CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ulster English - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"12c1f291-c626-45aa-96ad-9dd3b584ae5d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ulster_English","wgTitle":"Ulster English","wgCurRevisionId":1255658419,"wgRevisionId":1255658419,"wgArticleId":1960986,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Scots-language text","Articles containing Irish-language text","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from March 2017","All articles needing additional references","Articles that may contain original research from March 2017","All articles that may contain original research", "Articles with multiple maintenance issues","EngvarB from October 2013","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Articles with hAudio microformats","Pages with plain IPA","Articles needing additional references from September 2018","Articles needing additional references from November 2017","British English","Dialects of English","Languages of Ireland","Languages of Northern Ireland","Ulster"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ulster_English","wgRelevantArticleId":1960986,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{ "search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6840826","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles": "ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.imagemap","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/800px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="666"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/640px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ulster English - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_English"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_English"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ulster_English rootpage-Ulster_English skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ulster+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ulster+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ulster+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ulster+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_derived_from_Irish_or_Scottish_Gaelic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_derived_from_Irish_or_Scottish_Gaelic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grammar derived from Irish or Scottish Gaelic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_derived_from_Irish_or_Scottish_Gaelic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-Ulster_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-Ulster_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mid-Ulster English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mid-Ulster_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mid-Ulster English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mid-Ulster_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belfast_and_surroundings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belfast_and_surroundings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Belfast and surroundings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belfast_and_surroundings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derry_and_surroundings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derry_and_surroundings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Derry and surroundings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derry_and_surroundings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulster_Scots_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulster_Scots_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ulster Scots English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulster_Scots_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Ulster_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Ulster_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>South Ulster English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Ulster_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulster English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsteri_inglise_keel" title="Ulsteri inglise keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ulsteri inglise keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی اولستری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی اولستری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Среднеольстерский вариант английского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Среднеольстерский вариант английского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulst%C3%A8r_Inglis" title="Ulstèr Inglis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ulstèr Inglis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6840826#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ulster_English" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ulster_English" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ulster_English" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&oldid=1255658419" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ulster_English&id=1255658419&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUlster_English"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUlster_English"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ulster_English&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ulster_English" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6840826" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of English spoken in Northern Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulster_English" title="Special:EditPage/Ulster English">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ulster_English" title="Talk:Ulster English">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulster_English" title="Special:EditPage/Ulster English">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ulster+English%22">"Ulster English"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ulster+English%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ulster+English%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ulster+English%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ulster+English%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ulster+English%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/300px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/450px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png/600px-English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Approximate boundaries of the traditional Scots- and English-language areas in Ulster: <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots dialect</a>, (Mid-)Ulster English, South-Ulster English (a transitional border variety), and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>. Based on <i>The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in Ulster</i> (1972) by R. J. Gregg.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_counties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ulster_counties.svg/220px-Ulster_counties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ulster_counties.svg/330px-Ulster_counties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ulster_counties.svg/440px-Ulster_counties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Pink represents Ulster counties within <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>; green within the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Trimble_BBC_Radio4_Great_Lives_14_August_2007_b007vzrt.flac" title="File:David Trimble BBC Radio4 Great Lives 14 August 2007 b007vzrt.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="David_Trimble_BBC_Radio4_Great_Lives_14_August_2007_b007vzrt.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/David_Trimble_BBC_Radio4_Great_Lives_14_August_2007_b007vzrt.flac/David_Trimble_BBC_Radio4_Great_Lives_14_August_2007_b007vzrt.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/David_Trimble_BBC_Radio4_Great_Lives_14_August_2007_b007vzrt.flac/David_Trimble_BBC_Radio4_Great_Lives_14_August_2007_b007vzrt.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/David_Trimble_BBC_Radio4_Great_Lives_14_August_2007_b007vzrt.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of a middle-class male from <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Eamonn_McCann_BBC_Radio4_The_Media_Show_16_June_2010_b00sp5cf.flac" title="File:Eamonn McCann BBC Radio4 The Media Show 16 June 2010 b00sp5cf.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Eamonn_McCann_BBC_Radio4_The_Media_Show_16_June_2010_b00sp5cf.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Eamonn_McCann_BBC_Radio4_The_Media_Show_16_June_2010_b00sp5cf.flac/Eamonn_McCann_BBC_Radio4_The_Media_Show_16_June_2010_b00sp5cf.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Eamonn_McCann_BBC_Radio4_The_Media_Show_16_June_2010_b00sp5cf.flac/Eamonn_McCann_BBC_Radio4_The_Media_Show_16_June_2010_b00sp5cf.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Eamonn_McCann_BBC_Radio4_The_Media_Show_16_June_2010_b00sp5cf.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of a male from <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eamonn_McCann" title="Eamonn McCann">Eamonn McCann</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Best_-_The_New_Elizabethans_-20_Jul_2012_-_b01kt7cs.flac" title="File:George Best - The New Elizabethans -20 Jul 2012 - b01kt7cs.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="George_Best_-_The_New_Elizabethans_-20_Jul_2012_-_b01kt7cs.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/George_Best_-_The_New_Elizabethans_-20_Jul_2012_-_b01kt7cs.flac/George_Best_-_The_New_Elizabethans_-20_Jul_2012_-_b01kt7cs.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/George_Best_-_The_New_Elizabethans_-20_Jul_2012_-_b01kt7cs.flac/George_Best_-_The_New_Elizabethans_-20_Jul_2012_-_b01kt7cs.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/George_Best_-_The_New_Elizabethans_-20_Jul_2012_-_b01kt7cs.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of a male from <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Best" title="George Best">George Best</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Ulster English</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>Northern <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></b> or <b>Northern Irish English</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/English_language_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="English language varieties">variety</a> of English spoken mostly around the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Irish province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> and throughout <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The dialect has been influenced by the local <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a>, brought over by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> settlers during the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a> and subsequent settlements throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It also coexists alongside the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish (Gaelic) language</a>. </p><p>The two major divisions of Ulster English are <i>Mid-Ulster English</i>, the most widespread variety, and <i>Ulster Scots English</i>, spoken in much of northern <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> along a continuum with the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Scots language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>South Ulster English</i> is a geographically transitional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> between Mid-Ulster English and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">English spoken south of Ulster</a>, in the Republic of Ireland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, Ulster English speakers' <a href="/wiki/Declarative_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative sentence">declarative sentences</a> (with typical grammatical structure, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">non-topicalized statements</a>) end with a <a href="/wiki/High_rising_terminal" title="High rising terminal">rise in pitch</a>, which is often heard by speakers of non-Ulster English as a <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">question</a>-like intonation pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following phonetics are represented using the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following chart,<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Edinburgh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Edinburgh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "UE" refers to Ulster English, which includes Mid-Ulster English (which may incorporate older, more traditional Mid-Ulster English), as well as Ulster Scots (English). "SSIE" here refers to a mainstream, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English#Major_dialects_and_accents" title="Hiberno-English">supraregional southern Hiberno-English</a>, used in the chart for the sake of comparison. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><b>Pure vowels (<a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a>)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English <br />diaphoneme</a></b> </td> <td><b>UE</b> </td> <td><b>SSIE</b> </td> <td><b>Example words</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">äˑ~a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ~a</span> </td> <td>b<b>a</b>th, tr<b>a</b>p, m<b>a</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~äˑ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aˑ~äˑ</span> </td> <td>bl<b>a</b>h, c<b>a</b>lm, f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td>conservative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ~ɑ~ä</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ä</span> </td> <td>b<b>o</b>ther, l<b>o</b>t, t<b>o</b>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>divergent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒː</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mid-Ulster)</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ulster Scots)</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">äː</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(traditional)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒː</span> </td> <td>cl<b>o</b>th, l<b>o</b>ss, <b>o</b>ff </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> </td> <td><b>a</b>ll, b<b>ough</b>t, s<b>aw</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Belfast: [ɛ̝ˑə])</span> </td> <td>dr<b>e</b>ss, m<b>e</b>t, br<b>ea</b>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><b>a</b>bout, syr<b>u</b>p, <b>a</b>ren<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ̈~ë</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mid-Ulster)</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə~ɘ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(traditional)</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ulster Scots)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td>h<b>i</b>t, sk<b>i</b>m, t<b>i</b>p </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iˑ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(traditionally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪi]</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iˑ</span> </td> <td>b<b>ea</b>m, ch<b>i</b>c, fl<b>ee</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td>e </td> <td>i </td> <td>happ<b>y</b>, monk<b>ey</b>s, sar<b>i</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɞ~ʌ̈</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ~ʌ̈</span> </td> <td>b<b>u</b>s, fl<b>oo</b>d, y<b>ou</b>ng </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʉ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mid-Ulster)</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ̈</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ulster Scots)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> </td> <td>b<b>oo</b>k, p<b>u</b>t, sh<b>ou</b>ld </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td> <td>f<b>oo</b>d, gl<b>ue</b>, n<b>ew</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">äˑe~ɜi</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɪ~äɪ~ɑɪ</span> </td> <td><b>eye</b>, f<b>i</b>ve, tr<b>y</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐi~ɜi</span></a> </td> <td>br<b>igh</b>t, d<b>i</b>ce, s<b>i</b>te </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐʏ~ɜʉ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æʊ~ɛʊ</span> </td> <td>n<b>ow</b>, <b>ou</b>ch, sc<b>ou</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː~ɪː</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed-syllabic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eˑə~ɪˑə]</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td>l<b>a</b>me, r<b>ei</b>n, st<b>ai</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔɪ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔɪ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒɪ</span> </td> <td>b<b>oy</b>, ch<b>oi</b>ce, m<b>oi</b>st </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oˑ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(closed-syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oˑə]</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oʊ</span> </td> <td>g<b>oa</b>t, <b>oh</b>, sh<b>ow</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/R-coloured_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="R-coloured vowel">R-coloured vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑːr/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑˑɻ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑˑɹ~äˑɹ</span> </td> <td>b<b>ar</b>n, c<b>ar</b>, p<b>ar</b>k </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪər/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iˑɚ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iˑɹ</span> </td> <td>f<b>ear</b>, p<b>eer</b>, t<b>ier</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛər/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛˑɚ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Belfast: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɝˑ]</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eˑɹ</span> </td> <td>b<b>are</b>, b<b>ear</b>, th<b>ere</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɜːr/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɚˑ</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">★ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">traditional (split: [ɚˑ] vs. [ɛˑɚ])</span></span></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">In more traditional Mid-Ulster English, this phoneme may be split, resulting in a distinction between [ɚˑ] and [ɛˑɚ], so that words like <i>urn</i> and <i>earn</i>, for example, are not <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a>.</div></div> </td> <td>b<b>ur</b>n, f<b>ir</b>st, l<b>ear</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ər/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɚ</span> </td> <td>doct<b>or</b>, mart<b>yr</b>, park<b>er</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːr/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔˑɚ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒˑɹ</span> </td> <td>f<b>or</b>, h<b>or</b>se, w<b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oˑɚ</span> (rural: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʉˑɚ]</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oˑɹ</span> </td> <td>f<b>our</b>, h<b>oar</b>se, w<b>ore</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊər/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">øˑɚ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uˑɹ</span> </td> <td>m<b>oor</b>, p<b>oor</b>, t<b>our</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other, less overarching features of some Ulster varieties include: </p> <ul><li>Vowels have <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> vowel length, with one set of lexically long and one of lexically short <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>. This may be variously influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vowel_Length_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Vowel Length Rule">Scots system</a>. It is considerably less phonemic than Received Pronunciation, and in vernacular Belfast speech vowel length may vary depending on stress.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> distinction in <i>cot</i> and <i>body</i> versus <i>caught</i> and <i>bawdy</i> is mostly preserved, except in Ulster Scots (which here follows Scottish speech) and traditional varieties.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> may occur in such words as <i>beat</i>, <i>decent</i>, <i>leave</i>, <i>Jesus</i>, etc., though this feature is recessive.</li> <li>Lagan Valley <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in <i>take</i> and <i>make</i>, etc.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> before velars, as in <i>sack</i>, <i>bag</i>, and <i>bang</i>, etc.</li> <li>Merger of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>–<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> in all monosyllables, e.g. <i>Sam</i> and <i>psalm</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsaːm<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsɑːm]</span> (the phonetic quality varies).</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉ/</span> is possible in rural speech before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FORCE</span> words like <i>floor</i>, <i>whore</i>, <i>door</i>, <i>board</i>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vowels are short before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span>.</li> <li>Ulster Lengthening, which refers to the use of long allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ/</span> in any single syllable word that is closed by a consonant other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">Rhoticity</a>, that is, retention of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in all positions.</li> <li>Palatalisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is a recessive feature of rural speakers or older Catholic speakers in Belfast.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is not <a href="/wiki/L-vocalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="L-vocalisation">vocalised</a>, except historically; usually "clear" as in Southern Hiberno-English, with some exceptions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> between vowels in words such as <i>pepper</i> and <i>packet</i>.</li> <li>Tapped <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> between vowels in words such as <i>butter</i> and <i>city</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickey,_2007,_p._115_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey,_2007,_p._115-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>.</li> <li>Dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̪]</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in words such as <i>butter</i> or <i>dry</i>. Dental realisations of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span> may occur as well, e.g. <i>dinner</i>, <i>pillar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature, shared with Southern Hiberno-English, has its origins in English and Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʍ/</span>–<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> contrast in <i>which–witch</i>. This feature is recessive, particularly in vernacular Belfast speech.</li> <li>Elision of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> in <i>hand</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhɑːn]</span>, <i>candle</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkanl]</span> and <i>old</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈəʉl]</span>, etc.</li> <li>Elision of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span> in <i>sing</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɪŋ]</span>, <i>thimble</i>, <i>finger</i> etc.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> for <i>th</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickey,_2007,_p._115_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey,_2007,_p._115-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> for <i>gh</i> is retained in proper names and a few dialect words or pronunciations,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Lough" class="mw-redirect" title="Lough">lough</a></i>, <i>trough</i> and <i>sheugh</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar_derived_from_Irish_or_Scottish_Gaelic">Grammar derived from Irish or Scottish Gaelic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar derived from Irish or Scottish Gaelic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulster_English" title="Special:EditPage/Ulster English">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ulster+English%22">"Ulster English"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ulster+English%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ulster+English%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ulster+English%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ulster+English%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ulster+English%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish morphology">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_syntax" title="Irish syntax">syntax</a> of Irish is quite different from that of English, and it has influenced both Northern and Southern Hiberno-English to some degree. </p><p>Irish has separate forms for the second person singular (<i>tú</i>) and the second person plural (<i>sibh</i>), ("<a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ye_(pronoun)" title="Ye (pronoun)">ye</a>" respectively in archaic and some intimate, informal English). Ulster English mirrors Irish in that the singular "you" is distinguished from the plural "you". This is normally done by using the words <i>yous</i>, <i>yousuns</i> or <i>yis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li>"Are yous not finished yet?"</li> <li>"Did yousuns all go to see it?"</li> <li>"What are yis up to?"</li></ul> <p>Irish lacks words that directly translate as "yes" or "no", and instead repeats the verb in a question (positively or negatively) to answer. As such, Northern and Southern Hiberno-English use "yes" and "no" less frequently than other English dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li>"Are you coming home soon?" "I am"</li> <li>"Is your computer working?" "It's not"</li></ul> <p>This is not necessarily true in Ulster English where "Aye" for yes and "Naw" for no are used, probably a Scottish influence. </p><p>The absence of the verb "have" in Irish has influenced some grammar. The concept of "have" is expressed in Irish by the construction <i>ag</i> ("at") <i>mé</i> ("me") to create <i>agam</i> ("at me"). Hence, Ulster English speakers sometimes use the verb "have" followed by "with me/on me".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li>"Do you have the book with you?" "I have it with me"</li> <li>"Do you have money for the bus on you?" "I have none on me"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much <a href="/wiki/Non-standard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-standard dialect">non-standard</a> vocabulary found in Ulster English and many meanings of Standard English words peculiar to the dialect come from <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>. Some examples are shown in the table below. Many of these are also used in Southern Hiberno-English, especially in the northern half of the island. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef;"> <th>Ulster English </th> <th>Standard English </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ach" class="extiw" title="wikt:ach">ach!</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/och" class="extiw" title="wikt:och">och!</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ack" class="extiw" title="wikt:ack">ack!</a> </td> <td>annoyance, regret, etc. </td> <td><i>interjection</i> </td> <td>Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">akh</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">okh</i></a>. Usually used to replace "ah!" and "oh!". <i>Ach</i> is <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> for "but", and can be used in the same context. <i>Och</i> is Irish and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> for "alas", and again can be used in the same context.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cf. German, Dutch, Frisian <i>ach</i> and English <i>agh</i>, German and Dutch have both <i>ach</i> and <i>och</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auld" class="extiw" title="wikt:auld">aul</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ould" class="extiw" title="wikt:ould">oul</a> </td> <td>old </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">owl</i></a>. From <i>auld</i>, an archaic form of <i>old</i> that is still used in Scots and Northern English dialects. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aye" class="extiw" title="wikt:aye">aye, auy</a> </td> <td>yes </td> <td><i>adverb</i> </td> <td>Used throughout northern Ireland, Scotland and northern England.<br />General Scots and dialect/archaic English, first attested 1575. </td></tr> <tr> <td>bake </td> <td>mouth or face </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>A different pronunciation and extended meaning of <i>beak</i>. Dutch <i>bek</i> or <i>bakkes</i> are used as rude words for mouth, too. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banjax" class="extiw" title="wikt:banjax">banjax</a> </td> <td>to break/ruin/destroy,<br />a mess </td> <td><i>verb<br />noun</i> </td> <td>Used throughout Ireland; origin unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bine </td> <td>cigarette </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Possibly from <a href="/wiki/Woodbine_(cigarette)" title="Woodbine (cigarette)">Woodbine (cigarette)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>blade </td> <td>girl </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Mainly used in Tyrone with different meanings depending on usage, but always refers to a female. "Look at thon blade" – "Look at that girl"; "Our blade" – "My sister/cousin" (Can also be used as a term of endearment in this form) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boak" class="extiw" title="wikt:boak">boak, boke</a> </td> <td>to retch/vomit,<br />vomit </td> <td><i>verb<br />noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>bowk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bog" class="extiw" title="wikt:bog">bog</a> </td> <td>wetland/toilet </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Irish and Scottish Gaelic <i>bogach</i> meaning "wetland". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bogging" class="extiw" title="wikt:bogging">boggin/bogging</a> </td> <td>disgusting, ugly or otherwise generally unappealing. </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>Probably derived from bog (see above) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boreen" class="extiw" title="wikt:boreen">boreen</a> </td> <td>a narrow road/lane/track </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>bóithrín</i> meaning "small road".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bout ye? </td> <td>how are you? </td> <td><i>greeting</i> </td> <td>From the longer version "What about ye?" ("What about you?"), which is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bru </td> <td>unemployment benefits </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">broo</i></a>. Shortened from <i>welfare bureau</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cat-melodeon </td> <td>awful </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>Probably a combination of <i>cat</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Melodeon_(accordion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodeon (accordion)">melodeon</a></i>, referencing the sound of a screeching cat and badly-played melodeon tunes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The second part is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mə-<span style="font-size:90%">LOH</span>-jin</i></a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cauld" class="extiw" title="wikt:cauld">caul, coul</a> </td> <td>cold </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kowl</i></a>. From Scots <i>cauld</i> meaning "cold".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>carlin' </td> <td>old woman </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> <i>kerling</i> meaning "woman" (especially an old woman).<sup id="cite_ref-Dolan_2006_44_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolan_2006_44-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carnaptious" class="extiw" title="wikt:carnaptious">carnaptious</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dolan_2006_44_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolan_2006_44-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>quarrelsome/irritable </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>claggerd </td> <td>covered with something adhesive (usually dirt) </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>claggert</i> meaning "besmeared".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cowp </td> <td>to tip over/to fall over </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>From Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Craic" title="Craic">crack, craic</a> </td> <td>banter/fun/gossip/news<br />(e.g. "What's the crack?) </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td><i>Crack</i> is originally a Scots/Northern English word meaning something like "news", "gossip" or "fun". Originally spelt <i>crack</i> but the Gaelicized spelling <i>craic</i> started in the 1960s and is now common.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/craitur" class="extiw" title="wikt:craitur">craitur</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/craytur" class="extiw" title="wikt:craytur">craytur</a> </td> <td>a term of endearment<br />(e.g. "The poor craitur") </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From the Hiberno-English pronunciation of <i>creature</i> where <i>ea</i> is realised <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> (see above) and -<i>ture</i> as archaic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tər/</span> rather than the standard <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃər/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Culchie" title="Culchie">culchie</a> </td> <td>farmer/rural dweller </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Origin uncertain—either from Irish <i>coillte</i> meaning "woods";<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Irish <i>cúl a' tí</i> meaning "back of the house" (for it was common practise for country people to go in the back door of the house they were visiting);<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from the <i>-culture</i> in "agriculture". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dander" class="extiw" title="wikt:dander">dander</a> </td> <td>walk </td> <td><i>noun/verb</i> </td> <td>From Scots or Northern English. </td></tr> <tr> <td>dead-on </td> <td>okay/no problem </td> <td><i>interjection<br />adjective</i> </td> <td>Origin uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>drawk,<br />drawky </td> <td>to soak/drench,<br />wet/showery </td> <td><i>verb<br />adjective</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>droch-aimsir</i> meaning "bad weather" or "wet weather"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the less likely Scots <i>draik</i>/<i>drawk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eejit" class="extiw" title="wikt:eejit">eejit</a> </td> <td>idiot </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From the Hiberno-English and Scottish English pronunciation of <i>idiot</i>. Popularised in England to some extent by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Wogan" title="Terry Wogan">Terry Wogan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feck" class="extiw" title="wikt:feck">feck</a> </td> <td>a mild form of <a href="/wiki/Fuck" title="Fuck">fuck</a> </td> <td><i>interjection</i> </td> <td>Gained popularity following its frequent use in the 1990s comedy TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Ted" title="Father Ted">Father Ted</a></i>, and is more commonly found in Hiberno-English. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fella" class="extiw" title="wikt:fella">fella</a> </td> <td>man </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From English <i>fellow</i>; ultimately from Norse <i>felagi</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/footer#verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:footer">footer,<br />futer</a> </td> <td>fidget/waste time </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>Via Scots <i>fouter</i> from Old French <i>foutre</i>. Perhaps from Irish <i>fútar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fernenst/forninst/fornenst </td> <td>in front of/facing/against/opposite/beside </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots or Northern English. </td></tr> <tr> <td>founder,<br />foundered </td> <td>cold,<br />to be cold </td> <td><i>noun<br />adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>foundert/foondert/fundert</i> which can mean "(to be) chilled".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>geg, geggin' </td> <td>joke, joking </td> <td><i>noun/verb</i> </td> <td>From English <i>gag</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">glen</a> </td> <td>valley </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>gleann</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gob" class="extiw" title="wikt:gob">gob</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gub" class="extiw" title="wikt:gub">gub</a> </td> <td>mouth </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>gob</i>, which can mean "mouth". </td></tr> <tr> <td>grub </td> <td>food </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gutties, guddies </td> <td>running shoes </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots, in which it is used to mean anything made of rubber. Note also the phrase "Give her the guttie" meaning "Step on it (accelerate)".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hai, hey </td> <td>an exclamation to call attention or to express pleasure, surprise, bewilderment, etc. </td> <td><i>exclamation</i> </td> <td>Filler word used at the end of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hallion </td> <td>a good-for-nothing </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>hallion</i> meaning "rascal".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hesp </td> <td>a scolding old woman </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Perhaps from Irish <i>easpan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cf. Scots <i>hesper</i>: a hard thing to do; a difficult person to get on with.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/howk" class="extiw" title="wikt:howk">hoak, hoke</a> </td> <td>to search for/to forage<br />(e.g. "Have a hoak for it") </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>howk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hooley" class="extiw" title="wikt:hooley">hooley</a> </td> <td>party </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Origin unknown; perhaps a variant of Irish <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ilidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Céilidh">céilí</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>houl </td> <td>hold </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">howl</i></a>. From Scots/Northern English. </td></tr> <tr> <td>jap </td> <td>to splatter; to splash; (of a frying pan) emit tiny 'sparks' of hot fat </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>jaup</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>jouk, juke </td> <td>to dodge/to go </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>jouk</i> meaning "to dodge".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keen#verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:keen">keen</a>,<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keening#noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:keening">keenin'</a>,<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keening#adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:keening">keenin'</a> </td> <td>to lament/to wail,<br />lamenting/wailing,<br />shrill (in terms of sound) </td> <td><i>verb<br />noun<br />adjective</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>caoin</i> meaning "lament". <a href="/wiki/Keening" title="Keening">Keening</a> was a traditional practice done by woman at Irish funerals. </td></tr> <tr> <td>lock'a </td> <td>an unspecified amount<br />(e.g. "In a lock'a minutes") </td> <td><i>determiner</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>loca</i> meaning "a pile of" or "a wad of", or simply an extended meaning of "lock" as in "a lock of hair". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lough" class="mw-redirect" title="Lough">lough</a> </td> <td>lake/sea inlet </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">lokh</i></a>. From Irish <i>loch</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lug" class="extiw" title="wikt:lug">lug</a> </td> <td>ear </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots. Originally from Norse, used to mean "an appendage" (cf. Norwegian <i>lugg</i> meaning "a tuft of hair").<br />Used throughout Scotland & Ireland. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malarky" class="extiw" title="wikt:malarky">malarky</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malarkey" class="extiw" title="wikt:malarkey">malarkey</a> </td> <td>nonsense </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Probably from Irish. </td></tr> <tr> <td>munya </td> <td>great/lovely/attractive </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>Origin unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oxter" class="extiw" title="wikt:oxter">oxter</a> </td> <td>armpit/under-arm </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch <i>oksel</i> = armpit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poke" class="extiw" title="wikt:poke">poke</a> </td> <td>ice-cream </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>poke</i> meaning "bag" or "pouch". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">potcheen</a> </td> <td>hooch/bootleg alcohol </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>poitín</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>quare, kwer </td> <td>very/considerable<br />(e.g. "A quare distance") </td> <td><i>adjective<br />adverb</i> </td> <td>A different pronunciation and extended meaning of "queer".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Used throughout Ireland. </td></tr> <tr> <td>scrawb </td> <td>scratch/scrape </td> <td><i>noun/verb</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>scráib</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cf. Northern English <i>scrab</i> and Dutch <i>schrapen</i> (to scrape). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scunner" class="extiw" title="wikt:scunner">scunner/scunder</a>,<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scunnert" class="extiw" title="wikt:scunnert">scunnerd/scunderd</a> </td> <td>to annoy/embarrass,<br />annoyed/embarrassed </td> <td><i>verb<br />adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>scunner/scunnert</i> meaning "offended" or "fed up".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheuch" class="extiw" title="wikt:sheuch">sheuch</a>,<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheugh" class="extiw" title="wikt:sheugh">sheugh</a> </td> <td>a small shallow ditch<br />(pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʃʌx/</span>) </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>sheuch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skite" class="extiw" title="wikt:skite">skite</a>,<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skitter" class="extiw" title="wikt:skitter">skitter</a>,<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scoot" class="extiw" title="wikt:scoot">scoot</a> </td> <td>to move quickly </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>From Norse <i>skjuta</i> meaning "to shoot" (cf. Norwegian <i>skutla</i> meaning "to glide quickly"). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skite" class="extiw" title="wikt:skite">skite</a> </td> <td>to splatter with force </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>From Norse <i>skjuta</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slew" class="extiw" title="wikt:slew">slew</a> </td> <td>a great amount </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>slua</i> meaning "a crowd/multitude".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smidgen" class="extiw" title="wikt:smidgen">smidgen</a> </td> <td>a very small piece </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Irish <i>smidean</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>snig </td> <td>to snap-off/lop-off </td> <td><i>verb</i> </td> <td>Origin unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cf. Scots <i>sneg</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> < <i>sneck</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stour" class="extiw" title="wikt:stour">stour</a> </td> <td>dust </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>estour</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>targe </td> <td>a sharp-tongued woman </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tae" class="extiw" title="wikt:tae">tae</a> </td> <td>tea </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">tay</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tip" class="extiw" title="wikt:tip">tip</a> </td> <td>dump or dumpster </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/til" class="extiw" title="wikt:til">til</a> </td> <td>to </td> <td><i>preposition</i> </td> <td>From Norse <i>til</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>the-day,<br />the-night,<br />the-marra </td> <td>today,<br />tonight,<br />tomorrow </td> <td><i>noun/adverb</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>the day, the nicht, the morra</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thon" class="extiw" title="wikt:thon">thon</a> </td> <td>that </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots; originally <i>yon</i> in archaic English, the <i>th</i> by analogy with <i>this</i> and <i>that</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yonder" class="extiw" title="wikt:yonder">thonder</a> </td> <td>there (something distant but within sight) </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots; originally <i>yonder</i> in archaic English. </td></tr> <tr> <td>throughother </td> <td>disorganised and careless </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>Probably from Irish. However, it has parallels in both Goidelic (e.g. Irish <i>trína chéile</i>) and Germanic (e.g. Scots <i>throuither</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch <i>doorelkaar</i>, <i>door-een</i>, German <i>durcheinander</i>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wee" class="extiw" title="wikt:wee">wee</a> </td> <td>little, but also used as a generic <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>From Middle English.<br />Used throughout the north of Ireland and in Scotland. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wean#Scots" class="extiw" title="wikt:wean">weean, wean</a> </td> <td>child </td> <td><i>noun</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>wee</i> (small) + <i>ane</i> (one).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wheeker </td> <td>excellent </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>From Scots <i>wheech</i> meaning "to snatch". Onomatopoeic.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wheen<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>a few/several </td> <td><i>determiner</i> </td> <td>From Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually used in the phrase "a wheen of..." </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whisht" class="extiw" title="wikt:whisht">whisht</a> </td> <td>be quiet (a command) </td> <td><i>interjection</i> </td> <td>The Irish <i>huist</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "be quiet", is an unlikely source since the word is known throughout England and Scotland where it derives from early Middle English <i>whist</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cf. Middle English <i>hust</i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Scots <i>wheesht</i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>wojus </td> <td>awful/expression of surprise </td> <td><i>adjective</i> </td> <td>Probably a variation of <i>odious</i>. Can also be used as an expression of surprise, usually to something negative. In this case it is most likely a shortened form of "Oh Jesus!"<br />Used throughout Ireland. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ye" class="extiw" title="wikt:ye">ye</a> </td> <td>you (singular) </td> <td><i>pronoun</i> </td> <td>From Middle English <i>ye</i>, but pronounced with a short <i>e</i> sound. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yous" class="extiw" title="wikt:yous">yous, yousuns</a> </td> <td>you (plural) </td> <td><i>pronoun</i> </td> <td>See <a href="#Grammar_derived_from_Irish_or_Scottish_Gaelic">grammar derived from Irish or Scottish Gaelic</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Furthermore, speakers of the dialect conjugate many verbs according to how they are formed in the most vernacular forms of Ulster Scots, e.g. <i>driv</i> instead of <i>drove</i> and <i>driven</i> as the past tense of <i>drive</i>, etc. (literary Scots <i>drave</i>, <i>driven</i>). Verbal syncretism is extremely widespread, as is the <a href="/wiki/Northern_subject_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern subject rule">Northern subject rule</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid-Ulster_English">Mid-Ulster English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mid-Ulster English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulster_English" title="Special:EditPage/Ulster English">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The speech in southern and western <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>, north <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> form a geographical band across the province from east to west. On the whole, these areas have much more in common with the Derry accent in the west than inner-city Belfast in the east. This accent is often claimed as being the "standard" Northern Irish dialect as it is the most widely used. Parts of the north of <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a> (an area centred on <a href="/wiki/Monaghan_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaghan Town">Monaghan Town</a> and known as <i>North Monaghan</i>) would roughly fall into this category, but only to a certain extent. <a href="/wiki/Bundoran" title="Bundoran">Bundoran</a>, a town at the southern extremity of <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, also has quite a western Ireland accent, as do parts of the south-west extremity of <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belfast_and_surroundings">Belfast and surroundings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belfast and surroundings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">broad</a>, working-class <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> dialect is not limited to the city itself but also takes in neighbouring urban areas in the local vicinity (such as <a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newtownards" title="Newtownards">Newtownards</a>), as well as towns whose inhabitants originally came from Belfast (such as <a href="/wiki/Craigavon" title="Craigavon">Craigavon</a>). It is generally perceived as being associated with economically disadvantaged areas, and with youth culture. This however is not the dialect used in the media (even those outlets which are based in Belfast). Features of the accent include several vowel shifts, including one from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> before or after <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velars</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɛɡ/</span> for <i>bag</i>). Nowadays, this shift largely only happens before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, so <i>pack</i> and <i>peck</i> are homophones as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɛk/</span>. </p><p>The Belfast dialect is now becoming more frequently heard in towns and villages whose inhabitants would have traditionally spoken with a distinctively rural accent. Examples of such areas are <a href="/wiki/Moira,_County_Down" title="Moira, County Down">Moira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballyclare" title="Ballyclare">Ballyclare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dromore,_County_Down" title="Dromore, County Down">Dromore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballynahinch,_County_Down" title="Ballynahinch, County Down">Ballynahinch</a>. It could be said that many young people in these areas prefer to use the more cosmopolitan city accent, as opposed to the local variant that their parents or people in other areas would use. </p><p>Other phonological features include the following: </p> <ul><li>Two major realisations of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> are to be encountered: in open syllables a long monophthong near <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span>, but in closed syllables an ingliding diphthong, perhaps most typically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eə]</span>, but ranging from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iə]</span>. Thus <i>days</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɛːz]</span> and <i>daze</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[deəz]</span> are not homophonous.</li> <li>In Belfast, and in Mid- and South Ulster, the opposition between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> is better maintained than in other parts of Ulster, though it is restricted to only a few environments, e.g., that of a following voiceless plosive. Thus <i>stock</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[stɒk<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>stɑk<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>sta̠k]</span> is distinct from <i>stalk</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[stɔ(ː)k]</span>. However, this is complicated by the fact that certain words belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set#Standard_lexical_sets_for_English" title="Lexical set">Standard Lexical Set</a> THOUGHT have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> rather than the expected <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>. These typically include <i>draw</i>, <i>fall</i>, <i>walk</i>, and <i>caught</i>. <i>Water</i> often has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> (the TRAP vowel).</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> phoneme is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əʉ]</span> in most of Ulster, but in Belfast it is extremely variable and is a sensitive <a href="/wiki/Social_marker" title="Social marker">social marker</a>. Pronunciations with a relatively front first element, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̈]</span> or fronter, are working class. Middle class speakers prefer back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span> or even <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>. The second element is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʉ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>y<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨ]</span>, often with little or no rounding. <i>How</i> and <i>now</i> may receive special treatment in working-class Belfast speech, with an open first element <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ]</span> and a second element ranging over <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ]</span>, a retroflex approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span>, and zero, i.e., there may be no second element.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some of the vocabulary used among young people in Ulster, such as the word "<a href="/wiki/Spide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spide">spide</a>", is of Belfast origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derry_and_surroundings">Derry and surroundings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Derry and surroundings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accent of <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> City, which is also heard in northeastern <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Inishowen" title="Inishowen">Inishowen</a>), and northern and western <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Strabane" title="Strabane">Strabane</a>). There is a higher incidence of <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalisation</a> of the velar plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲɑɹ]</span> "kyar" for "car"). However, the most noticeable difference is perhaps the intonation, which is unique to the Derry, <a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabane" title="Strabane">Strabane</a> area. The accent of the <a href="/wiki/River_Finn_(County_Donegal)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Finn (County Donegal)">Finn Valley</a> and especially The Laggan district (centred on the town of <a href="/wiki/Raphoe" title="Raphoe">Raphoe</a>), both in East Donegal, together with the accent of neighbouring West Tyrone and the accent of the westernmost parts of <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a> (not including Derry City), are also quite <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a> sounding. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots language">Ulster Scots</a> is spoken in these areas. This West Ulster variety of Ulster Scots is considered to be quite similar to the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> in south-west <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ulster_Scots_English">Ulster Scots English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ulster Scots English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots dialects</a></div> <p>This region is heavily influenced by the historic presence of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" title="History of the Scots language">Scots</a> and covers areas such as northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ards_Peninsula" title="Ards Peninsula">Ards Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, The Laggan district in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>. The strong <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> influence is noticeable in those districts and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Scots" title="Modern Scots">Scots pronunciations</a> are often heard. People from here are often mistaken by outsiders as Scottish. This area includes the <a href="/wiki/Glens_of_Antrim" title="Glens of Antrim">Glens of Antrim</a>, where the last native Irish speakers of a dialect native to what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> were to be found. It has been stated that, in the written form, Gaelic of this area continued to use standardised Irish forms, while the spoken dialect continued to use the Scottish variant, and was in effect not different from the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaelic">Scots Gaelic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galloway</a>. </p><p>In the 1830s, Ordnance Survey memoirs came to the following conclusion about the dialect of the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Carnmoney" title="Carnmoney">Carnmoney</a>, east Antrim: "Their accent is peculiarly, and among old people disagreeably, strong and broad." The BBC conducted a sociolinguistic survey of Ulster Scots grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Donegal also has a strong Ulster Scots dialect (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Ulster_English">South Ulster English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Ulster English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a>, south <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">Monaghan</a>, south <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a>, south <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a>, and a small part of north <a href="/wiki/County_Leitrim" title="County Leitrim">Leitrim</a>, and north <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> natives speak their own distinct variety of English.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas such as southern and western <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>, central and southern <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a> (known locally as <i>South Monaghan</i>), northern <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">County Cavan</a> and the southern 'strip' of <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a> are the hinterland of the larger Mid-Ulster dialect. The accent gradually shifts from village to village, forming part of the dialect continuum between areas to the North and Midlands (as it once did in Gaelic). This accent is also used in north <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>) and in part of the northern 'strip' of <a href="/wiki/County_Leitrim" title="County Leitrim">County Leitrim</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>). There are areas that show a mixture of accents with Ulster-English and Hiberno-English. </p><p>These areas fall along the east coastline. South Ulster English's phonology is markedly different from Ulster Scots and majority Ulster English in several aspects, including preservation of dichotomous pattern of phonemic vowel length seen in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another feature of South Ulster English is the drop in pitch on stressed syllables. A prominent phonetic feature of South Ulster is the realisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> as a fricative with identical characteristics of the stop, i.e. an apico-alveolar fricative in weak positions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHickey2007" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Raymond (2007). <i>Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521852999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521852999"><bdi>978-0521852999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+English%3A+History+and+Present-Day+Forms&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521852999&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wells, J.C. (1982). <i>Accents of English 2: The British Isles</i>. Cambridge University Press 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521285407" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521285407">978-0521285407</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a>: <i lang="sco">Ulstèr Inglish</i>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Béarla Ultach</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-due.de/VCDE/VCDE_Source_Book.htm">"A Source Book for Irish English"</a>. <i>Uni-due.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uni-due.de&rft.atitle=A+Source+Book+for+Irish+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-due.de%2FVCDE%2FVCDE_Source_Book.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higgs, Robert J. <i>Appalachia Inside Out: Culture and custom</i>. University of Tennessee Press, 1995. p.512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickey, 2007, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Edinburgh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Edinburgh_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggarty,_Paul2013" class="citation web cs1">Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/">"Accents of English from Around the World"</a>. University of Edinburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426131610/http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English+from+Around+the+World&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lel.ed.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fgsound%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickey, 2007, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickey, 2007, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickey,_2007,_p._115-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hickey,_2007,_p._115_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hickey,_2007,_p._115_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickey, 2007, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, John (1985) <i>Phonological Variation and Change: Studies in Hiberno-English</i>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maguire, Warren <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/div-classtitlepre-r-dentalisation-in-northern-englanda-hreffn1-ref-typefnspan-classsup1spanadiv/9A1A498FD3601E77EA394FF6BBD9BAEA">Pre-R Dentalisation in Northern England</a></i>; Maguire, Warren <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/div-classtitlepre-r-dentalisation-in-scotlanda-hrefafn1-ref-typefnspan-classsup1spanadiv/ABA8FC3DA7678D055D3F82AEAE6FD254">Pre-R Dentalisation in Scotland</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/23281273/PreRD_in_Scotland_paper_MAGUIRE.pdf">Pre-publication version of Pre-R Dentalisation in Scotland</a></i>; see also Harris, John (1985) <i>Phonological Variation and Change: Studies in Hiberno-English</i>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickey, 2007, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121193531/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=2093">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=2093">the original</a> on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D2093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121193526/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=2089">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=2089">the original</a> on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D2089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121193546/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=2301">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=2301">the original</a> on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D2301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121193501/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=1284">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=1284">the original</a> on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D1284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225203127/http://www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary?language=irish">"Irish dictionary online, Irish gaelic dictionary, Irish Dictionary, Gaelic dictionary, translate Irish, Irish language dictionary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary?language=irish&word=ach">the original</a> on 25 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+dictionary+online%2C+Irish+gaelic+dictionary%2C+Irish+Dictionary%2C+Gaelic+dictionary%2C+translate+Irish%2C+Irish+language+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishdictionary.ie%2Fdictionary%3Flanguage%3Dirish%26word%3Dach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117071132/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=171">"a HIBERNO-ENGLISH Archive"</a>. 17 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=171">the original</a> on 17 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=a+HIBERNO-ENGLISH+Archive&rft.date=2007-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1499&startset=3778297&query=BOWK&fhit=bowk&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1499&startset=3778297&query=BOWK&fhit=bowk&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117070933/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=320">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=320">the original</a> on 17 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/ulster-chinesewelfare.shtml">"BBC – Voices – The Voices Recordings – Friends"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721005935/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/ulster-chinesewelfare.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Voices+%E2%80%93+The+Voices+Recordings+%E2%80%93+Friends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Frecordings%2Fgroup%2Fulster-chinesewelfare.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/ulster-craigavon.shtml">"BBC – Voices – The Voices Recordings – Youth leaders"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Voices+%E2%80%93+The+Voices+Recordings+%E2%80%93+Youth+leaders&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Frecordings%2Fgroup%2Fulster-craigavon.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2009" class="citation web cs1">Jeffries, Stuart (27 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects">"The G2 guide to regional English"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+G2+guide+to+regional+English&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2009%2Fmar%2F27%2Fregional-english-dialects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally" class="citation news cs1">McNally, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/schr%C3%B6dinger-s-cat-melodeon-frank-mcnally-on-music-physics-and-hiberno-english-1.3691249">"Schrödinger's Cat Melodeon – Frank McNally on music, physics, and Hiberno-English"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s+Cat+Melodeon+%E2%80%93+Frank+McNally+on+music%2C+physics%2C+and+Hiberno-English&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fschr%25C3%25B6dinger-s-cat-melodeon-frank-mcnally-on-music-physics-and-hiberno-english-1.3691249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9548&startset=5607056&query=CAULD&fhit=cauld&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194422/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9548&startset=5607056&query=CAULD&fhit=cauld&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolan_2006_44-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan_2006_44_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan_2006_44_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1150&startset=5397752&query=CARNAPTIOUS&fhit=carnaptious&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120051311/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1150&startset=5397752&query=CARNAPTIOUS&fhit=carnaptious&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=424&startset=6149061&query=CLAGGERT&fhit=claggert&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120045641/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=424&startset=6149061&query=CLAGGERT&fhit=claggert&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1305&startset=9978722&query=Cowp&fhit=cowp&dregion=form&dtext=dost#fhit">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194444/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1305&startset=9978722&query=Cowp&fhit=cowp&dregion=form&dtext=dost">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225203127/http://www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary?language=irish">"Irish dictionary online, Irish gaelic dictionary, Irish Dictionary, Gaelic dictionary, translate Irish, Irish language dictionary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary?language=irish&word=coill">the original</a> on 25 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+dictionary+online%2C+Irish+gaelic+dictionary%2C+Irish+Dictionary%2C+Gaelic+dictionary%2C+translate+Irish%2C+Irish+language+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishdictionary.ie%2Fdictionary%3Flanguage%3Dirish%26word%3Dcoill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117104905/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=762">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?id=762">the original</a> on 17 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4781&startset=9750553&query=DRAIK&fhit=draik&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120042833/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4781&startset=9750553&query=DRAIK&fhit=draik&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194530/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4987&startset=13029028&dtext=snd&query=FOUNDER">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4987&startset=13029028&dtext=snd&query=FOUNDER">the original</a> on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fgetent4.php%3Fplen%3D4987%26startset%3D13029028%26dtext%3Dsnd%26query%3DFOUNDER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1849&startset=16344238&query=GUTTIE&fhit=guttie&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194556/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1849&startset=16344238&query=GUTTIE&fhit=guttie&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/its-a-big-big-centre-in-the-u-s-of-a-hey-28283819.html">"It's a big, big centre in the U S of A, hey!"</a>. <i>Belfasttelegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfasttelegraph&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+big%2C+big+centre+in+the+U+S+of+A%2C+hey%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fimported%2Fits-a-big-big-centre-in-the-u-s-of-a-hey-28283819.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nENJI3UN26Y">"Fairhill Shopping Centre in Northern Ireland Commercial 1998"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairhill+Shopping+Centre+in+Northern+Ireland+Commercial+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnENJI3UN26Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2491&startset=16824609&query=HALLION&fhit=hallion&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194608/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2491&startset=16824609&query=HALLION&fhit=hallion&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=6203&startset=18045353&query=HESP&fhit=hesp&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[9]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120044248/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=6203&startset=18045353&query=HESP&fhit=hesp&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=12492&startset=18985996&query=HOWK&fhit=howk&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[10]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194639/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=12492&startset=18985996&query=HOWK&fhit=howk&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=14911&startset=20151021&query=JAUP&fhit=jaup&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[11]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194659/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=14911&startset=20151021&query=JAUP&fhit=jaup&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=805&startset=26222961&query=Jouk&fhit=jouk&dregion=form&dtext=dost#fhit">[12]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194734/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=805&startset=26222961&query=Jouk&fhit=jouk&dregion=form&dtext=dost">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=6368&startset=45422963&query=Oxter&fhit=oxter&dregion=form&dtext=dost#fhit">[13]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194748/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=6368&startset=45422963&query=Oxter&fhit=oxter&dregion=form&dtext=dost">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=queer&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=both">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=queer&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=both">the original</a> on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fdsl%2Fgetent4.php%3Fquery%3Dqueer%26sset%3D1%26fset%3D20%26printset%3D20%26searchtype%3Dfull%26dregion%3Dform%26dtext%3Dboth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4123&startset=50704422&query=Scunner&fhit=scunner&dregion=form&dtext=dost#fhit">[14]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194820/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4123&startset=50704422&query=Scunner&fhit=scunner&dregion=form&dtext=dost">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=11020&startset=36062576&query=SHEUCH&fhit=sheuch&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[15]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194952/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=11020&startset=36062576&query=SHEUCH&fhit=sheuch&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721124834/http://www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary?language=irish&word=slua">"Irish dictionary online, Irish gaelic dictionary, Irish Dictionary, Gaelic dictionary, translate Irish, Irish language dictionary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary?language=irish&word=slua">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+dictionary+online%2C+Irish+gaelic+dictionary%2C+Irish+Dictionary%2C+Gaelic+dictionary%2C+translate+Irish%2C+Irish+language+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishdictionary.ie%2Fdictionary%3Flanguage%3Dirish%26word%3Dslua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120060420/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=sneg&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=all">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=sneg&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=all">the original</a> on 20 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fgetent4.php%3Fquery%3Dsneg%26sset%3D1%26fset%3D20%26printset%3D20%26searchtype%3Dfull%26dregion%3Dform%26dtext%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=5788&startset=38168594&query=SNECK&fhit=sneck&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[16]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120050903/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=5788&startset=38168594&query=SNECK&fhit=sneck&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/targe">"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: targe"</a>. <i>dsl.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Dictionaries+of+the+Scots+Language%3A%3A+SND+%3A%3A+targe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsl.ac.uk%2Fentry%2Fsnd%2Ftarge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=3123&startset=42934830&query=THON&fhit=thon&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[17]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526195019/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=3123&startset=42934830&query=THON&fhit=thon&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526193035/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=throughither&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=both">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?query=throughither&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=both">the original</a> on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fdsl%2Fgetent4.php%3Fquery%3Dthroughither%26sset%3D1%26fset%3D20%26printset%3D20%26searchtype%3Dfull%26dregion%3Dentry%26dtext%3Dboth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4924&startset=47078082&query=WHEECH&fhit=wheech&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[18]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526195039/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4924&startset=47078082&query=WHEECH&fhit=wheech&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=6804&startset=47106389&query=WHEEN&fhit=wheen&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">[19]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120053948/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=6804&startset=47106389&query=WHEEN&fhit=wheen&dregion=form&dtext=snd">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hiberno-english.com/search/whist/">"You searched for whist"</a>. 11 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+searched+for+whist&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiberno-english.com%2Fsearch%2Fwhist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED52600">"Middle English Dictionary Entry"</a>. <i>umich.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umich.edu&rft.atitle=Middle+English+Dictionary+Entry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fm%2Fmec%2Fmed-idx%3Ftype%3Did%26id%3DMED52600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?size=First+100&type=headword&q1=hust&rgxp=constrained">"Results of Headword Search in Middle English Dictionary"</a>. <i>umich.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umich.edu&rft.atitle=Results+of+Headword+Search+in+Middle+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fm%2Fmec%2Fmed-idx%3Fsize%3DFirst%2B100%26type%3Dheadword%26q1%3Dhust%26rgxp%3Dconstrained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=686&startset=79646075&query=Wisht&fhit=whist&dregion=entry&dtext=dost#fhit">[20]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604010014/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=686&startset=79646075&query=Wisht&fhit=whist&dregion=entry&dtext=dost">Archived</a> 4 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf">"English Accents : Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phon.ucl.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phon.ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=English+Accents+%3A+Week+18+%28ii%29.+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Fx202-18a-ni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmes, Simon <i>Talking for Britain: A Journey Through the Nation's Dialects</i> (2005) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051562-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051562-3">0-14-051562-3</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From p 13 of <i>Ulster-Scots: A Grammar of the Traditional Written and Spoken Language</i>, by Robinson, Philip, published 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield1995" class="citation book cs1">Burchfield, Robert (1995). <i>The Cambridge History of the English Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521264785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521264785"><bdi>978-0521264785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521264785&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickey, 2007, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilppula1999" class="citation book cs1">Filppula, Markku (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammaririshengl00filp"><i>The Grammar of Irish English: Language in Hibernian Style</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammaririshengl00filp/page/n50">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415145244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415145244"><bdi>978-0415145244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Irish+English%3A+Language+in+Hibernian+Style&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415145244&rft.aulast=Filppula&rft.aufirst=Markku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammaririshengl00filp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1984" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (17 May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liY4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22South%20Ulster%20English%22&pg=PA125"><i>Language in the British Isles</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521284097" title="Special:BookSources/9780521284097"><bdi>9780521284097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+British+Isles&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1984-05-17&rft.isbn=9780521284097&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliY4AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522South%2520Ulster%2520English%2522%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hickey, Raymond (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/34_The_Phonology_of_Irish_English-VarietiesHndbk_(Hickey).pdf">"The phonology of Irish English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of Varieties of English</i>. 1: Phonology: 68–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+Irish+English&rft.volume=1%3A+Phonology&rft.pages=68-97&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-due.de%2F~lan300%2F34_The_Phonology_of_Irish_English-VarietiesHndbk_%28Hickey%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050911/http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf">"Irish English and Ulster English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+English+and+Ulster+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifla.uni-stuttgart.de%2Finstitut%2Fmitarbeiter%2Fjilka%2Fteaching%2Fdialectology%2Fd9_Ireland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/voices/atilazed/index.shtml">A til Azed – a glossary of Mid-Ulster vocabulary at BBC Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202220/http://www.students.ncl.ac.uk/w.n.maguire/swte_intro.htm">South West Tyrone Dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~wmaguire/SwTE/SwTEIntro.html">South West Tyrone Dialect</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&oldid=1255658419">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&oldid=1255658419</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_English" title="Category:British English">British English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_English" title="Category:Dialects of English">Dialects of English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Ireland" title="Category:Languages of Ireland">Languages of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Languages of Northern Ireland">Languages of Northern Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ulster" title="Category:Ulster">Ulster</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scots-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scots-language text">Articles containing Scots-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2017">Articles needing additional references from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from March 2017">Articles that may contain original research from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_October_2013" title="Category:EngvarB from October 2013">EngvarB from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2018">Articles needing additional references from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2017">Articles needing additional references from November 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 00:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_English&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-mjk2b","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.241","walltime":"1.463","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5897,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":323151,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11686,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":208024,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1210.824 1 -total"," 13.52% 163.645 16 Template:Cite_book"," 12.90% 156.255 13 Template:Navbox"," 11.84% 143.369 156 Template:IPA"," 9.99% 120.916 2 Template:Langx"," 8.71% 105.456 26 Template:Cite_web"," 8.49% 102.747 1 Template:English_dialects_by_continent"," 8.01% 96.959 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 6.82% 82.590 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.60% 79.890 3 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.719","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25214798,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-drhtr","timestamp":"20241127205534","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ulster English","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulster_English","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6840826","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6840826","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-30T00:22:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T00:53:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d9\/English_dialects_in_Ulster_contrast.png","headline":"variety of English spoken in Northern Ireland"}</script> </body> </html>