CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Homosexuality - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ae12cce6-64b5-4de5-9ecd-3792fbffb5b2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Homosexuality","wgTitle":"Homosexuality","wgCurRevisionId":1275863122,"wgRevisionId":1275863122,"wgArticleId":5488304,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)","Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 text","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages", "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from January 2025","Articles needing additional references from January 2018","All articles needing additional references","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Homosexuality","LGBTQ studies","Love","Psychiatric false diagnosis","1860s neologisms"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en" ,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Homosexuality","wgRelevantArticleId":5488304,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6636","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/1200px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="768"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/800px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="512"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/640px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="410"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Homosexuality - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Homosexuality rootpage-Homosexuality skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Homosexuality" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Homosexuality" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Homosexuality" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Homosexuality" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Indigenous cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Classical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Pre-Islamic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 South Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sexuality and identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexuality_and_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sexuality and identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_desire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_desire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Behavior and desire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_desire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_identity_and_sexual_fluidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_identity_and_sexual_fluidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sexual identity and sexual fluidity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_identity_and_sexual_fluidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Same-sex relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coming_out_of_the_closet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coming_out_of_the_closet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Coming out of the closet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_out_of_the_closet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homoromanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homoromanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Homoromanticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homoromanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Psychology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_orientation_change_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_orientation_change_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sexual orientation change efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_orientation_change_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Gay_genes"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Gay_genes""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 "Gay genes" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Gay_genes"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Evolutionary perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Parenting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Public health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Mental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_and_lesbian_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_and_lesbian_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Gay and lesbian youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_and_lesbian_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Law and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Legality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_against_sexual_orientation_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_against_sexual_orientation_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Laws against sexual orientation discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_against_sexual_orientation_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Political activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Military service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Society and sociology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_sociology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and sociology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tausch_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tausch_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Tausch study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tausch_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Discrimination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Discrimination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gay_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Gay bullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterosexism_and_homophobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterosexism_and_homophobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Heterosexism and homophobia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterosexism_and_homophobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_homosexuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_homosexuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Violence against homosexuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_homosexuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexual_behavior_in_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexual_behavior_in_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Homosexual behavior in other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexual_behavior_in_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Online articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Homosexuality</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" > 155 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualiteit" title="Homoseksualiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homoseksualiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualit%C3%A4t" title="Homosexualität – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Homosexualität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="समलैंगिकता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="समलैंगिकता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مثلية جنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثلية جنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualidat" title="Homosexualidat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Homosexualidat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সমকামিতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সমকামিতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualid%C3%A1" title="Homosexualidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homosexualidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Гомосексуаллъи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гомосексуаллъи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksuall%C4%B1q" title="Homoseksuallıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homoseksuallıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="همجینسچی‌لیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="همجینسچی‌لیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homos%C3%A9ksualitas" title="Homoséksualitas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Homoséksualitas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সমকামিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমকামিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualitas" title="Homoseksualitas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Homoseksualitas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ng-s%C3%A8ng-lo%C3%A2n" title="Tông-sèng-loân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông-sèng-loân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Гомасексуальнасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гомасексуальнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Гомасэксуальнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гомасэксуальнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="समलैंगिकता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समलैंगिकता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosekswalidad" title="Homosekswalidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Homosekswalidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хомосексуалност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хомосексуалност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualit%C3%A4t" title="Homosexualität – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Homosexualität" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མཚན་མཐུན་དགའ་རོགས་སྒྲིག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཚན་མཐུན་དགའ་རོགས་སྒྲིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualnost" title="Homoseksualnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Homoseksualnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C3%B1velrevelezh" title="Heñvelrevelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Heñvelrevelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гомосексуализм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гомосексуализм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualitat" title="Homosexualitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homosexualitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Гомосексуаллăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гомосексуаллăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosekswalidad" title="Homosekswalidad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Homosekswalidad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualita" title="Homosexualita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homosexualita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungochani" title="Ungochani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ungochani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfunrywioldeb" title="Cyfunrywioldeb – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfunrywioldeb" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualitet" title="Homoseksualitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Homoseksualitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="متلية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="متلية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualit%C3%A4t" title="Homosexualität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homosexualität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="समलैंगिकता – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="समलैंगिकता" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མཚན་མཐུན་དགའ་རོགས་སྒྲིག་པ། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མཚན་མཐུན་དགའ་རོགས་སྒྲིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksuaalsus" title="Homoseksuaalsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Homoseksuaalsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ομοφυλοφιλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομοφυλοφιλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosesu%C3%AAl" title="Omosesuêl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Omosesuêl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualidad" title="Homosexualidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homosexualidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samseksemo" title="Samseksemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samseksemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualitate" title="Homosexualitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homosexualitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="همجنس‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همجنس‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Homosexuality" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkyndleiki" title="Samkyndleiki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Samkyndleiki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualit%C3%A9" title="Homosexualité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homosexualité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualiteit" title="Homoseksualiteit – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Homoseksualiteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homaighn%C3%A9asacht" title="Homaighnéasacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Homaighnéasacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ghn%C3%A8itheachd" title="Co-ghnèitheachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Co-ghnèitheachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualidade" title="Homosexualidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homosexualidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="同性戀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%8A" title="همجنس‌خأيي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="همجنس‌خأيي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80" title="સમલિંગી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સમલિંગી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%84%B1%EC%95%A0" title="동성애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동성애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jima%27in_jinsi" title="Jima'in jinsi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jima'in jinsi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosualimi" title="Homosualimi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Homosualimi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համասեռականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համասեռականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="समलैंगिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समलैंगिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualnost" title="Homoseksualnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homoseksualnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeosexualeso" title="Homeosexualeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homeosexualeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwoke_idina_nwoke" title="Nwoke idina nwoke – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nwoke idina nwoke" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualitas" title="Homoseksualitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homoseksualitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualitate" title="Homosexualitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Homosexualitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitabane" title="Isitabane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isitabane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkynhneig%C3%B0" title="Samkynhneigð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samkynhneigð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosessualit%C3%A0" title="Omosessualità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omosessualità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הומוסקסואליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומוסקסואליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbele_waa_%C9%96ama_s%CA%8Ana%CA%8A" title="Agbele waa ɖama sʊnaʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Agbele waa ɖama sʊnaʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಸಲಿಂಗ ಕಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಲಿಂಗ ಕಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჰომოსექსუალობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰომოსექსუალობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Гомосексуалдылық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гомосексуалдылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja" title="Mapenzi ya jinsia moja – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapenzi ya jinsia moja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosekswalit%C3%A9" title="Omosekswalité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Omosekswalité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevzayend%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Hevzayendîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hevzayendîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Гомосексуалдуулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гомосексуалдуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualitas" title="Homosexualitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Homosexualitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualit%C4%81te" title="Homoseksualitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Homoseksualitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualit%C3%A9it" title="Homosexualitéit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Homosexualitéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualumas" title="Homoseksualumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Homoseksualumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosessualit%C3%A6" title="Omosessualitæ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Omosessualitæ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualiteit" title="Homoseksualiteit – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Homoseksualiteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosesalia" title="Omosesalia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Omosesalia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosess%C3%BCalit%C3%A0" title="Omosessüalità – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Omosessüalità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoszexualit%C3%A1s" title="Homoszexualitás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Homoszexualitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="समलैङ्गिकता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="समलैङ्गिकता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хомосексуалност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хомосексуалност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahapelahana" title="Fahapelahana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahapelahana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4" title="സ്വവർഗ്ഗലൈംഗികത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വവർഗ്ഗലൈംഗികത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%81pui" title="Takāpui – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Takāpui" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="समलैंगिकता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समलैंगिकता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჰომოსექსუალობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰომოსექსუალობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مثليه جنسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مثليه جنسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="همجنس گرائی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="همجنس گرائی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehomoseksualan" title="Kehomoseksualan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kehomoseksualan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9ng-s%C3%A9ng-li%C3%B4ng" title="Dùng-séng-liông – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dùng-séng-liông" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homossexualidade" title="Homossexualidade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Homossexualidade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Гомосекс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гомосекс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လိင်တူစုံမက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိင်တူစုံမက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuilonyotl" title="Cuilonyotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuilonyotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualiteit" title="Homoseksualiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homoseksualiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualiteit" title="Homoseksualiteit – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Homoseksualiteit" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="समयौनिकता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समयौनिकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="ज्वःयचामि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ज्वःयचामि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B" title="同性愛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同性愛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommosessualit%C3%A0" title="Ommosessualità – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ommosessualità" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homofili" title="Homofili – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homofili" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homofili" title="Homofili – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Homofili" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosexualitat" title="Omosexualitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Omosexualitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomoseksuallik" title="Gomoseksuallik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gomoseksuallik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਮਲਿੰਗਕਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਲਿੰਗਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہم جنس پسندی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہم جنس پسندی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualidad" title="Homosexualidad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Homosexualidad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="همنوګپالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="همنوګپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omossessualit%C3%A0" title="Omossessualità – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Omossessualità" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Homoseksualność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Homoseksualność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homossexualidade" title="Homossexualidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homossexualidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualitate" title="Homosexualitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homosexualitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Гомосексуальность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гомосексуальность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omosessualidade" title="Omosessualidade – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Omosessualidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Homosexuality" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosodoma" title="Bosodoma – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bosodoma" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualiteti" title="Homoseksualiteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Homoseksualiteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omusissualitati" title="Omusissualitati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Omusissualitati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සමලිංගිකතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමලිංගිකතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homosexuality" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="ھم جنس پرستي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھم جنس پرستي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualita" title="Homosexualita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Homosexualita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualnost" title="Homoseksualnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Homoseksualnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dmoseksualizm" title="Hōmoseksualizm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hōmoseksualizm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaniisnimada" title="Khaniisnimada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Khaniisnimada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ھاوزایەندخوازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوزایەندخوازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хомосексуалност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хомосексуалност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualnost" title="Homoseksualnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homoseksualnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksuaalisuus" title="Homoseksuaalisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Homoseksuaalisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualitet" title="Homosexualitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homosexualitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksuwalidad" title="Homoseksuwalidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Homoseksuwalidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="நேர்பாலீர்ப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்பாலீர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Һомосексуальлек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һомосексуальлек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="స్వలింగ సంపర్కం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్వలింగ సంపర్కం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoseksualidade" title="Omoseksualidade – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Omoseksualidade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8" title="รักร่วมเพศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รักร่วมเพศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fcinsellik" title="Eşcinsellik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eşcinsellik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomoseksualizm" title="Gomoseksualizm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gomoseksualizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Гомосексуальність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гомосексуальність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ہم جنس پرستی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہم جنس پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ھەمجىنىسلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھەمجىنىسلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_t%C3%ADnh_luy%E1%BA%BFn_%C3%A1i" title="Đồng tính luyến ái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng tính luyến ái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiyist%C3%A9" title="Gaiyisté – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gaiyisté" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="同性戀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksualiteit" title="Homoseksualiteit – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Homoseksualiteit" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksuwalidad" title="Homoseksuwalidad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Homoseksuwalidad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%AA%BE" title="同性媾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="同性媾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="האמאסעקסואלוטעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האמאסעקסואלוטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="同性戀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemc%C4%B1nsbaz" title="Hemcınsbaz – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hemcınsbaz" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同性戀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6636#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Homosexuality" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Homosexuality" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Homosexuality" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&oldid=1275863122" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Homosexuality&id=1275863122&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHomosexuality">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHomosexuality">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Homosexuality&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Homosexuality" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6636" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sexual attraction or behavior between members of the same sex or gender</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Homosexual" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_(album)" title="Homosexual (album)">Homosexual (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about homosexuality in humans. For homosexuality in other species, see <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">Homosexual behavior in animals</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gender_symbols_(4_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/150px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/225px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/300px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> Sexual orientations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homosexual</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> Related terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> Research</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetic_theories_of_homosexuality" title="Epigenetic theories of homosexuality">Epigenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_sexuality" title="Transgender sexuality">Transgender sexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> Animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-reproductive_sexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals">Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">Homosexual behavior in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_displaying_homosexual_behavior" title="List of animals displaying homosexual behavior">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_sexual_behavior" title="Situational sexual behavior">Situational sexual behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#e6e6fa;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_orientation" title="Category:Sexual orientation">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_orientation" title="Template:Sexual orientation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_orientation" title="Template talk:Sexual orientation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_orientation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual orientation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">      </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceflux" title="Aceflux">Aceflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex and LGBT">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenderism_in_New_York_City" title="Transgenderism in New York City">Transgenderism in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Religion and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">trans people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Legality of conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li>LGBTQ youth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Homosexuality is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">sexual attraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romantic_attraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic attraction">romantic attraction</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual behavior</a> between members of the same <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmPsycholAssn-definitions-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cross-CulturalPsyDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EqualCurriculumDefinition-3">[3]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" exclusively to people of the same sex or gender.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">community of others</a> who share those attractions."<a href="#cite_note-apahelp-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a>, homosexuality is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation within the <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual%E2%80%93homosexual_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual–homosexual continuum">heterosexual–homosexual continuum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apahelp-5">[5]</a> Although no single theory on the cause of sexual orientation has yet gained widespread support, scientists favor <a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">biological theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frankowski-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeVay-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balthazart-11">[11]</a> A major hypothesis implicates the <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal environment</a>, specifically the organizational effects of hormones on the fetal brain.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role in developing a sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-rcp2007-12">[12]</a> Scientific research shows that homosexuality is a natural and normal variation in <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a> and is not in and of itself a source of negative psychological effects.<a href="#cite_note-apahelp-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-PAHO-13">[13]</a> There is insufficient evidence to support the use of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation change efforts">psychological interventions to change sexual orientation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apa2009-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The most common terms for homosexual people are <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> for females and <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">males</a>, but the term gay also commonly refers to both homosexual females and males. Other common labels that include gay people are <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>. The percentage of people who are gay or lesbian and the proportion of people who are in same-sex romantic relationships or have had same-sex sexual experiences are difficult for researchers to estimate reliably for a variety of reasons, including many gay and lesbian people not openly identifying as such due to <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-levay-16">[16]</a> Homosexual behavior has also been documented <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">in many non-human animal species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> though humans are one of only two species known to exhibit a homosexual orientation (the other is sheep).<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a> Many gay and lesbian people are in committed same-sex relationships. These relationships are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential psychological respects.<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a> Homosexual relationships and acts have been admired as well as condemned throughout recorded history, depending on the form they took and the culture in which they occurred.<a href="#cite_note-psych2010-23">[23]</a> Since the end of the 20th century, there has been a <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">global movement</a> towards <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">freedom and equality</a> for gay people, including the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">anti-bullying legislation</a> to protect gay children at school, legislation ensuring non-discrimination, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and military service">equal ability to serve in the military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Montreal" title="Declaration of Montreal">equal access to health care</a>, equal ability to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption">adopt</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_parenting" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT parenting">parent</a>, and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">marriage equality</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Poof" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Poof_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poof (disambiguation)">Poof (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_homosexuality" title="Terminology of homosexuality">Terminology of homosexuality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg/170px-Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg/255px-Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg/340px-Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a> <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> cup from <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a>, 480 BC (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Boston Museum of Fine Arts</a>)</figcaption></figure> The word homosexual is a Greek and Latin <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">hybrid</a>, with the first element derived from Greek ὁμός homos, "same" (not related to the Latin homo, "man", as in Homo sapiens), thus connoting sexual acts and affections between members of the same sex, including lesbianism.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The first known appearance of homosexual in print is found in an 1868 letter to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs" title="Karl Heinrich Ulrichs">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs</a> by the Austrian-born novelist <a href="/wiki/Karl-Maria_Kertbeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl-Maria Kertbeny">Karl-Maria Kertbeny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-27">[27]</a> arguing against a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1886, the psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a> used the terms homosexual and heterosexual in his book <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>. Krafft-Ebing's book was so popular among both laymen and doctors that the terms heterosexual and homosexual became the most widely accepted terms for sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-psexualis-30">[30]</a> As such, the current use of the term has its roots in the broader 19th-century tradition of personality taxonomy. Many modern <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> in the U.S. recommend against using homosexual as a noun, instead using gay man or lesbian.<a href="#cite_note-glaad-31">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Similarly, some recommend completely avoiding usage of homosexual as it has a negative, clinical history and because the word only refers to one's sexual behavior (as opposed to romantic feelings) and thus it has a negative <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glaad-31">[31]</a> Gay and lesbian are the most common alternatives. The first letters are frequently combined to create the <a href="/wiki/Acronym_and_initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronym and initialism">initialism</a> LGBT (sometimes written as GLBT), in which B and T refer to <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people. Gay especially refers to male homosexuality,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> but may be used in a broader sense to refer to all <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> people. In the context of sexuality, lesbian refers only to female homosexuality. The word lesbian is derived from the name of the Greek island <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, where the poet <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> wrote largely about her emotional relationships with young women.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Although early writers also used the adjective homosexual to refer to any single-sex context (such as an all-girls school), today the term is used exclusively in reference to sexual attraction, activity, and orientation. The term <a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">homosocial</a> is now used to describe single-sex contexts that are not specifically sexual. There is also a word referring to same-sex love, <a href="/wiki/Homophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophilia">homophilia</a>. Some synonyms for same-sex attraction or sexual activity include <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> or MSM (used in the medical community when specifically discussing sexual activity) and <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoerotic</a> (referring to works of art).<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">Pejorative</a> terms in English include <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faggot_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faggot (slang)">faggot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a>, poof, poofter<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and homo.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-terms-41">[41]</a> Beginning in the 1990s, some of these have been <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaimed word">reclaimed</a> as positive words by gay men and lesbians, as in the usage of <a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">queer studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>, and even the popular American television program <a href="/wiki/Queer_Eye_for_the_Straight_Guy" class="mw-redirect" title="Queer Eye for the Straight Guy">Queer Eye for the Straight Guy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo" class="extiw" title="wikt:homo">homo</a> occurs in many other languages without the pejorative connotations it has in English.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> As with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic slur">ethnic slurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial slur">racial slurs</a>, the use of these terms can still be highly offensive. The range of acceptable use for these terms depends on the context and speaker.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Conversely, gay, a word originally embraced by homosexual men and women as a positive, affirmative term (as in <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>),<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> came into widespread <a href="/wiki/Gay#Generalized_pejorative_use" title="Gay">pejorative use</a> among young people in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-bbcgay-46">[46]</a> The American <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> organization <a href="/wiki/GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a> advises the media to avoid using the term homosexual to describe gay people or same-sex relationships as the term is "frequently used by anti-gay extremists to denigrate gay people, couples and relationships".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history">LGBT history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history">Timeline of LGBT history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></div> Some scholars argue that the term "homosexuality" is problematic when applied to ancient cultures since, for example, neither Greeks or Romans possessed any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept of "homosexuality".<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Nor did there exist a distinction of lifestyle or differentiation of psychological or behavioral profiles in the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-buxton_myth-50">[50]</a> However, there were diverse sexual practices that varied in acceptance depending on time and place.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-48">[48]</a> In ancient Greece, the pattern of adolescent boys engaging in sexual practices with older males did not constitute a homosexual identity in the modern sense since such relations were seen as phases in life, not permanent orientations, since later on the younger partners would commonly marry females and reproduce.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Other scholars argue that there are significant continuities between ancient and modern homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-Norton_2016-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boswell_1989_17–36-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg/220px-Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg/330px-Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg/440px-Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Burning of two homosexuals (the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Puller_von_Hohenburg" title="Richard Puller von Hohenburg">Richard von Hohenburg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squire</a> Anton Mätzler) at the stake outside <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, 1482 (from the <a href="/wiki/Spiezer_Schilling" title="Spiezer Schilling">Spiezer Schilling</a> chronicle)</figcaption></figure> In cultures influenced by <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law#History" title="Sodomy law">law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">church</a> established <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> as a transgression against divine law or a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_nature" title="Crime against nature">crime against nature</a>. The condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a> between males, however, predates Christian belief. Throughout the majority of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christian history</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a> have considered homosexual behavior as <a href="/wiki/Immoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Immoral">immoral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">sinful</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gnuse_2015-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Condemnation was frequent in ancient Greece; for instance, the idea of male anal sex being "unnatural" is described by a character of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> though he had earlier written of the benefits of homosexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-plato1-57">[57]</a> Many historical figures, including <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> have had terms such as gay or <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> applied to them. Some scholars have regarded uses of such modern terms on people from the past as an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> introduction of a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Social_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction">construction</a> of sexuality that would have been foreign to their times.<a href="#cite_note-foucault-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-buxton_myth-50">[50]</a> Other scholars see continuity instead.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boswell_1989_17–36-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norton_2016-52">[52]</a> In social science, there has been a dispute between "essentialist" and "constructionist" views of homosexuality. The debate divides those who believe that terms such as "gay" and "straight" refer to objective, culturally invariant properties of persons from those who believe that the experiences they name are artifacts of unique cultural and social processes. "Essentialists" typically believe that sexual preferences are determined by biological forces, while "constructionists" assume that sexual desires are learned.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a> has stated that the social constructionist approach, which is influenced by Foucault, is based on a selective reading of the historical record that confuses the existence of homosexual people with the way in which they are labelled or treated.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Homosexuality in ancient Egypt</a></div> The first record of a possible homosexual couple in history is commonly regarded as <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum" title="Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum">Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> male couple, who lived around 2400 BCE. The pair are portrayed in a nose-kissing position, the most intimate pose in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian art">Egyptian art</a>, surrounded by what appear to be their heirs. The anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_Roscoe" title="Will Roscoe">Will Roscoe</a> reported that women in <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called <a href="/wiki/Motsoalle" title="Motsoalle">motsoalle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-murrayroscoe-63">[63]</a> The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a> also recorded that male <a href="/wiki/Azande" class="mw-redirect" title="Azande">Azande</a> warriors in the northern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a> routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in <a href="/wiki/Intercrural_sex" title="Intercrural sex">intercrural sex</a> with their older husbands.<a href="#cite_note-evanspritchard-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in ancient Peru">Homosexuality in ancient Peru</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_cultures">Indigenous cultures</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/290px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/435px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/580px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Dance to the Berdache <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a> ceremonial dance to celebrate the two-spirit person. George Catlin (1796–1872); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florentine_Codex,_book_10,_illustration_61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Florentine_Codex%2C_book_10%2C_illustration_61.jpg/290px-Florentine_Codex%2C_book_10%2C_illustration_61.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Florentine_Codex%2C_book_10%2C_illustration_61.jpg/435px-Florentine_Codex%2C_book_10%2C_illustration_61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Florentine_Codex%2C_book_10%2C_illustration_61.jpg/580px-Florentine_Codex%2C_book_10%2C_illustration_61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of two <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a> homosexual men talking, from the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a> (1577)</figcaption></figure> As is true of many other non-Western cultures, it is difficult to determine the extent to which Western notions of sexual orientation and gender identity apply to Pre-Columbian cultures. Evidence of homoerotic sexual acts and transvestism has been found in many pre-<a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">conquest</a> civilizations in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotecs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá</a> of Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-glbtqlatinamerica-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-glbtqmex-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Spanish conquerors were horrified to discover sodomy openly practiced among native peoples, and attempted to crush it out by subjecting the berdaches (as the Spanish called them) under their rule to severe penalties, including public <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execution</a>, burning and being torn to pieces by dogs.<a href="#cite_note-coello-68">[68]</a> The Spanish conquerors talked extensively of sodomy among the natives to depict them as savages and hence justify their conquest and forceful conversion to Christianity. As a result of the growing influence and power of the conquerors, many native cultures started condemning homosexual acts themselves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Among some of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> in North America prior to European colonization, a relatively common form of same-sex sexuality centered around the figure of the <a href="/wiki/Two-Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Spirit">Two-Spirit</a> individual (the term itself was coined only in 1990).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Typically, this individual was recognized early in life, given a choice by the parents to follow the path and, if the child accepted the role, raised in the appropriate manner, learning the customs of the gender it had chosen. Two-Spirit individuals were commonly <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamans</a> and were revered as having powers beyond those of ordinary shamans. Their sexual life was with the ordinary tribe members of the same sex.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the colonial times following the European invasion, homosexuality was prosecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, sometimes leading to death sentences on the charges of sodomy, and the practices became clandestine. Many homosexual individuals went into heterosexual marriages to maintain appearances, and many joined the (unmarried) Catholic clergy to escape public scrutiny of their lack of interest in the opposite sex.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> During the colonial period, both the French and the British criminalised same-sex sexual relations. Anal sex between males was a capital offence.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Post-Confederation, anal sex and acts of "gross indecency" continued to be criminal offences, but were no longer capital offences.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Individuals were prosecuted for same-sex sexual activity as late as the 1960s, which led to the federal Parliament amending the Criminal Code in 1969 to provide that anal sex between consenting adults in private (defined as only two persons) was not a criminal offence. In advocating for the law, the then-Minister of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, said: "The state has no place in the bedrooms of the nation."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> held that sexual orientation is a protected personal characteristic under <a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">the equality clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The federal Parliament and provincial legislatures began to amend their laws to treat same-sex relations in the same way as opposite-sex relations. Beginning in 2003, the courts in Canada began to rule that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violated the equality clause of the Charter. In 2005, the federal Parliament enacted the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act" title="Civil Marriage Act">Civil Marriage Act</a>, which legalised same-sex marriage across Canada.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Canada has been referred to as the most <a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">gay-friendly</a> country in the world, ranked first in the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT tourism">Gay Travel Index</a> chart in 2018, and among the five safest in <a href="/wiki/Forbes_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes magazine">Forbes magazine</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It was also ranked first in Asher & Lyric's LGBTQ+ Danger Index in a 2021 update.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the United States">LGBT history in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_historic_places_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT historic places in the United States">LGBT historic places in the United States</a></div> In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a> that a state could criminalize <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, but, in 2003, overturned itself in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a> and thereby legalized homosexual activity throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. It is only since the 2010s that <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> forms and political conditions have facilitated the visibility and enumeration of same-sex relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Committed-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Same-sex marriage in the United States</a> expanded from one state in 2004 to all 50 states in 2015, through various state court rulings, state legislation, direct popular votes (<a href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">referendums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiatives</a>), and federal court rulings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg/260px-Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg/390px-Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg/520px-Painting_-_18th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Anal sex between two males being watched, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. Painting. 18th Century</figcaption></figure>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, same-sex love has been referred to since the earliest recorded history. <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">Homosexuality in China</a>, known as the passions of the cut peach and various other euphemisms, has been recorded since approximately 600 BCE. Homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. The instances of same-sex affection and sexual interactions described in the classical novel <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a> seem as familiar to observers in the present as do equivalent stories of romances between heterosexual people during the same period. Ming dynasty literature, such as Bian Er Chai (弁而釵/弁而钗), portray homosexual relationships between men as more enjoyable and more "harmonious" than heterosexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Writings from the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> by Wang Shunu claimed that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality in the late 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-Geng-79">[79]</a> Opposition to homosexuality in China originates in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), attributed to the rising influence of Christian and Islamic values,<a href="#cite_note-Hinsch,_Bret_1990_pp.77-78-80">[80]</a> but did not become fully established until the <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> efforts of the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kang1-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_India" title="Homosexuality in India">Homosexuality in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_LGBT_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and LGBT topics">Hinduism and LGBT topics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Buddhism and sexual orientation">Buddhism and sexual orientation</a></div> South Asia has a recorded and verifiable history of homosexuality going back to at least 1200 BC. Hindu medical texts written in India from this period document homosexual acts and attempt to explain the cause in a neutral/scientific manner.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Numerous artworks and literary works from this period also describe homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-MitraVaruna-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Pali Cannon, written in Sri Lanka between 600 BC and 100 BC, states that sexual relations, whether of homosexual or of heterosexual nature, is forbidden in the monastic code, and states that any acts of soft homosexual sex (such as masturbation and interfumeral sex) does not entail a punishment but must be confessed to the monastery. These codes apply to monks only and not to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The Kama Sutra written in India around 200 AD also described numerous homosexual sex acts positively.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> There were no legal restrictions on homosexuality or transsexuality for the general population prior to early modern period and colonialism, however certain dharmic moral codes forbade sexual misconduct (of both heterosexual and homosexual nature) among the upper class of persists and monks, and religious codes of foreign religions such as Christianity and Islam imposed homophobic rules on their populations.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Hinduism describes a <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> that is equal to other genders and documentation of the third gender are found in ancient Hindu and Buddhist medical texts.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> There are certain characters in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> who, according to some versions of the epic, change genders, such as <a href="/wiki/Shikhandi" title="Shikhandi">Shikhandi</a>, who is sometimes said to be born as a female but identifies as male and eventually marries a woman. <a href="/wiki/Bahuchara_Mata" title="Bahuchara Mata">Bahuchara Mata</a> is the goddess of fertility, worshipped by hijras as their patroness.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Historians have long argued that pre-colonial Indian society did not criminalise same-sex relationships, nor did it view such relations as immoral or sinful. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> has <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_LGBT_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and LGBT topics">traditionally portrayed homosexuality</a> as natural and joyful.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Homosexuality in ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom">Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Homosexuality in medieval Europe</a></div> The earliest Western documents (in the form of literary works, art objects, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythographic materials</a>) concerning same-sex relationships are derived from <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. In regard to male homosexuality, such documents depict an at times complex understanding in which relationships with women and relationships with adolescent boys could be a part of a normal man's love life. <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a> were a social institution variously constructed over time and from one city to another. The formal practice, an erotic yet often restrained relationship between a free adult male and a free adolescent, was valued for its <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogic</a> benefits and as a means of population control, though occasionally blamed for causing disorder. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> praised its benefits in his early writings<a href="#cite_note-plato1-57">[57]</a> but in his late works proposed its prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-plato2-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in the Politics, dismissed Plato's ideas about abolishing homosexuality (2.4); he explains that barbarians like the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> accorded it a special honor (2.6.6), while the <a href="/wiki/Cretans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretans">Cretans</a> used it to regulate the population (2.7.5).<a href="#cite_note-boswell1-96">[96]</a> Some scholars argue that there are examples of homosexual love in ancient literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">Achilles and Patroclus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg/250px-Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg/375px-Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg/500px-Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Female youths are depicted surrounding Sappho in this painting of <a href="/wiki/Lafond" title="Lafond">Lafond</a> "Sappho sings for Homer", 1824.</figcaption></figure> Little is known of female homosexuality in antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, born on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, was included by later Greeks in the canonical list of <a href="/wiki/Nine_lyric_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine lyric poets">nine lyric poets</a>. The adjectives deriving from her name and place of birth (<a href="/wiki/Sapphic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapphic love">Sapphic</a> and Lesbian) came to be applied to female homosexuality beginning in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-lesbian-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-sapphic-99">[99]</a> Sappho's poetry centers on passion and love for various personages and both genders. The narrators of many of her poems speak of <a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">infatuations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a> (sometimes requited, sometimes not) for various females, but descriptions of physical acts <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">between women</a> are few and subject to debate.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/220px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/330px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/440px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Sappho reading to her companions on an Attic vase of c. 435 BC</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, the young male body remained a focus of male sexual attention, but relationships were between older free men and slaves or freed youths who took the receptive role in sex. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenophile">Hellenophile</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> is renowned for his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a>, but the Christian emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> decreed a law on 6 August 390, condemning passive males to be burned at the stake. Notwithstanding these regulations taxes on <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a> with boys available for homosexual sex continued to be collected until the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a> in 518. <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>, towards the end of his reign, expanded the proscription to the active partner as well (in 558), warning that such conduct can lead to the destruction of cities through the "wrath of God".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, wealthy cities in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>—<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in particular—were renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along the classical pattern of Greece and Rome.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> But even as many of the male population were engaging in same-sex relationships, the authorities, under the <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Officers_of_the_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers of the Night">Officers of the Night</a> court, were prosecuting, fining, and imprisoning a good portion of that population. From the second half of the 13th century, death was the punishment for male homosexuality in most of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The relationships of socially prominent figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_James_VI_and_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal relationships of James VI and I">King James I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a>, served to highlight the issue, including in anonymously authored street pamphlets: "The world is chang'd I know not how, For men Kiss Men, not Women now;...Of J. the First and Buckingham: He, true it is, his Wives Embraces fled, To slabber his lov'd Ganimede" (Mundus Foppensis, or The Fop Display'd, 1691). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touko-Laaksonen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Touko-Laaksonen.jpg/220px-Touko-Laaksonen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Touko-Laaksonen.jpg/330px-Touko-Laaksonen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Touko-Laaksonen.jpg/440px-Touko-Laaksonen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finnish</a> artist Touko Laaksonen (1920–1991) alias <a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" title="Tom of Finland">Tom of Finland</a>, well known for his stylized highly masculinized <a href="/wiki/Homoerotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoerotic">homoerotic</a> art, playing the piano in late 1950s. In the background, his partner Veli Mäkinen (left) and his sister Kaija (right).</figcaption></figure> Love Letters Between a Certain Late Nobleman and the Famous Mr. Wilson was published in 1723 in England, and is presumed by some modern scholars to be a novel. The 1749 edition of <a href="/wiki/John_Cleland" title="John Cleland">John Cleland</a>'s popular novel <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a> includes a homosexual scene, but this was removed in its 1750 edition. Also in 1749, the earliest extended and serious defense of homosexuality in English, Ancient and Modern <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a> Investigated and Exemplified, written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cannon_(author)" title="Thomas Cannon (author)">Thomas Cannon</a>, was published, but was suppressed almost immediately. It includes the passage, "Unnatural Desire is a Contradiction in Terms; downright Nonsense. Desire is an amatory Impulse of the inmost human Parts."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Around 1785 <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> wrote another defense, but this was not published until 1978.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Executions for sodomy continued in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> until 1803, and in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> until 1835, <a href="/wiki/James_Pratt_and_John_Smith" title="James Pratt and John Smith">James Pratt and John Smith</a> being the last Englishmen to be so hanged. To this day, historians are still arguing about the question of the <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Frederick_the_Great" title="Sexuality of Frederick the Great">Sexuality of Frederick the Great</a> (1712−1786), which essentially revolves around the taboo of whether the myth of one of the greatest war heroes in world history is allowed to be psychologically deconstructed. Between 1864 and 1880 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs" title="Karl Heinrich Ulrichs">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs</a> published a series of 12 tracts, which he collectively titled Research on the Riddle of Man-Manly Love. In 1867, he became the first self-proclaimed homosexual person to speak out publicly in defense of homosexuality when he pleaded at the Congress of German Jurists in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> for a resolution urging the repeal of anti-homosexual laws.<a href="#cite_note-levay-16">[16]</a> Sexual Inversion by <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>, published in 1896, challenged theories that homosexuality was abnormal, as well as <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>, and insisted on the ubiquity of homosexuality and its association with intellectual and artistic achievement.<a href="#cite_note-sexualinversion-107">[107]</a> Although medical texts like these (written partly in Latin to obscure the sexual details) were not widely read by the general public, they did lead to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee" title="Scientific-Humanitarian Committee">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a>, which campaigned from 1897 to 1933 against <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">anti-sodomy laws in Germany</a>, as well as a much more informal, unpublicized movement among British intellectuals and writers, led by such figures as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds" title="John Addington Symonds">John Addington Symonds</a>. Beginning in 1894 with Homogenic Love, Socialist activist and poet Edward Carpenter wrote a string of pro-homosexual articles and pamphlets, and "came out" in 1916 in his book My Days and Dreams. In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Elisar_von_Kupffer" title="Elisar von Kupffer">Elisar von Kupffer</a> published an anthology of homosexual literature from antiquity to his own time, <a href="/wiki/Lieblingminne_und_Freundesliebe_in_der_Weltliteratur" title="Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur">Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">LGBT rights in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/280px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/420px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/560px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from the 19th-century book Sawaqub al-Manaquib depicting homosexual anal sex with a wine boy</figcaption></figure>There are a handful of accounts by Arab travelers to Europe during the mid-1800s. Two of these travelers, Rifa'ah al-Tahtawi and Muhammad as-Saffar, show their surprise that the French sometimes deliberately mistranslated love poetry about a young boy, instead referring to a young female, to maintain their social norms and morals.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Israel is considered the most tolerant country in the Middle East and Asia to homosexuals,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> being named "the gay capital of the Middle East"<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and considered one of the most gay friendly cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The annual <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Pride" title="Tel Aviv Pride">Pride Parade</a> in support of homosexuality takes place in Tel Aviv.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On the other hand, many governments in the Middle East often ignore, deny the existence of, or criminalize homosexuality. Homosexuality is illegal in almost all Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gay_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay sexual practices">Same-sex intercourse</a> officially carries the death penalty in several Muslim nations: Saudi Arabia, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, during his <a href="/wiki/Student_activism_at_Columbia_University#Ahmadinejad_speech_controversy" title="Student activism at Columbia University">2007 speech at Columbia University</a>, asserted that there were no gay people in Iran. However, the probable reason is that they keep their sexuality a secret for fear of government sanction or rejection by their families.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Islamic_period">Pre-Islamic period</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality and Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg/260px-Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I of Persia</a> with a boy. By Muhammad Qasim (1627).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></figcaption></figure> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, a set of priests known as <a href="/wiki/Gala_(priests)" title="Gala (priests)">gala</a> worked in the temples of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, where they performed elegies and lamentations.<a href="#cite_note-Leick-117">[117]</a>: 285  Gala took female names, spoke in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language#Dialects" title="Sumerian language">eme-sal</a> dialect, which was traditionally reserved for women, and appear to have engaged in homosexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-118">[118]</a> The Sumerian sign for gala was a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> of the signs for "penis" and "anus".<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-118">[118]</a> One Sumerian proverb reads: "When the gala wiped off his ass [he said], 'I must not arouse that which belongs to my mistress [i.e., Inanna].'"<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-118">[118]</a> In later <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> cultures, kurgarrū and assinnu were servants of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (Inanna's <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> equivalent), who <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">dressed in female clothing</a> and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-118">[118]</a> Several Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a> seem to suggest that they may have also engaged in homosexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-118">[118]</a> Anal intercourse was depicted in figurative art in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>, which showed that the sex act was practiced as part of <a href="/wiki/Religious_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious ritual">religious ritual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epistle-119">[119]</a> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, homosexuality was present and common; it was also not prohibited, condemned, nor looked upon as immoral or disordered. Some religious texts contain prayers for divine blessings on homosexual relationships. The Almanac of Incantations contained prayers favoring on an <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal basis</a> the love of a man for a woman, of a woman for a man, and of a man for man.<a href="#cite_note-epistle-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Pacific">South Pacific</h3></div> In some societies of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the mid-1900s. The <a href="/wiki/Etoro_people" title="Etoro people">Etoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marind-anim" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind-anim">Marind-anim</a> for example, viewed heterosexuality as unclean and celebrated homosexuality instead. In some traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty. Many Melanesian societies, however, have become hostile towards same-sex relationships since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-melanesia-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality_and_identity">Sexuality and identity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior_and_desire">Behavior and desire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Homosexual desire" redirects here. Not to be confused with the book, <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Desire" title="Homosexual Desire">Homosexual Desire</a>.</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="National Association of Social Workers">National Association of Social Workers</a> identify sexual orientation as "not merely a personal characteristic that can be defined in isolation. Rather, one's sexual orientation defines the universe of persons with whom one is likely to find the satisfying and fulfilling relationships":<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Sexual orientation is commonly discussed as a characteristic of the individual, like biological sex, gender identity, or age. This perspective is incomplete because sexual orientation is always defined in relational terms and necessarily involves relationships with other individuals. Sexual acts and romantic attractions are categorized as homosexual or heterosexual according to the biological sex of the individuals involved in them, relative to each other. Indeed, it is by acting—or desiring to act—with another person that individuals express their heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. This includes actions as simple as holding hands with or kissing another person. Thus, sexual orientation is integrally linked to the intimate personal relationships that human beings form with others to meet their deeply felt needs for love, attachment, and intimacy. In addition to sexual behavior, these bonds encompass nonsexual physical affection between partners, shared goals and values, mutual support, and ongoing commitment.<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a>, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale,<a href="#cite_note-kinsey-121">[121]</a> attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of his or her sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a>, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual. In both the Male and Female volumes of the <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Reports</a>, an additional grade, listed as "X", has been interpreted by scholars to indicate <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stange-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_identity_and_sexual_fluidity">Sexual identity and sexual fluidity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fluidity" title="Sexual fluidity">Sexual fluidity</a></div> Often, sexual orientation and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual identity</a> are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosario_et_al.-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Concordance/discordance_in_SO-125">[125]</a> Sexual orientation is stable and unlikely to change for the vast majority of people, but some research indicates that some people may experience change in their sexual orientation, and this is more likely for women than for men.<a href="#cite_note-fluidity-126">[126]</a> The American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).<a href="#cite_note-apa2009-2-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_relationships">Same-sex relationships</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Mars_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Double_Mars_symbol.svg/120px-Double_Mars_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Double_Mars_symbol.svg/180px-Double_Mars_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Double_Mars_symbol.svg/240px-Double_Mars_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Male homosexuality symbol</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Double_Venus_symbol.svg/120px-Double_Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Double_Venus_symbol.svg/180px-Double_Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Double_Venus_symbol.svg/240px-Double_Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Female homosexuality symbol</div></div></div></div></div> People with a homosexual orientation can express their sexuality in a variety of ways, and may or may not express it in their behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-apahelp-5">[5]</a> Many have sexual relationships predominantly with people of their own <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, though some have sexual relationships with those of the opposite sex, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a> relationships, or none at all (<a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-apahelp-5">[5]</a> Studies have found same-sex and opposite-sex couples to be equivalent to each other in measures of satisfaction and commitment in relationships, that age and sex are more reliable than sexual orientation as a predictor of satisfaction and commitment to a relationship, and that people who are heterosexual or homosexual share comparable expectations and ideals with regard to romantic relationships.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duffy-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baccman-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_out_of_the_closet">Coming out of the closet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></div> Coming out (of the closet) is a phrase referring to one's disclosure of their sexual orientation or gender identity, and is described and experienced variously as a psychological process or journey.<a href="#cite_note-Coming_Out:_A_Journey-131">[131]</a> Generally, coming out is described in three phases. The first phase is that of "knowing oneself", and the realization emerges that one is open to same-sex relations.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> This is often described as an internal coming out. The second phase involves one's decision to come out to others, e.g. family, friends, or colleagues. The third phase more generally involves living openly as an LGBT person.<a href="#cite_note-hrccontinuum-133">[133]</a> In the United States today, people often come out during high school or college age. At this age, they may not trust or ask for help from others, especially when their orientation is not accepted in society. Sometimes their own families are not even informed. According to Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, Braun (2006), "the development of a lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) sexual identity is a complex and often difficult process. Unlike members of other minority groups (e.g., ethnic and racial minorities), most LGB individuals are not raised in a community of similar others from whom they learn about their identity and who reinforce and support that identity. Rather, LGB individuals are often raised in communities that are either ignorant of or openly hostile toward homosexuality."<a href="#cite_note-Rosario_et_al.-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a> is the practice of publicly revealing the sexual orientation of a closeted person.<a href="#cite_note-glbtqouting-134">[134]</a> Notable politicians, celebrities, military service people, and clergy members have been outed, with motives ranging from malice to political or moral beliefs. Many commentators oppose the practice altogether,<a href="#cite_note-biasfreeusage-135">[135]</a> while some encourage outing public figures who use their positions of influence to harm other gay people.<a href="#cite_note-statesmanouting-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homoromanticism">Homoromanticism</h3></div> Homosexuality is not to be confused with homoromanticism, which is the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_attraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic attraction">romantic attraction</a> to the same sex or gender.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Most people who are homosexual are also homoromantic, but some people under the <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a> spectrum, do not experience, or experience limited homosexuality. For example, homoromantic heterosexuals are described as "romantically attracted to the same or a similar gender while only being sexually attracted to the opposite gender".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics of sexual orientation</a></div> In their 2016 literature review, Bailey et al. stated that they "expect that in all cultures ... a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex." They state that there is no persuasive evidence that the demographics of sexual orientation have varied much across time or place.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a> Men are more likely to be exclusively homosexual than to be equally attracted to both sexes, while the opposite is true for women.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeVay-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balthazart-11">[11]</a> Surveys in Western cultures find, on average, that about 93% of men and 87% of women identify as completely heterosexual, 4% of men and 10% of women as mostly heterosexual, 0.5% of men and 1% of women as evenly bisexual, 0.5% of men and 0.5% of women as mostly homosexual, and 2% of men and 0.5% of women as completely homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a> An analysis of 67 studies found that the lifetime prevalence of sex between men (regardless of orientation) was 3–5% for East Asia, 6–12% for South and South East Asia, 6–15% for Eastern Europe, and 6–20% for Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_HIV/AIDS_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International HIV/AIDS Alliance">International HIV/AIDS Alliance</a> estimates that worldwide between 3 and 16% of men have had some form of <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">sex with another man</a> at least once during their lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-International_HIV/AIDS_Alliance_2003-140">[140]</a> According to major studies, 2% to 11% of people have had some form of same-sex sexual contact within their lifetime;<a href="#cite_note-Billy1993-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogaert2004-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fay1989-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sell1995-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-SavinWilliams2009-145">[145]</a> this percentage rises to 16–21% when either or both same-sex attraction and behavior are reported.<a href="#cite_note-SavinWilliams2009-145">[145]</a> According to the 2021 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>, there were about 1.2 million same-sex couple households.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, according to a report by <a href="/wiki/The_Williams_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Williams Institute">The Williams Institute</a> in April 2011, 3.5% or approximately 9 million of the adult population identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A 2013 study by the CDC, in which over 34,000 Americans were interviewed, puts the percentage of self-identifying lesbians and gay men at 1.6%, and of bisexuals at 0.7%.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-148">[148]</a> In October 2012, <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> started conducting annual surveys to study the demographics of LGBT people, determining that 3.4% (±1%) of adults identified as LGBT in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-gallup-149">[149]</a> It was the nation's largest poll on the issue at the time.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 2017, the percentage was estimated to have risen to 4.5% of adults, with the increase largely driven by <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a>. The poll attributes the rise to greater willingness of younger people to reveal their sexual identity.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Measuring the prevalence of homosexuality presents difficulties. It is necessary to consider the measuring criteria that are used, the cutoff point and the time span taken to define a sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-levay-16">[16]</a> Many people, despite having same-sex attractions, may be reluctant to identify themselves as gay or bisexual. The research must measure some characteristic that may or may not be defining of sexual orientation. The number of people with same-sex desires may be larger than the number of people who act on those desires, which in turn may be larger than the number of people who self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-black-153">[153]</a> Reliable data as to the size of the gay and lesbian population are of value in informing public policy.<a href="#cite_note-black-153">[153]</a> For example, demographics are of help in calculating the costs and benefits of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_benefits" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic partnership benefits">domestic partnership benefits</a>, of the impact of legalizing <a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption">gay adoption</a>, and of the impact of the U.S. military's former <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask_Don%27t_Tell" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Ask Don't Tell">Don't Ask Don't Tell</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-black-153">[153]</a> Further, knowledge of the size of the "gay and lesbian population holds promise for helping social scientists understand a wide array of important questions—questions about the general nature of labor market choices, accumulation of human capital, specialization within households, discrimination, and decisions about geographic location."<a href="#cite_note-black-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="National Association of Social Workers">National Association of Social Workers</a> state: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1952, when the American Psychiatric Association published its first <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a>, homosexuality was included as a disorder. Almost immediately, however, that classification began to be subjected to critical scrutiny in research funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a>. That study and subsequent research consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as a disorder or abnormality, rather than a normal and healthy sexual orientation. As results from such research accumulated, professionals in medicine, mental health, and the behavioral and social sciences reached the conclusion that it was inaccurate to classify homosexuality as a mental disorder and that the DSM classification reflected untested assumptions based on once-prevalent social norms and clinical impressions from unrepresentative samples comprising patients seeking therapy and individuals whose conduct brought them into the criminal justice system. In recognition of the scientific evidence,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973, stating that "homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities." After thoroughly reviewing the scientific data, the American Psychological Association adopted the same position in 1975, and urged all mental health professionals "to take the lead in removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated with homosexual orientations." The National Association of Social Workers has adopted a similar policy. Thus, mental health professionals and researchers have long recognized that being homosexual poses no inherent obstacle to leading a happy, healthy, and productive life, and that the vast majority of gay and lesbian people function well in the full array of social institutions and interpersonal relationships.<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a></blockquote> The consensus of research and clinical literature demonstrates that same-sex sexual and romantic attractions, feelings, and behaviors are normal and positive variations of human sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-response-155">[155]</a> There is now a large body of research evidence that indicates that being gay, lesbian or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment.<a href="#cite_note-rcp2007-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ICD-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-9">ICD-9</a> (1977) listed homosexuality as a mental illness; it was removed from the <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>, endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-pinknewsstigma-158">[158]</a> Like the DSM-II, the ICD-10 added <a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a> to the list, which refers to people who want to change their <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identities</a> or sexual orientation because of a psychological or behavioral disorder (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F66.1">F66.1</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry" title="Chinese Society of Psychiatry">Chinese Society of Psychiatry</a> removed homosexuality from its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Classification_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders">Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders</a> in 2001 after five years of study by the association.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a> "This unfortunate history demonstrates how marginalisation of a group of people who have a particular personality feature (in this case homosexuality) can lead to harmful medical practice and a basis for discrimination in society."<a href="#cite_note-rcp2007-12">[12]</a> Most lesbian, gay, and bisexual people who seek psychotherapy do so for the same reasons as heterosexual people (stress, relationship difficulties, difficulty adjusting to social or work situations, etc.); their sexual orientation may be of primary, incidental, or no importance to their issues and treatment. Whatever the issue, there is a high risk for anti-gay bias in psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.<a href="#cite_note-textbook-160">[160]</a> Psychological research in this area has been relevant to counteracting prejudicial ("<a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobic</a>") attitudes and actions, and to the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> movement generally.<a href="#cite_note-intro-161">[161]</a> The appropriate application of affirmative psychotherapy is based on the following scientific facts:<a href="#cite_note-response-155">[155]</a> <ul><li>Same-sex sexual attractions, behavior, and orientations per se are normal and positive variants of human sexuality; in other words, they are not indicators of mental or developmental disorders.</li> <li>Homosexuality and bisexuality are stigmatized, and this stigma can have a variety of negative consequences (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">minority stress</a>) throughout the life span (D'Augelli & Patterson, 1995; DiPlacido, 1998; Herek & Garnets, 2007; Meyer, 1995, 2003).</li> <li>Same-sex sexual attractions and behavior can occur in the context of a variety of sexual orientations and sexual orientation identities (Diamond, 2006; Hoburg et al., 2004; Rust, 1996; Savin-Williams, 2005).</li> <li>Gay men, lesbians, and bisexual individuals can live satisfying lives as well as form stable, committed relationships and families that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential respects (APA, 2005c; Kurdek, 2001, 2003, 2004; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007).</li> <li>There are no empirical studies or peer-reviewed research that support theories attributing same-sex sexual orientation to family dysfunction or trauma (Bell et al., 1981; Bene, 1965; Freund & Blanchard, 1983; Freund & Pinkava, 1961; Hooker, 1969; McCord et al., 1962; D. K. Peters & Cantrell, 1991; Siegelman, 1974, 1981; Townes et al., 1976).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_orientation_change_efforts">Sexual orientation change efforts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation change efforts">Sexual orientation change efforts</a></div> There are no studies of adequate scientific rigor that conclude that sexual orientation change efforts work to change a person's sexual orientation. Those efforts have been controversial due to tensions between the values held by some faith-based organizations, on the one hand, and those held by LGBT rights organizations and professional and scientific organizations and other faith-based organizations, on the other.<a href="#cite_note-apa2009-14">[14]</a> The longstanding consensus of the behavioral and social sciences and the health and mental health professions is that homosexuality per se is a normal and positive variation of human sexual orientation, and therefore not a mental disorder.<a href="#cite_note-apa2009-14">[14]</a> The American Psychological Association says that "most people experience little or no sense of choice about their sexual orientation".<a href="#cite_note-answers-162">[162]</a> Some individuals and groups have promoted the idea of homosexuality as symptomatic of developmental defects or spiritual and moral failings and have argued that sexual orientation change efforts, including psychotherapy and religious efforts, could alter homosexual feelings and behaviors. Many of these individuals and groups appeared to be embedded within the larger context of conservative religious political movements that have supported the stigmatization of homosexuality on political or religious grounds.<a href="#cite_note-apa2009-14">[14]</a> No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> the Royal College of Psychiatrists,<a href="#cite_note-royal2009-164">[164]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Psychological_Society" title="Australian Psychological Society">Australian Psychological Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aps-165">[165]</a> The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Research_%26_Therapy_of_Homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality">NARTH</a> are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.<a href="#cite_note-royal2009-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-apaexgay-166">[166]</a> The American Psychiatric Association says "individuals maybe become aware at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual" and "opposes any psychiatric treatment, such as 'reparative' or <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">'conversion' therapy</a>, which is based upon the assumption that homosexuality <a href="/wiki/Per_se_(terminology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Per se (terminology)">per se</a> is a mental disorder, or based upon a prior assumption that the patient should change his/her homosexual orientation". They do, however, encourage <a href="/wiki/Gay_affirmative_psychotherapy" title="Gay affirmative psychotherapy">gay affirmative psychotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-What_is-167">[167]</a> Similarly, the American Psychological Association is doubtful about the effectiveness and side-effect profile of sexual orientation change efforts, including conversion therapy.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The American Psychological Association "encourages mental health professionals to avoid misrepresenting the efficacy of sexual orientation change efforts by promoting or promising change in sexual orientation when providing assistance to individuals distressed by their own or others' sexual orientation and concludes that the benefits reported by participants in sexual orientation change efforts can be gained through approaches that do not attempt to change sexual orientation".<a href="#cite_note-apa2009-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology and sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment and sexual orientation</a></div> Although scientists favor biological models for the cause of sexual orientation,<a href="#cite_note-Frankowski-8">[8]</a> they do not believe that the development of sexual orientation is the result of any one factor. They generally believe that it is determined by a complex interplay of <a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">environmental factors</a>, and is shaped at an early age.<a href="#cite_note-apahelp-5">[5]</a> There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role with regard to sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-rcp2007-12">[12]</a> Scientists do not believe that sexual orientation is a choice.<a href="#cite_note-Frankowski-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> stated in <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)" title="Pediatrics (journal)">Pediatrics</a> in 2004: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no scientific evidence that abnormal parenting, sexual abuse, or other adverse life events influence sexual orientation. Current knowledge suggests that sexual orientation is usually established during early childhood.<a href="#cite_note-Frankowski-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-perrin2002-169">[169]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="National Association of Social Workers">National Association of Social Workers</a> stated in 2006: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Currently, there is no scientific consensus about the specific factors that cause an individual to become heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual—including possible biological, psychological, or social effects of the parents' sexual orientation. However, the available evidence indicates that the vast majority of lesbian and gay adults were raised by heterosexual parents and the vast majority of children raised by lesbian and gay parents eventually grow up to be heterosexual.<a href="#cite_note-apahelp-5">[5]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Gay_genes"">"Gay genes"</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gay_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay gene">Gay gene</a></div> Despite numerous attempts, no "gay gene" has been identified. However, there is substantial evidence for a genetic basis of homosexuality, especially in males, based on <a href="/wiki/Twin_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin studies">twin studies</a>; some association with regions of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8" title="Chromosome 8">Chromosome 8</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xq28" title="Xq28">Xq28</a> locus on the <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a>, and other sites across many chromosomes.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gay_gene" title="Template:Gay gene"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gay_gene" title="Template talk:Gay gene"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gay_gene" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gay gene"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap">List of chromosomal locations associated with sexual orientation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chromosome </th> <th>Location</th> <th>Associated genes </th> <th>Sex </th> <th>Study1 </th> <th>Origin </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xq28" title="Xq28">Xq28</a> </td> <td><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Speculative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/MAGEA11" title="MAGEA11">MAGEA11</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/MECP2" title="MECP2">MECP2</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/IRAK1" title="IRAK1">IRAK1</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>male only </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1231257#.XUYhsOhKhPY">Hamer et al. 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/genomewide-scan-demonstrates-significant-linkage-for-male-sexual-orientation/864518601436C95563EA670C5F380343">Sanders et al. 2015</a> </td> <td rowspan="11">genetic </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1" title="Chromosome 1">Chromosome 1</a> </td> <td>1p36 </td> <td><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Rh_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh system">Rh system</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/RHCE_(gene)" title="RHCE (gene)">RHCE</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/RHAG" title="RHAG">RHAG</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/RHBG" title="RHBG">RHBG</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/RHCG" title="RHCG">RHCG</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/RHD_(gene)" title="RHD (gene)">RHD</a> </li></ul> </div> </td> <td>both sexes </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-007-9274-0">Ellis et al. 2008</a> </td> <td>potential <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">genetic linkage</a>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_4" title="Chromosome 4">Chromosome 4</a> </td> <td>4p14 </td> <td> </td> <td>female only </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693">Ganna et al. 2019</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_7" title="Chromosome 7">Chromosome 7</a> </td> <td>7q31 </td> <td> </td> <td>both sexes </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693">Ganna et al. 2019</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8" title="Chromosome 8">Chromosome 8</a> </td> <td>8p12 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKAIN3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKAIN3 (page does not exist)">NKAIN3</a> </td> <td>male only </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15645181">Mustanski et al. 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/genomewide-scan-demonstrates-significant-linkage-for-male-sexual-orientation/864518601436C95563EA670C5F380343">Sanders et al. 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151397566.pdf">Sanders et al. 2017</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_9" title="Chromosome 9">Chromosome 9</a> </td> <td>9q34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABO_(gene)" title="ABO (gene)">ABO</a> </td> <td>both sexes </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-007-9274-0">Ellis et al. 2008</a> </td> <td>potential <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">genetic linkage</a>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11" title="Chromosome 11">Chromosome 11</a> </td> <td>11q12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/OR51A7" title="OR51A7">OR51A7</a> (speculative) </td> <td>male only </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693">Ganna et al. 2019</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">mating preferences</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">Chromosome 12</a> </td> <td>12q21 </td> <td> </td> <td>both sexes </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693">Ganna et al. 2019</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_13" title="Chromosome 13">Chromosome 13</a> </td> <td>13q31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SLITRK6" title="SLITRK6">SLITRK6</a> </td> <td>male only </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151397566.pdf">Sanders et al. 2017</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">Diencephalon</a>-associated gene </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14" title="Chromosome 14">Chromosome 14</a> </td> <td>14q31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TSHR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSHR">TSHR</a> </td> <td>male only </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151397566.pdf">Sanders et al. 2017</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_15" title="Chromosome 15">Chromosome 15</a> </td> <td>15q21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TCF12" title="TCF12">TCF12</a> </td> <td>male only </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693">Ganna et al. 2019</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1Reported primary studies are not conclusive evidence of any relationship. 2Not believed to be causal. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Starting in the 2010s, potential <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> factors have become a topic of increased attention in genetic research on sexual orientation. A study presented at the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Society of Human Genetics">ASHG</a> 2015 Annual Meeting found that the methylation pattern in nine regions of the genome appeared very closely linked to sexual orientation, with a resulting algorithm using the <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> pattern to predict the sexual orientation of a control group with almost 70% accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Research into the causes of homosexuality plays a role in political and social debates and also raises concerns about <a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">genetic profiling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">prenatal testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_perspectives">Evolutionary perspectives</h3></div> Since homosexuality tends to lower <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_success" title="Reproductive success">reproductive success</a>, and since there is considerable evidence that human sexual orientation is genetically influenced, it is unclear how it is maintained in the population at a relatively high frequency.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> There are many possible explanations, such as genes predisposing to homosexuality also conferring advantage in heterosexuals, a <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a> effect, social prestige, and more.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> A 2009 study also suggested a significant increase in <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> in the females related to homosexual people from the maternal line (but not in those related from the paternal one).<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parenting">Parenting</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a></div> Scientific research has been generally consistent in showing that lesbian and gay parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as children reared by heterosexual parents.<a href="#cite_note-cpa2006-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-apsp-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-amici2010-179">[179]</a> According to scientific literature reviews, there is no evidence to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pediatrics-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-herek2006-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-stacey2010-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpa2005-183">[183]</a> Some research has examined the sexual orientation of children raised by same-sex couples. A 2005 review of studies by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_J._Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte J. Patterson">Charlotte J. Patterson</a> for the American Psychological Association did not find higher rates of homosexuality among the children of lesbian or gay parents.<a href="#cite_note-APAreport-184">[184]</a> According to Bailey et al. 2016, available data do not suggest higher rates of non-heterosexuality among children of same-sex couples. However, they state that even given a modest heritability of sexual orientation, it would be expected that biological children of non-heterosexuals would be more likely to have a non-heterosexual orientation due to genes alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201684-185">[185]</a> According to a 2011 data, 80% of the children being raised by same-sex couples in the US are their own biological children.<a href="#cite_note-ABCNews2-186">[186]</a> In addition, accepting social environments may facilitate the open expression of individuals same-sex attraction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201687-187">[187]</a> Thus, it is necessary to control for various confounding factors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201684-185">[185]</a> One study by Bailey et al. found that the sexual orientation of sons raised by gay men was not related to length of time they had lived with their fathers (social theories of homosexuality would predict sons who lived with a gay father the longest would be most likely to be gay).<a href="#cite_note-:3-188">[188]</a> The Bailey et al. review conclude that social environmental influence on male sexual orientation is not well supported, while it remains more plausible for female sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201687-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lesbian#Health" title="Lesbian">Lesbian § Health</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg/330px-Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg/495px-Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg/660px-Map_of_blood_donation_policies_for_men_who_have_sex_with_men.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  – Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  – Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  – Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  – No Data</div></figcaption></figure> The terms "<a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a>" (MSM) and "<a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">women who have sex with women</a>" (WSW) refer to people who engage in sexual activity with others of the same sex regardless of how they identify themselves—as many choose not to accept <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">social identities</a> as lesbian, gay and bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-msmafrica-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS1-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-TGHIVINF-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSTSW-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-TGMSMNET-193">[193]</a> These terms are often used in medical literature and <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">social research</a> to describe such groups for study, without needing to consider the issues of sexual self-identity. The terms are seen as problematic by some, however, because they "obscure social dimensions of sexuality; undermine the self-labeling of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people; and do not sufficiently describe variations in sexual behavior".<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In contrast to its benefits, sexual behavior can be a <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">disease vector</a>. <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a> is a relevant <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Many countries <a href="/wiki/Gay_male_blood_donor_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay male blood donor controversy">currently prohibit men who have sex with men from donating blood</a>; the policy of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> states that "they are, as a group, at increased risk for <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> and certain other infections that can be transmitted by transfusion."<a href="#cite_note-Blood-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_health">Public health</h4></div> These <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safer sex</a> recommendations are agreed upon by public health officials for women who have sex with women to avoid <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted infections</a> (STIs): <ul><li>Avoid contact with a partner's menstrual blood and with any visible genital lesions.</li> <li>Cover sex toys that penetrate more than one person's vagina or anus with a new <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a> for each person; consider using different toys for each person.</li> <li>Use a barrier (e.g., latex sheet, <a href="/wiki/Dental_dam" title="Dental dam">dental dam</a>, cut-open condom, plastic wrap) during oral sex.</li> <li>Use latex or vinyl gloves and lubricant for any manual sex that might cause bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-mravack-197">[197]</a></li></ul> These safer sex recommendations are agreed upon by public health officials for men who have sex with men to avoid sexually transmitted infections: <ul><li>Avoid contact with a partner's bodily fluids and with any visible genital lesions.</li> <li>Use <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> for <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a>.</li> <li>Use a barrier (e.g., latex sheet, dental dam, cut-open condom) during <a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">anal–oral sex</a>.</li> <li>Cover sex toys that penetrate more than one person's anus with a new condom for each person; consider using different toys for each person.</li> <li>Use latex or vinyl gloves and lubricant for any manual sex that might cause bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental">Mental</h3></div> When it was first described in medical literature, homosexuality was often approached from a view that sought to find an inherent psychopathology as its root cause. Much literature on mental health and homosexual patients centered on their <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, and suicide. Although these issues exist among people who are <a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">non-heterosexual</a>, discussion about their causes shifted after homosexuality was removed from the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</a> (DSM) in 1973. Instead, social ostracism, legal discrimination, internalization of negative stereotypes, and limited support structures indicate factors homosexual people face in Western societies that often adversely affect their mental health.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Stigma, prejudice, and discrimination stemming from negative societal attitudes toward homosexuality lead to a higher prevalence of mental health disorders among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals compared to their heterosexual peers.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Evidence indicates that the liberalization of these attitudes is associated with a decrease in such mental health risks among younger sexual minority people.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_and_lesbian_youth">Gay and lesbian youth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide among LGBT youth">Suicide among LGBT youth</a></div> Gay and lesbian youth bear an increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, school problems, and isolation because of a "hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers".<a href="#cite_note-dhhs-203">[203]</a> Further, LGBT youths are more likely to report psychological and physical abuse by parents or caretakers, and more sexual abuse. Suggested reasons for this disparity are that (1) LGBT youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_profiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation profiling">perceived sexual orientation</a> or gender non-conforming appearance, and (2) that "risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members...may lead to an increase in behaviors that are associated with risk for victimization, such as substance abuse, sex with multiple partners, or running away from home as a teenager."<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Crisis centers in larger cities and information sites on the Internet have arisen to help youth and adults.<a href="#cite_note-suicideorg-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Trevor_Project" title="The Trevor Project">The Trevor Project</a>, a suicide prevention helpline for gay youth, was established following the 1998 airing on HBO of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winning short film <a href="/wiki/Trevor_(film)" title="Trevor (film)">Trevor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_politics">Law and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights by country or territory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legality">Legality</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/350px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/525px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/700px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:100%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Template:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Template talk:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:100%;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa">Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties: </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty for homosexuality">Death</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Prison; death not enforced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Death under militias</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Prison, with arrests or detention</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Prison, not enforced1</div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions: </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Extraterritorial marriage2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Unregistered_cohabitation" title="Unregistered cohabitation">Limited domestic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Limited foreign</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Optional certification</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  None</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Restrictions of expression, not enforced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Restrictions of association with arrests or detention</div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.3em;"> 1No imprisonment in the past three years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] or <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on law. 2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.</div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights" title="Category:LGBTQ rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#9d4d98;"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Greek letter "lambda""><img alt="The Greek letter "lambda"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg/50px-Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg/75px-Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg/100px-Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="698" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">Germany (pre-1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ movements in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></li> <li>Transgender rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Legal status of same-sex marriage">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_organization" title="LGBTQ rights organization">Organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_parenting" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Relationship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship#State_recognition_of_same-sex_couples" title="Same-sex relationship">Recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobic_propaganda" title="Homophobic propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">Violence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexuality-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of bisexuality-related organizations and conferences">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_civil_society_organizations" title="Intersex civil society organizations">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_community_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community centre">Community centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_military_and_veteran_organizations" title="List of LGBT military and veteran organizations">Military and Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Christian_organizations" title="Category:LGBTQ Christian organizations">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Jewish_organizations" title="Category:LGBTQ Jewish organizations">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Muslim_organizations" title="Category:LGBTQ Muslim organizations">Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_politics" title="Bisexual politics">Bisexual politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_radicalism" title="Queer radicalism">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_wing" title="LGBTQ wing">Political parties affiliates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies#LGBTQ_social_movements" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies regarding LGBTQ</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="Table of years in LGBTQ rights">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="List of years in LGBTQ rights">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights_by_year" title="Category:LGBTQ rights by year">Category</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Freedom_in_the_World" title="Index of Freedom in the World">Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Legality of conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ people in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_rights_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:LGBTQ rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></div> Most nations do not prohibit consensual sex between unrelated persons above the local <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>. Some jurisdictions further recognize identical rights, protections, and privileges for the family structures of same-sex couples, including <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">marriage</a>. Some countries and jurisdictions mandate that all individuals restrict themselves to heterosexual activity and disallow homosexual activity via <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy laws</a>. Offenders can face the death penalty in Islamic countries and jurisdictions ruled by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>. There are, however, often significant differences between official policy and real-world enforcement. Although homosexual acts were decriminalized in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Poland">Poland</a> in 1932, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1933, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1944, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">England and Wales</a> in 1967, it was not until the mid-1970s that the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">gay community</a> first began to achieve limited <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>. A turning point was reached in 1973 when the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>, which previously listed homosexuality in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-I" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-I">DSM-I</a> in 1952, removed homosexuality in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-II" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-II">DSM-II</a>, in recognition of scientific evidence.<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a> In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> became the first state-level jurisdiction in the world to prohibit <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> on the grounds of sexual orientation. During the 1980s and 1990s, several developed countries enacted laws decriminalizing homosexual behavior and prohibiting discrimination against lesbian and gay people in employment, housing, and services. On the other hand, many countries today in the Middle East and Africa, as well as several countries in Asia, the Caribbean and the South Pacific, outlaw homosexuality. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> upheld Section 377 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a>,<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> but in 2018, overturned its previous ruling and legalized homosexual activity in India.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Ten countries or jurisdictions, all of which are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> and governed according to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law, have imposed the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">death penalty for homosexuality</a>. These include Afghanistan, Iran, Brunei, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and several regions in Nigeria and Jubaland.<a href="#cite_note-ILGA_2015-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_against_sexual_orientation_discrimination">Laws against sexual orientation discrimination</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment discrimination</a> refers to discriminatory employment practices such as bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensation, and various types of harassment. <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination_law_in_the_United_States" title="Employment discrimination law in the United States">In the United States</a> there is "very little statutory, common law, and case law establishing employment discrimination based upon sexual orientation as a legal wrong."<a href="#cite_note-soandthelaw-215">[215]</a> Some exceptions and alternative legal strategies are available. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13087" title="Executive Order 13087">Executive Order 13087</a> (1998) prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce,<a href="#cite_note-clintonexecorder-216">[216]</a> and federal non-civil service employees may have recourse under the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ashtonciviletti-217">[217]</a> Private sector workers may have a <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> action under a quid pro quo <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> theory,<a href="#cite_note-kellyoakland-218">[218]</a> a "<a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">hostile work environment</a>" theory,<a href="#cite_note-oncalesundowner-219">[219]</a> a sexual stereotyping theory,<a href="#cite_note-pwchopkins-220">[220]</a> or others.<a href="#cite_note-soandthelaw-215">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing discrimination</a> refers to discrimination against potential or current tenants by landlords. In the United States, there is no federal law against such discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, but at least thirteen states and many major cities have enacted laws prohibiting it.<a href="#cite_note-findlawrenters-221">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crimes</a> (also known as bias crimes) are crimes motivated by <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, or bias against an identifiable <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social group</a>, usually groups defined by <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">race (human classification)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, sexual orientation, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, age, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Political_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political affiliation">political affiliation</a>. In the United States, 45 states and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> have statutes criminalizing various types of bias-motivated violence or intimidation (the exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a>). Each of these statutes covers bias on the basis of race, religion, and ethnicity; 32 of them cover sexual orientation, 28 cover gender, and 11 cover transgender/gender-identity.<a href="#cite_note-adl-222">[222]</a> In October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, which "...gives the Justice Department the power to investigate and prosecute bias-motivated violence where the perpetrator has selected the victim because of the person's actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability", was signed into law and makes hate crime based on sexual orientation, amongst other offenses, a federal crime in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4></div> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, discrimination of any type based on sexual orientation or gender identity is illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT social movements</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Homosexuality" title="Special:EditPage/Homosexuality">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Since the 1960s, many LGBT people in the West, particularly those in major metropolitan areas, have developed a so-called <a href="/wiki/Queer_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Queer culture">gay culture</a>. To many,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] gay culture is exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> movement, with annual parades and displays of rainbow flags. Yet not all LGBT people choose to participate in "queer culture", and many gay men and women specifically decline to do so. To some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] it seems to be a frivolous display, perpetuating gay stereotypes. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg/220px-OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg/330px-OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg/440px-OriginalRainbowPrideFlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Original Rainbow Pride Flag in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Baker_(artist)" title="Gilbert Baker (artist)">Gilbert Baker</a> in 1978</figcaption></figure> With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> in the early 1980s, many LGBT groups and individuals organized campaigns to promote efforts in AIDS education, prevention, research, patient support, and community outreach, as well as to demand government support for these programs. The death toll wrought by the AIDS epidemic at first seemed to slow the progress of the gay rights movement, but in time it galvanized some parts of the LGBT community into community service and political action, and challenged the heterosexual community to respond compassionately. Major American motion pictures from this period that dramatized the response of individuals and communities to the AIDS crisis include <a href="/wiki/An_Early_Frost" title="An Early Frost">An Early Frost</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Longtime_Companion" title="Longtime Companion">Longtime Companion</a> (1990), <a href="/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On" title="And the Band Played On">And the Band Played On</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(film)" title="Philadelphia (film)">Philadelphia</a> (1993), and <a href="/wiki/Common_Threads:_Stories_from_the_Quilt" title="Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt">Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Publicly gay politicians</a> have attained numerous government posts, even in countries that had <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy laws</a> in their recent past. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">United States Secretary of Transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> cabinet minister and <a href="/wiki/Per-Kristian_Foss" title="Per-Kristian Foss">Per-Kristian Foss</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance">Minister of Finance</a>. LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations. Some <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatives</a> believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermine the traditional family<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother.<a href="#cite_note-DMD-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Some argue that gay rights may conflict with individuals' freedom of speech,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> religious freedoms in the workplace,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> the ability to run churches,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> charitable organizations<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> and other religious organizations<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> in accordance with one's religious views, and that the acceptance of homosexual relationships by religious organizations might be forced through threatening to remove the tax-exempt status of churches whose views do not align with those of the government.<a href="#cite_note-BannedBoston-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Some critics charge that <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a> has led to the association of sex between males and HIV being downplayed.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service">Military service</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_signs_DADT_repeal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Obama_signs_DADT_repeal.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_DADT_repeal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Obama_signs_DADT_repeal.jpg/330px-Obama_signs_DADT_repeal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Obama_signs_DADT_repeal.jpg/440px-Obama_signs_DADT_repeal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signs into law the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and military service">Sexual orientation and military service</a></div> Policies and attitudes toward gay and lesbian <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> personnel vary widely around the world. Some countries allow gay men, lesbians, and bisexual people to serve openly and have granted them the same rights and privileges as their heterosexual counterparts. Many countries neither ban nor support LGB service members. A few countries continue to ban homosexual personnel outright.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most Western military forces have removed policies excluding sexual minority members. Of the 26 countries that participate militarily in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, more than 20 permit openly gay, lesbian and bisexual people to serve. Of the permanent members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, three (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) do so. The other two generally do not: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> bans gay and lesbian people outright, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> excludes all gay and lesbian people during peacetime but allows some gay men to serve in wartime (see below). <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> is the only country in the Middle East region that allows openly LGB people to serve in the military.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> fails to show that sexual orientation is germane to any aspect of military effectiveness including <a href="/wiki/Unit_cohesion" title="Unit cohesion">unit cohesion</a>, morale, recruitment and retention.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Sexual orientation is irrelevant to task cohesion, the only type of cohesion that critically predicts the team's military readiness and success.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_sociology">Society and sociology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes toward homosexuality</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acceptance_of_Homosexuality_Worldwide_(Pew_Research_Poll_2019-20).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acceptance_of_Homosexuality_Worldwide_%28Pew_Research_Poll_2019-20%29.svg/300px-Acceptance_of_Homosexuality_Worldwide_%28Pew_Research_Poll_2019-20%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acceptance_of_Homosexuality_Worldwide_%28Pew_Research_Poll_2019-20%29.svg/450px-Acceptance_of_Homosexuality_Worldwide_%28Pew_Research_Poll_2019-20%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acceptance_of_Homosexuality_Worldwide_%28Pew_Research_Poll_2019-20%29.svg/600px-Acceptance_of_Homosexuality_Worldwide_%28Pew_Research_Poll_2019-20%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>2019 Pew Global Research Poll: Should homosexuality be accepted in society? Percentage of responders that answered accept: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0–10%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  11–20%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  21–30%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  31–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  41–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  51–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  61–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  71–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  81–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  91–100%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div> </div></figcaption></figure> Societal acceptance of non-heterosexual orientations such as homosexuality is lowest in Asian, African and Eastern European countries,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> and is highest in Western Europe, Australia, and the Americas. Western society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality since the 1990s. In 2017, Professor Amy Adamczyk contended that these cross-national differences in acceptance can be largely explained by three factors: the relative strength of democratic institutions, the level of economic development, and the religious context of the places where people live.<a href="#cite_note-Adamczyk-245">[245]</a> Non-acceptance of the sexual identity of LGBTQ+ by the official laws of some countries, as well as the lack of teaching correct behavior towards homosexuals, has led to the formation of societal misconceptions about this group.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypical</a> beliefs of the people against the LGBTQ+ community have caused rejection and discriminatory behavior against them. Various researches have shown that LGBTQ+ people in societies that do not recognize homosexuality as a sexual identity of such group feel insecure, psychological pressure and isolated from the society.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Kameel Ahmady</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">social researcher</a>, who along with team conducted a fieldwork study in Iran with the aim of understanding the attitude of the Iranian LGBTQ+ community towards their position in the Iranian society, believes that the traditional and religious structure of the society, along with the legal obstacles and restrictions, has caused this groups to not to be able to express themselves and often suppressing their gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Legal restrictions such as imprisonment, fear of <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a>, not been to allowed employment in governmental jobs, along with informal restrictions such as sexual abuse in society, exclusion from family and social groups, verbal and public humiliation, etc., have all made life difficult for the LGBTQ+ groups.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tausch_study">Tausch study</h3></div> In a 2024 study published by <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>, the Austrian political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Arno Tausch</a> found that homonegativity is not only a matter of growing scientific interest in the global social science community, but also of growing concern for public safety and political stability around the world. Extremist groups, from the far right to radical Islamists, are increasingly targeting LGBTQ+ people.<a href="#cite_note-Tausch_2024-259">[259]</a> The study included up to 88 countries and territories around the world, using open data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> and examining the relationship between homonegativity and religiously motivated political extremism. The estimates of global homonegativity, based on rates of disapproval of homosexual neighbours, covered more than 90 per cent of the world's population and yielded the population-weighted result of a global percentage of homonegativity of around 55 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-Tausch_2024-259">[259]</a> According to the data of the study, 12.8% of the global population not only oppose gay neighbours, but also strongly believe that it is an essential feature of democracy that religious authorities must interpret the laws. 1.2% of the world's population are not only such religiously fundamentalist homophobes, but also strongly believe that political violence is justified. This is the hard core of the 1.2% of the global population who can be expected to be at the forefront of future violent and religiously motivated political action against LGBTQ communities.<a href="#cite_note-Tausch_2024-259">[259]</a> The study also estimates that ten countries present the highest potential for such homophobic political violence: <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tausch_2024-259">[259]</a> The study suggests that threats to the well-being of LGBTQ communities come not only from Islamist radicalism, but also from increasingly militant Orthodox propaganda against LGBTQs in the context of the current war in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tausch_2024-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3></div> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="National Association of Social Workers">National Association of Social Workers</a> stated in an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus brief</a> presented to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a>: "Gay men and lesbians form stable, committed relationships that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential respects. The institution of marriage offers social, psychological, and health benefits that are denied to same-sex couples. By denying same-sex couples the right to marry, the state reinforces and perpetuates the stigma historically associated with homosexuality. Homosexuality remains stigmatized, and this stigma has negative consequences. California's prohibition on marriage for same-sex couples reflects and reinforces this stigma". They concluded: "There is no scientific basis for distinguishing between same-sex couples and heterosexual couples with respect to the legal rights, obligations, benefits, and burdens conferred by civil marriage."<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></div> Though the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality and religion</a> is complex, current authoritative bodies and doctrines of the world's largest religions view homosexual behaviour negatively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This can range from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, to explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality. Some teach that homosexual desire itself is sinful,<a href="#cite_note-OPCtrial-260">[260]</a> others state that only the sexual act is a sin,<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> while others are completely accepting of gays and <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Some claim that homosexuality can be overcome through religious faith and practice. On the other hand, voices exist within many of these religions that view homosexuality more positively, and liberal <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious denominations</a> may bless <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a>. Some view same-sex love and sexuality as sacred, and a <a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in mythology">mythology of same-sex love</a> can be found throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabezón1992vii-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17a.jpg/220px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17a.jpg/330px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17a.jpg/440px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption>LGBT activists at <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Pride" title="Cologne Pride">Cologne Pride</a> in 2015 carrying a banner with the flags of 70 countries where <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">homosexuality is illegal</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_bullying">Gay bullying</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gay_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay bullying">Gay bullying</a></div> Gay bullying can be the <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a> against a person who is perceived by the aggressor to be <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, or generally queer, including persons who are actually <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> or of non-specific or unknown <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. In the US, teenage students heard anti-gay slurs such as "homo", "faggot" and "sissy" about 26 times a day on average, or once every 14 minutes, according to a 1998 study by Mental Health America (formerly National Mental Health Association).<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heterosexism_and_homophobia">Heterosexism and homophobia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg/220px-Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg/330px-Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg/440px-Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Protests in New York City against <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill">Anti-Homosexuality Bill</a></figcaption></figure> In many cultures, homosexual people are frequently subject to prejudice and discrimination. A 2011 Dutch study concluded that 49% of Holland's youth and 58% of youth foreign to the country reject homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Similar to other minority groups they can also be subject to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">stereotyping</a>. These attitudes tend to be due to forms of homophobia and heterosexism (negative <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a>, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships). Heterosexism can include the presumption that everyone is heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norm</a> and therefore superior. <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> is a fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexual people. It manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Similar is <a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">lesbophobia</a> (specifically targeting lesbians) and <a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">biphobia</a> (against bisexual people). When such attitudes manifest as crimes they are often called <a href="/wiki/Hate_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate crimes">hate crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">gay bashing</a>. Negative stereotypes characterize LGB people as less romantically stable and more likely to abuse children, but there is no scientific basis to such assertions. Gay men and lesbians form stable, committed relationships that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential respects.<a href="#cite_note-amici-6">[6]</a> Sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.<a href="#cite_note-lamb-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-herekm-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Claims that there is scientific evidence to support <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia_and_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedophilia and homosexuality">an association between being gay and being a pedophile</a> are based on misuses of those terms and misrepresentation of the actual evidence.<a href="#cite_note-herekm-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_homosexuals">Violence against homosexuals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">Violence against LGBT people</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></div> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> reported that 20.4% of hate crimes reported to law enforcement in 2011 were based on sexual orientation bias. 56.7% of these crimes were based on bias against homosexual men. 11.1% were based on bias against homosexual women. 29.6% were based on anti-homosexual bias without regard to gender.<a href="#cite_note-fbicrime-270">[270]</a> The 1998 murder of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard" title="Matthew Shepard">Matthew Shepard</a>, a gay student, is a notorious such incident in the U.S. LGBT people, especially lesbians, may become the victims of "<a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">corrective rape</a>", a violent crime with the supposed aim of making them heterosexual. In certain parts of the world, LGBT people are also at risk of "<a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a>" perpetrated by their families or relatives.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> following Islamic laws, homosexual acts are a punishable offence. With a population hostile towards LGBT people, the country has witnessed public demonstrations against homosexuals, public denunciations of presumed homosexual individuals, as well as violent intrusions in private homes. The community in the country is exposed to additional risk of prejudice, <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">social rejection</a> and violence, with a greater impossibility of obtaining protection even from the police.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homosexual_behavior_in_other_animals">Homosexual behavior in other animals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">Homosexual behavior in animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchot_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manchot_01.jpg/220px-Manchot_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manchot_01.jpg/330px-Manchot_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manchot_01.jpg/440px-Manchot_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roy_and_Silo" title="Roy and Silo">Roy and Silo</a>, two <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Zoo" title="Central Park Zoo">Central Park Zoo</a> male <a href="/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin" title="Chinstrap penguin">chinstrap penguins</a> similar to those pictured, became internationally known when they coupled and later were given an egg that needed hatching and care, which they successfully provided.<a href="#cite_note-Love_That_Dare_Not_Squeak-275">[275]</a></figcaption></figure> Homosexual and bisexual behaviors occur in a number of other animal species. Such behaviors include <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">sexual activity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bonding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">parenting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bagemihl-20">[20]</a> and are widespread; a 1999 review by researcher <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bagemihl" title="Bruce Bagemihl">Bruce Bagemihl</a> shows that homosexual behavior has been documented in about 500 species, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">gut worms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bagemihl-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biological_Exuberance:_Animal-21">[21]</a> Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species. The motivations for and implications of these behaviors have yet to be fully understood, since most species have yet to be fully studied.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> According to Bagemihl, "the animal kingdom [does] it with much greater sexual diversity—including homosexual, bisexual and nonreproductive sex—than the scientific community and society at large have previously been willing to accept".<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bailey" title="J. Michael Bailey">Bailey</a> et al., humans and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">domestic sheep</a> are the only animals conclusively proven to exhibit a homosexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-7">[7]</a> A review paper by N. W. Bailey and <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Zuk" title="Marlene Zuk">Marlene Zuk</a> looking into studies of same-sex sexual behaviour in animals challenges the view that such behaviour lowers reproductive success, citing several hypotheses about how same-sex sexual behavior might be adaptive; these hypotheses vary greatly among different species.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey_et_al.-278">[278]</a> In October 2023, biologists reported studies of animals (over 1,500 different species) that found <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex behavior">same-sex behavior</a> (not necessarily related to human orientation) may help improve social stability by reducing conflict within the groups studied.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20231003-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231003cz-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_at_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights at the United Nations">LGBT rights at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Anti-LGBT rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonfiction_books_about_homosexuality" title="List of nonfiction books about homosexuality">List of nonfiction books about homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay,_lesbian_or_bisexual_people" title="List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people">List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle homophobia scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT music">LGBT music</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AmPsycholAssn-definitions-1"><a href="#cite_ref-AmPsycholAssn-definitions_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419081802/https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/sexuality-definitions.pdf">"Definitions Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in APA Documents"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2015. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/sexuality-definitions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2020. <q>Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. ... [It is] one's enduring sexual attraction to male partners, female partners, or both. Sexual orientation may be heterosexual, samesex (gay or lesbian), or bisexual. ... A person may be attracted to men, women, both, neither, or to people who are genderqueer, androgynous, or have other gender identities. Individuals may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or asexual, among others. ... Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum .... Some people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation, which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary of 'male' and 'female' only.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions+Related+to+Sexual+Orientation+and+Gender+Diversity+in+APA+Documents&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Flgbt%2Fresources%2Fsexuality-definitions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-CulturalPsyDefinition-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Cross-CulturalPsyDefinition_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_B._ShiraevDavid_A._Levy2016" class="citation book cs1">Eric B. Shiraev; David A. Levy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCElDwAAQBAJ">Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, Sixth Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134871315" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134871315"><bdi>978-1134871315</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124154145/https://books.google.com/books?id=cCElDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. <q>Sexual orientation refers to romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific sex or gender. ... Heterosexuality, along with bisexuality and homosexuality are at least three main categories of the continuum of sexual orientation. ... Homosexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction between persons of the same sex or gender.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Psychology%3A+Critical+Thinking+and+Contemporary+Applications%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1134871315&rft.au=Eric+B.+Shiraev&rft.au=David+A.+Levy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCElDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EqualCurriculumDefinition-3"><a href="#cite_ref-EqualCurriculumDefinition_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._LehmanKristine_DiazHenry_NgElizabeth_M._Petty2019" class="citation book cs1">James R. Lehman; Kristine Diaz; Henry Ng; Elizabeth M. Petty; Meena Thatikunta; Kristen Eckstrand, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JK7DwAAQBAJ">The Equal Curriculum: The Student and Educator Guide to LGBTQ Health</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030240257" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030240257"><bdi>978-3030240257</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124154153/https://books.google.com/books?id=5JK7DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. <q>Homosexual, literally meaning "same sex", is used as an adjective to describe same-sex or same-gender attraction. ... The term introduces ambiguity because is often applied as an identity label to a person or group based on their behaviors, not because of self-identified sexual orientation or sexual desires. ... in addition to having potentially negative connotations, homosexual is unclear as to what group of people it describes...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Equal+Curriculum%3A+The+Student+and+Educator+Guide+to+LGBTQ+Health&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3030240257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JK7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lgbt.ucsf.edu/glossary-terms">"General Definitions"</a>. LGBT Resource Center. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LGBT+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=General+Definitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flgbt.ucsf.edu%2Fglossary-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apahelp-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apahelp_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apahelp_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apahelp_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apahelp_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apahelp_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apahelp_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apahelp_5-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808032050/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx">"Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx">the original</a> on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sexual+orientation%2C+homosexuality+and+bisexuality&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fhelpcenter%2Fsexual-orientation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amici-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amici_6-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf">"Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365... – APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed"</a> (PDF). p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103160304/http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+No.+S147999+in+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+State+of+California%2C+In+re+Marriage+Cases+Judicial+Council+Coordination+Proceeding+No.+4365...+%E2%80%93+APA+California+Amicus+Brief+%E2%80%94+As+Filed&rft.pages=30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fdocuments%2FAmer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_7-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Breedlove" title="Marc Breedlove">Breedlove SM</a>, Vilain E, Epprecht M (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100616637616">"Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Psychological Science in the Public Interest">Psychological Science in the Public Interest</a>. 17 (21): 45–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100616637616">10.1177/1529100616637616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27113562">27113562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Sexual+Orientation%2C+Controversy%2C+and+Science&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1529100616637616&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27113562&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Vasey%2C+PL&rft.au=Diamond%2C+LM&rft.au=Breedlove%2C+SM&rft.au=Vilain%2C+E&rft.au=Epprecht%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1529100616637616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankowski-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frankowski_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankowski_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankowski_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankowski_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankowski_BLAmerican_Academy_of_Pediatrics_Committee_on_Adolescence2004" class="citation journal cs1">Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long">"Sexual orientation and adolescents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)" title="Pediatrics (journal)">Pediatrics</a>. 113 (6): 1827–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.113.6.1827">10.1542/peds.113.6.1827</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005">0031-4005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173519">15173519</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020943/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Sexual+orientation+and+adolescents&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1827-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2004-06&rft.issn=0031-4005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15173519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.113.6.1827&rft.au=Frankowski+BL&rft.au=American+Academy+of+Pediatrics+Committee+on+Adolescence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpediatrics.aappublications.org%2Fcontent%2F113%2F6%2F1827.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaertSkorska2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaert, Anthony F.; Skorska, Malvina N. (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2019.104659">"A short review of biological research on the development of sexual orientation"</a>. Hormones and Behavior. 119: 104659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2019.104659">10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-506X">0018-506X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31911036">31911036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hormones+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=A+short+review+of+biological+research+on+the+development+of+sexual+orientation&rft.volume=119&rft.pages=104659&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.issn=0018-506X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31911036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2019.104659&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Anthony+F.&rft.au=Skorska%2C+Malvina+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.yhbeh.2019.104659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeVay-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeVay_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeVay_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeVay2017" class="citation book cs1">LeVay, Simon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gaystraightreaso0000leva_e5c2/mode/1up?view=theater">Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029737-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029737-4"><bdi>978-0-19-029737-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26246092M">26246092M</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay%2C+Straight%2C+and+the+Reason+Why%3A+The+Science+of+Sexual+Orientation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26246092M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-029737-4&rft.aulast=LeVay&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaystraightreaso0000leva_e5c2%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balthazart-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balthazart_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balthazart_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalthazart2012" class="citation book cs1">Balthazart, Jacques (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3fjGjlcVINkC">The Biology of Homosexuality</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199838820" title="Special:BookSources/9780199838820"><bdi>9780199838820</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126132532/https://books.google.com/books?id=3fjGjlcVINkC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Homosexuality&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199838820&rft.aulast=Balthazart&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3fjGjlcVINkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcp2007-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rcp2007_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcp2007_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcp2007_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcp2007_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/workinpsychiatry/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe.aspx">"Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality"</a>. The Royal College of Psychiatrists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016040825/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/workinpsychiatry/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+to+the+Church+of+England%27s+Listening+Exercise+on+Human+Sexuality&rft.pub=The+Royal+College+of+Psychiatrists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcpsych.ac.uk%2Fworkinpsychiatry%2Fspecialinterestgroups%2Fgaylesbian%2Fsubmissiontothecofe.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAHO-13"><a href="#cite_ref-PAHO_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523040848/http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6803&Itemid=1926">"'Therapies' to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health"</a>. Pan American Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6803&Itemid=1926">the original</a> on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Therapies%27+to+change+sexual+orientation+lack+medical+justification+and+threaten+health&rft.pub=Pan+American+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.paho.org%2Fhq%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D6803%26Itemid%3D1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apa2009-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apa2009_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apa2009_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apa2009_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apa2009_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apa2009_14-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation">"Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423205306/https://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychological+Association&rft.atitle=Resolution+on+Appropriate+Affirmative+Responses+to+Sexual+Orientation+Distress+and+Change+Efforts&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Fpolicy%2Fsexual-orientation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychology.org.au/About-Us/What-we-do/advocacy/Position-Statements/use-of-psychological-practice-sexual-orientation">"Psychological practices that attempt to change sexual orientation: Position statement"</a>. Australian Psychological Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021035/https://www.psychology.org.au/About-Us/What-we-do/advocacy/Position-Statements/use-of-psychological-practice-sexual-orientation">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Psychological+Society&rft.atitle=Psychological+practices+that+attempt+to+change+sexual+orientation%3A+Position+statement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychology.org.au%2FAbout-Us%2FWhat-we-do%2Fadvocacy%2FPosition-Statements%2Fuse-of-psychological-practice-sexual-orientation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-levay-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-levay_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levay_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levay_16-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_LeVay" title="Simon LeVay">LeVay, Simon</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm">Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181804/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm">Archived</a> 13 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge: The MIT Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-12199-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-12199-9">0-262-12199-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616122106.htm">"Same-sex Behavior Seen in Nearly All Animals, Review Finds"</a>. ScienceDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618154331/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616122106.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Same-sex+Behavior+Seen+in+Nearly+All+Animals%2C+Review+Finds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F06%2F090616122106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210172226/http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx">"1,500 animal species practice homosexuality. The Medical News, 23 October 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx">the original</a> on 10 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1%2C500+animal+species+practice+homosexuality.+The+Medical+News%2C+23+October+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fnews%2F2006%2F10%2F23%2F20718.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Sommer, Volker & Paul L. Vasey (2006), Homosexual Behaviour in Animals, An Evolutionary Perspective. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86446-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86446-1">0-521-86446-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagemihl-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bagemihl_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagemihl_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagemihl_20-2">c</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBagemihl1999">Bagemihl 1999</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Biological_Exuberance:_Animal-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biological_Exuberance:_Animal_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biological_Exuberance:_Animal_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrold1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Harrold, Max (16 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996">"Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a>. Regent Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520172429/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/TheFreeLibrary" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeLibrary">TheFreeLibrary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=Biological+Exuberance%3A+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity&rft.date=1999-02-16&rft.aulast=Harrold&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FBiological%2BExuberance%3A%2BAnimal%2BHomosexuality%2Band%2BNatural%2BDiversity.-a053877996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bagemihl-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biological_Exuberance:_Animal-21">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-psych2010-23"><a href="#cite_ref-psych2010_23-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx">Sexual Orientation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726144306/http://healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. American Psychiatric Association. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom1986" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (1986). A Dictionary of True Etymologies. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710203403" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710203403"><bdi>978-0710203403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+True+Etymologies&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0710203403&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatt2004" class="citation book cs1">Statt, David A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studentsdictiona0000stat/page/93">A Student's Dictionary of Psychology</a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studentsdictiona0000stat/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841693422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841693422"><bdi>978-1841693422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Student%27s+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1841693422&rft.aulast=Statt&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudentsdictiona0000stat%2Fpage%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndres2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Endres, Nikolai (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/kertbeny_km_S.pdf">"Kertbeny, Károly Mária (1824-1882)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122052500/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/kertbeny_km_S.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kertbeny%2C+K%C3%A1roly+M%C3%A1ria+%281824-1882%29&rft.btitle=glbtq+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Endres&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtqarchive.com%2Fssh%2Fkertbeny_km_S.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glbtq-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927020758/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/kertbeny_km.html">"Karl-Maria Kertbeny: The Coinage and Dissemination of the Term"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/kertbeny_km.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2012, retrieved 12 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=glbtq.com&rft.atitle=Karl-Maria+Kertbeny%3A+The+Coinage+and+Dissemination+of+the+Term&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fkertbeny_km.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeray_Jean-ClaudeHerzer_Manfred1990" class="citation journal cs1">Feray Jean-Claude; Herzer Manfred (1990). "Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century: Karl Maria Kertbeny". Journal of Homosexuality. 19 (1): 23–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj082v19n01_02">10.1300/j082v19n01_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2187922">2187922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Homosexual+Studies+and+Politics+in+the+19th+Century%3A+Karl+Maria+Kertbeny&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj082v19n01_02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2187922&rft.au=Feray+Jean-Claude&rft.au=Herzer+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409220543/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/krafft_ebing_r.html">"Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840–1902)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/krafft_ebing_r.html">the original</a> on 9 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glbtq.com&rft.atitle=Krafft-Ebing%2C+Richard+von+%281840%E2%80%931902%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fkrafft_ebing_r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psexualis-30"><a href="#cite_ref-psexualis_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004223140/http://www.kino.com/psychopathia/history.html">"Psychopathia Sexualis"</a>. Kino.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kino.com/psychopathia/history.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kino.com&rft.atitle=Psychopathia+Sexualis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kino.com%2Fpsychopathia%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glaad-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glaad_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glaad_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glaad.org/reference/terms">"GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Glossary of Terms: LGBTQ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a>. 24 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423010026/https://www.glaad.org/reference/terms">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GLAAD&rft.atitle=GLAAD+Media+Reference+Guide+-+Glossary+of+Terms%3A+LGBTQ&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glaad.org%2Freference%2Fterms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827054658/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gay">"gay"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gay">the original</a> on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2015. <q>(Of a person, especially a man) homosexual.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=gay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fgay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonRyan2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Marguerite; Ryan, Terry, November 5- (2005). Sexuality in Greek and Roman society and literature : a sourcebook. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64582-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64582-6"><bdi>978-0-203-64582-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252815648">252815648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+in+Greek+and+Roman+society+and+literature+%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252815648&rft.isbn=978-0-203-64582-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Terry%2C+November+5-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lesbian">"Lesbian | Define Lesbian at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307135535/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lesbian">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesbian+%26%23124%3B+Define+Lesbian+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Flesbian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNAIDS-35"><a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320001221/http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/briefingnote/2006/20060801_policy_brief_msm_en.pdf">"UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men"</a> (PDF). UNAIDS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/briefingnote/2006/20060801_policy_brief_msm_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNAIDS%3A+Men+who+have+sex+with+men&rft.pub=UNAIDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Funaids%2Fcontentassets%2Fdataimport%2Fpub%2Fbriefingnote%2F2006%2F20060801_policy_brief_msm_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounger2005" class="citation book cs1">Younger, John G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexancientworldf00youn">Sex in the ancient world from A to Z</a> (1st published. ed.). London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexancientworldf00youn/page/n58">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24252-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24252-5"><bdi>0-415-24252-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+in+the+ancient+world+from+A+to+Z&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=1st+published.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-24252-5&rft.aulast=Younger&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexancientworldf00youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/i-don-t-want-a-poofter-to-play-me-in-a-film-sir-stirling-moss-is-embroiled-in-homophobia-row-after-offensive-comments-8534236.html">"'I don't want a poofter to play me in a film': Sir Stirling Moss is embroiled in homophobia row after 'offensive' comments"</a>. The Independent. 14 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810231816/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/i-don-t-want-a-poofter-to-play-me-in-a-film-sir-stirling-moss-is-embroiled-in-homophobia-row-after-offensive-comments-8534236.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27I+don%27t+want+a+poofter+to+play+me+in+a+film%27%3A+Sir+Stirling+Moss+is+embroiled+in+homophobia+row+after+%27offensive%27+comments&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fi-don-t-want-a-poofter-to-play-me-in-a-film-sir-stirling-moss-is-embroiled-in-homophobia-row-after-offensive-comments-8534236.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edit_9">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition</a>. Houghton Mifflin. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-70172-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-70172-9"><bdi>0-618-70172-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-618-70172-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage00edit_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpears2007" class="citation web cs1">Spears, Richard A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/faggot">"Fag"</a>. Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227014915/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/faggot">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Slang+and+Colloquial+Expressions&rft.atitle=Fag&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Spears&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ffaggot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalzell2008" class="citation book cs1">Dalzell, Tom, ed. (25 July 2008). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 1104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203895139">10.4324/9780203895139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89513-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89513-9"><bdi>978-0-203-89513-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Modern+American+Slang+and+Unconventional+English&rft.pages=1104&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203895139&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89513-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terms-41"><a href="#cite_ref-terms_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015054212/http://www.sex-lexis.com/">"Dictionary of Sexual Terms"</a>. Sex-lexis.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sex-lexis.com/">the original</a> on 15 October 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Sexual+Terms&rft.pub=Sex-lexis.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sex-lexis.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Marvin J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbm.acrl.org/content/rbml/8/1/19.full.pdf">"Queer Things from Old Closets: Libraries Gay and Lesbian Studies – Queer Theory"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Association_of_College_and_Research_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of College and Research Libraries">Association of College and Research Libraries</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116080410/http://rbm.acrl.org/content/rbml/8/1/19.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queer+Things+from+Old+Closets%3A+Libraries+Gay+and+Lesbian+Studies+%E2%80%93+Queer+Theory&rft.pub=Association+of+College+and+Research+Libraries&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Marvin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbm.acrl.org%2Fcontent%2Frbml%2F8%2F1%2F19.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeds1993" class="citation book cs1">eds, Marc Wolinsky (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kM8WgQQghwIC&q=Gays+military+homo+derogatory+epithet&pg=PA49">Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States</a> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 49–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691033072" title="Special:BookSources/0691033072"><bdi>0691033072</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818001111/https://books.google.com/books?id=kM8WgQQghwIC&q=Gays+military+homo+derogatory+epithet&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gays+and+the+military%3A+Joseph+Steffan+versus+the+United+States&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0691033072&rft.aulast=eds&rft.aufirst=Marc+Wolinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkM8WgQQghwIC%26q%3DGays%2Bmilitary%2Bhomo%2Bderogatory%2Bepithet%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeds1993" class="citation book cs1">eds, Marc Wolinsky ... (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kM8WgQQghwIC&q=Gays+military+homo+derogatory+epithet&pg=PA49">Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States</a> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 40–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691033072" title="Special:BookSources/0691033072"><bdi>0691033072</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818001111/https://books.google.com/books?id=kM8WgQQghwIC&q=Gays+military+homo+derogatory+epithet&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gays+and+the+military%3A+Joseph+Steffan+versus+the+United+States&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0691033072&rft.aulast=eds&rft.aufirst=Marc+Wolinsky+...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkM8WgQQghwIC%26q%3DGays%2Bmilitary%2Bhomo%2Bderogatory%2Bepithet%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2000" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stephen O. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCikDlcEHw8C&q=word+%27gay%27+was+preferred+to+previous+designations+such+as+homosexual+or+homophile&pg=PA394">Homosexualities</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226551944" title="Special:BookSources/9780226551944"><bdi>9780226551944</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818001111/https://books.google.com/books?id=HCikDlcEHw8C&q=word+%27gay%27+was+preferred+to+previous+designations+such+as+homosexual+or+homophile&pg=PA394">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexualities&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780226551944&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stephen+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCikDlcEHw8C%26q%3Dword%2B%2527gay%2527%2Bwas%2Bpreferred%2Bto%2Bprevious%2Bdesignations%2Bsuch%2Bas%2Bhomosexual%2Bor%2Bhomophile%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcgay-46"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcgay_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenise_Winterman2008" class="citation news cs1">Denise Winterman (18 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7289390.stm">"How 'gay' became children's insult of choice"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213213419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7289390.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+%27gay%27+became+children%27s+insult+of+choice&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft.au=Denise+Winterman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F7289390.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glaad.org/reference/offensive">"GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Terms To Avoid"</a>. GLAAD. 9 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420141352/http://www.glaad.org/reference/offensive">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GLAAD&rft.atitle=GLAAD+Media+Reference+Guide+%E2%80%93+Terms+To+Avoid&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glaad.org%2Freference%2Foffensive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2003" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Thomas K. (2003). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb">Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a Sourcebook of Basic Documents</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb/page/n19">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520234308" title="Special:BookSources/0520234308"><bdi>0520234308</bdi></a>. <q>The term "homosexuality" is itself problematic when applied to ancient cultures, inasmuch as neither Greek nor Latin possesses any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept. The term is adopted in this volume not out of any conviction that a fundamental identity exists between ancient and modern practices or self-conceptions, but as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same-gender love and/or sexual activity. To be sure, classical antiquity featured a variety of discrete practices in this regard, each of which enjoyed differing levels of acceptance depending on the time and place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+in+Greece+and+Rome%3A+a+Sourcebook+of+Basic+Documents&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0520234308&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomosexualitygre00hubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Jennifer (6 September 2012). "Introduction". Greek and Roman Sexualities: A Sourcebook. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441196859" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441196859"><bdi>978-1441196859</bdi></a>. <q>There is no Greek or Latin equivalent for the English word 'homosexual', although the ancients did not fail to notice some individuals preferred same-sex partners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Sexualities%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1441196859&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buxton_myth-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buxton_myth_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buxton_myth_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton2004" class="citation book cs1">Buxton, Richard (2004). "Same-Sex Eroticism". The Complete World of Greek Mythology. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500251215" title="Special:BookSources/0500251215"><bdi>0500251215</bdi></a>. <q>As scholars have increasingly come to recognize, the ancient Greek world did not know of the modern 'life-style' category-distinction between homosexuality and heterosexuality, according to which those terms are used to designate contrasting psychological or behavioral profiles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Same-Sex+Eroticism&rft.btitle=The+Complete+World+of+Greek+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0500251215&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton2004" class="citation book cs1">Buxton, Richard (2004). The Complete World of Greek Mythology. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500251215" title="Special:BookSources/0500251215"><bdi>0500251215</bdi></a>. <q>Readers of Plato's dialogues will be familiar with the cultural pattern according to which adolescent Greek males bonded with older men in temporary homoerotic relationships. It is misleading to describe such couples as 'homosexuals', if that term is meant to designate a person whose sexual orientation is same sex for life. In Greek society the normal assumption would have been that the younger partner would, in a later phasde in life, go on to marry and reproduce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+World+of+Greek+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0500251215&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton_2016-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2016_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2016_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2016" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Rictor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ">Myth of the Modern Homosexual</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474286923" title="Special:BookSources/9781474286923"><bdi>9781474286923</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511080439/https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+of+the+Modern+Homosexual&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474286923&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Rictor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkTqDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm">A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330132639/http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm">Archived</a> 30 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boswell_1989_17–36-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boswell_1989_17–36_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boswell_1989_17–36_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1989" class="citation book cs1">Boswell, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304002205/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf">"Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories"</a> (PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34904667">34904667</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolutions%2C+Universals%2C+and+Sexual+Categories&rft.btitle=Hidden+From+History%3A+Reclaiming+the+Gay+and+Lesbian+Past&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34904667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fd1f4%2Fb4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnuse_2015-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Gnuse_2015_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Theology_Bulletin" title="Biblical Theology Bulletin">Biblical Theology Bulletin</a>. 45 (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146107915577097">10.1177/0146107915577097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7596">1945-7596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170127256">170127256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Seven+Gay+Texts%3A+Biblical+Passages+Used+to+Condemn+Homosexuality&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170127256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-7596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146107915577097&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigDykman2012" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Harold G.; Dykman, Jackson (2012). Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521889520" title="Special:BookSources/9780521889520"><bdi>9780521889520</bdi></a>. <q>the overwhelming majority of Christian churches have maintained their positions that homosexual behavior is sinful</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Psychiatry&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521889520&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft.au=Dykman%2C+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatoSaunders1970" class="citation book cs1">Plato; Saunders, Trevor J. (1970). The laws. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044222-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044222-7"><bdi>0-14-044222-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/94283">94283</a>. <q>... sow illegitimate and bastard seed in courtesans, or sterile seed in males in defiance of nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Eng.&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F94283&rft.isbn=0-14-044222-7&rft.au=Plato&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Trevor+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plato1-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plato1_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plato1_57-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Phaedrus in the <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">Symposium</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Craig A. (1999). Roman homosexuality : ideologies of masculinity in classical antiquity. Oxford. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511300-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511300-4"><bdi>0-19-511300-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55720140">55720140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+homosexuality+%3A+ideologies+of+masculinity+in+classical+antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55720140&rft.isbn=0-19-511300-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-foucault-59"><a href="#cite_ref-foucault_59-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFFoucault1986">Foucault 1986</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard_Thomas_K2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbard Thomas K (22 September 2003). "Review of David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality.". <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review" title="Bryn Mawr Classical Review">Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+David+M.+Halperin%2C+How+to+Do+the+History+of+Homosexuality.&rft.date=2003-09-22&rft.au=Hubbard+Thomas+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin,_David_M.1990" class="citation book cs1">Halperin, David M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000halp">One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love</a>. New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000halp/page/41">41–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90097-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90097-2"><bdi>0-415-90097-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Homosexuality%3A+And+Other+Essays+on+Greek+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-90097-2&rft.au=Halperin%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonehundredyearso0000halp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuse,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Ruse, Michael (2005). Honderich, Ted (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT971">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926479-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926479-1"><bdi>0-19-926479-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511080440/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT971">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-926479-1&rft.au=Ruse%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJFCAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-murrayroscoe-63"><a href="#cite_ref-murrayroscoe_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayRoscoe,_Will1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Murray, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Will_Roscoe" title="Will Roscoe">Roscoe, Will</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boywivesfemalehu00murr">Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23829-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23829-0"><bdi>0-312-23829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boy+Wives+and+Female+Husbands%3A+Studies+of+African+Homosexualities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-23829-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Roscoe%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboywivesfemalehu00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evanspritchard-64"><a href="#cite_ref-evanspritchard_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">Evans-Pritchard, E. E.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1970.72.6.02a00170">"Sexual Inversion among the Azande"</a>. American Anthropologist. 72 (6): 1428–1434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1970.72.6.02a00170">10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162319598">162319598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Sexual+Inversion+among+the+Azande&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1428-%3C%2Fspan%3E1434&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1970.72.6.02a00170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162319598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Evans-Pritchard&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1970.72.6.02a00170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glbtqlatinamerica-65"><a href="#cite_ref-glbtqlatinamerica_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPablo2004" class="citation web cs1">Pablo, Ben (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211012339/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/latin_america_colonial.html">"Latin America: Colonial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/latin_america_colonial.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glbtq.com&rft.atitle=Latin+America%3A+Colonial&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pablo&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Flatin_america_colonial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glbtqmex-66"><a href="#cite_ref-glbtqmex_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Murray, Stephen</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102132531/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/mexico.html">"Mexico"</a>. In Claude J. Summers (ed.). glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/mexico.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico&rft.btitle=glbtq%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Gay%2C+Lesbian%2C+Bisexual%2C+Transgender%2C+and+Queer+Culture&rft.pub=glbtq.com&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fmexico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigal2003" class="citation book cs1">Sigal, Pete (2003). Infamous Desire: Male Homosexuality in Colonial Latin America. The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226757049" title="Special:BookSources/9780226757049"><bdi>9780226757049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infamous+Desire%3A+Male+Homosexuality+in+Colonial+Latin+America&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780226757049&rft.aulast=Sigal&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coello-68"><a href="#cite_ref-coello_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnghieraTorres_Asensio2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'; Torres Asensio, Joaquín. (2012). Décadas del nuevo mundo (in Spanish). Valladolid: Maxtor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9001-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9001-301-4"><bdi>978-84-9001-301-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057902726">1057902726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9cadas+del+nuevo+mundo&rft.place=Valladolid&rft.pub=Maxtor&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057902726&rft.isbn=978-84-9001-301-4&rft.aulast=Anghiera&rft.aufirst=Pietro+Martire+d%27&rft.au=Torres+Asensio%2C+Joaqu%C3%ADn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoello_de_la_Rosa2001" class="citation journal cs1">Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre (23 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udel.edu/LAS/Vol3-2Coello.html#Introduction">""Good Indians", "Bad Indians", "What Christians?": The Dark Side of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557)"</a>. Delaware Review of Latin American Studies. 3 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529042703/http://www.udel.edu/LAS/Vol3-2Coello.html#Introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delaware+Review+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Good+Indians%22%2C+%22Bad+Indians%22%2C+%22What+Christians%3F%22%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+New+World+in+Gonzalo+Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Oviedo+y+Vald%C3%A9s+%281478%E2%80%931557%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2001-06-23&rft.aulast=Coello+de+la+Rosa&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udel.edu%2FLAS%2FVol3-2Coello.html%23Introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamish2007" class="citation web cs1">Hamish (19 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/sodomites-in-canada-before-1841/">"'Sodomites' in Canada before 1841"</a>. The Drummer's Revenge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114040029/https://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/sodomites-in-canada-before-1841/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drummer%27s+Revenge&rft.atitle=%27Sodomites%27+in+Canada+before+1841&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.au=Hamish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F08%2F19%2Fsodomites-in-canada-before-1841%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamish2007" class="citation web cs1">Hamish (9 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/09/09/the-end-to-the-death-penalty-for-sodomy-in-canada/">"The End to the Death Penalty for "Sodomy" in Canada"</a>. The Drummer's Revenge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317084735/https://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2007/09/09/the-end-to-the-death-penalty-for-sodomy-in-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drummer%27s+Revenge&rft.atitle=The+End+to+the+Death+Penalty+for+%22Sodomy%22+in+Canada&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.au=Hamish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F09%2F09%2Fthe-end-to-the-death-penalty-for-sodomy-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103200127/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/omnibus-bill-theres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation">"Trudeau: 'There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation'"</a>. CBC Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/omnibus-bill-theres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation">the original</a> on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Archives&rft.atitle=Trudeau%3A+%27There%27s+no+place+for+the+state+in+the+bedrooms+of+the+nation%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2Fomnibus-bill-theres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1265/index.do">"Egan v. Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>. 25 May 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820185625/https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1265/index.do">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Egan+v.+Canada&rft.date=1995-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscc-csc.lexum.com%2Fscc-csc%2Fscc-csc%2Fen%2Fitem%2F1265%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-31.5/page-1.html">Civil Marriage Act</a>, SC 2005, c. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus.gayguide.travel/blog/gay-travel-index-2019/">"SPARTACUS Gay Travel Index 2019"</a>. 25 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813122020/https://spartacus.gayguide.travel/blog/gay-travel-index-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPARTACUS+Gay+Travel+Index+2019&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus.gayguide.travel%2Fblog%2Fgay-travel-index-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2019/11/25/most-dangerous-places-safest-lgbtq-gay-travelers/#a519ced11694">"FORBES LGBTQ+ Danger Index 2019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. 21 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114164459/https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2019/11/25/most-dangerous-places-safest-lgbtq-gay-travelers/#a519ced11694">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=FORBES+LGBTQ%2B+Danger+Index+2019&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Flaurabegleybloom%2F2019%2F11%2F25%2Fmost-dangerous-places-safest-lgbtq-gay-travelers%2F%23a519ced11694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/">"LGBTQ+ Travel Safety – 150 Best & Worst Countries Ranked (2021)"</a>. Asher & Lyric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910063408/https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asher+%26+Lyric&rft.atitle=LGBTQ%2B+Travel+Safety+%E2%80%93+150+Best+%26+Worst+Countries+Ranked+%282021%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asherfergusson.com%2Flgbtq-travel-safety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Committed-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Committed_77-0">^</a> *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/census/ci_18334802">Census statistics show quarter of California same-sex couples raising kids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126184359/http://www.mercurynews.com/census/ci_18334802">Archived</a> 26 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20110630/ARTICLES/110639995/1004/sitemaps">Region Saw Increase In Same-Sex Households</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329030306/http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20110630/articles/110639995/1004/sitemaps">Archived</a> 29 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332">Census 2010: One Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101191951/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332">Archived</a> 1 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/local/125537288.html">Minnesota Sees 50% Rise in Number of Gay Couples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717123400/http://www.startribune.com/local/125537288.html">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20110714/NEWS01/107140334/Census-Dutchess-Ulster-gay-households-increase">Census:Dutchess, Ulster Gay Households Increase</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119045141/http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20110714/NEWS01/107140334/Census-Dutchess-Ulster-gay-households-increase">Archived</a> 19 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westchesterrealestateinformation.com/same-sex-couples-numbers-soar-in-ny-2010-census-finds/">Same Sex Couples' Numbers Soar In N.Y, 2010 Census Finds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430050627/http://westchesterrealestateinformation.com/same-sex-couples-numbers-soar-in-ny-2010-census-finds/">Archived</a> 30 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=local&sc3=&id=123278">87% Increase in Same-Sex Nevada Households Since 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026075323/http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=local&sc3=&id=123278">Archived</a> 26 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130130091511/http://www.necn.com/07/14/11/Gay-lesbian-households-increase-in-Okla/landing_politics.html?&apID=aebfe9933c274365a694d062894d773c">2010 Census indicates increase among same-sex homeowners in Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2011/jul/15/spike-number-same-sex-couples-city/">Spike In Number of City's Same-Sex Couples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727052503/http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2011/jul/15/spike-number-same-sex-couples-city/">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Kang, Wenqing. Obsession: male same-sex relations in China, 1900–1950, Hong Kong University Press. Page 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Geng-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Geng_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong_Geng2004" class="citation book cs1">Song Geng (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4PJ92qy6IC&pg=PA1443">The fragile scholar: power and masculinity in Chinese culture</a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-620-2"><bdi>978-962-209-620-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226192831/https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4PJ92qy6IC&pg=PA1443">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fragile+scholar%3A+power+and+masculinity+in+Chinese+culture&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-962-209-620-2&rft.au=Song+Geng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dei4PJ92qy6IC%26pg%3DPA1443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinsch,_Bret_1990_pp.77-78-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Hinsch,_Bret_1990_pp.77-78_80-0">^</a> Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press. pp.77-78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kang1-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Kang1_81-0">^</a> Kang, Wenqing. Obsession: male same-sex relations in China, 1900–1950, Hong Kong University Press. Page 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik" class="citation web cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/special/would-ancient-india-have-supported-section-377/20180717.htm">"Would ancient India have supported Section 377?"</a>. Rediff. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=Would+ancient+India+have+supported+Section+377%3F&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fwould-ancient-india-have-supported-section-377%2F20180717.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaveenthiran2011" class="citation journal cs1">Raveenthiran, Venkatachalam (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007">"Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 bc"</a>. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 46 (11): 2204–2208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpedsurg.2011.07.007">10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3468">0022-3468</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22075360">22075360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Surgery&rft.atitle=Knowledge+of+ancient+Hindu+surgeons+on+Hirschsprung+disease%3A+evidence+from+Sushruta+Samhita+of+circa+1200-600+bc&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2204-%3C%2Fspan%3E2208&rft.date=2011-11&rft.issn=0022-3468&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22075360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpedsurg.2011.07.007&rft.aulast=Raveenthiran&rft.aufirst=Venkatachalam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpedsurg.2011.07.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sushruta-works-indian-physician-medicine-plastic-surgery-rhinoplasty-nose-job-1559599-2019-07-01">"Know all about Sushruta, the first ever plastic surgeon who was Indian"</a>. India Today. July 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Know+all+about+Sushruta%2C+the+first+ever+plastic+surgeon+who+was+Indian&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fgk-current-affairs%2Fstory%2Fsushruta-works-indian-physician-medicine-plastic-surgery-rhinoplasty-nose-job-1559599-2019-07-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MitraVaruna-85"><a href="#cite_ref-MitraVaruna_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galva108.org/deities.html#Mitra_Varuna">Mitra Varuna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827022633/http://galva108.org/deities.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/live-blog-supreme-court-rules-gay-sex-illegal-1386740434">"Live Blog: Supreme Court Rules Gay Sex Illegal"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Live+Blog%3A+Supreme+Court+Rules+Gay+Sex+Illegal&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Famp%2Farticles%2Flive-blog-supreme-court-rules-gay-sex-illegal-1386740434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastri,_Hari_Prasad,_Tr." class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Hari Prasad, Tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39881/page/n375/mode/2up">The Ramayana Of Valmiki Vol. 2</a>. Digital Library of India Item 2015.39881. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+Of+Valmiki+Vol.+2&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+India+Item+2015.39881&rft.au=Shastri%2C+Hari+Prasad%2C+Tr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.39881%2Fpage%2Fn375%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehrotra2017" class="citation web cs1">Mehrotra, Deepanshi (22 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/history-of-homosexuality-in-india/">"The Pre-Colonial History of Homosexuality in India: Why Love Is Not Western (Part I/III)"</a>. Lawctopus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719003625/https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/history-of-homosexuality-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lawctopus&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Colonial+History+of+Homosexuality+in+India%3A+Why+Love+Is+Not+Western+%28Part+I%2FIII%29&rft.date=2017-10-22&rft.aulast=Mehrotra&rft.aufirst=Deepanshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawctopus.com%2Facademike%2Fhistory-of-homosexuality-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Silva" class="citation web cs1">De Silva, A. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301075346/https://www.buddhanet.net/homosexu.htm">"Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism"</a>. BuddhaNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhanet.net/homosexu.htm">the original</a> on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuddhaNet&rft.atitle=Homosexuality+and+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fhomosexu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tipitaka">"Pali canon | Definition, Contents, & Facts"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Pali+canon+%7C+Definition%2C+Contents%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTipitaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitta2009" class="citation news cs1">Mitta, Manoj (27 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ancient-india-didnt-think-homosexuality-was-against-nature/articleshow/4708206.cms">"Ancient India didn't think homosexuality was against nature"</a>. The Times of India. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ancient+India+didn%27t+think+homosexuality+was+against+nature&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft.aulast=Mitta&rft.aufirst=Manoj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fancient-india-didnt-think-homosexuality-was-against-nature%2Farticleshow%2F4708206.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/lgbt-rights-were-accepted-in-ancient-india-sec-377-must-be-repealed-amish-tripathi/story-NFOnXL3rGVXECqTdg9SuXL.html">"LGBT rights were accepted in ancient India, Sec 377 must be repealed: Amish Tripathi"</a>. Hindustan Times. 4 September 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=LGBT+rights+were+accepted+in+ancient+India%2C+Sec+377+must+be+repealed%3A+Amish+Tripathi&rft.date=2017-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbooks%2Flgbt-rights-were-accepted-in-ancient-india-sec-377-must-be-repealed-amish-tripathi%2Fstory-NFOnXL3rGVXECqTdg9SuXL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism">"Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism"</a>. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Campaign&rft.atitle=Stances+of+Faiths+on+LGBTQ%2B+Issues%3A+Hinduism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.org%2Fresources%2Fstances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasanChandrasekaran2020" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Shiva Prakash; Chandrasekaran, Sruti (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7539026">"Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology"</a>. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 24 (3): 235–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fijem.IJEM_152_20">10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2230-8210">2230-8210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7539026">7539026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33083261">33083261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Transsexualism+in+Hindu+Mythology&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7539026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2230-8210&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33083261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2Fijem.IJEM_152_20&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Shiva+Prakash&rft.au=Chandrasekaran%2C+Sruti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7539026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plato2-95"><a href="#cite_ref-plato2_95-0">^</a> Plato, Laws, 636D & 835E </li> <li id="cite_note-boswell1-96"><a href="#cite_ref-boswell1_96-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBoswell1980">Boswell 1980</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoralesMariscal2003" class="citation journal cs1">Morales, Manuel Sanz; Mariscal, Gabriel Laguna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556498">"The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias"</a>. The Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 292–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F53.1.292">10.1093/cq/53.1.292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556498">3556498</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314185101/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556498">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+between+Achilles+and+Patroclus+according+to+Chariton+of+Aphrodisias&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3556498%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F53.1.292&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Sanz&rft.au=Mariscal%2C+Gabriel+Laguna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3556498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesbian-98"><a href="#cite_ref-lesbian_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Douglas Harper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lesbian">"Lesbian"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702014505/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lesbian">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lesbian&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dlesbian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sapphic-99"><a href="#cite_ref-sapphic_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Douglas Harper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sapphic">"Sapphic"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702034948/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sapphic">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sapphic&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DSapphic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Denys Page, Sappho and Alcaeus, Oxford UP, 1959, pp.142–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1982" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, David A., ed. (1982). "Introduction". Greek Lyric I:Sappho and Alcaeus. Cambridge, Mass. pp. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99157-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99157-5"><bdi>0-674-99157-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8805576">8805576</a>. <q>Her way of life has been the subject of much speculation. Her poetry gives unmistakable evidence of strong homosexual feelings, and this was used by later writers for inferences about her character and indeed her profession: cf. the Oxyrhynchus biography: 'she has been accused by some of being irregular in her ways and a woman-lover'; or the Suda: ' she got a bad name for her impure friendship towards Atthis, Telesippa and Megara'; Ovid made her speak of her low reputation, and about the same time Didymus Bronze-Guts addressed himself to the question, 'Was Sappho a prostitute or not?', and Horace spoke ambiguously of 'masculine Sappho'. Voices were raised in defence of her character: a commentator inferred from her poetry that she was 'a good housekeeper and industrious'. The case-history is complicated by the evidence, usually neglected, that she was married and spoke lovingly of her daughter in her poetry, and by the story, however it arose, that she died of unrequited love for Phaon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric+I%3ASappho+and+Alcaeus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exii&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8805576&rft.isbn=0-674-99157-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Rocke, Michael, (1996), Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5">0-19-512292-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), The Boundaries of Eros, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503465-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503465-1">0-19-503465-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1999" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, Lester R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA140">Encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict</a>. Academic Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-227010-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-227010-X"><bdi>0-12-227010-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054812/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+violence%2C+peace%2C+%26+conflict&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-12-227010-X&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Lester+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG2kN033mDkC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Gladfelder, Hal (May 2006) In Search of Lost Texts: Thomas Cannon's 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified", Institute of Historical Research </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Published in two parts: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenthamCrompton1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bentham, Jeremy; Crompton, Louis (4 August 1978). "Offences Against One's Self: Paederesty (Part 1)". Journal of Homosexuality. 3 (4). Informa UK Limited: 389–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj082v03n04_07">10.1300/j082v03n04_07</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-8369">0091-8369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/353189">353189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Offences+Against+One%27s+Self%3A+Paederesty+%28Part+1%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E406&rft.date=1978-08-04&rft.issn=0091-8369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F353189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj082v03n04_07&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Crompton%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenthamCrompton1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bentham, Jeremy; Crompton, Louis (22 November 1978). "Jeremy Bentham's Essay on 'Paederasty': Part 2". Journal of Homosexuality. 4 (1). Informa UK Limited: 91–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj082v04n01_07">10.1300/j082v04n01_07</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-8369">0091-8369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/363935">363935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Jeremy+Bentham%27s+Essay+on+%27Paederasty%27%3A+Part+2&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1978-11-22&rft.issn=0091-8369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F363935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj082v04n01_07&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Crompton%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-sexualinversion-107"><a href="#cite_ref-sexualinversion_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisSymonds1975" class="citation cs2">Ellis, Havelock; Symonds, John Addington (1975), Sexual Inversion, Arno Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-07363-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-07363-1"><bdi>0-405-07363-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Inversion&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-405-07363-1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Havelock&rft.au=Symonds%2C+John+Addington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> (reprint) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Rouayheb2005" class="citation book cs1">El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforehomosexual00elro">Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500–1800</a>. The University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforehomosexual00elro/page/n12">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-72988-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-72988-5"><bdi>0-226-72988-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Homosexuality+in+the+Arab-Islamic+World%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-226-72988-5&rft.aulast=El-Rouayheb&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforehomosexual00elro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/the-five-most-improved-places-for-gay-tolerance-932635.html">"The five most improved places for gay tolerance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. 17 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331111114/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/the-five-most-improved-places-for-gay-tolerance-932635.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <q>Israel is the only Middle-Eastern country to support gay rights legislation, and the country attracts gay people from Palestine and Lebanon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+five+most+improved+places+for+gay+tolerance&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Flove-sex%2Ftaboo-tolerance%2Fthe-five-most-improved-places-for-gay-tolerance-932635.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Kirchick" class="citation magazine cs1">James Kirchick. "Was Arafat Gay?". <a href="/wiki/Out_(magazine)" title="Out (magazine)">Out</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Out&rft.atitle=Was+Arafat+Gay%3F&rft.au=James+Kirchick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The world's most gay-friendly places". <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a>. 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+gay-friendly+places&rft.date=2011-06-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2010" class="citation news cs1">Grant, Anthony (2 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/dispatch-gay-tel-aviv/">"Gay Tel Aviv"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630125434/http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/dispatch-gay-tel-aviv/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gay+Tel+Aviv&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F02%2Fdispatch-gay-tel-aviv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Eke2005" class="citation news cs1">Steven Eke (28 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4725959.stm">"Iran 'must stop youth executions'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824103849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4725959.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+%27must+stop+youth+executions%27&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft.au=Steven+Eke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F4725959.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029185853/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50">"7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts"</a>. ILGA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50">the original</a> on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+countries+still+put+people+to+death+for+same-sex+acts&rft.pub=ILGA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilga.org%2Fnews_results.asp%3FLanguageID%3D1%26FileID%3D1111%26ZoneID%3D7%26FileCategory%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathi2007" class="citation news cs1">Fathi, Nazila (30 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/world/middleeast/30gays.html">"Despite Denials, Gays Insist They Exist, if Quietly, in Iran"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418042212/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/world/middleeast/30gays.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+Denials%2C+Gays+Insist+They+Exist%2C+if+Quietly%2C+in+Iran&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.aulast=Fathi&rft.aufirst=Nazila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F30gays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Nahavandi and Bomati, illustration opposite p.162 </li> <li id="cite_note-Leick-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Leick_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick2013" class="citation book cs1">Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64">Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92074-7"><bdi>978-1-134-92074-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055100/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Eroticism+in+Mesopotamian+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92074-7&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKoWblE4pd0C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roscoe-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_118-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoeMurray1997" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Will; Murray, Stephen O. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&q=Gordon+1959+gala&pg=PA65">Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature</a>. New York: New York University Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-7467-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-7467-9"><bdi>0-8147-7467-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000906/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&q=Gordon+1959+gala&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Homosexualities%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8147-7467-9&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Murray%2C+Stephen+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Zw-AAAAQBAJ%26q%3DGordon%2B1959%2Bgala%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epistle-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epistle_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epistle_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_L._Gerig" class="citation web cs1">Bruce L. Gerig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epistle.us/hbarticles/neareast.html">"Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt"</a>. The Epistle. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Epistle&rft.atitle=Homosexuality+in+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+beyond+Egypt&rft.au=Bruce+L.+Gerig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepistle.us%2Fhbarticles%2Fneareast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-melanesia-120"><a href="#cite_ref-melanesia_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerdt1984" class="citation cs2">Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08096-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08096-3"><bdi>0-520-08096-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritualized+Homosexuality+in+Melanesia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-520-08096-3&rft.aulast=Herdt&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinsey-121"><a href="#cite_ref-kinsey_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/ak-hhscale.html">"Kinsey's Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Institute" title="Kinsey Institute">Kinsey Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510163753/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/ak-hhscale.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kinsey%27s+Heterosexual-Homosexual+Rating+Scale&rft.pub=The+Kinsey+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinseyinstitute.org%2Fresearch%2Fak-hhscale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stange-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Stange_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Zeiss_StangeCarol_K._OysterJane_E._Sloan2011" class="citation book cs1">Mary Zeiss Stange; Carol K. Oyster; Jane E. Sloan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA158">Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World</a>. Sage Pubns. p. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7685-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-7685-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914220425/https://books.google.com/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+Today%27s+World&rft.pages=2016&rft.pub=Sage+Pubns&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7685-5&rft.au=Mary+Zeiss+Stange&rft.au=Carol+K.+Oyster&rft.au=Jane+E.+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOkPjFQoBj8C%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_123-0">^</a> Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780981450513" title="Special:BookSources/9780981450513">9780981450513</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosario_et_al.-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosario_et_al._124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosario_et_al._124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosarioSchrimshawHunterBraun2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215279">"Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time"</a>. Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224490609552298">10.1080/00224490609552298</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215279">3215279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16817067">16817067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=Sexual+identity+development+among+lesbian%2C+gay%2C+and+bisexual+youths%3A+Consistency+and+change+over+time&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3215279%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16817067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224490609552298&rft.aulast=Rosario&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Schrimshaw%2C+E.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+J.&rft.au=Braun%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3215279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concordance/discordance_in_SO-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Concordance/discordance_in_SO_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossEssien,_E._JamesWilliams,_Mark_L.Fernandez-Esquer,_Maria_Eugenia.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Michael W.; Essien, E. James; Williams, Mark L.; Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007435-200302000-00003">"Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups"</a>. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 30 (2). American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association: 110–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007435-200302000-00003">10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12567166">12567166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21881268">21881268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Diseases&rft.atitle=Concordance+Between+Sexual+Behavior+and+Sexual+Identity+in+Street+Outreach+Samples+of+Four+Racial%2FEthnic+Groups&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21881268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12567166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007435-200302000-00003&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Essien%2C+E.+James&rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark+L.&rft.au=Fernandez-Esquer%2C+Maria+Eugenia.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00007435-200302000-00003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fluidity-126"><a href="#cite_ref-fluidity_126-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075">"Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science"</a>. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100616637616">10.1177/1529100616637616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27113562">27113562</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611031054/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019. <q>Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Sexual+Orientation%2C+Controversy%2C+and+Science&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1529100616637616&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27113562&rft.au=Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301639075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_CoonJohn_O._Mitterer2012" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYwjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA372">Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111833633" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111833633"><bdi>978-1111833633</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2016. <q>Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. ... The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Psychology%3A+Gateways+to+Mind+and+Behavior+with+Concept+Maps+and+Reviews&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1111833633&rft.au=Dennis+Coon&rft.au=John+O.+Mitterer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYwjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_AndersonMark_McCormack2016" class="citation book cs1">Eric Anderson; Mark McCormack (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality"</a>. The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-29412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-29412-4"><bdi>978-3-319-29412-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824071645/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2019. <q>[R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as sexual fluidity. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Measuring+and+Surveying+Bisexuality&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Dynamics+of+Bisexual+Men%27s+Lives&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-29412-4&rft.au=Eric+Anderson&rft.au=Mark+McCormack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_AgDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-apa2009-2-127"><a href="#cite_ref-apa2009-2_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf">"Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2009. pp. 63, 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121635/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appropriate+Therapeutic+Responses+to+Sexual+Orientation&rft.pages=63%2C+86&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Flgbc%2Fpublications%2Ftherapeutic-response.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/apa-elo011708.php">"Relationship Satisfaction and Commitment"</a>. Eurekalert.org. 22 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507073038/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/apa-elo011708.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relationship+Satisfaction+and+Commitment&rft.pub=Eurekalert.org&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-01%2Fapa-elo011708.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffyC.E._Rusbult1985" class="citation journal cs1">Duffy, S.M/; C.E. Rusbult (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190212/http://www.labmeeting.com/paper/17688909/duffy-rusbult-1985-satisfaction-and-commitment-in-homosexual-and-heterosexual-relationships">"Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships"</a>. Journal of Homosexuality. 12 (2): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ082v12n02_01">10.1300/J082v12n02_01</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3835198">3835198</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labmeeting.com/paper/17688909/duffy-rusbult-1985-satisfaction-and-commitment-in-homosexual-and-heterosexual-relationships">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Satisfaction+and+commitment+in+homosexual+and+heterosexual+relationships&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ082v12n02_01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3835198&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=S.M%2F&rft.au=C.E.+Rusbult&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labmeeting.com%2Fpaper%2F17688909%2Fduffy-rusbult-1985-satisfaction-and-commitment-in-homosexual-and-heterosexual-relationships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baccman-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Baccman_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlottePer_FolkessonTorsten_Norlander1999" class="citation journal cs1">Charlotte, Baccman; Per Folkesson; Torsten Norlander (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbp-journal.com/index.php/sbp/article/view/976">"Expectations of romantic relationships: A comparison between homosexual and heterosexual men with regard to Baxter's criteria"</a>. Social Behavior and Personality. 27 (4): 363–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2224%2Fsbp.1999.27.4.363">10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423143028/https://www.sbp-journal.com//index.php/sbp/article/view/976">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Behavior+and+Personality&rft.atitle=Expectations+of+romantic+relationships%3A+A+comparison+between+homosexual+and+heterosexual+men+with+regard+to+Baxter%27s+criteria&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2224%2Fsbp.1999.27.4.363&rft.aulast=Charlotte&rft.aufirst=Baccman&rft.au=Per+Folkesson&rft.au=Torsten+Norlander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbp-journal.com%2Findex.php%2Fsbp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_Out:_A_Journey-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Coming_Out:_A_Journey_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utahpridecenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=44">"Coming Out: A Journey"</a>. Utahpridecenter.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825202112/http://utahpridecenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=44">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coming+Out%3A+A+Journey&rft.pub=Utahpridecenter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futahpridecenter.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D25%26Itemid%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> In a joint statement with other major American medical organizations, the APA says that "different people realize at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807205013/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/justthefacts.html">"Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel"</a>. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Counseling Association, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, The Interfaith Alliance, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Social Workers, National Education Association. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/justthefacts.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Just+the+Facts+About+Sexual+Orientation+%26+Youth%3A+A+Primer+for+Principals%2C+Educators+and+School+Personnel&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Pediatrics%2C+American+Counseling+Association%2C+American+Association+of+School+Administrators%2C+American+Federation+of+Teachers%2C+American+Psychological+Association%2C+American+School+Health+Association%2C+The+Interfaith+Alliance%2C+National+Association+of+School+Psychologists%2C+National+Association+of+Social+Workers%2C+National+Education+Association&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Flgbc%2Fpublications%2Fjustthefacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrccontinuum-133"><a href="#cite_ref-hrccontinuum_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102101657/http://dev.hrc.org/issues/3333.htm">"The Coming Out Continuum"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.hrc.org/issues/3333.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Campaign&rft.atitle=The+Coming+Out+Continuum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.hrc.org%2Fissues%2F3333.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glbtqouting-134"><a href="#cite_ref-glbtqouting_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann2004" class="citation cs2">Neumann, Caryn E (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609220520/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/outing.html">"Outing"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/outing.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=glbtq.com&rft.atitle=Outing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Caryn+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fouting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biasfreeusage-135"><a href="#cite_ref-biasfreeusage_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggio1991" class="citation cs2">Maggio, Rosalie (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbias00rosa/page/208">The Dictionary of Bias-Free Usage: A Guide to Nondiscriminatory Language</a>, Oryx Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbias00rosa/page/208">208</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89774-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89774-653-8"><bdi>0-89774-653-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Bias-Free+Usage%3A+A+Guide+to+Nondiscriminatory+Language&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-89774-653-8&rft.aulast=Maggio&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofbias00rosa%2Fpage%2F208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statesmanouting-136"><a href="#cite_ref-statesmanouting_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatchell2007" class="citation cs2">Tatchell, Peter (23 April 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2007/04/human-rights-gay-outing-outed">"Outing hypocrites is justified"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090034/http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2007/04/human-rights-gay-outing-outed">archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008, retrieved 4 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Outing+hypocrites+is+justified&rft.date=2007-04-23&rft.aulast=Tatchell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Flife-and-society%2F2007%2F04%2Fhuman-rights-gay-outing-outed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lgbtq.unc.edu/resources/exploring-identities/asexuality-attraction-and-romantic-orientation/">"Asexuality, Attraction, and Romantic Orientation"</a>. LGBTQ Center. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LGBTQ+Center&rft.atitle=Asexuality%2C+Attraction%2C+and+Romantic+Orientation&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flgbtq.unc.edu%2Fresources%2Fexploring-identities%2Fasexuality-attraction-and-romantic-orientation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2022" class="citation web cs1">Team, Gayety (24 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gayety.co/what-does-it-mean-to-be-homoromantic">"What Does It Mean To Be Homoromantic?"</a>. Gayety. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gayety&rft.atitle=What+Does+It+Mean+To+Be+Homoromantic%3F&rft.date=2022-09-24&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Gayety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgayety.co%2Fwhat-does-it-mean-to-be-homoromantic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaceresKondaPechenyChatterjee2006" class="citation journal cs1">Caceres, C.; Konda, K.; Pecheny, M.; Chatterjee, A.; Lyerla, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576725">"Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries"</a>. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (Suppl. III): iii3 – iii9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fsti.2005.019489">10.1136/sti.2005.019489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576725">2576725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16735290">16735290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Infections&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+number+of+men+who+have+sex+with+men+in+low+and+middle+income+countries&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=Suppl.+III&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eiii3+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eiii9%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2576725%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16735290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fsti.2005.019489&rft.aulast=Caceres&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Konda%2C+K.&rft.au=Pecheny%2C+M.&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+A.&rft.au=Lyerla%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2576725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_HIV/AIDS_Alliance_2003-140"><a href="#cite_ref-International_HIV/AIDS_Alliance_2003_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_HIV/AIDS_Alliance2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frontline_AIDS" title="Frontline AIDS">International HIV/AIDS Alliance</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/sw_toolkit/Between_men_full_version.pdf">Between Men: HIV/STI Prevention For Men Who Have Sex With Men</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896761012">896761012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615021020/https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/sw_toolkit/Between_men_full_version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Men%3A+HIV%2FSTI+Prevention+For+Men+Who+Have+Sex+With+Men&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896761012&rft.au=International+HIV%2FAIDS+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhiv%2Ftopics%2Fvct%2Fsw_toolkit%2FBetween_men_full_version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billy1993-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Billy1993_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillyTanferGradyKlepinger1993" class="citation journal cs1">Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH (1993). "The sexual behavior of men in the United States". Family Planning Perspectives. 25 (2): 52–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2136206">10.2307/2136206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2136206">2136206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8491287">8491287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+sexual+behavior+of+men+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8491287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2136206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2136206&rft.aulast=Billy&rft.aufirst=JO&rft.au=Tanfer%2C+K&rft.au=Grady%2C+WR&rft.au=Klepinger%2C+DH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogaert2004-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogaert2004_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert_AF2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaert AF (September 2004). "The prevalence of male homosexuality: the effect of fraternal birth order and variations in family size". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 230 (1): 33–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JThBi.230...33B">2004JThBi.230...33B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2004.04.035">10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15275997">15275997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+of+male+homosexuality%3A+the+effect+of+fraternal+birth+order+and+variations+in+family+size&rft.volume=230&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15275997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2004.04.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JThBi.230...33B&rft.au=Bogaert+AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> Bogaert argues that: "The prevalence of male homosexuality is debated. One widely reported early estimate was 10% (e.g., Marmor, 1980; Voeller, 1990). Some recent data provided support for this estimate (Bagley and Tremblay, 1998), but most recent large national samples suggest that the prevalence of male homosexuality in modern Western societies, including the United States, is lower than this early estimate (e.g., 1–2% in Billy et al., 1993; 2–3% in Laumann et al., 1994; 6% in Sell et al., 1995; 1–3% in Wellings et al., 1994). It is of note, however, that homosexuality is defined in different ways in these studies. For example, some use same-sex behavior and not same-sex attraction as the operational definition of homosexuality (e.g., Billy et al., 1993); many sex researchers (e.g., Bailey et al., 2000; Bogaert, 2003; Money, 1988; Zucker and Bradley, 1995) now emphasize attraction over overt behavior in conceptualizing sexual orientation." (p.33) Also: "...the prevalence of male homosexuality (in particular, same-sex attraction) varies over time and across societies (and hence is a "moving target") in part because of two effects: (1) variations in fertility rate or family size; and (2) the fraternal birth order effect. Thus, even if accurately measured in one country at one time, the rate of male homosexuality is subject to change and is not generalizable over time or across societies." (p.33) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay1989-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Fay1989_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayTurnerKlassenGagnon1989" class="citation journal cs1">Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH (January 1989). "Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men". Science. 243 (4889): 338–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...243..338F">1989Sci...243..338F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2911744">10.1126/science.2911744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911744">2911744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+patterns+of+same-gender+sexual+contact+among+men&rft.volume=243&rft.issue=4889&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E338-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2911744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2911744&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...243..338F&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Turner%2C+CF&rft.au=Klassen%2C+AD&rft.au=Gagnon%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sell1995-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Sell1995_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellWellsWypij1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D (June 1995). "The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (3): 235–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01541598">10.1007/BF01541598</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7611844">7611844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12929812">12929812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+of+homosexual+behavior+and+attraction+in+the+United+States%2C+the+United+Kingdom+and+France%3A+results+of+national+population-based+samples&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12929812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7611844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01541598&rft.aulast=Sell&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Wells%2C+JA&rft.au=Wypij%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SavinWilliams2009-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SavinWilliams2009_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SavinWilliams2009_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope2009" class="citation book cs1">Hope, Debra A, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporarypers0000nebr">Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities</a>. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Vol. 54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-09556-1">10.1007/978-0-387-09556-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09555-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09555-4"><bdi>978-0-387-09555-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Perspectives+on+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+and+Bisexual+Identities&rft.series=Nebraska+Symposium+on+Motivation&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-09556-1&rft.isbn=978-0-387-09555-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporarypers0000nebr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/11/same-sex-couple-households-exceeded-one-million.html">"Key Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Couples Differed"</a>. Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Key+Demographic+and+Economic+Characteristics+of+Same-Sex+and+Opposite-Sex+Couples+Differed&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2022%2F11%2Fsame-sex-couple-households-exceeded-one-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Gates2011" class="citation web cs1">Gary Gates (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721165514/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/how-many-people-are-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender/">"How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law#Sexual_orientation_law" title="UCLA School of Law">The Williams Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/how-many-people-are-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender">the original</a> on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+People+are+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual+and+Transgender%3F&rft.pub=The+Williams+Institute&rft.date=2011-04&rft.au=Gary+Gates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwilliamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu%2Fresearch%2Fcensus-lgbt-demographics-studies%2Fhow-many-people-are-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc.gov-148"><a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_148-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr077.pdf">"Sexual Orientation and Health Among U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2013."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204023729/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr077.pdf">Archived</a> 4 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CDC. 15 July 2014. 15 July 2014. p.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup-149"><a href="#cite_ref-gallup_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesNewport2012" class="citation web cs1">Gates, Gary J.; Newport, Frank (18 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/158066/special-report-adults-identify-lgbt.aspx">"Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902104955/http://www.gallup.com/poll/158066/special-report-adults-identify-lgbt.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Special+Report%3A+3.4%25+of+U.S.+Adults+Identify+as+LGBT&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft.au=Newport%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F158066%2Fspecial-report-adults-identify-lgbt.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gallup-survey-claims-34-percent-in-us-are-lgbt">"Gallup survey claims 3.4 percent in U.S. are LGBT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 18 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119124710/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gallup-survey-claims-34-percent-in-us-are-lgbt/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallup+survey+claims+3.4+percent+in+U.S.+are+LGBT&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgallup-survey-claims-34-percent-in-us-are-lgbt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayson2012" class="citation web cs1">Jayson, Sharon (19 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/18/adults-lesbian-gay-bisexual/1642203">"New survey: 3.4% of U.S. adults are LGBT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705221340/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/18/adults-lesbian-gay-bisexual/1642203/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=New+survey%3A+3.4%25+of+U.S.+adults+are+LGBT&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft.aulast=Jayson&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2012%2F10%2F18%2Fadults-lesbian-gay-bisexual%2F1642203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2018" class="citation web cs1">Newport, Frank (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/234863/estimate-lgbt-population-rises.aspx">"In U.S., Estimate of LGBT Population Rises to 4.5%"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522203115/http://news.gallup.com/poll/234863/estimate-lgbt-population-rises.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=In+U.S.%2C+Estimate+of+LGBT+Population+Rises+to+4.5%25&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F234863%2Festimate-lgbt-population-rises.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-black-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-black_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-black_153-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGatesSandersTaylor2000" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Dan; Gates, Gary; Sanders, Seth; Taylor, Lowell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2648117">"Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systematic Data Sources"</a>. Demography. 37 (2): 139–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2648117">10.2307/2648117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2648117">2648117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10836173">10836173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography&rft.atitle=Demographics+of+the+Gay+and+Lesbian+Population+in+the+United+States%3A+Evidence+from+Available+Systematic+Data+Sources&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10836173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2648117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2648117&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Gates%2C+Gary&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Seth&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2648117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamberg1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lamberg, L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187846">"Gay Is Okay With APA—Forum Honors Landmark 1973 Events"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a>. 280 (6): 497–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.280.6.497">10.1001/jama.280.6.497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9707127">9707127</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503022720/http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187846">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Gay+Is+Okay+With+APA%E2%80%94Forum+Honors+Landmark+1973+Events&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E497-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.280.6.497&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9707127&rft.aulast=Lamberg&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjama.jamanetwork.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D187846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-response-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-response_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-response_155-1">b</a> American Psychological Association: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf">Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615023708/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf">Archived</a> 15 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hivaids/news/news/2011/6/stop-discrimination-against-homosexual-men-and-women">"Stop discrimination against homosexual men and women"</a>. World Health Organisation – Europe. 17 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709194330/http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hivaids/news/news/2011/6/stop-discrimination-against-homosexual-men-and-women">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stop+discrimination+against+homosexual+men+and+women&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation+%E2%80%93+Europe&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2Fen%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fhealth-topics%2Fcommunicable-diseases%2Fhivaids%2Fnews%2Fnews%2F2011%2F6%2Fstop-discrimination-against-homosexual-men-and-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030051630/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=50&FileID=546">"The decision of the World Health Organisation 15 years ago constitutes a historic date and powerful symbol for members of the LGBT community"</a>. ILGA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=50&FileID=546">the original</a> on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+decision+of+the+World+Health+Organisation+15+years+ago+constitutes+a+historic+date+and+powerful+symbol+for+members+of+the+LGBT+community&rft.pub=ILGA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilga.org%2Fnews_results.asp%3FLanguageID%3D1%26FileCategory%3D50%26FileID%3D546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinknewsstigma-158"><a href="#cite_ref-pinknewsstigma_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoffman2006" class="citation cs2">Shoffman, Marc (17 May 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070419234733/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-1496.html">"Homophobic stigma – A community cause"</a>, PinkNews.co.uk, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-1496.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PinkNews.co.uk&rft.atitle=Homophobic+stigma+%E2%80%93+A+community+cause&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft.aulast=Shoffman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2005-1496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> The New York Times: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/08/health/08PSYC.html">Homosexuality Not an Illness, Chinese Say</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722131618/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/08/health/08PSYC.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-textbook-160"><a href="#cite_ref-textbook_160-0">^</a> Cabaj, R; Stein, T. eds. Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health, p.421 </li> <li id="cite_note-intro-161"><a href="#cite_ref-intro_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandfort,_T" class="citation book cs1">Sandfort, T; et al. (eds.). "Chapter 2". Lesbian and Gay Studies: An Introductory, Interdisciplinary Approach.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Lesbian+and+Gay+Studies%3A+An+Introductory%2C+Interdisciplinary+Approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-answers-162"><a href="#cite_ref-answers_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/sorientation.pdf">"Answers to Your Questions: For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality"</a> (PDF). American Psychological Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111050857/http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/sorientation.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Answers+to+Your+Questions%3A+For+a+Better+Understanding+of+Sexual+Orientation+%26+Homosexuality&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Ftopics%2Fsexuality%2Fsorientation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828054600/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/2009-11-17-doma-aff-herek.pdf">"Expert affidavit of Gregory M. Herek, PhD"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/2009-11-17-doma-aff-herek.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expert+affidavit+of+Gregory+M.+Herek%2C+PhD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glad.org%2Fuploads%2Fdocs%2Fcases%2F2009-11-17-doma-aff-herek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-royal2009-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royal2009_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal2009_164-1">b</a> Royal College of Psychiatrists: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/press/pressreleasearchives/2009/statement.aspx">Statement from the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Gay and Lesbian Mental Health Special Interest Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527055029/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/press/pressreleasearchives/2009/statement.aspx">Archived</a> 27 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-aps-165"><a href="#cite_ref-aps_165-0">^</a> Australian Psychological Society: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/orientation/">Sexual orientation and homosexuality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717121843/http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/orientation/">Archived</a> 17 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-apaexgay-166"><a href="#cite_ref-apaexgay_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/policy/ex-gay.pdf">"Statement of the American Psychological Association"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111323/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/policy/ex-gay.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Flgbt%2Fresources%2Fpolicy%2Fex-gay.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_is-167"><a href="#cite_ref-What_is_167-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatry.org/lgbt-sexual-orientation">"LGBT-Sexual Orientation: What is Sexual Orientation?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628094701/http://www.psychiatry.org/lgbt-sexual-orientation">Archived</a> 28 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the official web pages of APA. Accessed 9 April 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation.aspx">"Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts"</a>. apa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422190850/http://www.apa.org/about/policy/sexual-orientation.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apa.org&rft.atitle=Resolution+on+Appropriate+Affirmative+Responses+to+Sexual+Orientation+Distress+and+Change+Efforts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Fpolicy%2Fsexual-orientation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perrin2002-169"><a href="#cite_ref-perrin2002_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin2002" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, E. C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio0000perr">Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Care</a>. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46761-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46761-5"><bdi>0-306-46761-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Orientation+in+Child+and+Adolescent+Health+Care&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-46761-5&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexualorientatio0000perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgunVilain2014" class="citation book cs1">Ngun, TC; Vilain, E (2014). "The Biological Basis of Human Sexual Orientation". Epigenetic Shaping of Sociosexual Interactions - from Plants to Humans. Adv Genet. Vol. 86. pp. 167–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5">10.1016/B978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800222-3"><bdi>978-0-12-800222-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25172350">25172350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Biological+Basis+of+Human+Sexual+Orientation&rft.btitle=Epigenetic+Shaping+of+Sociosexual+Interactions+-+from+Plants+to+Humans&rft.series=Adv+Genet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25172350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800222-3&rft.aulast=Ngun&rft.aufirst=TC&rft.au=Vilain%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Balter, Michael (9 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.350.6257.148">"BEHAVIORAL GENETICS. Can epigenetics explain homosexuality puzzle?"</a>. Science. 350 (6257): 148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.350.6257.148">10.1126/science.350.6257.148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9203">1095-9203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26450189">26450189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=BEHAVIORAL+GENETICS.+Can+epigenetics+explain+homosexuality+puzzle%3F&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=6257&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.issn=1095-9203&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26450189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.350.6257.148&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.350.6257.148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashg.org/press/201510-sexual-orientation.html">"Epigenetic Algorithm Accurately Predicts Male Sexual Orientation | ASHG"</a>. ashg.org. 8 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320154048/http://www.ashg.org/press/201510-sexual-orientation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ashg.org&rft.atitle=Epigenetic+Algorithm+Accurately+Predicts+Male+Sexual+Orientation+%7C+ASHG&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashg.org%2Fpress%2F201510-sexual-orientation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicagotribune-173"><a href="#cite_ref-chicagotribune_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchum2007" class="citation cs2">Mitchum, Robert (12 August 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023155659/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2007/aug/12/news/chi-gaygene_bd12aug12">"Study of gay brothers may find clues about sexuality"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2007/aug/12/news/chi-gaygene_bd12aug12">the original</a> on 23 October 2008, retrieved 4 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Study+of+gay+brothers+may+find+clues+about+sexuality&rft.date=2007-08-12&rft.aulast=Mitchum&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F2007%2Faug%2F12%2Fnews%2Fchi-gaygene_bd12aug12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZietschMorleyShekarVerweij2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zietsch, B; Morley, K; Shekar, S; Verweij, K; Keller, M; Macgregor, S; Wright, M; Bailey, J; Martin, N (2008). "Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals". Evolution and Human Behavior. 29 (6). Elsevier BV: 424–433. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EHumB..29..424Z">2008EHumB..29..424Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-5138">1090-5138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Genetic+factors+predisposing+to+homosexuality+may+increase+mating+success+in+heterosexuals&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E424-%3C%2Fspan%3E433&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1090-5138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EHumB..29..424Z&rft.aulast=Zietsch&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Morley%2C+K&rft.au=Shekar%2C+S&rft.au=Verweij%2C+K&rft.au=Keller%2C+M&rft.au=Macgregor%2C+S&rft.au=Wright%2C+M&rft.au=Bailey%2C+J&rft.au=Martin%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._Barash2012" class="citation news cs1">David P. Barash (19 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Evolutionary-Mystery-of/135762/">"The Evolutionary Mystery of Homosexuality"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113529/http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Evolutionary-Mystery-of/135762/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Evolutionary+Mystery+of+Homosexuality&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.au=David+P.+Barash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Evolutionary-Mystery-of%2F135762%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIemmola,_FrancescaCamperio_Ciani,_Andrea2009" class="citation journal cs1">Iemmola, Francesca; Camperio Ciani, Andrea (2009). "New Evidence of Genetic Factors Influencing Sexual Orientation in Men: Female Fecundity Increase in the Maternal Line". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (3). Springer Netherlands: 393–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9381-6">10.1007/s10508-008-9381-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18561014">18561014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:508800">508800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+of+Genetic+Factors+Influencing+Sexual+Orientation+in+Men%3A+Female+Fecundity+Increase+in+the+Maternal+Line&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A508800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18561014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9381-6&rft.au=Iemmola%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Camperio+Ciani%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpa2006-177"><a href="#cite_ref-cpa2006_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419195945/http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Marriage%20of%20Same-Sex%20Couples%20Position%20Statement%20-%20October%202006%20%281%29.pdf">"Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Marriage%20of%20Same-Sex%20Couples%20Position%20Statement%20-%20October%202006%20(1).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marriage+of+Same-Sex+Couples+%E2%80%93+2006+Position+Statement+Canadian+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa.ca%2Fcpasite%2Fuserfiles%2FDocuments%2FMarriage%2520of%2520Same-Sex%2520Couples%2520Position%2520Statement%2520-%2520October%25202006%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apsp-178"><a href="#cite_ref-apsp_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304014530/http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf">"Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Short%2C+Damien+W.+Riggs%2C+Amaryll+Perlesz%2C+Rhonda+Brown%2C+Graeme+Kane%3A+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual+and+Transgender+%28LGBT%29+Parented+Families+%E2%80%93+A+Literature+Review+prepared+for+The+Australian+Psychological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychology.org.au%2FAssets%2FFiles%2FLGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amici2010-179"><a href="#cite_ref-amici2010_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/10/27/amicus29.pdf">"Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413160709/http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/10/27/amicus29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+of+the+American+Psychological+Association%2C+The+California+Psychological+Association%2C+The+American+Psychiatric+Association%2C+and+the+American+Association+for+Marriage+and+Family+Therapy+as+Amici+Curiae+in+support+of+plaintiff-appellees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ca9.uscourts.gov%2Fdatastore%2Fgeneral%2F2010%2F10%2F27%2Famicus29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pediatrics-180"><a href="#cite_ref-pediatrics_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawelskiPerrinFoy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-1279">"The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children"</a>. Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-1279">10.1542/peds.2006-1279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16818585">16818585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+marriage%2C+civil+union%2C+and+domestic+partnership+laws+on+the+health+and+well-being+of+children&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-1279&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16818585&rft.aulast=Pawelski&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Perrin%2C+EC&rft.au=Foy%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1542%252Fpeds.2006-1279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-herek2006-181"><a href="#cite_ref-herek2006_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerek_GM2006" class="citation journal cs1">Herek GM (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610164736/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/AP_06_pre.PDF">"Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective"</a> (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.61.6.607">10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16953748">16953748</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/AP_06_pre.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Legal+recognition+of+same-sex+relationships+in+the+United+States%3A+a+social+science+perspective&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E607-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.61.6.607&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16953748&rft.au=Herek+GM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychology.ucdavis.edu%2Frainbow%2Fhtml%2FAP_06_pre.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stacey2010-182"><a href="#cite_ref-stacey2010_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiblarzStacey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (2010). "How Does the Gender of Parents Matter". Journal of Marriage and Family. 72: 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-3737.2009.00678.x">10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+Family&rft.atitle=How+Does+the+Gender+of+Parents+Matter&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-3737.2009.00678.x&rft.aulast=Biblarz&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpa2005-183"><a href="#cite_ref-cpa2005_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225547/http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/advocacy/brief.pdf">"Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association"</a> (PDF). 2 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/advocacy/brief.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+presented+to+the+Legislative+House+of+Commons+Committee+on+Bill+C38+by+the+Canadian+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa.ca%2Fcpasite%2Fuserfiles%2FDocuments%2Fadvocacy%2Fbrief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APAreport-184"><a href="#cite_ref-APAreport_184-0">^</a> American Psychological Association <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf">Lesbian & Gay Parenting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221332/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201684-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201684_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201684_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove2016">Bailey et al. 2016</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-ABCNews2-186"><a href="#cite_ref-ABCNews2_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDONALDSON_JAMES2011" class="citation news cs1">DONALDSON JAMES, SUSAN (23 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332">"Census 2010: One-Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children"</a>. United States: ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101191951/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/sex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children/story?id=13850332">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2013. <q>Still, more than 80 percent of the children being raised by gay couples are not adopted, according to Gates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Census+2010%3A+One-Quarter+of+Gay+Couples+Raising+Children&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft.aulast=DONALDSON+JAMES&rft.aufirst=SUSAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FHealth%2Fsex-couples-census-data-trickles-quarter-raising-children%2Fstory%3Fid%3D13850332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201687-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201687_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove201687_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove2016">Bailey et al. 2016</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-188"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonRahman2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Glen; Rahman, Qazi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/borngaypsychobio0000wils_w8m9">Born Gay? The Psychobiology of Sex Orientation</a>. Internet Archive. London : Peter Owen. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1309-4"><bdi>978-0-7206-1309-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL32175341M">32175341M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+Gay%3F+The+Psychobiology+of+Sex+Orientation&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=London+%3A+Peter+Owen&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL32175341M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7206-1309-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Qazi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborngaypsychobio0000wils_w8m9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-msmafrica-189"><a href="#cite_ref-msmafrica_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713125016/http://www.aidsportal.org/News_Details.aspx?ID=5208">"MSM in Africa: highly stigmatized, vulnerable and in need of urgent HIV prevention"</a>. Aidsportal.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aidsportal.org/News_Details.aspx?id=5208&nex=5">the original</a> on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSM+in+Africa%3A+highly+stigmatized%2C+vulnerable+and+in+need+of+urgent+HIV+prevention&rft.pub=Aidsportal.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidsportal.org%2FNews_Details.aspx%3Fid%3D5208%26nex%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNAIDS1-190"><a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS1_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618190907/http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/KeyPopulations/MenSexMen/default.asp">"UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men"</a>. UNAIDS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/KeyPopulations/MenSexMen/default.asp">the original</a> (asp) on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNAIDS%3A+Men+who+have+sex+with+men&rft.pub=UNAIDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2FPolicyAndPractice%2FKeyPopulations%2FMenSexMen%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGHIVINF-191"><a href="#cite_ref-TGHIVINF_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodMario_Ruberte2004" class="citation web cs1">Greenwood, Cseneca; Mario Ruberte (9 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910171338/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/African_American_Transgenders_and_HIV.ppt">"African American Community and HIV (Slide 14 mentions TG women)"</a>. East Bay AIDS Education and Training Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/African_American_Transgenders_and_HIV.ppt">the original</a> (ppt) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+American+Community+and+HIV+%28Slide+14+mentions+TG+women%29&rft.pub=East+Bay+AIDS+Education+and+Training+Center&rft.date=2004-04-09&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Cseneca&rft.au=Mario+Ruberte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fhivandaids%2FAfrican_American_Transgenders_and_HIV.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSTSW-192"><a href="#cite_ref-MSTSW_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOperarioBurtonUnderhillSevelius2008" class="citation journal cs1">Operario D, Burton J, Underhill K, Sevelius J (January 2008). "Men who have sex with transgender women: challenges to category-based HIV prevention". AIDS Behav. 12 (1): 18–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10461-007-9303-y">10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17705095">17705095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31831055">31831055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Behav&rft.atitle=Men+who+have+sex+with+transgender+women%3A+challenges+to+category-based+HIV+prevention&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31831055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17705095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10461-007-9303-y&rft.aulast=Operario&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Burton%2C+J&rft.au=Underhill%2C+K&rft.au=Sevelius%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGMSMNET-193"><a href="#cite_ref-TGMSMNET_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOperarioBurton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Operario D, Burton J (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4915a1.htm">"HIV-related tuberculosis in a transgender network—Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City area, 1998–2000"</a>. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49 (15): 317–20. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10858008">10858008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190220/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4915a1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR+Morb.+Mortal.+Wkly.+Rep.&rft.atitle=HIV-related+tuberculosis+in+a+transgender+network%E2%80%94Baltimore%2C+Maryland%2C+and+New+York+City+area%2C+1998%E2%80%932000&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10858008&rft.aulast=Operario&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Burton%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Fmm4915a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungMeyer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Young RM, Meyer IH (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449332">"The trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse"</a>. Am J Public Health. 95 (7): 1144–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.046714">10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449332">1449332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15961753">15961753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+trouble+with+%22MSM%22+and+%22WSW%22%3A+erasure+of+the+sexual-minority+person+in+public+health+discourse&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1144-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1449332%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15961753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2004.046714&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Meyer%2C+IH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1449332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927063228/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/std-mts/std511_e.html">"STI Epi Update: Oral Contraceptive and Condom Use"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada</a>. 23 April 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/std-mts/std511_e.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STI+Epi+Update%3A+Oral+Contraceptive+and+Condom+Use&rft.pub=Public+Health+Agency+of+Canada&rft.date=1998-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phac-aspc.gc.ca%2Fpublicat%2Fepiu-aepi%2Fstd-mts%2Fstd511_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blood-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Blood_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCber_/_Fda" class="citation web cs1">Cber / Fda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035223/https://www.fda.gov/cber/faq/msmdonor.htm">"FDA Policy on Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/cber/faq/msmdonor.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=FDA+Policy+on+Blood+Donations+from+Men+Who+Have+Sex+with+Other+Men&rft.au=Cber+%2F+Fda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcber%2Ffaq%2Fmsmdonor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mravack-197"><a href="#cite_ref-mravack_197-0">^</a> Mravack, Sally A. (July 2006)."Primary Care for Lesbians and Bisexual Women", American Family Physician 74 (2) pp.279–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Catalyst, Sr. Kitty, Staff of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> City Clinic; "Reading This Might Save Your Ass"; 2001, San Francisco HIV Prevention and STD Prevention and Control. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Men Like Us: The GMHC Complete Guide to Gay Men's Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Well-being; Wolfe, Daniel; Gay Men's Health Crisis, Inc; Published by Ballantine Books, 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-41496-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-41496-9">0-345-41496-9</a>, 9780345414960. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Schlager, Neil, ed. (1998). Gay & Lesbian Almanac. St. James Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55862-358-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55862-358-2">1-55862-358-2</a>, p.152. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer,_Ilan_H.2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Meyer" title="Ilan Meyer">Meyer, Ilan H.</a> (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2072932">"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence"</a>. Psychological Bulletin. 129 (5): 674–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.129.5.674">10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2072932">2072932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12956539">12956539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Prejudice%2C+social+stress%2C+and+mental+health+in+lesbian%2C+gay%2C+and+bisexual+populations%3A+conceptual+issues+and+research+evidence&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E674-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2072932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12956539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.129.5.674&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Ilan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2072932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cums-bgm100207.php">"Black gay men, lesbians, have fewer mental disorders than whites, says Mailman School of PH study"</a>. Eurekalert.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507073023/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cums-bgm100207.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+gay+men%2C+lesbians%2C+have+fewer+mental+disorders+than+whites%2C+says+Mailman+School+of+PH+study&rft.pub=Eurekalert.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2007-10%2Fcums-bgm100207.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhhs-203"><a href="#cite_ref-dhhs_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1989" class="citation cs2">Gibson, P. (1989), "Gay and Lesbian Youth Suicide", in Fenleib, Marcia R. (ed.), Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide, United States Government Printing Office, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-002508-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-002508-7"><bdi>0-16-002508-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Youth+Suicide&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Secretary%27s+Task+Force+on+Youth+Suicide&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-16-002508-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalsamEsther_D._Rothblum2005" class="citation journal cs1">Balsam, Kimberly F.; Esther D. Rothblum (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311233920/http://www.apa.org/journals/features/ccp733477.pdf">"Victimization Over the Life Span: A Comparison of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings"</a> (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (3): 477–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-006x.73.3.477">10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.477</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15982145">15982145</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/journals/features/ccp733477.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consulting+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Victimization+Over+the+Life+Span%3A+A+Comparison+of+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Heterosexual+Siblings&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-006x.73.3.477&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15982145&rft.aulast=Balsam&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+F.&rft.au=Esther+D.+Rothblum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Ffeatures%2Fccp733477.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suicideorg-205"><a href="#cite_ref-suicideorg_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruso" class="citation cs2">Caruso, Kevin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suicide.org/gay-and-lesbian-suicide.html">"Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Suicide"</a>, Suicide.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430000229/http://www.suicide.org/gay-and-lesbian-suicide.html">archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Suicide.org&rft.atitle=Gay%2C+Lesbian%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Transgender+Suicide&rft.aulast=Caruso&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suicide.org%2Fgay-and-lesbian-suicide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Jacque2008" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Jacque (2 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/07/02/trevor.project/index.html">"24-hour help for gay youth"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230213800/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/07/02/trevor.project/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=24-hour+help+for+gay+youth&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Jacque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FSHOWBIZ%2F07%2F02%2Ftrevor.project%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShyamantha2013" class="citation news cs1">Shyamantha, Asokan (11 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211">"India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216040454/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=India%27s+Supreme+Court+turns+the+clock+back+with+gay+sex+ban&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.aulast=Shyamantha&rft.aufirst=Asokan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-verdict-of-section-377-full-text-1912373">"Supreme Court of India scraps ban on homosexuality with its judgment on Section 377"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. 9 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907192214/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-verdict-of-section-377-full-text-1912373">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+of+India+scraps+ban+on+homosexuality+with+its+judgment+on+Section+377.&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fsupreme-court-verdict-of-section-377-full-text-1912373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILGA_2015-209"><a href="#cite_ref-ILGA_2015_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAengus_CarrollLucas_Paoli_Itaborahy2015" class="citation web cs1">Aengus Carroll; Lucas Paoli Itaborahy (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf">"State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love"</a> (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423183404/https://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Trans+and+Intersex+association&rft.atitle=State-Sponsored+Homophobia%3A+A+World+Survey+of+Laws%3A+criminalisation%2C+protection+and+recognition+of+same-sex+love&rft.date=2015-05&rft.au=Aengus+Carroll&rft.au=Lucas+Paoli+Itaborahy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filga.org%2Fdownloads%2F2017%2FILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis-Petersen2019" class="citation news cs1">Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (28 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/28/brunei-brings-in-death-by-stoning-as-punishment-for-gay-sex">"Brunei introduces death by stoning as punishment for gay sex"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314174740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/28/brunei-brings-in-death-by-stoning-as-punishment-for-gay-sex">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Brunei+introduces+death+by+stoning+as+punishment+for+gay+sex&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Ellis-Petersen&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmar%2F28%2Fbrunei-brings-in-death-by-stoning-as-punishment-for-gay-sex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brunei-lgbt-sultan/brunei-says-it-wont-enforce-gay-death-penalty-after-backlash-idUSKCN1SB0FS">"Brunei says it won't enforce gay death penalty after backlash"</a>. Reuters. 6 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814145052/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brunei-lgbt-sultan/brunei-says-it-wont-enforce-gay-death-penalty-after-backlash-idUSKCN1SB0FS">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brunei+says+it+won%27t+enforce+gay+death+penalty+after+backlash&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-brunei-lgbt-sultan%2Fbrunei-says-it-wont-enforce-gay-death-penalty-after-backlash-idUSKCN1SB0FS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendos2019" class="citation book cs1">Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf">State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019</a> (PDF). Geneva: ILGA. p. 359. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222220100/https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Sponsored+Homophobia+2019&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=ILGA&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mendos&rft.aufirst=Lucas+Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filga.org%2Fdownloads%2FILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adjd.gov.ae/sites/Authoring/AR/ELibrary%20Books/E-Library/PDFs/Penal%20Code.pdf">"UAE Penal Code"</a> (PDF). ADJD.gov.ae. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429154519/https://www.adjd.gov.ae/sites/Authoring/AR/ELibrary%20Books/E-Library/PDFs/Penal%20Code.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ADJD.gov.ae&rft.atitle=UAE+Penal+Code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adjd.gov.ae%2Fsites%2FAuthoring%2FAR%2FELibrary%2520Books%2FE-Library%2FPDFs%2FPenal%2520Code.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/">"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death"</a>. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824094144/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+10+countries+where+homosexuality+may+be+punished+by+death&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2Fhere-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soandthelaw-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soandthelaw_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soandthelaw_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovanAmerican_Association_of_Law_Libraries_Standing_Committee_on_Lesbian_and_Gay_Issues2007" class="citation cs2">Donovan, James M; American Association of Law Libraries Standing Committee on Lesbian and Gay Issues (2007), Sexual Orientation and the Law, William S. Hein & Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-0166-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-0166-0"><bdi>978-0-8377-0166-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Orientation+and+the+Law&rft.pub=William+S.+Hein+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8377-0166-0&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=James+M&rft.au=American+Association+of+Law+Libraries+Standing+Committee+on+Lesbian+and+Gay+Issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> § 5:17 </li> <li id="cite_note-clintonexecorder-216"><a href="#cite_ref-clintonexecorder_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041118191439/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1998_register&docid=fr02jn98-135.pdf">"Executive Order 13087 of May 28, 1998"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a>, vol. 63, no. 105, 2 June 1998, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1998_register&docid=fr02jn98-135.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 November 2004, retrieved 7 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Executive+Order+13087+of+May+28%2C+1998&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=105&rft.date=1998-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D1998_register%26docid%3Dfr02jn98-135.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashtonciviletti-217"><a href="#cite_ref-ashtonciviletti_217-0">^</a> Ashton v. Civiletti, 613 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">F.2d</a> 923, 20 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BNA">BNA</a>) 1601, 21 Empl. Prac. Dec. (<a href="/wiki/CCH_(company)" title="CCH (company)">CCH</a>) paragraph 30297 (D.C. Cir. 1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-kellyoakland-218"><a href="#cite_ref-kellyoakland_218-0">^</a> Kelly v. City of Oakland, 198 F.3d 779, 81 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1455, 77 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) paragraph 46281 (9th Cir. 1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-oncalesundowner-219"><a href="#cite_ref-oncalesundowner_219-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oncale_v._Sundowner_Offshore_Services,_Inc." title="Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.">Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_523" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 523">523</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/523/75/">75</a> (1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-pwchopkins-220"><a href="#cite_ref-pwchopkins_220-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Price_Waterhouse_v._Hopkins" title="Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins">Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_490" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 490">490</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/490/228/">228</a> (1989). </li> <li id="cite_note-findlawrenters-221"><a href="#cite_ref-findlawrenters_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210161544/http://realestate.findlaw.com/tenant/tenant-fair-housing/tenant-fair-housing-orientation.html">Renter's Rights Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://realestate.findlaw.com/tenant/tenant-fair-housing/tenant-fair-housing-orientation.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2007, retrieved 7 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renter%27s+Rights+Against+Sexual+Orientation+Discrimination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frealestate.findlaw.com%2Ftenant%2Ftenant-fair-housing%2Ftenant-fair-housing-orientation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adl-222"><a href="#cite_ref-adl_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614124916/http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/state_hate_crime_laws.pdf">"State Hate Crime Laws"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, June 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/state_hate_crime_laws.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=State+Hate+Crime+Laws&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2F99hatecrime%2Fstate_hate_crime_laws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028224353/http://www.hrc.org/13699.htm">"President Barack Obama Signs Hate Crimes Legislation into Law"</a>. HRC. 28 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.org/13699.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Barack+Obama+Signs+Hate+Crimes+Legislation+into+Law&rft.pub=HRC&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.org%2F13699.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union#CHAPTER_III._EQUALITY" class="extiw" title="s:Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalt_Lake_City,_UT2004" class="citation web cs1">Salt Lake City, UT (20 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603123925/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD">"First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage"</a>. Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD">the original</a> on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Presidency+Message+on+Same-Gender+Marriage&rft.pub=Newsroom.lds.org&rft.date=2004-10-20&rft.au=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.lds.org%2Fldsnewsroom%2Fv%2Findex.jsp%3Fvgnextoid%3Da1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMD-226"><a href="#cite_ref-DMD_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownback2004" class="citation web cs1">Brownback, Sam (9 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601155703/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp">"Defining Marriage Down – We need to protect marriage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp">the original</a> on 1 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Defining+Marriage+Down+%E2%80%93+We+need+to+protect+marriage.&rft.date=2004-07-09&rft.aulast=Brownback&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcomment%2Fbrownback200407090921.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world?lang=eng">"The Family: A Proclamation to the World"</a>. Lds.org. 23 September 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603234916/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Family%3A+A+Proclamation+to+the+World&rft.pub=Lds.org&rft.date=1995-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fthe-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world%2Fthe-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove2002" class="citation news cs1">Gove, Michael (24 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080918211024/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/michael_gove/article805241.ece">"I'd like to say this, but it might land me in prison"</a>. The Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/michael_gove/article805241.ece">the original</a> on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=I%27d+like+to+say+this%2C+but+it+might+land+me+in+prison&rft.date=2002-12-24&rft.aulast=Gove&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fmichael_gove%2Farticle805241.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605082143/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/christian-group-likens-tory-candidate-review-to-witch-hunt-1.644299">"Christian group likens Tory candidate review to witch hunt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 28 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/christian-group-likens-tory-candidate-review-to-witch-hunt-1.644299">the original</a> on 5 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christian+group+likens+Tory+candidate+review+to+witch+hunt&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Fchristian-group-likens-tory-candidate-review-to-witch-hunt-1.644299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoldover2007" class="citation news cs1">Moldover, Judith (31 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1193735028038">"Employer's Dilemma: When Religious Expression and Gay Rights Cross"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Law_Journal" title="New York Law Journal">New York Law Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928053154/http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1193735028038">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Employer%27s+Dilemma%3A+When+Religious+Expression+and+Gay+Rights+Cross&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft.aulast=Moldover&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fjsp%2Fihc%2FPubArticleIHC.jsp%3Fid%3D1193735028038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2008" class="citation news cs1">Ritter, Bob (January–February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305210524/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_1_68/ai_n24944645/">"Collision of religious and gay rights in the workplace"</a>. Humanist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_1_68/ai_n24944645">the original</a> on 5 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanist&rft.atitle=Collision+of+religious+and+gay+rights+in+the+workplace&rft.date=2008-01%2F2008-02&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1374%2Fis_1_68%2Fai_n24944645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/6904057.stm">"Bishop loses gay employment case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 18 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930123030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/6904057.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Bishop+loses+gay+employment+case&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fwales%2F6904057.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford2008" class="citation news cs1">Beckford, Martin (5 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2080669/Catholic-adoption-service-stops-over-gay-rights.html">"Catholic adoption service stops over gay rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2080669/Catholic-adoption-service-stops-over-gay-rights.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Catholic+adoption+service+stops+over+gay+rights&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F2080669%2FCatholic-adoption-service-stops-over-gay-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2006" class="citation news cs1">LeBlanc, Steve (10 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/11/catholic_charities_stuns_state_ends_adoptions/">"Catholic Charities to halt adoptions over issue involving gays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212653/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/11/catholic_charities_stuns_state_ends_adoptions/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Catholic+Charities+to+halt+adoptions+over+issue+involving+gays&rft.date=2006-03-10&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2006%2F03%2F11%2Fcatholic_charities_stuns_state_ends_adoptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer2008" class="citation news cs1">Mercer, Greg (24 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.therecord.com/News/CanadaWorld/article/341201">"Christian Horizons rebuked: Employer ordered to compensate fired gay worker, abolish code of conduct"</a>. The Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706173512/http://news.therecord.com/News/CanadaWorld/article/341201">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=Christian+Horizons+rebuked%3A+Employer+ordered+to+compensate+fired+gay+worker%2C+abolish+code+of+conduct&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.therecord.com%2FNews%2FCanadaWorld%2Farticle%2F341201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BannedBoston-236"><a href="#cite_ref-BannedBoston_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2006" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, Maggie (15 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516000949/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/191kgwgh.asp">"Banned in Boston: The coming conflict between same-sex marriage and religious liberty"</a>. Vol. 011, no. 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/191kgwgh.asp">the original</a> on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Banned+in+Boston%3A+The+coming+conflict+between+same-sex+marriage+and+religious+liberty&rft.volume=011&rft.issue=33&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F012%2F191kgwgh.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapuzzo2007" class="citation news cs1">Capuzzo, Jill (14 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/14/nyregion/14civil.html">"Church Group Complains of Civil Union Pressure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630114638/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/14/nyregion/14civil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Church+Group+Complains+of+Civil+Union+Pressure&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft.aulast=Capuzzo&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F14%2Fnyregion%2F14civil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapuzzo2007" class="citation news cs1">Capuzzo, Jill (18 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html">"Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628033942/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Group+Loses+Tax+Break+Over+Gay+Union+Issue&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.aulast=Capuzzo&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F18%2Fnyregion%2F18grove.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2008" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Carrie (15 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193325/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C700226242%2C00.html">"LDS Church expresses disappointment in California gay marriage decision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700226242,00.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=LDS+Church+expresses+disappointment+in+California+gay+marriage+decision&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F1%2C5143%2C700226242%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2007" class="citation news cs1">Chin, James (12 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222949/http://www.netassets.co.za/medical/medical.asp?websiteContentItemID=67274">"The risks in hiding the HIV/AIDS truth"</a>. Business Day. Vol. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netassets.co.za/medical/medical.asp?websiteContentItemID=67274">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Day&rft.atitle=The+risks+in+hiding+the+HIV%2FAIDS+truth&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netassets.co.za%2Fmedical%2Fmedical.asp%3FwebsiteContentItemID%3D67274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215235251/http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/military.aspx">"Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30, 2004, Honolulu, HI"</a>. American Psychological Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/military.aspx">the original</a> on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Psychological+Association%2C+Incorporated%2C+for+the+legislative+year+2004.+Minutes+of+the+meeting+of+the+Council+of+Representatives+July+28+%26+30%2C+2004%2C+Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Fcouncil%2Fpolicy%2Fmilitary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> American Psychological Association: [Report of the APA Joint Divisional Task Force on Sexual Orientation & Military Service] </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/global-lgbt-rights-new-survey-ilga">"Anti-LGBT views still prevail, global survey finds"</a>. The Guardian. 17 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105707/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/global-lgbt-rights-new-survey-ilga">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Anti-LGBT+views+still+prevail%2C+global+survey+finds&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmay%2F17%2Fglobal-lgbt-rights-new-survey-ilga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/social-views-and-morality/">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913212457/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/social-views-and-morality/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Fsocial-views-and-morality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adamczyk-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Adamczyk_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamczyk2017" class="citation book cs1">Adamczyk, Amy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wly8DQAAQBAJ">Cross-National Public Opinion about Homosexuality: Examining Attitudes across the Globe</a>. University of California Press. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520963597" title="Special:BookSources/9780520963597"><bdi>9780520963597</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131506/https://books.google.com/books?id=wly8DQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-National+Public+Opinion+about+Homosexuality%3A+Examining+Attitudes+across+the+Globe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780520963597&rft.aulast=Adamczyk&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwly8DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Hazir (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/ramifications/vol1/iss1/4/">"The Impact of Discrimination Against The LGBTQ Community"</a>. Ramifications. 1 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramifications&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Discrimination+Against+The+LGBTQ+Community.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Hazir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wcupa.edu%2Framifications%2Fvol1%2Fiss1%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakács2006" class="citation web cs1">Takács, Judit (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salto-youth.net/downloads/4-17-948/ReportSocialExclusionIGLYOilga.pdf">"Social exclusion of young lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Europe"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+exclusion+of+young+lesbian%2C+gay%2C+bisexual+and+transgender+%28LGBT%29+people+in+Europe.&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Tak%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Judit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salto-youth.net%2Fdownloads%2F4-17-948%2FReportSocialExclusionIGLYOilga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/history">"A brief history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social movements"</a>. www.apa.org. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.apa.org&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+lesbian%2C+gay%2C+bisexual%2C+and+transgender+social+movements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Ftopics%2Flgbtq%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/discrimination/lgbti-rights/">"Love is a human right"</a>. Amnesty International. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Love+is+a+human+right&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fdiscrimination%2Flgbti-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swiftjournals.org/sjssh/pdf/2019/march/Kameel4.pdf">"Ahmady, Kameel. The Narrative of Lesbian Gays and Bisexual in Iran and the Chronic Closet, Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5(1) pp. 01–022 March 2019"</a> (PDF). Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swift+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=Ahmady%2C+Kameel.+The+Narrative+of+Lesbian+Gays+and+Bisexual+in+Iran+and+the+Chronic+Closet%2C+Swift+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities%2C+Vol+5%281%29+pp.+01%E2%80%93022+March+2019.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swiftjournals.org%2Fsjssh%2Fpdf%2F2019%2Fmarch%2FKameel4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ahmady, Kameel Et al 2018: Forbidden Tale (A comprehensive study on lesbian, gay, bisexuals (LGB) in Iran). Mehri Publishing, London-UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmady%2C+Kameel+Et+al+2018%3A+Forbidden+Tale+%28A+comprehensive+study+on+lesbian%2C+gay%2C+bisexuals+%28LGB%29+in+Iran%29.+Mehri+Publishing%2C+London-UK.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKameel_Ahmady2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kameel Ahmady (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/agsjournal/vol4/iss1/2">"Migration and Gender for Iranian LGBT"</a>. The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development. 4 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2429-2133">2429-2133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+International+Relations%2C+Peace+Studies%2C+and+Development&rft.atitle=Migration+and+Gender+for+Iranian+LGBT&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.issn=2429-2133&rft.au=Kameel+Ahmady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.arcadia.edu%2Fagsjournal%2Fvol4%2Fiss1%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmady2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmady, Kameel (3 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianlawjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/2279">"CULTURAL PATHOLOGY OF MALE CIRCUMCISION IN IRAN: FOCUSING ON CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO THE BODY"</a>. Russian Law Journal. 11 (12s). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2313-7851">2313-7851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=CULTURAL+PATHOLOGY+OF+MALE+CIRCUMCISION+IN+IRAN%3A+FOCUSING+ON+CHILDREN%27S+RIGHTS+AND+THE+RIGHT+TO+THE+BODY&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12s&rft.date=2023-06-03&rft.issn=2313-7851&rft.aulast=Ahmady&rft.aufirst=Kameel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianlawjournal.org%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmady2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Ahmady, Kameel</a> (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jou.spsiran.ir/article_158346.html">"LGBT in Iran, Citizens with no rights? A Comprehensive Study on LGBT in Iran: Anaiysing current law, discussing legal rights of LGBT's and way forward"</a>. Political Sociology of Iran (in Persian). 1 (3): 253–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30510%2Fpsi.2022.352097.3746">10.30510/psi.2022.352097.3746</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2676-6663">2676-6663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Sociology+of+Iran&rft.atitle=LGBT+in+Iran%2C+Citizens+with+no+rights%3F+A+Comprehensive+Study+on+LGBT+in+Iran%3A+Anaiysing+current+law%2C+discussing+legal+rights+of+LGBT%27s+and+way+forward&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30510%2Fpsi.2022.352097.3746&rft.issn=2676-6663&rft.aulast=Ahmady&rft.aufirst=Kameel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjou.spsiran.ir%2Farticle_158346.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranwire.com/fa/features/33241/">""The situation of gays in Iran" [The situation of LGBTQ in Iran.]"</a> (in Persian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+situation+of+gays+in+Iran%22+%5BThe+situation+of+LGBTQ+in+Iran.%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanwire.com%2Ffa%2Ffeatures%2F33241%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmady2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmady, Kameel (11 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lampyridjournal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/192">"Investigating the Dynamics of the Iranian LGBT Community from Legal and Religious Perspectives"</a>. Lampyrid: The Journal of Bioluminescent Beetle Research. 13: 846–869. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-4900">2041-4900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lampyrid%3A+The+Journal+of+Bioluminescent+Beetle+Research&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+Dynamics+of+the+Iranian+LGBT+Community+from+Legal+and+Religious+Perspectives&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E846-%3C%2Fspan%3E869&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft.issn=2041-4900&rft.aulast=Ahmady&rft.aufirst=Kameel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flampyridjournal.com%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmady2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmady, Kameel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/10978">"LGBT IN IRAN: THE HOMOPHOBIC LAWS AND SOCIAL SYSTEM IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN"</a>. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology. 18 (18): 1446–1464. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1567-214X">1567-214X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PalArch%27s+Journal+of+Archaeology+of+Egypt+%2F+Egyptology&rft.atitle=LGBT+IN+IRAN%3A+THE+HOMOPHOBIC+LAWS+AND+SOCIAL+SYSTEM+IN+ISLAMIC+REPUBLIC+OF+IRAN&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1446-%3C%2Fspan%3E1464&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1567-214X&rft.aulast=Ahmady&rft.aufirst=Kameel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.palarch.nl%2Findex.php%2Fjae%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Ahmady, Kameel. Narratives and minority: Stories from lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals in Iran: And an overview on the prevalence of LGB groups, Paper presented at the 2th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences Hosted by The Polytechnic of Guarda PORTUGAL, pp. 543–557, August 27 – 28, 2022". 2th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2th+International+Conferences+on+Economics+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ahmady%2C+Kameel.+Narratives+and+minority%3A+Stories+from+lesbian%2C+gay+and+bisexual+individuals+in+Iran%3A+And+an+overview+on+the+prevalence+of+LGB+groups%2C+Paper+presented+at+the+2th+International+Conferences+on+Economics+and+Social+Sciences+Hosted+by+The+Polytechnic+of+Guarda+PORTUGAL%2C+pp.+543%E2%80%93557%2C+August+27+%E2%80%93+28%2C+2022.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tausch_2024-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tausch_2024_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tausch_2024_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tausch_2024_259-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tausch_2024_259-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tausch_2024_259-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2025" class="citation book cs1">Tausch, Arno (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-66202-7">Homonegativity and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism</a>. SpringerBriefs in Political Science. Springer International. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-66202-7">10.1007/978-3-031-66202-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-66201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-66201-0"><bdi>978-3-031-66201-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homonegativity+and+Religiously+Motivated+Political+Extremism&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+Political+Science&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-66202-7&rft.isbn=978-3-031-66201-0&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-66202-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a> This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license. </li> <li id="cite_note-OPCtrial-260"><a href="#cite_ref-OPCtrial_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723194409/http://www.upper-register.com/irons_trial/charges.pdf">"Charge #1 and specifications preferred by the Presbytery of Southern California against The Rev. C. Lee Irons"</a> (PDF). Presbytery of Southern California of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Presbyterian_Church" title="Orthodox Presbyterian Church">Orthodox Presbyterian Church</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upper-register.com/irons_trial/charges.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008. <q>claiming that homosexuality is an unchosen "condition," rather than a sin of the heart, ... contradicts the teaching of Scripture that both the desire and the act are sin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charge+%231+and+specifications+preferred+by+the+Presbytery+of+Southern+California+against+The+Rev.+C.+Lee+Irons&rft.pub=Presbytery+of+Southern+California+of+the+Orthodox+Presbyterian+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upper-register.com%2Firons_trial%2Fcharges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Sex and Society – Volume 3 – Page 824 </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice – Page 543, Michael D. Palmer, Stanley M. Burgess – 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabezón1992vii-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabezón1992vii_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCabezón1992">Cabezón 1992</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414144851/http://www.nmha.org/go/information/get-info/children-s-mental-health/bullying-and-gay-youth">"Mental Health American, Bullying and Gay Youth"</a>. "Mental Health America" formerly National Mental Health Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmha.org/go/information/get-info/children-s-mental-health/bullying-and-gay-youth">the original</a> on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mental+Health+American%2C+Bullying+and+Gay+Youth&rft.pub=%22Mental+Health+America%22+formerly+National+Mental+Health+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmha.org%2Fgo%2Finformation%2Fget-info%2Fchildren-s-mental-health%2Fbullying-and-gay-youth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201212113/http://community.expatica.com/forums/topic/2993/half-of-young-dutch-people-reject-homosexuality">"Half of young Dutch people reject homosexuality"</a>. Expatica/COC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.expatica.com/forums/topic/2993/half-of-young-dutch-people-reject-homosexuality">the original</a> on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Half+of+young+Dutch+people+reject+homosexuality&rft.pub=Expatica%2FCOC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.expatica.com%2Fforums%2Ftopic%2F2993%2Fhalf-of-young-dutch-people-reject-homosexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genderandhealth.ca/en/modules/sexandsexuality/gss-homophobia-02.jsp">"Riddle Homophobia Scale"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427192627/http://www.genderandhealth.ca/en/modules/sexandsexuality/gss-homophobia-02.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riddle+Homophobia+Scale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genderandhealth.ca%2Fen%2Fmodules%2Fsexandsexuality%2Fgss-homophobia-02.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamb-267"><a href="#cite_ref-lamb_267-0">^</a> Michael Lamb, PhD: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf">Affidavit – United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2009)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225193923/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf">Archived</a> 25 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-herekm-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herekm_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herekm_268-1">b</a> Gregory M. Herek, PhD: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/facts_molestation.html">Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419022239/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/facts_molestation.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> American Psychological Association: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf">Lesbian & Gay Parenting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221332/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbicrime-270"><a href="#cite_ref-fbicrime_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/narratives/victims">"Victims"</a>, <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708091754/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/narratives/victims">archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2016, retrieved 26 July 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FBI&rft.atitle=Victims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fcjis%2Fucr%2Fhate-crime%2F2011%2Fnarratives%2Fvictims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/honor-killings-target-turkeys-lgbt-community/">"'Honor killings' target Turkey's LGBT community"</a>. CBS News. 12 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213215545/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/honor-killings-target-turkeys-lgbt-community/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Honor+killings%27+target+Turkey%27s+LGBT+community&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhonor-killings-target-turkeys-lgbt-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Piero_Russo2011" class="citation web cs1">Di Piero Russo (5 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/08/05/news/sei_il_disonore_della_famiglia-20061452/">"Sei il disonore della famiglia" e accoltella il fratello gay"</a>. bari.repubblica.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224192322/http://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/08/05/news/sei_il_disonore_della_famiglia-20061452/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sei+il+disonore+della+famiglia%22+e+accoltella+il+fratello+gay&rft.pub=bari.repubblica.it&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft.au=Di+Piero+Russo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbari.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2011%2F08%2F05%2Fnews%2Fsei_il_disonore_della_famiglia-20061452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/father-confesses-to-killing-his-own-son-in-landmark-homosexual-murder-case.aspx?PageID=238&NID=47579&NewsCatID=341">"Father confesses to killing his own son in landmark homosexual murder case"</a>. hurriyetdailynews.com. 25 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019185457/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/father-confesses-to-killing-his-own-son-in-landmark-homosexual-murder-case.aspx?PageID=238&NID=47579&NewsCatID=341">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Father+confesses+to+killing+his+own+son+in+landmark+homosexual+murder+case&rft.pub=hurriyetdailynews.com&rft.date=2013-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Ffather-confesses-to-killing-his-own-son-in-landmark-homosexual-murder-case.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D47579%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.dk/samling/20161/almdel/uui/bilag/148/1735024.pdf">"Morocco Situation of LGBT Persons"</a> (PDF). Danish Immigration Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821132917/https://www.ft.dk/samling/20161/almdel/uui/bilag/148/1735024.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco+Situation+of+LGBT+Persons&rft.pub=Danish+Immigration+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.dk%2Fsamling%2F20161%2Falmdel%2Fuui%2Fbilag%2F148%2F1735024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Love_That_Dare_Not_Squeak-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Love_That_Dare_Not_Squeak_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Dinitia (7 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1EF83A5F0C748CDDAB0894DC404482">"Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129081419/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1EF83A5F0C748CDDAB0894DC404482">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Love+That+Dare+Not+Squeak+Its+Name&rft.date=2004-02-07&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dinitia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFA0C1EF83A5F0C748CDDAB0894DC404482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Dennis (10 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713004634/http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2007-04-10-3">"'Catalogue of Life' reaches one million species"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Water_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research">National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2007-04-10-3">the original</a> on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Catalogue+of+Life%27+reaches+one+million+species&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Water+and+Atmospheric+Research&rft.date=2007-04-10&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niwascience.co.nz%2Fpubs%2Fmr%2Farchive%2F2007-04-10-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729131204/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html">"Gay Lib for the Animals: A New Look At Homosexuality in Nature – 2/1/1999 – Publishers Weekly"</a>. Publishersweekly.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gay+Lib+for+the+Animals%3A+A+New+Look+At+Homosexuality+in+Nature+%E2%80%93+2%2F1%2F1999+%E2%80%93+Publishers+Weekly&rft.pub=Publishersweekly.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fprint%2F19990201%2F26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_et_al.-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_et_al._278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyZuk2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, N. W.; Zuk, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~mzuk/Bailey%20and%20Zuk%202009%20Same%20sex%20behaviour.pdf">"Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution"</a> (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009TEcoE..24..439B">2009TEcoE..24..439B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.03.014">10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19539396">19539396</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514185847/http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~mzuk/Bailey%20and%20Zuk%202009%20Same%20sex%20behaviour.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Same-sex+sexual+behavior+and+evolution&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19539396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.03.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009TEcoE..24..439B&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=N.+W.&rft.au=Zuk%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faculty.ucr.edu%2F~mzuk%2FBailey%2520and%2520Zuk%25202009%2520Same%2520sex%2520behaviour.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20231003-279"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20231003_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez,_José_M.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gómez, José M.; et al. (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10547684">"The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 14 (5719): 5719. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCo..14.5719G">2023NatCo..14.5719G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x">10.1038/s41467-023-41290-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10547684">10547684</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37788987">37788987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+same-sex+sexual+behaviour+in+mammals&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5719&rft.pages=5719&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10547684%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37788987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatCo..14.5719G&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10547684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20231003cz-280"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20231003cz_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004011315/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/03/science/same-sex-behavior-evolution-mammals.html#permid=128206761">"Same-Sex Behavior Evolved in Many Mammals to Reduce Conflict, Study Suggests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Same-Sex+Behavior+Evolved+in+Many+Mammals+to+Reduce+Conflict%2C+Study+Suggests&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=Same-Sex+Behavior+Evolved+in+Many+Mammals+to+Reduce+Conflict%2C+Study+Suggests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <dl><dt>1980s</dt></dl> <ul><li>Adam, Barry (1987). The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement, G. K. Hall & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-9714-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-9714-9">0-8057-9714-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1980" class="citation cs2">Boswell, John (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitysoci00john">Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century</a>, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06711-7"><bdi>978-0-226-06711-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Social+Tolerance%2C+and+Homosexuality%3A+Gay+People+in+Western+Europe+from+the+Beginning+of+the+Christian+Era+to+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06711-7&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianitysoci00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dover, Kenneth J., Greek Homosexuality, Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36261-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36261-6">0-674-36261-6</a> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36270-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36270-5">0-674-36270-5</a> (paperback)</li> <li>d'Emilio, John Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14265-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14265-5">0-226-14265-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault, Michel</a> (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsexuali03fouc">The History of Sexuality</a>, Pantheon Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-41775-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-41775-5"><bdi>0-394-41775-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-394-41775-5&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsexuali03fouc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Roth, Norman. The care and feeding of gazelles: Medieval Arabic and Hebrew love poetry. IN: Lazar & Lacy. Poetics of Love in the Middle Ages, George Mason University Press 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913969-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-913969-25-7">0-913969-25-7</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1990s</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagemihl1999" class="citation cs2">Bagemihl, Bruce (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CbRGV8AAIQC">Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity</a>, St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19239-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19239-8"><bdi>0-312-19239-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213215855/https://books.google.com/books?id=5CbRGV8AAIQC">archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Exuberance%3A+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-312-19239-8&rft.aulast=Bagemihl&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CbRGV8AAIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bérubé, Allan, Coming out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two, New York: MacMillan 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-903100-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-903100-1">0-02-903100-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Lester_B.1997" class="citation cs2">Brown, Lester B. (1997), Lester B. Brown (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnQBETJsvEC">Two spirit people: American Indian, lesbian women and gay men</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0003-3"><bdi>978-0-7890-0003-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906160618/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnQBETJsvEC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+spirit+people%3A+American+Indian%2C+lesbian+women+and+gay+men&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-0003-3&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lester+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwnQBETJsvEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulloughBrundage2000" class="citation cs2">Bullough, Vern L.; Brundage, James A. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PgSI1gvKhtAC">Handbook of medieval sexuality</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3662-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3662-4"><bdi>978-0-8153-3662-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906170302/https://books.google.com/books?id=PgSI1gvKhtAC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+medieval+sexuality&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3662-4&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Vern+L.&rft.au=Brundage%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPgSI1gvKhtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauncey,_George1995" class="citation cs2">Chauncey, George (1995), <a href="/wiki/Gay_New_York:_Gender,_Urban_Culture,_and_the_Making_of_the_Gay_Male_World,_1890%E2%80%931940" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940">Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940</a> (reprint, illustrated ed.), <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02621-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02621-0"><bdi>978-0-465-02621-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+New+York%3A+Gender%2C+Urban+Culture%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+Gay+Male+World%2C+1890%E2%80%931940&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02621-0&rft.au=Chauncey%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabezón1992" class="citation book cs1">Cabezón, José Ignacio (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyI_SSNXaVsC&pg=PAvii">Buddhism, sexuality, and gender</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0758-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-0758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%2C+sexuality%2C+and+gender&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0758-5&rft.aulast=Cabez%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIyI_SSNXaVsC%26pg%3DPAvii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDynesJohanssonPercyDonaldson1990" class="citation cs2">Dynes, Wayne R.; Johansson, Warren; Percy, William A.; Donaldson, Stephen (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYyGAAAAIAAJ">Encyclopedia of homosexuality (2 Volumes)</a>, Garland Pub., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6544-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6544-7"><bdi>978-0-8240-6544-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906170020/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYyGAAAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+homosexuality+%282+Volumes%29&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-6544-7&rft.aulast=Dynes&rft.aufirst=Wayne+R.&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Warren&rft.au=Percy%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Donaldson%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYyGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman,_Lillian1993" class="citation cs2">Faderman, Lillian (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44i96GWYxSQC">Odd girls and twilight lovers: a history of lesbian life in twentieth-century America</a> (4 ed.), Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07488-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07488-9"><bdi>978-0-231-07488-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906172343/https://books.google.com/books?id=44i96GWYxSQC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+girls+and+twilight+lovers%3A+a+history+of+lesbian+life+in+twentieth-century+America&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07488-9&rft.au=Faderman%2C+Lillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44i96GWYxSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hinsch, Bret, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China, The University of California Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06720-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06720-7">0-520-06720-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson,_WarrenWilliam_A._Percy1994" class="citation cs2">Johansson, Warren; William A. Percy (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ903C-dkMC">Outing: shattering the conspiracy of silence</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-419-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-419-6"><bdi>978-1-56024-419-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906171809/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ903C-dkMC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outing%3A+shattering+the+conspiracy+of+silence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56024-419-6&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Warren&rft.au=William+A.+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lZ903C-dkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael,_Robert_T.1994" class="citation cs2">Michael, Robert T. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkjmGwAACAAJ">Sex in America: a definitive survey</a>, Little, Brown, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-91191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-91191-7"><bdi>978-0-316-91191-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906154114/https://books.google.com/books?id=PkjmGwAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+in+America%3A+a+definitive+survey&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-316-91191-7&rft.au=Michael%2C+Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkjmGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercy,_William_Armstrong1998" class="citation cs2">Percy, William Armstrong (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TCvoj1efp8UC">Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece</a>, University of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06740-2"><bdi>978-0-252-06740-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906164628/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCvoj1efp8UC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pederasty+and+Pedagogy+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06740-2&rft.au=Percy%2C+William+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTCvoj1efp8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos,_Juanita1987" class="citation cs2">Ramos, Juanita (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElVnAAAAMAAJ">Compañeras: Latina lesbians (an anthology)</a>, Latina Lesbian History Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906171539/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElVnAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compa%C3%B1eras%3A+Latina+lesbians+%28an+anthology%29&rft.pub=Latina+Lesbian+History+Project&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Ramos%2C+Juanita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElVnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rousseau, George, Perilous Enlightenment: Pre- and Post-Modern Discourses—Sexual, Historical, Manchester University Press 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3301-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3301-2">0-7190-3301-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt,_ArnoJehoeda_Sofer1992" class="citation cs2">Schmitt, Arno; Jehoeda Sofer (1992), Arno Schmitt; Jehoeda Sofer (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC">Sexuality and eroticism among males in Moslem societies</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-047-1"><bdi>978-1-56024-047-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906160228/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+and+eroticism+among+males+in+Moslem+societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56024-047-1&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Arno&rft.au=Jehoeda+Sofer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKw_BVSVmNsUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry,_Jennifer1999" class="citation cs2">Terry, Jennifer (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pGoWWLfhEC">An American obsession: science, medicine, and homosexuality in modern society</a>, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79367-2"><bdi>978-0-226-79367-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150659/https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pGoWWLfhEC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+obsession%3A+science%2C+medicine%2C+and+homosexuality+in+modern+society&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-79367-2&rft.au=Terry%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6pGoWWLfhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>2000s</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinSchaffner2005" class="citation cs2">Bernstein, Elizabeth; Schaffner, Laurie (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQzW5I2RGNcC">Regulating sex: the politics of intimacy and identity</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94869-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94869-2"><bdi>978-0-415-94869-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150656/https://books.google.com/books?id=YQzW5I2RGNcC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+sex%3A+the+politics+of+intimacy+and+identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94869-2&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Schaffner%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQzW5I2RGNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullough,_Vern_L.2002" class="citation cs2">Bullough, Vern L. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7x_VnES2esC">Before Stonewall: activists for gay and lesbian rights in historical context</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-193-6"><bdi>978-1-56023-193-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130210716/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7x_VnES2esC">archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Stonewall%3A+activists+for+gay+and+lesbian+rights+in+historical+context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56023-193-6&rft.au=Bullough%2C+Vern+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7x_VnES2esC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_James2007" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, James (2007). The Greeks And Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81997-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81997-4"><bdi>978-0-297-81997-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+And+Greek+Love%3A+A+Radical+Reappraisal+of+Homosexuality+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81997-4&rft.au=Davidson%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther2009" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, Scott Eric (2009). The Elastic Closet, A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942-present. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59510-1"><bdi>978-0-230-59510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elastic+Closet%2C+A+History+of+Homosexuality+in+France%2C+1942-present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59510-1&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=Scott+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_David_K.2004" class="citation cs2">Johnson, David K. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FM_hkMdxpIC">The lavender scare: the Cold War persecution of gays and lesbians in the federal government</a>, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40481-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40481-3"><bdi>978-0-226-40481-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906163301/https://books.google.com/books?id=_FM_hkMdxpIC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lavender+scare%3A+the+Cold+War+persecution+of+gays+and+lesbians+in+the+federal+government&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40481-3&rft.au=Johnson%2C+David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FM_hkMdxpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_JoAnne2003" class="citation cs2">Myers, JoAnne (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzYbAAAAYAAJ">Historical dictionary of the lesbian liberation movement: still the rage</a>, Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4506-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4506-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-4506-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906145121/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzYbAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+lesbian+liberation+movement%3A+still+the+rage&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4506-0&rft.au=Myers%2C+JoAnne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzYbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanita,_Ruth2002" class="citation cs2">Vanita, Ruth (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9rrucxQbmEC">Queering India: same-sex love and eroticism in Indian culture and society</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92950-9"><bdi>978-0-415-92950-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150133/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9rrucxQbmEC">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 16 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queering+India%3A+same-sex+love+and+eroticism+in+Indian+culture+and+society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92950-9&rft.au=Vanita%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9rrucxQbmEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagleyTremblay1998" class="citation cs2">Bagley, Christopher; Tremblay, Pierre (1998), "On the Prevalence of Homosexuality and Bisexuality, in a Random Community Survey of 750 Men Aged 18 to 27", Journal of Homosexuality, 36 (2), New York: Haworth Press: 1–18, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj082v36n02_01">10.1300/j082v36n02_01</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-8369">0091-8369</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/91129391">91129391</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9736328">9736328</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=On+the+Prevalence+of+Homosexuality+and+Bisexuality%2C+in+a+Random+Community+Survey+of+750+Men+Aged+18+to+27&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F91129391&rft.issn=0091-8369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9736328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj082v36n02_01&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Tremblay%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewNorton1974" class="citation cs2">Crew, Louie; Norton, Rictor (November 1974), "The Homophobic Imagination", College English, 36 (3): 272–290, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F374839">10.2307/374839</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-0994">0010-0994</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/374839">374839</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/427092211">427092211</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=The+Homophobic+Imagination&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=1974-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F427092211&rft.issn=0010-0994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F374839%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F374839&rft.aulast=Crew&rft.aufirst=Louie&rft.au=Norton%2C+Rictor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIemmolaCiani2009" class="citation cs2">Iemmola, Francesca; Ciani, Andrea Camperio (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9381-6">"New Evidence of Genetic Factors Influencing Sexual Orientation in Men: Female Fecundity Increase in the Maternal Line"</a> (Article), Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38 (3), Springer: 393–399, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9381-6">10.1007/s10508-008-9381-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/360232526">360232526</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18561014">18561014</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:508800">508800</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+of+Genetic+Factors+Influencing+Sexual+Orientation+in+Men%3A+Female+Fecundity+Increase+in+the+Maternal+Line&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A508800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9381-6&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F360232526&rft.issn=0004-0002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18561014&rft.aulast=Iemmola&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft.au=Ciani%2C+Andrea+Camperio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10508-008-9381-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeVay1991" class="citation cs2">LeVay, Simon (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/253/5023/1034">"A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men."</a>, Science, 253 (5023): 1034–1037, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Sci...253.1034L">1991Sci...253.1034L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1887219">10.1126/science.1887219</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/121655996">121655996</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1887219">1887219</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1674111">1674111</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210022615/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/253/5023/1034">archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2009, retrieved 26 September 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+difference+in+hypothalamic+structure+between+heterosexual+and+homosexual+men.&rft.volume=253&rft.issue=5023&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1034-%3C%2Fspan%3E1037&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1674111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Sci...253.1034L&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F121655996&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1887219&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1887219&rft.aulast=LeVay&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F253%2F5023%2F1034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConaghyHadzi-PavlovicStevensManicavasagar2006" class="citation cs2">McConaghy, N; Hadzi-Pavlovic, D; Stevens, C; Manicavasagar, V; Keller, M; MacGregor, S; Wright, M; Bailey, J; et al. (2006), "Fraternal Birth Order and Ratio of Heterosexual/Homosexual Feelings in Women and Men", Journal of Homosexuality, 51 (4): 161–174, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ082v51n04_09">10.1300/J082v51n04_09</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-8369">0091-8369</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/202629885">202629885</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17135133">17135133</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24828176">24828176</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Fraternal+Birth+Order+and+Ratio+of+Heterosexual%2FHomosexual+Feelings+in+Women+and+Men&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24828176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ082v51n04_09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F202629885&rft.issn=0091-8369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17135133&rft.aulast=McConaghy&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Hadzi-Pavlovic%2C+D&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C&rft.au=Manicavasagar%2C+V&rft.au=Keller%2C+M&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+S&rft.au=Wright%2C+M&rft.au=Bailey%2C+J&rft.au=Martin%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_articles">Online articles</h3></div> <ul><li>Burr, Chandler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199706/homosexuality-biology/">Homosexuality and biology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516011900/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199706/homosexuality-biology">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Atlantic, June 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1072-7825">1072-7825</a>. An overview of recent research in layman's language.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/55169.stm">BBC News (Feb 1998)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219052528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/55169.stm">Archived</a> 19 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Fingerprints Study</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/325979.stm">BBC News (Apr 1999)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207094555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/325979.stm">Archived</a> 7 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Doubt cast on 'gay gene'</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/news/20000329/pointing-finger-androgen-cause-homosexuality">"Pointing the Finger at Androgen as a Cause of Homosexuality"</a>. WebMD. March 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190108/http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/news/20000329/pointing-finger-androgen-cause-homosexuality">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Pointing+the+Finger+at+Androgen+as+a+Cause+of+Homosexuality&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fsex-relationships%2Fnews%2F20000329%2Fpointing-finger-androgen-cause-homosexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomosexuality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3735668.stm">BBC News (Oct 2004)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060704142807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3735668.stm">Archived</a> 4 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Genetics of homosexuality</li> <li>James Davidson, <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, 2 June 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n11/davi02_.html">"Mr and Mr and Mrs and Mrs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051012111141/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n11/davi02_.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—detailed review of The Friend, by Alan Bray, a history of same-sex marriage and other same-sex formal bonds</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Homosexuality at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homosexuality" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Homosexuality">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" class="extiw" title="c:Homosexuality">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homosexuality" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Homosexuality">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Homosexuality" class="extiw" title="q:Homosexuality">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homosexuality" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Homosexuality">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homosexuality" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Homosexuality">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homosexuality" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Homosexuality">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Homosexuality</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_topics806" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_topics806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">LGBTQ topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Academic_fields_*_Discourse806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Academic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity2422" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations625" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ" title="Category:LGBTQ">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_and_sexual_identities174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template talk:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_and_sexual_identities174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual</a> identities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Genders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_of_center" title="Masculine of center">Masculine of center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third genders</a> and sexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apwint" title="Apwint">Apwint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binabinaaine" title="Binabinaaine">Binabinaaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bugis genders</a> <ul><li>Bissu</li> <li>Calabai</li> <li>Calalai</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibados" title="Chibados">Chibados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enaree" title="Enaree">Enaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">Fa'afafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakafifine" title="Fakafifine">Fakafifine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCevedoce" title="Güevedoce">Güevedoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">Lhamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannathun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhannathun">Mukhannathun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">Nádleehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullo_(body_modification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullo (body modification)">Nullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palopa" title="Palopa">Palopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipiniq" title="Sipiniq">Sipiniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakasalewalewa" title="Vakasalewalewa">Vakasalewalewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Alternative labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">Asociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">Homosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achillean" title="Achillean">Achillean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analloeroticism" title="Analloeroticism">Analloeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">Sapphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6636#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1665" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6636#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1665" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6636#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025798-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061780">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320348">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320348">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561719">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120792&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527460">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000011577">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563215005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565318805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640863">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/livata">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&oldid=1275863122">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&oldid=1275863122</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Homosexuality" title="Category:Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_studies" title="Category:LGBTQ studies">LGBTQ studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">Love</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychiatric_false_diagnosis" title="Category:Psychiatric false diagnosis">Psychiatric false diagnosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_neologisms" title="Category:1860s neologisms">1860s neologisms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)">CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_imported_Creative_Commons_Attribution_4.0_text" title="Category:Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 text">Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_January_2025" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from January 2025">Vague or ambiguous time from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2018">Articles needing additional references from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2012" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2012">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 14:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Homosexuality</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 155 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-b9lck","wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.628","walltime":"4.018","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24831,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":828576,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27313,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":67,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1136379,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3476.252 1 -total"," 48.39% 1682.253 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.95% 519.800 89 Template:Cite_web"," 8.87% 308.224 50 Template:Cite_book"," 8.09% 281.312 46 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.08% 211.313 34 Template:Cite_news"," 6.05% 210.307 40 Template:Citation"," 5.09% 176.878 5 Template:Sfn"," 4.87% 169.311 15 Template:Fix"," 4.55% 158.331 12 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.346","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12205218,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamczyk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAengus_CarrollLucas_Paoli_Itaborahy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmady2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmady2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmady2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAnghieraTorres_Asensio2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagemihl1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagleyTremblay1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyVaseyDiamondBreedlove2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyZuk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalsamEsther_D._Rothblum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalthazart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenthamCrompton1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBernsteinSchaffner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiblarzStacey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillyTanferGradyKlepinger1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGatesSandersTaylor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogaertSkorska2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogaert_AF2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoswell1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoswell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_Lester_B.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownback2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_L._Gerig\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullough,_Vern_L.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulloughBrundage2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuxton2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCabezón1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaceresKondaPechenyChatterjee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapuzzo2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCaruso\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCber_/_Fda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlottePer_FolkessonTorsten_Norlander1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChauncey,_George1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoello_de_la_Rosa2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrewNorton1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDONALDSON_JAMES2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalzell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_P._Barash2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson,_James2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Silva\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenise_Winterman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_CoonJohn_O._Mitterer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Piero_Russo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovanAmerican_Association_of_Law_Libraries_Standing_Committee_on_Lesbian_and_Gay_Issues2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_Harper2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDuffyC.E._Rusbult1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDynesJohanssonPercyDonaldson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Rouayheb2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis-Petersen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllisSymonds1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndres2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_AndersonMark_McCormack2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_B._ShiraevDavid_A._Levy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaderman,_Lillian1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFathi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFayTurnerKlassenGagnon1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeray_Jean-ClaudeHerzer_Manfred1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoucault1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankowski_BLAmerican_Academy_of_Pediatrics_Committee_on_Adolescence2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGary_Gates2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatesNewport2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnuse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGove2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodMario_Ruberte2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunther2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómez,_José_M.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalperin,_David_M.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamish2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarrold1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerdt1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerek_GM2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHope2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard_Thomas_K2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIemmola,_FrancescaCamperio_Ciani,_Andrea2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIemmolaCiani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_HIV/AIDS_Alliance2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Kirchick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_R._LehmanKristine_DiazHenry_NgElizabeth_M._Petty2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansson,_WarrenWilliam_A._Percy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_David_K.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonRyan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKameel_Ahmady2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoenigDykman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeBlanc2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeVay1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeVay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaggio1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Zeiss_StangeCarol_K._OysterJane_E._Sloan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConaghyHadzi-PavlovicStevensManicavasagar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehrotra2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer,_Ilan_H.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael,_Robert_T.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchum2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitta2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoldover2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoralesMariscal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayRoscoe,_Will1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers,_JoAnne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewport2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgunVilain2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOperarioBurton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOperarioBurtonUnderhillSevelius2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPablo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanaik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawelskiPerrinFoyetal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPercy,_William_Armstrong1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatoSaunders1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamos,_Juanita1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaveenthiran2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosarioSchrimshawHunterBraun2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoeMurray1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossEssien,_E._JamesWilliams,_Mark_L.Fernandez-Esquer,_Maria_Eugenia.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuse,_Michael2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalt_Lake_City,_UT2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandfort,_T\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt,_ArnoJehoeda_Sofer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellWellsWypij1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShastri,_Hari_Prasad,_Tr.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoffman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShyamantha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong_Geng2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpears2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasanChandrasekaran2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Eke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakács2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatchell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry,_Jennifer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanita,_Ruth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_Jacque2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonRahman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungMeyer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZietschMorleyShekarVerweij2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFeds1993\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 40,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite canlaw\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 89,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Creative Commons text attribution notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Gay gene\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"ICD10\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 15,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"LGBT rights\"] = 1,\n [\"LGBTQ\"] = 1,\n [\"LGBTQ sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 15,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sexual identities\"] = 1,\n [\"Sexual orientation\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ussc\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 27,\n [\"Who\"] = 2,\n [\"World homosexuality laws map\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"main\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"orientation\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","14.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.0"],["?","340","13.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","3.9"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","3.1"],["[others]","720","27.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-8qsj5","timestamp":"20250216025940","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Homosexuality","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homosexuality","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6636","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6636","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-12T13:14:08Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T14:37:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/80\/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg","headline":"romantic or sexual attraction or behavior between members of the same sex"}</script> </body> </html>