2C_Himalayan_blue_sheep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Himalayan blue sheep or bharal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinbock-P1150170.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Steinbock-P1150170.jpg/200px-Steinbock-P1150170.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Steinbock-P1150170.jpg/300px-Steinbock-P1150170.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Steinbock-P1150170.jpg/400px-Steinbock-P1150170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">argali</a> or mountain sheep, the Asian cousin of the North American <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a> has nine subspecies, seven of which are found in northern and western China, including the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheep" title="Marco Polo sheep">Marco Polo sheep</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Venetian traveler</a> reported observing in the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamir mountains">Pamir mountains</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Himalayan blue sheep</a>, with much smaller horns than the argali, are agile climbers on Himalayan cliffs. The <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_blue_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf blue sheep">dwarf blue sheep</a> is found in western Sichuan. The <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr</a>, discovered in China in 1974, is a Class I protected species with perhaps only 500 animals in southern Tibet. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a>, the largest and heaviest goat, is found in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> range of Xinjiang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cattle,_camel,_pig"><span id="Cattle.2C_camel.2C_pig"></span>Cattle, camel, pig</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cattle, camel, pig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are large numbers of domesticated <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a> in China but in the wild, they are Class I protected species. The gaur or Indian bison is the tallest species of cattle and found in southern Tibet and Yunnan. Domesticated gaur, called <a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">gayal</a>, is raised by farmers in Yunnan. Yaks are the largest animals on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. Wild yaks are larger than domestic yaks and slightly smaller than the gaur. They can tolerate extremely cold climate, climb steep slopes, and ford fierce rapids. Yaks are the imost important animal for Tibetan herders, who eat yak meat and milk for food, burn yak dung as fuel, spin yak hair into fabric, make yak hide leather and use yaks to transport and plow fields. Bactrian camels have two humps and can go a month or longer without drinking water. A thirsty Bactrian camel can drink 135 liters (30 gallons) in only 13 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can withstand extremely hot and cold weather and have broad hooves that do not sink in desert. Bactrian camels are known as the "boats of desert" – for millennia, they were used to carry goods along the Silk Road. Wild camels are critically endangered and found in the <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Deserts</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:667px;max-width:667px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bos_gaurus_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bos_gaurus_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/218px-Bos_gaurus_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bos_gaurus_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/327px-Bos_gaurus_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bos_gaurus_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/436px-Bos_gaurus_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.JPG/200px-%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.JPG/300px-%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.JPG/400px-%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bactrians.jpg/237px-Bactrians.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bactrians.jpg/356px-Bactrians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bactrians.jpg/474px-Bactrians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian camels">Bactrian camels</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">farm-raised pigs</a> was domesticated some 8,000 years ago in China, remains common in the Chinese wilderness. On occasion, boars will interbreed with farm-raised pigs. The Manchurian wild boar is the largest of the wild boar species. The Formosan wild boar is a subspecies endemic to Taiwan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pangolin">Pangolin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pangolin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoo_Leipzig_-_Tou_Feng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zoo_Leipzig_-_Tou_Feng.jpg/220px-Zoo_Leipzig_-_Tou_Feng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zoo_Leipzig_-_Tou_Feng.jpg/330px-Zoo_Leipzig_-_Tou_Feng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zoo_Leipzig_-_Tou_Feng.jpg/440px-Zoo_Leipzig_-_Tou_Feng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pangolin" title="Chinese pangolin">Chinese pangolin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolin</a>, a scaly <a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteater</a> that feed on ants and termites and curl into a ball when threatened, is prized in China for its flesh, which is considered a delicacy and scales, which used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat among other ailments, inadequate lactation in breast-feeding mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pangolin" title="Chinese pangolin">Chinese pangolin</a> is found throughout southern China, Hainan and Taiwan and the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_pangolin" title="Sunda pangolin">Sunda pangolin</a> in western Yunnan. In Chinese, the pangolin is called "that which wears mountain armor" and the animal is believed by local shamans to hold magical powers such that hunters must utter incantation before killing them to ward off bad luck.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a Class II protected species, trading of wild pangolins is prohibited, but poaching and illegal trade remains rampant. The pangolin can be farm-raised, but pangolin farms must generally also raise termites to feed the livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Chinese customs have intercepted large shipments of pangolin from Southeast Asia and Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodents">Rodents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rodents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Porcupine">Porcupine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Porcupine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hystrix_leucura_fg01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hystrix_leucura_fg01.JPG/220px-Hystrix_leucura_fg01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hystrix_leucura_fg01.JPG/330px-Hystrix_leucura_fg01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hystrix_leucura_fg01.JPG/440px-Hystrix_leucura_fg01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_porcupine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian porcupine">Indian porcupine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupine</a>, called <i>haozhu</i> or "pig with long thin hair" in Chinese, should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehog</a>, <i>ciwei</i> or the "thorned creature". Porcupines are rodents and hedgehogs belong to a <a href="/wiki/Erinaceidae" title="Erinaceidae">separate order</a>. Three species of <a href="/wiki/Old_World_porcupine" title="Old World porcupine">Old World porcupine</a> are found in China: the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_brush-tailed_porcupine" title="Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine">Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine" title="Indian crested porcupine">Indian crested porcupine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayan_porcupine" title="Malayan porcupine">Malayan porcupine</a>. Many parts of the porcupine including the brain, organs, fat, quills and even the feces can be used to make traditional Chinese medicine. Porcupines are raised on farms.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beaver">Beaver</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Beaver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castor_fiber_vistulanus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Castor_fiber_vistulanus2.jpg/220px-Castor_fiber_vistulanus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Castor_fiber_vistulanus2.jpg/330px-Castor_fiber_vistulanus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Castor_fiber_vistulanus2.jpg/440px-Castor_fiber_vistulanus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">Eurasian beaver</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">Eurasian beaver</a> was hunted to near extinction for its fur and <a href="/wiki/Castoreum" title="Castoreum">castoreum</a>, a scent gland secretion used to make perfume and medicine. Though the global population has rebounded, the animal remains a Class I protected species. The Bulgan Beaver Nature Reserve in <a href="/wiki/Qinggil_County" title="Qinggil County">Qinggil County</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, at the source of the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulungur_River" title="Ulungur River">Ulungur River</a> along the border with <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, was created in 1980 to protect the beaver. In 2007, there were 145 beaver colonies with an estimated population of 500–600 beavers in the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Squirrels">Squirrels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Squirrels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Squirrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrels">Squirrels</a> are called <i>songshu</i> or "pine rodent" in Chinese but not all species live in trees. The squirrel family includes <a href="/wiki/Tree_squirrel" title="Tree squirrel">tree squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">flying squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_squirrel" title="Rock squirrel">rock squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>, which are all found in China, often in great variety. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:479px;max-width:479px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squirrel_posing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Squirrel_posing.jpg/197px-Squirrel_posing.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Squirrel_posing.jpg/296px-Squirrel_posing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Squirrel_posing.jpg/394px-Squirrel_posing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="1426" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">Red squirrel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamiops_mcclellandii_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tamiops_mcclellandii_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg/134px-Tamiops_mcclellandii_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tamiops_mcclellandii_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg/201px-Tamiops_mcclellandii_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tamiops_mcclellandii_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg/268px-Tamiops_mcclellandii_-_Kaeng_Krachan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_striped_squirrel" title="Himalayan striped squirrel">Himalayan striped squirrel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratufa_bicolor_6237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ratufa_bicolor_6237.jpg/136px-Ratufa_bicolor_6237.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ratufa_bicolor_6237.jpg/204px-Ratufa_bicolor_6237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ratufa_bicolor_6237.jpg/272px-Ratufa_bicolor_6237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Black_giant_squirrel" title="Black giant squirrel">Black giant squirrel</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a> common in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Black_giant_squirrel" title="Black giant squirrel">black giant squirrel</a> of Southeast Asia are found, respectively, in the northern and southern parts of China. Other <a href="/wiki/Tree_squirrel" title="Tree squirrel">tree squirrel</a> species include the <a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_squirrel" title="Pallas's squirrel">Pallas's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inornate_squirrel" title="Inornate squirrel">inornate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phayre%27s_squirrel" title="Phayre's squirrel">Phayre's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_squirrel" title="Irrawaddy squirrel">Irrawaddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anderson%27s_squirrel" title="Anderson's squirrel">Anderson's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange-bellied_Himalayan_squirrel" title="Orange-bellied Himalayan squirrel">orange-bellied Himalayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perny%27s_long-nosed_squirrel" title="Perny's long-nosed squirrel">Perny's long-nosed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-hipped_squirrel" title="Red-hipped squirrel">red-hipped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_red-cheeked_squirrel" title="Asian red-cheeked squirrel">Asian red-cheeked</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_striped_squirrel" title="Himalayan striped squirrel">Himalayan striped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_striped_squirrel" title="Maritime striped squirrel">Maritime striped</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swinhoe%27s_striped_squirrel" title="Swinhoe's striped squirrel">Swinhoe's striped squirrel</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">Flying squirrels</a> are found in almost every part of China, from the Himalayas to the tropical island of Hainan to the rural outskirts of Beijing. Flying squirrel species include the <a href="/wiki/Groove-toothed_flying_squirrel" title="Groove-toothed flying squirrel">groove-toothed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex-toothed_flying_squirrel" title="Complex-toothed flying squirrel">complex-toothed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hairy-footed_flying_squirrel" title="Hairy-footed flying squirrel">hairy-footed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particolored_flying_squirrel" title="Particolored flying squirrel">particolored</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_flying_squirrel" title="Indochinese flying squirrel">Indochinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Red giant flying squirrel">red giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_and_white_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Red and white giant flying squirrel">red and white giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Spotted giant flying squirrel">spotted giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Indian giant flying squirrel">Indian giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Chinese giant flying squirrel">Chinese giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Japanese giant flying squirrel">Japanese giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Bhutan giant flying squirrel">Bhutan giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_flying_squirrel" title="Siberian flying squirrel">Siberian</a>, Yunnan giant (<i>petaurista yunnanensis</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Hodgson%27s_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Hodgson's giant flying squirrel">Hodgson's giant</a>. Several are endemic to China. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:739px;max-width:739px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_giant_flying_squirrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Indian_giant_flying_squirrel.jpg/199px-Indian_giant_flying_squirrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Indian_giant_flying_squirrel.jpg/299px-Indian_giant_flying_squirrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Indian_giant_flying_squirrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Indian giant flying squirrel">Indian giant flying squirrel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petaurista_petaurista.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Petaurista_petaurista.JPG/124px-Petaurista_petaurista.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Petaurista_petaurista.JPG/186px-Petaurista_petaurista.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Petaurista_petaurista.JPG/248px-Petaurista_petaurista.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="2588" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Red_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Red giant flying squirrel">Red giant flying squirrel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petaurista_nobilis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Petaurista_nobilis.jpg/200px-Petaurista_nobilis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Petaurista_nobilis.jpg/300px-Petaurista_nobilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Petaurista_nobilis.jpg/400px-Petaurista_nobilis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Bhutan giant flying squirrel">Bhutan giant flying squirrel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Droppings_of_siberian_flying_squirrel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Droppings_of_siberian_flying_squirrel.JPG/200px-Droppings_of_siberian_flying_squirrel.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Droppings_of_siberian_flying_squirrel.JPG/300px-Droppings_of_siberian_flying_squirrel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Droppings_of_siberian_flying_squirrel.JPG/400px-Droppings_of_siberian_flying_squirrel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The fecal pellets of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_flying_squirrel" title="Siberian flying squirrel">Siberian flying squirrel</a>. The pellets are used in traditional Chinese medicine.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Flying squirrels are timid creatures that are active at nighttime and use the <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagium</a>, a membrane connecting the fore and hind limbs to glide from trees. They do not build nests and live in caves or rock crevices.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaFlyingSquirrels-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also defecate at specific locations, which facilitates the harvest of their fecal pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaFlyingSquirrels-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pellets are made into <i>wulingzhi</i>, a traditional Chinese medicine used to facilitate blood flow and ease pain.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaFlyingSquirrels-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flying squirrel pellets can accumulate on the floor of caves for years and not rot.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species of flying squirrels are farm-raised to produce <i>wulingzhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaFlyingSquirrels-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Groove-toothed_flying_squirrel" title="Groove-toothed flying squirrel">groove-toothed flying squirrel</a>, also known as the North Chinese flying squirrel, is endemic to eastern Hebei Province and the suburbs of Beijing in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a> and northern Sichuan. The <a href="/wiki/Complex-toothed_flying_squirrel" title="Complex-toothed flying squirrel">complex-toothed flying squirrel</a> is endemic to southern China. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground squirrels">Ground squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_squirrel" title="Rock squirrel">rock squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a> belong to the same tribe within the squirrel family. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:580px;max-width:580px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/218px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/327px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/436px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_ground_squirrel" title="Yellow ground squirrel">Yellow ground squirrel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Streifenhoernchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Streifenhoernchen.jpg/136px-Streifenhoernchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Streifenhoernchen.jpg/204px-Streifenhoernchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Streifenhoernchen.jpg/272px-Streifenhoernchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_chipmunk" title="Siberian chipmunk">Siberian chipmunk</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_Palace,_Beijing-Sciurotamias_davidianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing-Sciurotamias_davidianus.jpg/214px-Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing-Sciurotamias_davidianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing-Sciurotamias_davidianus.jpg/321px-Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing-Sciurotamias_davidianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing-Sciurotamias_davidianus.jpg/428px-Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing-Sciurotamias_davidianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_rock_squirrel" title="Père David's rock squirrel">Père David's rock squirrel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In China, ground squirrels are found in arid regions of the north and west where the animals live in burrows. Ground squirrel species include the <a href="/wiki/Alashan_ground_squirrel" title="Alashan ground squirrel">Alashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daurian_ground_squirrel" title="Daurian ground squirrel">Daurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-cheeked_ground_squirrel" title="Red-cheeked ground squirrel">red-cheeked</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_ground_squirrel" title="Long-tailed ground squirrel">long-tailed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_ground_squirrel" title="Yellow ground squirrel">yellow ground squirrel</a>. </p><p>Two species of rock squirrels are endemic to China, the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_rock_squirrel" title="Père David's rock squirrel">Père David's rock squirrel</a>, which is found across a wide swath of the country from the mountains around Beijing to Gansu and Sichuan, and the <a href="/wiki/Forrest%27s_rock_squirrel" title="Forrest's rock squirrel">Forrest's rock squirrel</a>, found only in the mountains dividing the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> watershed in northwestern Yunnan. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_chipmunk" title="Siberian chipmunk">Siberian chipmunk</a>, the only chipmunk species found outside <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, has six subspecies in China, all in northern parts of the country. The animal is raised as pets and for its tender flesh, fine fur and ingredients for traditional Chinese medicine. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmot</a>, called <i>hanta</i> in Chinese for "land" or "dry otter", is related to ground squirrels but are bigger, have shorter tails and are more social animals. They can grow to be the size of a cat and live in large colonies. Four species are found in China, all along the northern and western periphery of the country: <a href="/wiki/Gray_marmot" title="Gray marmot">gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_marmot" title="Long-tailed marmot">long-tailed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_marmot" title="Himalayan marmot">Himalayan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarbagan_marmot" title="Tarbagan marmot">Tarbagan</a>. Of these, the tarbagan marmot is an endangered, Class III protected species. Marmots are also farm-raised for food and fur. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmota_sibirica_-_(Russia,_Mongolia)_-_Rochers-de-Naye,_Switzerland,_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarbagan marmot"><img alt="Tarbagan marmot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marmota_sibirica_-_%28Russia%2C_Mongolia%29_-_Rochers-de-Naye%2C_Switzerland%2C_2009.JPG/270px-Marmota_sibirica_-_%28Russia%2C_Mongolia%29_-_Rochers-de-Naye%2C_Switzerland%2C_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marmota_sibirica_-_%28Russia%2C_Mongolia%29_-_Rochers-de-Naye%2C_Switzerland%2C_2009.JPG/405px-Marmota_sibirica_-_%28Russia%2C_Mongolia%29_-_Rochers-de-Naye%2C_Switzerland%2C_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marmota_sibirica_-_%28Russia%2C_Mongolia%29_-_Rochers-de-Naye%2C_Switzerland%2C_2009.JPG/540px-Marmota_sibirica_-_%28Russia%2C_Mongolia%29_-_Rochers-de-Naye%2C_Switzerland%2C_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tarbagan_marmot" title="Tarbagan marmot">Tarbagan marmot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Himalayan marmot"><img alt="Himalayan marmot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg/240px-Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg/360px-Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg/480px-Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_marmot" title="Himalayan marmot">Himalayan marmot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmota_baibacina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gray marmot"><img alt="Gray marmot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Marmota_baibacina.jpg/240px-Marmota_baibacina.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Marmota_baibacina.jpg/360px-Marmota_baibacina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Marmota_baibacina.jpg/480px-Marmota_baibacina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gray_marmot" title="Gray marmot">Gray marmot</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jumping_rodents">Jumping rodents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Jumping rodents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:281px;max-width:281px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allactaga_sibirica_Museum_de_Gen%C3%A8ve.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Allactaga_sibirica_Museum_de_Gen%C3%A8ve.JPG/135px-Allactaga_sibirica_Museum_de_Gen%C3%A8ve.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Allactaga_sibirica_Museum_de_Gen%C3%A8ve.JPG/203px-Allactaga_sibirica_Museum_de_Gen%C3%A8ve.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Allactaga_sibirica_Museum_de_Gen%C3%A8ve.JPG/270px-Allactaga_sibirica_Museum_de_Gen%C3%A8ve.JPG 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_five-toed_jerboa" title="Mongolian five-toed jerboa">Mongolian five-toed jerboa</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicista_subtilis_trizona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicista_subtilis_trizona.jpg/138px-Sicista_subtilis_trizona.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicista_subtilis_trizona.jpg/207px-Sicista_subtilis_trizona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicista_subtilis_trizona.jpg/276px-Sicista_subtilis_trizona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Southern_birch_mouse" title="Southern birch mouse">Southern birch mouse</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A wide variety of jumping rodents belonging to the family <i><a href="/wiki/Dipodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipodidae">Dipodidae</a></i> can be found in China. These include <a href="/wiki/Jerboas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerboas">jerboas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jumping_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumping mice">jumping mice</a>, called <i>tiaoshu</i>, the "jumping rodent", and the <a href="/wiki/Birch_mouse" title="Birch mouse">birch mouse</a>, called <i>jueshu</i>, the "falling rodent" or "stomping rodent". Jerboas, jumping mice, and birch mice all have long hind legs which can be used to make leaps from a bipedal stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zokors,_bamboo_rats"><span id="Zokors.2C_bamboo_rats"></span>Zokors, bamboo rats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Zokors, bamboo rats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_bamboo_rat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lesser_bamboo_rat.jpg/220px-Lesser_bamboo_rat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lesser_bamboo_rat.jpg/330px-Lesser_bamboo_rat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lesser_bamboo_rat.jpg/440px-Lesser_bamboo_rat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lesser_bamboo_rat" title="Lesser bamboo rat">Lesser bamboo rat</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zokor" title="Zokor">Zokors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_rat" title="Bamboo rat">bamboo rats</a> are chubby and furry rodents with short limbs that burrow underground. </p><p>Zokors have strong front limbs for digging. Zokor bones are used in traditional Chinese medicine and can substitute tiger bones. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zokor" title="Chinese zokor">Chinese zokor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothschild%27s_zokor" title="Rothschild's zokor">Rothschild's zokor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_zokor" title="Smith's zokor">Smith's zokor</a> are endemic to China. The range of the Chinese zokor extends across north China from Qinghai to Beijing while that of the Rothschild's and Smith's zokors are confined to Gansu, Shaanxi, Hubei and Qinghai. The <a href="/wiki/False_zokor" title="False zokor">false zokor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_zokor" title="Transbaikal zokor">Transbaikal zokor</a> are found along China's border region with Russia and Mongolia. </p><p>All four bamboo rat species in the world are found in China: the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_bamboo_rat" title="Chinese bamboo rat">Chinese bamboo rat</a> south of the Yangtze, <a href="/wiki/Hoary_bamboo_rat" title="Hoary bamboo rat">hoary bamboo rat</a> in southwest China, <a href="/wiki/Large_bamboo_rat" title="Large bamboo rat">large bamboo rat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a> in southern Yunnan and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_bamboo_rat" title="Lesser bamboo rat">lesser bamboo rat</a> and western Yunnan. The large bamboo rat can weigh as much as 5 kg. The flesh of the bamboo rat is rich in protein and low in fat. Bamboo rat oil can be used to treat burn wounds. </p><p>Both the zokor and bamboo rat are farm-raised for their fur, meat and use in medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamsters">Hamsters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hamsters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About half of the world's 25 species of <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a> are found in China. Most live in the deserts of Xinjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. Some are named after the specific region in which they are found, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_hamster" title="Chinese hamster">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_hamster" title="Mongolian hamster">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu_hamster" title="Gansu hamster">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_striped_hamster" title="Chinese striped hamster">Chinese striped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_dwarf_hamster" title="Tibetan dwarf hamster">Tibetan dwarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kam_dwarf_hamster" title="Kam dwarf hamster">Kham dwarf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Djungarian_hamster" class="mw-redirect" title="Djungarian hamster">Djungarian hamster</a>, and some by their founder, such as <a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_dwarf_hamster" title="Campbell's dwarf hamster">Campbell's dwarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roborovski_hamster" class="mw-redirect" title="Roborovski hamster">Roborovski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sokolov%27s_dwarf_hamster" title="Sokolov's dwarf hamster">Sokolov's dwarf</a>. Others include the <a href="/wiki/Grey_dwarf_hamster" title="Grey dwarf hamster">gray dwarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_dwarf_hamster" title="Long-tailed dwarf hamster">long-tailed dwarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_long-tailed_hamster" title="Greater long-tailed hamster">greater long-tailed hamster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black-bellied_hamster" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-bellied hamster">black-bellied hamster</a>. The Chinese hamster and Roborovski hamster have been bred as pets and found in homes throughout the world. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_water_vole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian water vole">Eurasian water vole</a> (<i>Arvicola amphibius</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mice_and_rats">Mice and rats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Mice and rats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">Brown rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dormouse" title="Chinese dormouse">Chinese dormouse</a> (<i>Chaetocauda sichuanensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_niviventer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan niviventer">Sichuan niviventer</a> (<i>Niviventer excelsior</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_hadromys" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan hadromys">Yunnan hadromys</a> (<i>Hadromys yunnanensis</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gerbils">Gerbils</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Gerbils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_gerbil" title="Great gerbil">Great gerbil</a> (<i>Rhombomys opimus</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shrew_moles">Shrew moles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Shrew moles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mole_shrew" title="Chinese mole shrew">Chinese mole shrew</a> (<i>Anourosorex squamipes</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pikas">Pikas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pikas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glover%27s_pika" title="Glover's pika">Glover's pika</a> (<i>Ochotona gloveri</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moles">Moles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Moles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Large mole">Large mole</a> (<i>Mogera robusta</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gymnures">Gymnures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Gymnures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_short-tailed_gymnure" title="Northern short-tailed gymnure">Northern short-tailed gymnure</a> (<i>Hylomys peguensis</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treeshrews">Treeshrews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Treeshrews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_treeshrew" title="Northern treeshrew">Northern treeshrew</a> (<i>Tupaia belangeri</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hedgehogs">Hedgehogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Hedgehogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amur_hedgehog" title="Amur hedgehog">Amur hedgehog</a> (<i>Erinaceus amurensis</i>) hails from Manchuria, China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hares">Hares</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hare" title="Chinese hare">Chinese hare</a> (<i>Lepus sinensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_hare" title="Hainan hare">Hainan hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_hare" title="Manchurian hare">Manchurian hare</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bats">Bats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bats, the only mammals capable of sustained flight, are the second largest order of mammals after rodents. They are divided broadly into <a href="/wiki/Microbats" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbats">microbats</a>, which use <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> to navigate and hunt insects, and <a href="/wiki/Megabats" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabats">megabats</a>, which rely on large eyes and keen smell to feed on fruits and nectar. Bats are found in great abundance and variety throughout China and are considered to be auspicious animals, symbolizing good fortune. Bat feces collected from caves are used in traditional Chinese medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Megabats">Megabats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Megabats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:638px;max-width:638px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat_(Cynopterus_brachyotis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat_%28Cynopterus_brachyotis%29.jpg/241px-Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat_%28Cynopterus_brachyotis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat_%28Cynopterus_brachyotis%29.jpg/362px-Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat_%28Cynopterus_brachyotis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat_%28Cynopterus_brachyotis%29.jpg/482px-Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat_%28Cynopterus_brachyotis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1407" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat" title="Lesser short-nosed fruit bat">Lesser short-nosed fruit bat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteropus_lylei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pteropus_lylei.jpg/153px-Pteropus_lylei.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pteropus_lylei.jpg/230px-Pteropus_lylei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pteropus_lylei.jpg/306px-Pteropus_lylei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lyle%27s_flying_fox" title="Lyle's flying fox">Lyle's flying foxes</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteropus_Vampyrus_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pteropus_Vampyrus_trees.jpg/232px-Pteropus_Vampyrus_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pteropus_Vampyrus_trees.jpg/348px-Pteropus_Vampyrus_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pteropus_Vampyrus_trees.jpg/464px-Pteropus_Vampyrus_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Large_flying_fox" title="Large flying fox">Large flying foxes</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Megabats, also called fruit bats, include <a href="/wiki/Flying_foxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying foxes">flying foxes</a>, which are the largest bat species. Four species are found in China, all in isolated populations: the <a href="/wiki/Large_flying_fox" title="Large flying fox">large flying fox</a> in Shaanxi, <a href="/wiki/Indian_flying_fox" title="Indian flying fox">Indian flying fox</a> in Qinghai, <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_flying_fox" title="Ryukyu flying fox">Ryukyu flying fox</a> in Taiwan, and <a href="/wiki/Lyle%27s_flying_fox" title="Lyle's flying fox">Lyle's flying fox</a> in Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large flying fox can weigh 0.65–1.1 kg (1.4–2.4 lb) and has a wingspan of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_rousette" title="Geoffroy's rousette">Geoffroy's rousette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leschenault%27s_rousette" title="Leschenault's rousette">Leschenault's rousette</a>, both dog-faced fruit bats, are the only megabats in China that can echolocate.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike microbats, which generate ultrasound with their larynx, rousettes generate sonar sound waves with tongue clicks. </p><p>Other fruit bat species include the <a href="/wiki/Greater_short-nosed_fruit_bat" title="Greater short-nosed fruit bat">greater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_short-nosed_fruit_bat" title="Lesser short-nosed fruit bat">lesser short-nosed fruit bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fruit_bat" title="Blanford's fruit bat">Blanford's fruit bat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cave_nectar_bat" title="Cave nectar bat">cave nectar bat</a>. Fruit bats are sometimes considered pests by fruit farmers, and are hunted and eaten in parts of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also help pollinate certain species of tropical fruit trees.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microbats">Microbats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Microbats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vesper_bats">Vesper bats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Vesper bats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vesper_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesper bat">Vesper</a> or evening bats comprise the largest family of bats with at least 45 species in China. Members include <a href="/wiki/Myotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myotis">mouse-eared bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-eared_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-eared bat">long-eared bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipistrelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipistrelle">pipistrelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noctule" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctule">noctules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbastelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbastelle">barbastelles</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:833px;max-width:833px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mouse-eared_bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse-eared bats">Mouse-eared bats</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myotis_dasycneme_(6885827501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Myotis_dasycneme_%286885827501%29.jpg/234px-Myotis_dasycneme_%286885827501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Myotis_dasycneme_%286885827501%29.jpg/351px-Myotis_dasycneme_%286885827501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Myotis_dasycneme_%286885827501%29.jpg/468px-Myotis_dasycneme_%286885827501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4022" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pond_bat" title="Pond bat">Pond bat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myotis_daubentoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Myotis_daubentoni.jpg/232px-Myotis_daubentoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Myotis_daubentoni.jpg/348px-Myotis_daubentoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Myotis_daubentoni.jpg/464px-Myotis_daubentoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="2065" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Daubenton%27s_bat" title="Daubenton's bat">Daubenton's bat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myotis_mystacinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Myotis_mystacinus.jpg/144px-Myotis_mystacinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Myotis_mystacinus.jpg/216px-Myotis_mystacinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Myotis_mystacinus.jpg/288px-Myotis_mystacinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Whiskered_bat" title="Whiskered bat">Whiskered bat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myotis_formosus_flavus_D5160056.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Myotis_formosus_flavus_D5160056.JPG/207px-Myotis_formosus_flavus_D5160056.JPG" decoding="async" width="207" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Myotis_formosus_flavus_D5160056.JPG/311px-Myotis_formosus_flavus_D5160056.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Myotis_formosus_flavus_D5160056.JPG/414px-Myotis_formosus_flavus_D5160056.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hodgson%27s_bat" title="Hodgson's bat">Hodgson's bats</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myotis-blythii-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Myotis-blythii-cropped.jpg/230px-Myotis-blythii-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Myotis-blythii-cropped.jpg/345px-Myotis-blythii-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Myotis-blythii-cropped.jpg/460px-Myotis-blythii-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-eared_bat" title="Lesser mouse-eared bat">Lesser mouse-eared bat</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg/230px-Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg/345px-Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg/460px-Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Common_pipistrelle" title="Common pipistrelle">Common pipistrelle</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16.01a.JRA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/16.01a.JRA.jpg/230px-16.01a.JRA.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/16.01a.JRA.jpg/345px-16.01a.JRA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/16.01a.JRA.jpg/460px-16.01a.JRA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brown_long-eared_bat" title="Brown long-eared bat">Brown long-eared bat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mouse-eared_bat" title="Mouse-eared bat"><i>Myotis</i></a> or mouse-eared bats are delicate and furry bats with pointed ears. Of the 90 or so species in the world, about one-fifth are found in China. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-eared_bat" title="Lesser mouse-eared bat">lesser mouse-eared bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pond_bat" title="Pond bat">pond bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daubenton%27s_bat" title="Daubenton's bat">Daubenton's bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natterer%27s_bat" title="Natterer's bat">Natterer's bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whiskered_bat" title="Whiskered bat">whiskered bat</a> are spread across Eurasia. Others inhabit either the warmer climes of southern China and Southeast Asia including the <a href="/wiki/Large_myotis" title="Large myotis">large myotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szechwan_myotis" title="Szechwan myotis">Szechwan myotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_whiskered_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese whiskered bat">Burmese whiskered bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horsfield%27s_bat" title="Horsfield's bat">Horsfield's bat</a> or the temperate regions of northern China and Northeast Asia including the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_myotis" title="Far Eastern myotis">Far Eastern myotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_myotis" title="Fraternal myotis">fraternal myotis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ikonnikov%27s_bat" title="Ikonnikov's bat">Ikonnikov's bat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hodgson%27s_bat" title="Hodgson's bat">Hodgson's bat</a>, known for its distinctive golden fur, has unconnected populations in Afghanistan, India, central China, southeastern China, Manchuria, Taiwan, Korea and Indonesia. The <a href="/wiki/Beijing_mouse-eared_bat" title="Beijing mouse-eared bat">Beijing mouse-eared bat</a> is endemic to eastern China, and the <a href="/wiki/Myotis_fimbriatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Myotis fimbriatus">long-footed myotis</a> is endemic to southern China and Hong Kong. </p><p>Most mouse-eared bats are insectivores. <a href="/wiki/Rickett%27s_big-footed_bat" title="Rickett's big-footed bat">Rickett's big-footed bat</a>, which is distributed across <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> into Laos, lives near water and feeds on fish. The <a href="/wiki/Large-footed_bat" title="Large-footed bat">large-footed bat</a> of Taiwan hunts insects on the surface of the water. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pipistrel" title="Pipistrel">Pipistrels</a> and their relatives are tiny bats that flutter like butterflies in flight. The <a href="/wiki/Common_pipistrelle" title="Common pipistrelle">common pipistrelle</a> weighs only 3.5 to 8.5 g (0.12 to 0.30 oz) and has a wingspan ranging of 18 to 25 cm (7.1 to 9.8 in). Other pipistrelles found in China include the <a href="/wiki/Least_pipistrelle" title="Least pipistrelle">least pipistrelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelaart%27s_pipistrelle" title="Kelaart's pipistrelle">Kelaart's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Popa_pipistrelle" title="Mount Popa pipistrelle">Mount Popa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savi%27s_pipistrelle" title="Savi's pipistrelle">Savi's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_pipistrelle" title="Chocolate pipistrelle">chocolate</a> <a href="/wiki/Black-gilded_pipistrelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-gilded pipistrelle">black-gilded</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pipistrelle" title="Chinese pipistrelle">Chinese pipistrelle</a>. In Chinese, pipistrelles are called <i>fuyi</i> meaning "hidden wing". The flesh, blood, brain and feces of pipistrelle can be used to make traditional Chinese medicine. The brain is applied to the skin to treat acne and ingested to improve memory.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_52613_Grosse_Abendsegler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_Army_52613_Grosse_Abendsegler.jpg/131px-US_Army_52613_Grosse_Abendsegler.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_Army_52613_Grosse_Abendsegler.jpg/197px-US_Army_52613_Grosse_Abendsegler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_Army_52613_Grosse_Abendsegler.jpg/262px-US_Army_52613_Grosse_Abendsegler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Common_noctule" title="Common noctule">Common noctule</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noctule" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctule">Noctules</a> are closely related to pipistrelles but can be much larger in size. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_noctule" title="Chinese noctule">Chinese noctule</a>, which is endemic to the southern half of the country and Taiwan, weighs three to four times as much as the Chinese pipistrelle. Known as "mountain bats" in Chinese, noctules live in caves and rock croppings as well as the under the eaves of traditional homes. Noctules droppings are collected for medicinal uses. Other noctule bats in China include the <a href="/wiki/Common_noctule" title="Common noctule">common noctule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_noctule" title="Lesser noctule">lesser noctule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birdlike_noctule" title="Birdlike noctule">birdlike noctule</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eptesicus_nilssoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Eptesicus_nilssoni.jpg/220px-Eptesicus_nilssoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Eptesicus_nilssoni.jpg/330px-Eptesicus_nilssoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Eptesicus_nilssoni.jpg/440px-Eptesicus_nilssoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Barbastelles are called wide-eared bats in Chinese. The range of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_barbastelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian barbastelle">Asian barbastelle</a> extends from Egypt through China to Japan. In 2001, a Chinese zoologist discovered a new species of barbastelle in the mountains of rural <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BeijingBarbastelle_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeijingBarbastelle-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bat was discovered in a cave in <a href="/wiki/Fangshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangshan District">Fangshan District</a> where four other bat species—Rickett's big-foot, large mouse-eared, <a href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat">greater horseshoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_tube-nosed_bat" title="Greater tube-nosed bat">greater tube-nosed bats</a> also live.<sup id="cite_ref-fourbats_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourbats-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beijing_barbastelle" title="Beijing barbastelle">Beijing barbastelle</a> (<i>Barbastella beijingensis</i>) was distinguished by the distinctiveness of its DNA and recognized as a species on 23 May 2007, the 300th birthday of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BeijingBarbastelle_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeijingBarbastelle-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, no other populations of this species have been found beyond Beijing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Long-eared_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-eared bat">Long-eared bats</a> have enormous ears that can grow almost as long as their bodies, and are represented in China by multiple species (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Plecotus_kozlovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Plecotus kozlovi">Plecotus kozlovi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Plecotus_ognevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Plecotus ognevi">Plecotus ognevi</a></i>). The <a href="/wiki/Greater_bamboo_bat" title="Greater bamboo bat">greater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_bamboo_bat" title="Lesser bamboo bat">lesser bamboo bats</a> prefer to roost inside the hollow shoots of giant bamboo through holes eaten by beetles. Because the holes are small, bamboo bats are also tiny. An adult lesser bamboo bat that measures 4 cm (1.6 in) in length and weighs 3.5 to 5.8 g (0.12 to 0.20 oz), is not much bigger than a <a href="/wiki/Bumble_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumble bee">bumble bee</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/House_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="House bat">House bats</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_big_brown_bat" title="Gobi big brown bat">Gobi big brown bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_bat" title="Northern bat">northern bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thick-eared_bat" title="Thick-eared bat">thick-eared bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotine_bat" title="Serotine bat">serotine bat</a> are also closely related to pipistrelles, noctules and barbastelles. Other relatives within <a href="/wiki/Vespertilioninae" title="Vespertilioninae">this extensive subfamily</a> include <a href="/wiki/Tickell%27s_bat" title="Tickell's bat">Tickell's bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_evening_bat" title="Great evening bat">great evening bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_bat" title="Harlequin bat">harlequin bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Asiatic_yellow_bat" title="Greater Asiatic yellow bat">greater Asiatic yellow bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parti-colored_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti-colored bat">parti-colored bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_particolored_bat" title="Asian particolored bat">Asian particolored bat</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Murininae" title="Murininae">Tube-nosed bats</a> have longer nostrils than other vespers and funnel-shaped ears. Chinese species include the <a href="/wiki/Greater_tube-nosed_bat" title="Greater tube-nosed bat">greater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_tube-nosed_bat" title="Little tube-nosed bat">little</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round-eared_tube-nosed_bat" title="Round-eared tube-nosed bat">round-eared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutton%27s_tube-nosed_bat" title="Hutton's tube-nosed bat">Hutton's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dusky_tube-nosed_bat" title="Dusky tube-nosed bat">dusky tube-nosed bat</a>. The dusky tube-nosed bat is endemic to Heilongjiang and Jilin in northeastern China. The greater tube-nosed bat of Beijing feeds on aerial beetles.<sup id="cite_ref-fourbats_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourbats-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Painted_bat" title="Painted bat">painted bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardwicke%27s_woolly_bat" title="Hardwicke's woolly bat">Hardwicke's woolly bat</a>, also vesper bats, live in the forests of southern China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Long-winged_bats">Long-winged bats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Long-winged bats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniopterus_scheibersii_01-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miniopterus_scheibersii_01-cropped.jpg/230px-Miniopterus_scheibersii_01-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miniopterus_scheibersii_01-cropped.jpg/345px-Miniopterus_scheibersii_01-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Miniopterus_scheibersii_01-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_bent-wing_bat" title="Common bent-wing bat">Common bent-wing bat</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus" title="Miniopterus">Long-winged bats</a> in China include the <a href="/wiki/Common_bent-wing_bat" title="Common bent-wing bat">common</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_bent-winged_bat" title="Western bent-winged bat">western bent-winged bats</a>. The common bent-wing bats can form large colonies and migrate hundreds of kilometers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Free-tailed_bats">Free-tailed bats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Free-tailed bats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tadarida_Teniotis263.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tadarida_Teniotis263.JPG/220px-Tadarida_Teniotis263.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tadarida_Teniotis263.JPG/330px-Tadarida_Teniotis263.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tadarida_Teniotis263.JPG/440px-Tadarida_Teniotis263.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_free-tailed_bat" title="European free-tailed bat">European free-tailed bat</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Molossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossidae">Free-tailed bats</a>, unlike other bats, have tails that are detached from their wing membrances. Species include the <a href="/wiki/European_free-tailed_bat" title="European free-tailed bat">European free-tailed bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Touche%27s_free-tailed_bat" title="La Touche's free-tailed bat">La Touche's free-tailed bat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wrinkle-lipped_free-tailed_bat" title="Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat">wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="False_vampire">False vampire</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: False vampire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:306px;max-width:306px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_(Megaderma_lyra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/144px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/216px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg/288px-Greater_False_Vampire_Bat_%28Megaderma_lyra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2381" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Greater_false_vampire_bat" title="Greater false vampire bat">Greater false vampire bat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/154px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/231px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg/308px-Rhinolophus_rouxii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rufous_horseshoe_bat" title="Rufous horseshoe bat">Rufous horseshoe bat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_false_vampire_bat" title="Greater false vampire bat">greater false vampire bat</a> of Guangxi is a carnivorous bat that feeds on rodents, fish, insects and smaller bats. It is smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_bat" title="Spectral bat">"true" vampire bats</a> of South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sac-winged_bats">Sac-winged bats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sac-winged bats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-bearded_tomb_bat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Black-bearded_tomb_bat.jpg/200px-Black-bearded_tomb_bat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Black-bearded_tomb_bat.jpg/300px-Black-bearded_tomb_bat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Black-bearded_tomb_bat.jpg/400px-Black-bearded_tomb_bat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1679" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Black-bearded_tomb_bat" title="Black-bearded tomb bat">Black-bearded tomb bat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sac-winged_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac-winged bat">Sac-winged bats</a> have sac-like glands under their wings that carry <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a>, which are released to attract mates. Out of some 51 sac-winged bat species in the world, only the <a href="/wiki/Black-bearded_tomb_bat" title="Black-bearded tomb bat">black-bearded tomb bat</a> is found in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Horseshoe_bats">Horseshoe bats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Horseshoe bats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">Horseshoe bats</a> are called "<a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a> bats" in Chinese because they have horseshoe-shaped folds of skin that unfurl on their faces like the petals of a flower. These noseleaves help the horseshoe bat emit ultrasonic signals for echolocation. Species found in China include the <a href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat">greater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Least_horseshoe_bat" title="Least horseshoe bat">least</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_horseshoe_bat" title="King horseshoe bat">king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big-eared_horseshoe_bat" title="Big-eared horseshoe bat">big-eared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous_horseshoe_bat" title="Rufous horseshoe bat">rufous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_rufous_horseshoe_bat" title="Chinese rufous horseshoe bat">Chinese rufous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Japanese_horseshoe_bat" title="Little Japanese horseshoe bat">little Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blyth%27s_horseshoe_bat" title="Blyth's horseshoe bat">Blyth's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osgood%27s_horseshoe_bat" title="Osgood's horseshoe bat">Osgood's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson%27s_horseshoe_bat" title="Pearson's horseshoe bat">Pearson's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas%27s_horseshoe_bat" title="Thomas's horseshoe bat">Thomas's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dobson%27s_horseshoe_bat" title="Dobson's horseshoe bat">Dobson's</a>. The king and Osgood's horseshoe bats are endemic to southwest China. Scientists believe that the <a href="/wiki/SARS_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a> may have originated in horseshoe bats in China.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Closely related to the horseshoe bats are the <a href="/wiki/Hipposideros" title="Hipposideros">roundleaf bats</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_roundleaf_bat" title="Great roundleaf bat">great roundleaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_roundleaf_bat" title="Intermediate roundleaf bat">intermediate roundleaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomona_roundleaf_bat" title="Pomona roundleaf bat">Pomona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratt%27s_roundleaf_bat" title="Pratt's roundleaf bat">Pratt's</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_tailless_leaf-nosed_bat" title="East Asian tailless leaf-nosed bat">East Asian tailless leaf-nosed bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoliczka%27s_trident_bat" title="Stoliczka's trident bat">Stoliczka's trident bat</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:796px;max-width:796px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:261px;max-width:261px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fe_Hufeisennase_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gro%C3%9Fe_Hufeisennase_%2801%29.jpg/259px-Gro%C3%9Fe_Hufeisennase_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gro%C3%9Fe_Hufeisennase_%2801%29.jpg/389px-Gro%C3%9Fe_Hufeisennase_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gro%C3%9Fe_Hufeisennase_%2801%29.jpg/518px-Gro%C3%9Fe_Hufeisennase_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat">Greater horseshoe bat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:313px;max-width:313px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippos_larvat_080116-3505_hurn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hippos_larvat_080116-3505_hurn.JPG/311px-Hippos_larvat_080116-3505_hurn.JPG" decoding="async" width="311" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hippos_larvat_080116-3505_hurn.JPG/467px-Hippos_larvat_080116-3505_hurn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hippos_larvat_080116-3505_hurn.JPG/622px-Hippos_larvat_080116-3505_hurn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_roundleaf_bat" title="Intermediate roundleaf bat">Intermediate roundleaf bat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blyth%27s_Horsehoe_Bat_(Rhinolophus_lepidus).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blyth%27s_Horsehoe_Bat_%28Rhinolophus_lepidus%29.JPG/214px-Blyth%27s_Horsehoe_Bat_%28Rhinolophus_lepidus%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blyth%27s_Horsehoe_Bat_%28Rhinolophus_lepidus%29.JPG/321px-Blyth%27s_Horsehoe_Bat_%28Rhinolophus_lepidus%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blyth%27s_Horsehoe_Bat_%28Rhinolophus_lepidus%29.JPG/428px-Blyth%27s_Horsehoe_Bat_%28Rhinolophus_lepidus%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Blyth%27s_horseshoe_bat" title="Blyth's horseshoe bat">Blyth's horseshoe bat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birds">Birds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_China" title="List of birds of China">List of birds of China</a>.</div> <p>The avifauna of China includes a total of 1314 species, of which 52 are <a href="/wiki/Endemism_in_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemism in birds">endemic</a>, two have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> by humans, and 55 are rare or accidental. One species listed is <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> in China and is not included in the species count. Eighty seven species are globally threatened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pheasants">Pheasants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Pheasants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guldfasan-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Guldfasan-2.jpg/220px-Guldfasan-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Guldfasan-2.jpg/330px-Guldfasan-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Guldfasan-2.jpg/440px-Guldfasan-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>A golden pheasant</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_monal" title="Chinese monal">Chinese monal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_pheasant" title="Golden pheasant">Golden pheasant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cranes_and_other_wading_birds">Cranes and other wading birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Cranes and other wading birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-necked_crane" title="Black-necked crane">Black-necked crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-crowned_crane" title="Red-crowned crane">Red-crowned crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_spoonbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Common spoonbill">Common spoonbill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_China" title="List of reptiles of China">List of reptiles of China</a>.</div> <p>China has a big variety of reptiles including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_alligator" title="Chinese alligator">Chinese alligator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_giant_softshell_turtle" title="Yangtze giant softshell turtle">Yangtze giant softshell turtle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crocodilians">Crocodilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Crocodilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_China-Alligator_0491.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2011_China-Alligator_0491.JPG/220px-2011_China-Alligator_0491.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2011_China-Alligator_0491.JPG/330px-2011_China-Alligator_0491.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2011_China-Alligator_0491.JPG/440px-2011_China-Alligator_0491.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_alligator" title="Chinese alligator">Chinese alligators</a> in their habitat at the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Zoo" title="Shanghai Zoo">Shanghai Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alligator" title="Chinese alligator">Chinese alligator</a> (<i>Alligator sinensis</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lizards">Lizards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Lizards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_crocodile_lizard" title="Chinese crocodile lizard">Chinese crocodile lizard</a> (<i>Shinisaurus crocodilurus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_water_dragon" title="Chinese water dragon">Chinese water dragon</a> (<i>Physignathus cocincinus</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turtles_and_tortoises">Turtles and tortoises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Turtles and tortoises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elongated_tortoise" title="Elongated tortoise">Elongated tortoise</a> (<i>Indotestudo elongata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantor%27s_giant_softshell_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor's giant softshell turtle">Cantor's giant softshell turtle</a> (<i>Pelochelys cantorii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_giant_softshell_turtle" title="Yangtze giant softshell turtle">Yangtze giant softshell turtle</a> (<i>Rafetus swinhoei</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snakes">Snakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Snakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-nosed_pit_viper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp-nosed pit viper">Sharp-nosed pit viper</a> (<i>Deinagkistrodon acutus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dice_snake" title="Dice snake">Dice snake</a> (<i>Natrix tessellata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphe_bimaculata" title="Elaphe bimaculata">Twin-spotted ratsnake</a> (<i>Elaphe bimaculata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamushi" title="Mamushi">Mamushi</a> (<i>Gloydius blomhoffii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_snake" title="Grass snake">Grass snake</a> (<i>Natrix natrix</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_pitviper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain pitviper">Mountain pitviper</a> (<i>Ovophis monticola</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerdon%27s_pit_viper" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerdon's pit viper">Jerdon's pit viper</a> (<i>Protobothrops jerdonii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_pit_viper" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo pit viper">Bamboo pit viper</a> (<i>Trimeresurus gramineus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangshan_pitviper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangshan pitviper">Mangshan pitviper</a> (<i>Trimeresurus mangshanensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motuo_bamboo_pitviper" class="mw-redirect" title="Motuo bamboo pitviper">Motuo bamboo pitviper</a> (<i>Trimeresurus medoensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stejneger%27s_pit_viper" class="mw-redirect" title="Stejneger's pit viper">Stejneger's pit viper</a> (<i>Trimeresurus stejnegeri</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_China" title="List of amphibians of China">List of amphibians of China</a>.</div> <p>China is home to 346 species of amphibian.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's amphibian diversity is greater than any other country in the Old World, and it is the 5th in the whole world. China's amphibian fauna includes an important element of widespread, generally non-threatened species though 27.3% of amphibian species are extinct or threatened and because conservation assessments of Chinese amphibians have only started recently, it is likely that the current data on threats to amphibians are insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several amphibian species in China have very limited geographical distributions.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frogs">Frogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Frogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amolops_hongkongensis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amolops_hongkongensis_1.jpg/220px-Amolops_hongkongensis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amolops_hongkongensis_1.jpg/330px-Amolops_hongkongensis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amolops_hongkongensis_1.jpg/440px-Amolops_hongkongensis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><i>Amolops hongkongensis</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_frogs_(Ranidae)"><span id="True_frogs_.28Ranidae.29"></span>True frogs (<a href="/wiki/Ranidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranidae">Ranidae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: True frogs (Ranidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_aniqiaoensis" title="Amolops aniqiaoensis">Amolops aniqiaoensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_bellulus" title="Amolops bellulus">Amolops bellulus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_chunganensis" title="Amolops chunganensis">Amolops chunganensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_gerbillus" title="Amolops gerbillus">Amolops gerbillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_granulosus" title="Amolops granulosus">Amolops granulosus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_hainanensis" title="Amolops hainanensis">Amolops hainanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_jinjiangensis" title="Amolops jinjiangensis">Amolops jinjiangensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_kangtingensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amolops kangtingensis">Amolops kangtingensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_liangshanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amolops liangshanensis">Amolops liangshanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_lifanensis" title="Amolops lifanensis">Amolops lifanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_loloensis" title="Amolops loloensis">Amolops loloensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_mantzorum" title="Amolops mantzorum">Amolops mantzorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_medogensis" title="Amolops medogensis">Amolops medogensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_monticola" title="Amolops monticola">Amolops monticola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_ricketti" title="Amolops ricketti">Amolops ricketti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_torrentis" title="Amolops torrentis">Amolops torrentis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_viridimaculatus" title="Amolops viridimaculatus">Amolops viridimaculatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amolops_wuyiensis" title="Amolops wuyiensis">Amolops wuyiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babina_adenopleura" class="mw-redirect" title="Babina adenopleura">Babina adenopleura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babina_hainanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Babina hainanensis">Babina hainanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babina_lini" class="mw-redirect" title="Babina lini">Babina lini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babina_pleuraden" class="mw-redirect" title="Babina pleuraden">Babina pleuraden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron-spotted_brown_frog" title="Chevron-spotted brown frog">Chevron-spotted brown frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_golden_frog" title="Eastern golden frog">Eastern golden frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emei_music_frog" title="Emei music frog">Emei music frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glandirana_minima" title="Glandirana minima">Glandirana minima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glandirana_tientaiensis" title="Glandirana tientaiensis">Glandirana tientaiensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanren_frog" title="Huanren frog">Huanren frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imienpo_Station_frog" title="Imienpo Station frog">Imienpo Station frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns%27_groove-toed_frog" title="Johns' groove-toed frog">Johns' groove-toed frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_brown_frog" title="Korean brown frog">Korean brown frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_andersonii" title="Odorrana andersonii">Odorrana andersonii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_anlungensis" title="Odorrana anlungensis">Odorrana anlungensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_chapaensis" title="Odorrana chapaensis">Odorrana chapaensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_chloronota" title="Odorrana chloronota">Odorrana chloronota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_exiliversabilis" title="Odorrana exiliversabilis">Odorrana exiliversabilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_grahami" title="Odorrana grahami">Odorrana grahami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_graminea" title="Odorrana graminea">Odorrana graminea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_hejiangensis" title="Odorrana hejiangensis">Odorrana hejiangensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_kuangwuensis" title="Odorrana kuangwuensis">Odorrana kuangwuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_lungshengensis" title="Odorrana lungshengensis">Odorrana lungshengensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_margaretae" title="Odorrana margaretae">Odorrana margaretae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_mutschmanni" title="Odorrana mutschmanni">Odorrana mutschmanni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_schmackeri" title="Odorrana schmackeri">Odorrana schmackeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_tiannanensis" title="Odorrana tiannanensis">Odorrana tiannanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_versabilis" title="Odorrana versabilis">Odorrana versabilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odorrana_wuchuanensis" title="Odorrana wuchuanensis">Odorrana wuchuanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_fukienensis" title="Pelophylax fukienensis">Pelophylax fukienensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_hubeiensis" title="Pelophylax hubeiensis">Pelophylax hubeiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_lateralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelophylax lateralis">Pelophylax lateralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_nigromaculatus" title="Pelophylax nigromaculatus">Pelophylax nigromaculatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_tenggerensis" title="Pelophylax tenggerensis">Pelophylax tenggerensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelophylax_terentievi" title="Pelophylax terentievi">Pelophylax terentievi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_brown_frog" title="Plateau brown frog">Plateau brown frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rana_amurensis" title="Rana amurensis">Rana amurensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rana_chensinensis" title="Rana chensinensis">Rana chensinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rana_omeimontis" title="Rana omeimontis">Rana omeimontis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rana_sangzhiensis" title="Rana sangzhiensis">Rana sangzhiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rana_weiningensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana weiningensis">Rana weiningensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rana_zhengi" title="Rana zhengi">Rana zhengi</a></i></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%BE%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%81%93%E8%A5%BF_Des_Voeux_Road_West_restuarant_%E7%94%B0%E9%9B%9E_Frogs_net_bag_Sept-2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%BE%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%81%93%E8%A5%BF_Des_Voeux_Road_West_restuarant_%E7%94%B0%E9%9B%9E_Frogs_net_bag_Sept-2010.JPG/220px-HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%BE%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%81%93%E8%A5%BF_Des_Voeux_Road_West_restuarant_%E7%94%B0%E9%9B%9E_Frogs_net_bag_Sept-2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%BE%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%81%93%E8%A5%BF_Des_Voeux_Road_West_restuarant_%E7%94%B0%E9%9B%9E_Frogs_net_bag_Sept-2010.JPG/330px-HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%BE%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%81%93%E8%A5%BF_Des_Voeux_Road_West_restuarant_%E7%94%B0%E9%9B%9E_Frogs_net_bag_Sept-2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%BE%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%81%93%E8%A5%BF_Des_Voeux_Road_West_restuarant_%E7%94%B0%E9%9B%9E_Frogs_net_bag_Sept-2010.JPG/440px-HK_Sai_Ying_Pun_%E5%BE%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%81%93%E8%A5%BF_Des_Voeux_Road_West_restuarant_%E7%94%B0%E9%9B%9E_Frogs_net_bag_Sept-2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Chinese edible frogs in a net bag</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dicroglossidae">Dicroglossidae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Dicroglossidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_edible_frog" title="Chinese edible frog">Chinese edible frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concave-eared_torrent_frog" title="Concave-eared torrent frog">Concave-eared torrent frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doichang_frog" title="Doichang frog">Doichang frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fejervarya_limnocharis" title="Fejervarya limnocharis">Fejervarya limnocharis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fejervarya_moodiei" title="Fejervarya moodiei">Fejervarya moodiei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fejervarya_multistriata" title="Fejervarya multistriata">Fejervarya multistriata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limnonectes_longchuanensis" title="Limnonectes longchuanensis">Limnonectes longchuanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_arnoldi" title="Nanorana arnoldi">Nanorana arnoldi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_blanfordii" title="Nanorana blanfordii">Nanorana blanfordii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_bourreti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanorana bourreti">Nanorana bourreti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_conaensis" title="Nanorana conaensis">Nanorana conaensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_feae" title="Nanorana feae">Nanorana feae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_liebigii" title="Nanorana liebigii">Nanorana liebigii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_maculosa" title="Nanorana maculosa">Nanorana maculosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_medogensis" title="Nanorana medogensis">Nanorana medogensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_pleskei" title="Nanorana pleskei">Nanorana pleskei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_polunini" title="Nanorana polunini">Nanorana polunini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_quadranus" title="Nanorana quadranus">Nanorana quadranus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_taihangnica" title="Nanorana taihangnica">Nanorana taihangnica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_unculuanus" title="Nanorana unculuanus">Nanorana unculuanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_ventripunctata" title="Nanorana ventripunctata">Nanorana ventripunctata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanorana_yunnanensis" title="Nanorana yunnanensis">Nanorana yunnanensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_frog" title="Northern frog">Northern frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhl%27s_creek_frog" title="Kuhl's creek frog">Kuhl's creek frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasipaa_verrucospinosa" title="Quasipaa verrucospinosa">Quasipaa verrucospinosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasipaa_boulengeri" title="Quasipaa boulengeri">Quasipaa boulengeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasipaa_exilispinosa" title="Quasipaa exilispinosa">Quasipaa exilispinosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasipaa_jiulongensis" title="Quasipaa jiulongensis">Quasipaa jiulongensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasipaa_shini" title="Quasipaa shini">Quasipaa shini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasipaa_spinosa" title="Quasipaa spinosa">Quasipaa spinosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasipaa_yei" title="Quasipaa yei">Quasipaa yei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-tongued_floating_frog" title="Round-tongued floating frog">Round-tongued floating frog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceratobatrachidae"><a href="/wiki/Ceratobatrachidae" title="Ceratobatrachidae">Ceratobatrachidae</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Ceratobatrachidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liurana" title="Liurana">Liurana</a></i></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chineseglidingfrog2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chineseglidingfrog2.jpg/440px-Chineseglidingfrog2.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Chineseglidingfrog2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tree_frogs">Tree frogs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Tree frogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annam_tree_frog" title="Annam tree frog">Annam tree frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Chinese_tree_frog" title="Common Chinese tree frog">Common Chinese tree frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyla_sanchiangensis" title="Hyla sanchiangensis">Hyla sanchiangensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyla_zhaopingensis" title="Hyla zhaopingensis">Hyla zhaopingensis</a></i>: only in <a href="/wiki/Zhaoping_County" title="Zhaoping County">Zhaoping County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_cubitalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana cubitalis">Hylarana cubitalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_hekouensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana hekouensis">Hylarana hekouensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_latouchii" title="Hylarana latouchii">Hylarana latouchii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_macrodactyla" title="Hylarana macrodactyla">Hylarana macrodactyla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_maosonensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana maosonensis">Hylarana maosonensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_menglaensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana menglaensis">Hylarana menglaensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_milleti" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana milleti">Hylarana milleti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_nigrovittata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana nigrovittata">Hylarana nigrovittata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_spinulosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylarana spinulosa">Hylarana spinulosa</a></i><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-10_Chinese_tree_frog.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2013-10_Chinese_tree_frog.JPG/440px-2013-10_Chinese_tree_frog.JPG" decoding="async" width="440" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2013-10_Chinese_tree_frog.JPG/660px-2013-10_Chinese_tree_frog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/2013-10_Chinese_tree_frog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Common Chinese tree frog</figcaption></figure></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylarana_taipehensis" title="Hylarana taipehensis">Hylarana taipehensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tree_frog" title="Japanese tree frog">Japanese tree frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_flying_frog" title="Chinese flying frog">Chinese flying frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiromantis_vittatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiromantis vittatus">Chiromantis vittatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feihyla_palpebralis" title="Feihyla palpebralis">Feihyla palpebralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gracixalus_gracilipes" title="Gracixalus gracilipes">Gracixalus gracilipes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gracixalus_jinxiuensis" title="Gracixalus jinxiuensis">Gracixalus jinxiuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gracixalus_medogensis" title="Gracixalus medogensis">Gracixalus medogensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gracixalus_nonggangensis" title="Gracixalus nonggangensis">Gracixalus nonggangensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurixalus_naso" title="Kurixalus naso">Kurixalus naso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurixalus_odontotarsus" title="Kurixalus odontotarsus">Kurixalus odontotarsus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurixalus_verrucosus" title="Kurixalus verrucosus">Kurixalus verrucosus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raorchestes_longchuanensis" title="Raorchestes longchuanensis">Raorchestes longchuanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raorchestes_menglaensis" title="Raorchestes menglaensis">Raorchestes menglaensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_burmanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus burmanus">Rhacophorus burmanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_chenfui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus chenfui">Rhacophorus chenfui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_dorsoviridis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus dorsoviridis">Rhacophorus dorsoviridis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_dugritei" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus dugritei">Rhacophorus dugritei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_feae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus feae">Rhacophorus feae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus hui">Rhacophorus hui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_hungfuensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus hungfuensis">Rhacophorus hungfuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_kio" title="Rhacophorus kio">Rhacophorus kio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus maximus">Rhacophorus maximus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_nigropunctatus" title="Rhacophorus nigropunctatus">Rhacophorus nigropunctatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_omeimontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus omeimontis">Rhacophorus omeimontis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_puerensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus puerensis">Rhacophorus puerensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_rhodopus" title="Rhacophorus rhodopus">Rhacophorus rhodopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_tuberculatus" title="Rhacophorus tuberculatus">Rhacophorus tuberculatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhacophorus_yaoshanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhacophorus yaoshanensis">Rhacophorus yaoshanensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romer%27s_tree_frog" title="Romer's tree frog">Romer's tree frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvirana_guentheri" title="Sylvirana guentheri">Sylvirana guentheri</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microhylidae">Microhylidae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Microhylidae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calluella_yunnanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Calluella yunnanensis">Calluella yunnanensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreal_digging_frog" title="Boreal digging frog">Boreal digging frog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalophrynus_interlineatus" title="Kalophrynus interlineatus">Kalophrynus interlineatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalophrynus_menglienicus" title="Kalophrynus menglienicus">Kalophrynus menglienicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaloula_nonggangensis" title="Kaloula nonggangensis">Kaloula nonggangensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaloula_rugifera" title="Kaloula rugifera">Kaloula rugifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaloula_verrucosa" title="Kaloula verrucosa">Kaloula verrucosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microhyla_berdmorei" title="Microhyla berdmorei">Microhyla berdmorei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microhyla_fissipes" title="Microhyla fissipes">Microhyla fissipes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microhyla_heymonsi" title="Microhyla heymonsi">Microhyla heymonsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microhyla_pulchra" title="Microhyla pulchra">Microhyla pulchra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micryletta_inornata" title="Micryletta inornata">Micryletta inornata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Painted_chorus_frog" title="Painted chorus frog">Microhyla butleri</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Litter_frogs">Litter frogs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Litter frogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brachytarsophrys_carinense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brachytarsophrys_carinense.jpg/440px-Brachytarsophrys_carinense.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brachytarsophrys_carinense.jpg/660px-Brachytarsophrys_carinense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brachytarsophrys_carinense.jpg/880px-Brachytarsophrys_carinense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><i>Brachytarsophrys carinense</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachytarsophrys_carinense" title="Brachytarsophrys carinense">Brachytarsophrys carinense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachytarsophrys_feae" title="Brachytarsophrys feae">Brachytarsophrys feae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachytarsophrys_popei" title="Brachytarsophrys popei">Brachytarsophrys popei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buergeria_oxycephala" title="Buergeria oxycephala">Buergeria oxycephala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptolalax_alpinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptolalax alpinus">Leptolalax alpinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptolalax_liui" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptolalax liui">Leptolalax liui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptolalax_oshanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptolalax oshanensis">Leptolalax oshanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptolalax_sungi" title="Leptolalax sungi">Leptolalax sungi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptolalax_tengchongensis" title="Leptolalax tengchongensis">Leptolalax tengchongensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptolalax_ventripunctatus" title="Leptolalax ventripunctatus">Leptolalax ventripunctatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_binchuanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys binchuanensis">Megophrys binchuanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_brachykolos" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys brachykolos">Megophrys brachykolos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_cheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys cheni">Megophrys cheni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_huangshanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys huangshanensis">Megophrys huangshanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_lini" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys lini">Megophrys lini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys major">Megophrys major</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_parva" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys parva">Megophrys parva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_sangzhiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys sangzhiensis">Megophrys sangzhiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_shuichengensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys shuichengensis">Megophrys shuichengensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megophrys_wawuensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Megophrys wawuensis">Megophrys wawuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_chuanbeiensis" title="Oreolalax chuanbeiensis">Oreolalax chuanbeiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_granulosus" title="Oreolalax granulosus">Oreolalax granulosus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_jingdongensis" title="Oreolalax jingdongensis">Oreolalax jingdongensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_liangbeiensis" title="Oreolalax liangbeiensis">Oreolalax liangbeiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_lichuanensis" title="Oreolalax lichuanensis">Oreolalax lichuanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_major" title="Oreolalax major">Oreolalax major</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_multipunctatus" title="Oreolalax multipunctatus">Oreolalax multipunctatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_nanjiangensis" title="Oreolalax nanjiangensis">Oreolalax nanjiangensis</a></i>: only in <a href="/wiki/Nanjiang_County" title="Nanjiang County">Nanjiang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_omeimontis" title="Oreolalax omeimontis">Oreolalax omeimontis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_pingii" title="Oreolalax pingii">Oreolalax pingii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_popei" title="Oreolalax popei">Oreolalax popei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_puxiongensis" title="Oreolalax puxiongensis">Oreolalax puxiongensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_rhodostigmatus" title="Oreolalax rhodostigmatus">Oreolalax rhodostigmatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_rugosus" title="Oreolalax rugosus">Oreolalax rugosus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_schmidti" title="Oreolalax schmidti">Oreolalax schmidti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_weigoldi" title="Oreolalax weigoldi">Oreolalax weigoldi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreolalax_xiangchengensis" title="Oreolalax xiangchengensis">Oreolalax xiangchengensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_boulengeri" title="Scutiger boulengeri">Scutiger boulengeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_brevipes" title="Scutiger brevipes">Scutiger brevipes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_chintingensis" title="Scutiger chintingensis">Scutiger chintingensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_glandulatus" title="Scutiger glandulatus">Scutiger glandulatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_gongshanensis" title="Scutiger gongshanensis">Scutiger gongshanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_jiulongensis" title="Scutiger jiulongensis">Scutiger jiulongensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_liupanensis" title="Scutiger liupanensis">Scutiger liupanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_maculatus" title="Scutiger maculatus">Scutiger maculatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_mammatus" title="Scutiger mammatus">Scutiger mammatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_muliensis" title="Scutiger muliensis">Scutiger muliensis</a></i>: only in <a href="/wiki/Mili_Tibetan_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mili Tibetan Autonomous County">Muli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_ningshanensis" title="Scutiger ningshanensis">Scutiger ningshanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_nyingchiensis" title="Scutiger nyingchiensis">Scutiger nyingchiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_pingwuensis" title="Scutiger pingwuensis">Scutiger pingwuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_sikimmensis" title="Scutiger sikimmensis">Scutiger sikimmensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_tuberculatus" title="Scutiger tuberculatus">Scutiger tuberculatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutiger_wanglangensis" title="Scutiger wanglangensis">Scutiger wanglangensis</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shrub_frogs_(Rhacophoridae)"><span id="Shrub_frogs_.28Rhacophoridae.29"></span>Shrub frogs (<a href="/wiki/Rhacophoridae" title="Rhacophoridae">Rhacophoridae</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liuixalus_hainanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liuixalus hainanus">Liuixalus hainanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liuixalus_ocellatus" title="Liuixalus ocellatus">Liuixalus ocellatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theloderma_kwangsiense" class="mw-redirect" title="Theloderma kwangsiense">Theloderma kwangsiense</a></i>: only in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayaoshan_Nature_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayaoshan Nature Reserve (page does not exist)">Dayaoshan Nature Reserve</a> (大瑶山自然保护区), <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philautus_kempii" title="Philautus kempii">Philautus kempii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polypedates_impresus" title="Polypedates impresus">Polypedates impresus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polypedates_megacephalus" title="Polypedates megacephalus">Polypedates megacephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polypedates_mutus" title="Polypedates mutus">Polypedates mutus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theloderma_asperum" title="Theloderma asperum">Theloderma asperum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theloderma_kwangsiense" class="mw-redirect" title="Theloderma kwangsiense">Theloderma kwangsiense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theloderma_moloch" title="Theloderma moloch">Theloderma moloch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theloderma_rhododiscus" title="Theloderma rhododiscus">Theloderma rhododiscus</a></i><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab-eating_Frog_(Fejervarya_cancrivora)_(14136245104).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Crab-eating_Frog_%28Fejervarya_cancrivora%29_%2814136245104%29.jpg/220px-Crab-eating_Frog_%28Fejervarya_cancrivora%29_%2814136245104%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Crab-eating_Frog_%28Fejervarya_cancrivora%29_%2814136245104%29.jpg/330px-Crab-eating_Frog_%28Fejervarya_cancrivora%29_%2814136245104%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Crab-eating_Frog_%28Fejervarya_cancrivora%29_%2814136245104%29.jpg/440px-Crab-eating_Frog_%28Fejervarya_cancrivora%29_%2814136245104%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salt_water_frogs">Salt water frogs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Salt water frogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is home to one of only 144 known modern amphibians which can tolerate brief excursions into sea water. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_frog" title="Crab-eating frog">Crab-eating frog</a><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toads">Toads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Toads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_gargarizans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bufo_gargarizans.jpg/400px-Bufo_gargarizans.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bufo_gargarizans.jpg/600px-Bufo_gargarizans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bufo_gargarizans.jpg/800px-Bufo_gargarizans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_toad" title="Asiatic toad">Asiatic toad</a> in a garden in <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning Province</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_toads_(Bufo)"><span id="True_toads_.28Bufo.29"></span>True toads (<i><a href="/wiki/Bufo" title="Bufo">Bufo</a></i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: True toads (Bufo)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailao_toad" title="Ailao toad">Ailao toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_toad" title="Asiatic toad">Asiatic toad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bufo_cryptotympanicus" title="Bufo cryptotympanicus">Bufo cryptotympanicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bufo_pageoti" title="Bufo pageoti">Bufo pageoti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bufo_tuberculatus" title="Bufo tuberculatus">Bufo tuberculatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bufo_wolongensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufo wolongensis">Bufo wolongensis</a></i>: only in <a href="/wiki/Wolong_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolong Nature Reserve">Wolong Nature Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_water_toad" title="Korean water toad">Korean water toad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudepidalea_pewzowi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepidalea pewzowi">Pseudepidalea pewzowi</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horned_toads_(Xenophrys)"><span id="Horned_toads_.28Xenophrys.29"></span>Horned toads (<i><a href="/wiki/Xenophrys" title="Xenophrys">Xenophrys</a></i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Horned toads (Xenophrys)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenophrys_minor,_Serzhong,_Mongar,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Xenophrys_minor%2C_Serzhong%2C_Mongar%2C_Bhutan.jpg/220px-Xenophrys_minor%2C_Serzhong%2C_Mongar%2C_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Xenophrys_minor%2C_Serzhong%2C_Mongar%2C_Bhutan.jpg/330px-Xenophrys_minor%2C_Serzhong%2C_Mongar%2C_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Xenophrys_minor%2C_Serzhong%2C_Mongar%2C_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_horned_toad" title="Little horned toad">Little horned toad</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convex-tailed_horned_toad" title="Convex-tailed horned toad">Convex-tailed horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convex-vented_horned_toad" title="Convex-vented horned toad">Convex-vented horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_piebald_horned_toad" title="Great piebald horned toad">Great piebald horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdong_horned_toad" title="Jingdong horned toad">Jingdong horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuatun_horned_toad" title="Kuatun horned toad">Kuatun horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangshan_horned_toad" title="Mangshan horned toad">Mangshan horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medog_horned_toad" title="Medog horned toad">Medog horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Dawei_horned_toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Dawei horned toad">Mount Dawei horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankiang_horned_toad" title="Nankiang horned toad">Nankiang horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boettger%27s_horned_toad" title="Boettger's horned toad">Boettger's horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glandular_horned_toad" class="mw-redirect" title="Glandular horned toad">Glandular horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omei_horned_toad" title="Omei horned toad">Omei horned toad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenophrys_daweimontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophrys daweimontis">Xenophrys daweimontis</a></i>: only in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daweishan_Nature_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daweishan Nature Reserve (page does not exist)">Daweishan Nature Reserve</a> (大围山自然保护区), <a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiny-fingered_horned_toad" title="Spiny-fingered horned toad">Spiny-fingered horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuliangshan_horned_toad" title="Wuliangshan horned toad">Wuliangshan horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushan_horned_toad" title="Wushan horned toad">Wushan horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang%27s_horned_toad" title="Zhang's horned toad">Zhang's horned toad</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombina_orientalis_5zz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bombina_orientalis_5zz.jpg/400px-Bombina_orientalis_5zz.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bombina_orientalis_5zz.jpg/600px-Bombina_orientalis_5zz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bombina_orientalis_5zz.jpg/800px-Bombina_orientalis_5zz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Oriental fire-bellied toad</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_toads">Other toads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Other toads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_toad" title="Mongolian toad">Mongolian toad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombina_maxima" title="Bombina maxima">Bombina maxima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duttaphrynus_himalayanus" title="Duttaphrynus himalayanus">Duttaphrynus himalayanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duttaphrynus_melanostictus" title="Duttaphrynus melanostictus">Duttaphrynus melanostictus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptobrachium_ailaonicum" title="Leptobrachium ailaonicum">Leptobrachium ailaonicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptobrachium_boringii" title="Leptobrachium boringii">Leptobrachium boringii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptobrachium_hainanense" title="Leptobrachium hainanense">Leptobrachium hainanense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptobrachium_leishanense" title="Leptobrachium leishanense">Leptobrachium leishanense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptobrachium_liui" title="Leptobrachium liui">Leptobrachium liui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_horned_toad" title="Little horned toad">Little horned toad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophryophryne_microstoma" title="Ophryophryne microstoma">Ophryophryne microstoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophryophryne_pachyproctus" title="Ophryophryne pachyproctus">Ophryophryne pachyproctus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_fire-bellied_toad" title="Oriental fire-bellied toad">Oriental fire-bellied toad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough-skinned_horned_toad" title="Rough-skinned horned toad">Rough-skinned horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_horned_toad" title="Shaping horned toad">Shaping horned toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiny-fingered_horned_toad" title="Spiny-fingered horned toad">Spiny-fingered horned toad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salamanders_and_newts">Salamanders and newts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Salamanders and newts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Velemlok_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_zoo_praha_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Velemlok_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_zoo_praha_1.jpg/440px-Velemlok_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_zoo_praha_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Velemlok_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_zoo_praha_1.jpg/660px-Velemlok_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_zoo_praha_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Velemlok_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_zoo_praha_1.jpg/880px-Velemlok_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_zoo_praha_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5172" data-file-height="3452" /></a><figcaption>Chinese giant salamander</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amji%27s_salamander" title="Amji's salamander">Amji's salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_knobby_newt" title="Black knobby newt">Black knobby newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian salamander">Central Asian salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenggong_fire_belly_newt" title="Chenggong fire belly newt">Chenggong fire belly newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiala_mountain_salamander" title="Chiala mountain salamander">Chiala mountain salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_giant_salamander" title="Chinese giant salamander">Chinese giant salamander</a> (<i>Andrias davidianus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fire_belly_newt" title="Chinese fire belly newt">Chinese fire belly newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_warty_newt" title="Chinese warty newt">Chinese warty newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinhai_spiny_newt" title="Chinhai spiny newt">Chinhai spiny newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_fire-bellied_newt" title="Chuxiong fire-bellied newt">Chuxiong fire-bellied newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian salamander">Siberian salamander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cynops_wolterstorffi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynops wolterstorffi">Cynops wolterstorffi</a></i>: only in <a href="/wiki/Kunming_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming City">Kunming City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayang_newt" title="Dayang newt">Dayang newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%27s_clawed_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer's clawed salamander">Fischer's clawed salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuding_fire_belly_newt" title="Fuding fire belly newt">Fuding fire belly newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guabang_Shan_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Guabang Shan salamander">Guabang Shan salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_warty_newt" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangxi warty newt">Guangxi warty newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou_salamander" title="Guizhou salamander">Guizhou salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_knobby_newt" title="Hainan knobby newt">Hainan knobby newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_warty_newt" title="Hong Kong warty newt">Hong Kong warty newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinfo_Mountain_salamander" title="Jinfo Mountain salamander">Jinfo Mountain salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_salamander" title="Korean salamander">Korean salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuankuoshui_salamander" title="Kuankuoshui salamander">Kuankuoshui salamander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachyhynobius_shangchengensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyhynobius shangchengensis">Pachyhynobius shangchengensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramesotriton_labiatus" title="Paramesotriton labiatus">Paramesotriton labiatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramesotriton_maolanensis" title="Paramesotriton maolanensis">Paramesotriton maolanensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramesotriton_yunwuensis" title="Paramesotriton yunwuensis">Paramesotriton yunwuensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puxiong_salamander" title="Puxiong salamander">Puxiong salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuicheng_salamander" title="Shuicheng salamander">Shuicheng salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian salamander">Siberian salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot-tailed_warty_newt" title="Spot-tailed warty newt">Spot-tailed warty newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_paddle-tail_newt" title="Spotted paddle-tail newt">Spotted paddle-tail newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliang_knobby_newt" title="Taliang knobby newt">Taliang knobby newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanggao_warty_newt" title="Wanggao warty newt">Wanggao warty newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_knobby_newt" title="Wenxian knobby newt">Wenxian knobby newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chinese_mountain_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chinese mountain salamander">Western Chinese mountain salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingan_salamander" title="Xingan salamander">Xingan salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-spotted_salamander" title="Yellow-spotted salamander">Yellow-spotted salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwu_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiwu salamander">Yiwu salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_lake_newt" title="Yunnan lake newt">Yunnan lake newt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijin_warty_newt" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhijin warty newt">Zhijin warty newt</a></li></ul> <p><br /></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Specimen_of_Ichthyophis_bannanicus_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_Science_in_Taiwan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Specimen_of_Ichthyophis_bannanicus_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_Science_in_Taiwan.JPG/220px-Specimen_of_Ichthyophis_bannanicus_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_Science_in_Taiwan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Specimen_of_Ichthyophis_bannanicus_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_Science_in_Taiwan.JPG/330px-Specimen_of_Ichthyophis_bannanicus_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_Science_in_Taiwan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Specimen_of_Ichthyophis_bannanicus_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_Science_in_Taiwan.JPG/440px-Specimen_of_Ichthyophis_bannanicus_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_Science_in_Taiwan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Specimen of <i>Ichthyophis bannanicus</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caecilians">Caecilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Caecilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banna_caecilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Banna caecilian">Banna caecilian</a> (<i>Ichthyophis bannanicus</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fish">Fish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In freshwater alone, China has more than 1,000 fish species. By far the most diverse order are the <a href="/wiki/Cypriniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriniform">cypriniforms</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Siluriform" class="mw-redirect" title="Siluriform">siluriforms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> is the richest river basin in the country and it is home to more than 350 strict freshwater fish species (as well as several also found in <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> or saltwater).<sup id="cite_ref-FishDiversity_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishDiversity-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high percentage of these are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the country and many are seriously threatened. Among others, it is feared that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_paddlefish" title="Chinese paddlefish">Chinese paddlefish</a>, as well as several species from the Yunnan lakes (notably <a href="/wiki/Dian_Lake" title="Dian Lake">Dian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxian_Lake" title="Fuxian Lake">Fuxian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yilong_Lake" title="Yilong Lake">Yilong</a>), already are extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has far more <a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">cavefish</a> species than any other country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a long coastline that ranges from temperate to tropical oceans, China has many marine fish species such as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_crabs">Freshwater crabs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Freshwater crabs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is home to more than 250 different species of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_crab" title="Freshwater crab">freshwater crabs</a> (families <a href="/wiki/Potamidae" title="Potamidae">Potamidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gecarcinucidae" title="Gecarcinucidae">Gecarcinucidae</a>), many of them endemics. It is thus the country with the highest species richness in freshwater crabs.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most speciose genera are <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinopotamon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinopotamon (page does not exist)">Sinopotamon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longpotamon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longpotamon (page does not exist)">Longpotamon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Indochinamon" title="Indochinamon">Indochinamon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nanhaipotamon" title="Nanhaipotamon">Nanhaipotamon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molluscs">Molluscs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Molluscs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_China" title="List of non-marine molluscs of China">List of non-marine molluscs of China</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butterflies">Butterflies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Butterflies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_China" title="List of butterflies of China">List of butterflies of China</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centipedes">Centipedes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Centipedes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethmostigmus_rubripes" title="Ethmostigmus rubripes">Ethmostigmus rubripes</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">List of endangered and protected species of China</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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and rights in China">Animal welfare and rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_China" title="List of mammals of China">List of mammals of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Taiwan" title="List of mammals of Taiwan">List of mammals of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of mammals of Hong Kong">List of mammals of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_China" title="List of amphibians of China">List of amphibians of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref_2009a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_2009a_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208141905/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html">"Biodiversity Theme Report"</a>. Environment.gov.au. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista.com&rft.atitle=China%3A+vertebrate+species+by+type+2015+-+Statistic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F301623%2Fchina-vertebrate-species-by-type%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN_mammals-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_mammals_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_mammals_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns">IUCN Initiatives – Mammals – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512150801/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IUCN. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Data does not include species in Taiwan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm">Countries with the most bird species</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216152146/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm">Archived</a> 16 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mongabay.com. 2004 data. 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Retrieved 24 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN_amphibians-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_amphibians_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_amphibians_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns#diversity">IUCN Initiatives – Amphibians – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512145131/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns#diversity">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IUCN. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Data does not include species in Taiwan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species">Top 20 countries with most endangered species IUCN Red List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424182826/http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species">Archived</a> 24 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 5 March 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gibbon+Journal&rft.atitle=The+northern+white-cheeked+gibbon+%28Nomascus+leucogenys%29+is+on+the+edge+of+extinction+in+China&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Fan+Pengfei+%26+Huo+Sheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibbonconservation.org%2F05_projects%2F2009xishuangbanna_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fan & Peng (2009) at 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/rhesus_macaque">Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 July 20. 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Retrieved on 29 August 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0010733395&code=61121111&sid1=soc">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'프리윌리' 주인공 범고래 무리 다도해에 등장"</a>. <i>국민일보</i>. 26 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905233127/http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0010733395&code=61121111&sid1=soc">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Djhzc.com&rft.atitle=%E6%A1%83%E6%BA%90%E5%8E%BF%E6%BA%90%E6%9E%97%E8%B1%AA%E7%8C%AA%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE%E5%A0%86%E9%87%91%E8%B1%AA%E7%8C%AA%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E5%9C%BA-%E8%B1%AA%E7%8C%AA-%E8%B1%AA%E7%8C%AA%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96-%E8%B1%AA%E7%8C%AA%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0-%E8%B1%AA%E7%8C%AA%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF-%E8%B1%AA%E7%8C%AA%E9%94%80%E5%94%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.djhzc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hongjun Chua and Zhigang Jianga, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5487776">Distribution and conservation of the Sino-Mongolian beaver <i>Castor fiber birulai</i> in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202806/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5487776">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Oryx</i> / Volume 43 / Issue 02 / April 2009, pp 197–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaFlyingSquirrels-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaFlyingSquirrels_234-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225002/http://www.agri.ac.cn/news/2008521/29095.html">"中华鼯鼠-----北京农业信息网"</a>. 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"Diversity, endemism and conservation of the freshwater crabs of China (Brachyura: Potamidae and Gecarcinucidae)". <i>Integrative Zoology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 45–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-4877.2010.00228.x">10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00228.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4877">1749-4877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21392361">21392361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+Zoology&rft.atitle=Diversity%2C+endemism+and+conservation+of+the+freshwater+crabs+of+China+%28Brachyura%3A+Potamidae+and+Gecarcinucidae%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-55&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1749-4877&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21392361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-4877.2010.00228.x&rft.aulast=Cumberlidge&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Ng%2C+Peter+K.+L.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Darren+C.+J.&rft.au=Naruse%2C+Tohru&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Kirstin+S.&rft.au=Esser%2C+Lara+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_252-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_252-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShihHuangNg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shih, Hsi-Te; Huang, Chao; Ng, Peter K. 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L. (1 March 2011). "Recent vicariant and dispersal events affecting the phylogeny and biogeography of East Asian freshwater crab genus Nanhaipotamon (Decapoda: Potamidae)". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 427–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.11.013">10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903">1055-7903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21095233">21095233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Recent+vicariant+and+dispersal+events+affecting+the+phylogeny+and+biogeography+of+East+Asian+freshwater+crab+genus+Nanhaipotamon+%28Decapoda%3A+Potamidae%29&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-438&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.issn=1055-7903&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21095233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.11.013&rft.aulast=Shih&rft.aufirst=Hsi-Te&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Xian-Min&rft.au=Chen%2C+Guo-Xiao&rft.au=Chien%2C+I-Chu&rft.au=Ng%2C+Peter+K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: External 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style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wildlife_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wildlife_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Asia">Wildlife of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Armenia" title="Wildlife of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bahrain" title="Wildlife of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bhutan" title="Wildlife of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brunei" title="Wildlife of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia" title="Wildlife of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cyprus" title="Wildlife of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Israel" title="Wildlife of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Japan" title="Wildlife of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Jordan" title="Wildlife of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kazakhstan" title="Wildlife of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Korea" title="Wildlife of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kuwait" title="Wildlife of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Laos" title="Wildlife of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Maldives" title="Wildlife of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mongolia" title="Wildlife of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Myanmar" title="Wildlife of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Oman" title="Wildlife of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Qatar" title="Wildlife of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Syria" title="Wildlife of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkmenistan" title="Wildlife of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Wildlife of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Vietnam" title="Wildlife of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Yemen" title="Wildlife of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Christmas_Island" title="Wildlife of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> 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.portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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