CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mars - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"340951c1-fecf-4c76-90bb-759799b03684","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mars","wgTitle":"Mars","wgCurRevisionId":26895546,"wgRevisionId":26895546,"wgArticleId":6153,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Halaman dengan argumen ganda di pemanggilan templat","Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list","Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting","Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit","Galat CS1: pranala luar","Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif","Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen","Galat CS1: tanggal","Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki URL kosong","Halaman dengan galat URL","Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN","Halaman Wikipedia yang dilindungi sebagian tanpa batas waktu","Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan","Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Februari 2025","Artikel berpranala Curlie","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLG","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda SUDOC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda WorldCat-VIAF","Artikel bagus","Artikel bagus biasa","Semua artikel bagus","Mars","Planet dalam Tata Surya"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mars","wgRelevantArticleId":6153,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q111","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Mars_Hubble.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Mars_Hubble.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mars - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mars rootpage-Mars skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu utama" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Menu utama </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z">Halaman Utama</a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi">Daftar isi</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r">Perubahan terbaru</a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik">Artikel pilihan</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini">Peristiwa terkini</a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru">Halaman baru</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x">Halaman sembarang</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa">Halaman istimewa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi">Warung Kopi</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu">Portal komunitas</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan.">Bantuan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar">Pancapilar</a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman">Kebijakan</a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami">Hubungi kami</a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir">Bak pasir</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Pencarian </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class="">Menyumbang</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Mars" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Mars" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Masuk log</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Perkakas pribadi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id">Menyumbang</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Mars" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"> Buat akun baru</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Mars" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri_fisik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri_fisik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Ciri fisik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciri_fisik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Ciri fisik </button> <ul id="toc-Ciri_fisik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Geologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Tanah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Hidrologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tudung_es_kutub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudung_es_kutub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Tudung es kutub </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tudung_es_kutub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Geografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topografi_tubrukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topografi_tubrukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Topografi tubrukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topografi_tubrukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situs_tektonik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situs_tektonik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Situs tektonik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situs_tektonik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Gua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Atmosfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Iklim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_dan_rotasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_dan_rotasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Orbit dan rotasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_dan_rotasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satelit_alami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satelit_alami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Satelit alami </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satelit_alami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kehidupan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kehidupan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Kehidupan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kehidupan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penjelajahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penjelajahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Penjelajahan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penjelajahan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Penjelajahan </button> <ul id="toc-Penjelajahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misi_sebelumnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misi_sebelumnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Misi sebelumnya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misi_sebelumnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misi_saat_ini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misi_saat_ini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Misi saat ini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misi_saat_ini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misi_ke_depan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misi_ke_depan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Misi ke depan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misi_ke_depan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rencana_misi_berawak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rencana_misi_berawak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Rencana misi berawak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rencana_misi_berawak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomi_di_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomi_di_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Astronomi di Mars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomi_di_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengamatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengamatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pengamatan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pengamatan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Pengamatan </button> <ul id="toc-Pengamatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jarak_terdekat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jarak_terdekat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Jarak terdekat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jarak_terdekat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Relatif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Absolut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_pengamatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_pengamatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sejarah pengamatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_pengamatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalam_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dalam budaya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dalam_budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Dalam budaya </button> <ul id="toc-Dalam_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Orang_Mars_cerdas"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Orang_Mars_cerdas""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 "Orang Mars cerdas" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Orang_Mars_cerdas"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Pranala luar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Pranala luar </button> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gambar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gambar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Gambar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gambar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_kartografis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_kartografis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Sumber kartografis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_kartografis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mars</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 252 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" > 252 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Planet)" title="Mars (Planet) – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mars (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ማርስ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማርስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta) – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marte (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiw_(tungol)" title="Tiw (tungol) – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tiw (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maas" title="Maas – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Maas" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मंगल ग्रह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मंगल ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="المريخ – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="لمريخ – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمريخ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="مريخ – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مريخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="মঙ্গল গ্ৰহ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মঙ্গল গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta) – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marte (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मंगल ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मंगल ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مریخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مریخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Planet)" title="Mars (Planet) – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mars (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsos" title="Marsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Marsos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marih" title="Marih – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Marih" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मंगल ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मंगल ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="মঙ্গল গ্রহ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মঙ্গল গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="མིག་དམར། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིག་དམར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurzh_(planedenn)" title="Meurzh (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurzh (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Мигмар (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мигмар (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_(planeta)" title="Mart (planeta) – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mart (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C5%8Di-s%C4%ADng" title="Huōi-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huōi-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%8F" title="ᎹᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎹᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_(%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95)" title="بارام (گەڕەستێرە) – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بارام (گەڕەستێرە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%92%A5%E1%90%A6%E1%91%B2%E1%90%A7%E1%91%96%E1%95%81" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᒥᐦᑲᐧᑖᕁ – Kree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᒥᐦᑲᐧᑖᕁ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Kree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merih" title="Merih – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Merih" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planeta)" title="Mars (planeta) – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mars (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B8" title="Арєи – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Арєи" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawrth_(planed)" title="Mawrth (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mawrth (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planet)" title="Mars (planet) – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mars (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Planet)" title="Mars (Planet) – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mars (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planet)" title="Mars (planet) – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mars (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मंगलग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मंगलग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2" title="མིག་དམར – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མིག་དམར" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Άρης (πλανήτης) – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρης (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8rt" title="Mèrt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mèrt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marso_(planedo)" title="Marso (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marso (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta) – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marte (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marss" title="Marss – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_(praneta)" title="Marti (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Marti (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مریخ – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marss" title="Marss – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Marss" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceni" title="Aceni – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aceni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(gongustj%C3%B8rna)" title="Mars (gongustjørna) – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mars (gongustjørna)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mars (planète) – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mars (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2rs_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Mârs (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mârs (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart" title="Mart – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mart" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" title="Mars (planeet) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mars (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Mars (pláinéad) – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mars (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="火星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Mars (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mars (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corg" title="Corg – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Corg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="مريخ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مريخ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja_Pyt%C3%A3" title="Mbyja Pytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja Pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3" title="मंगळ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मंगळ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B3_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="મંગળ (ગ્રહ) – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મંગળ (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart" title="Mart – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mart" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3-s%C3%AAn" title="Fó-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fó-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%AB%CA%BBula" title="Hōkūʻula – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkūʻula" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מאדים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मंगल ग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगल ग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalgrah" title="Mangalgrah – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mangalgrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Mas (planèt) – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mas (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(bolyg%C3%B3)" title="Mars (bolygó) – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mars (bolygó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Մարս (մոլորակ) – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարս (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD)" title="Հրատ մոլորակ (Մարս) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հրատ մոլորակ (Մարս)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marte (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maas" title="Maas – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Maas" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayuqtu%C4%A1lu_Ti%C4%A1igannia%C4%A1lu" title="Kayuqtuġlu Tiġiganniaġlu – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kayuqtuġlu Tiġiganniaġlu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мингал – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мингал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marso" title="Marso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(reikistjarna)" title="Mars (reikistjarna) – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mars (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(astronomia)" title="Marte (astronomia) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marte (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarz" title="Maarz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Maarz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mars" title="mars – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mars" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მარსი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planeta)" title="Mars (planeta) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mars (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezwe%C9%A3" title="Mezweɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mezweɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar%C9%A9s%C9%A9" title="Maarɩsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maarɩsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat" title="Mat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasi" title="Maasi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maasi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A" title="ភពអង្គារ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពអង្គារ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_(%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9)" title="ಮಂಗಳ (ಗ್ರಹ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಂಗಳ (ಗ್ರಹ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%84%B1" title="화성 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوم – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بوم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Planet)" title="Mars (Planet) – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mars (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behram_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Behram (gerstêrk) – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Behram (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurth_(planet)" title="Meurth (planet) – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Meurth (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planeta)" title="Mars (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mars (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Mars (Planéit) – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mars (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" title="Mars (planeet) – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mars (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(astronomia)" title="Marte (astronomia) – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Marte (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(pianeta)" title="Marte (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Marte (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rsi_(monz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94)" title="Mársi (monzɔ́tɔ) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mársi (monzɔ́tɔ)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ດາວອັງຄານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວອັງຄານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsas_(planeta)" title="Marsas (planeta) – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marsas (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marss_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Marss (planēta) – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marss (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Марс (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Марс (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_(planeta)" title="Marsa (planeta) – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marsa (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Марс (планета) – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марс (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5" title="ചൊവ്വ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൊവ്വ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ангараг – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ангараг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="မာရ်သ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မာရ်သ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मंगळ ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मंगळ ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikh" title="Marikh – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marikh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(pjaneta)" title="Marte (pjaneta) – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Marte (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta) – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Marte (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="အင်္ဂါဂြိုဟ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်္ဂါဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مریخ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مریخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichilcitlalpol" title="Chichilcitlalpol – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chichilcitlalpol" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(Planet)" title="Mars (Planet) – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mars (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" title="Mars (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mars (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मङ्गल ग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मङ्गल ग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="इनाय्‌नगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इनाय्‌नगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" title="Mars (planeet) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Mars" title="Planeten Mars – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Mars" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planet)" title="Mars (planet) – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mars (planet)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planete)" title="Mars (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mars (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A4%DF%90%DF%9E%DF%8E" title="ߤߐߞߎ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߤߐߞߎ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1az" title="Máaz – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Máaz" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_(planeta)" title="Mart (planeta) – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mart (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planiettu)" title="Mars (planiettu) – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mars (planiettu)" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarsii" title="Maarsii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maarsii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3" title="ମଙ୍ଗଳ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଙ୍ଗଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)" title="Марс (планетæ) – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Марс (планетæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਮੰਗਲ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੰਗਲ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti" title="Marti – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Marti" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Pidgin Nigeria" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Pidgin Nigeria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_(pianeta)" title="Mart (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mart (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="مريخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مريخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta) – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marte (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awqakuq" title="Awqakuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awqakuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planet)" title="Mars (planet) – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mars (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjor" title="Manjor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Manjor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(planet%C4%83)" title="Marte (planetă) – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marte (planetă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti" title="Marti – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Marti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Марс (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Марс (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umubumbe_wa_Mars" title="Umubumbe wa Mars – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umubumbe wa Mars" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="मङ्गलः – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मङ्गलः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱴᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(praneta)" title="Marte (praneta) – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Marte (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_(pianeta)" title="Marti (pianeta) – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Marti (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurs" title="Maurs – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maurs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="مريخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مريخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imzwi%C9%A3" title="Imzwiɣ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Imzwiɣ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9F%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="අඟහරු ග්‍රහලොව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අඟහරු ග්‍රහලොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مریخ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مریخ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murongazuva" title="Murongazuva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Murongazuva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farraare" title="Farraare – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Farraare" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planet)" title="Mars (planet) – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mars (planet)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirihi" title="Mirihi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mirihi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="செவ்வாய் (கோள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செவ்வாய் (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95" title="ಅಂಗಾರಕ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಂಗಾರಕ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="అంగారకుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంగారకుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Миррих – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миррих" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ดาวอังคาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวอังคาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Марс (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марс (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Chivuvuzi" title="Chanya la Chivuvuzi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya la Chivuvuzi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feti%E2%80%99a_%E2%80%99ura" title="Feti’a ’ura – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Feti’a ’ura" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Марс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مارس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مارس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Марс (планета) – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марс (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte_(astronomia)" title="Marte (astronomia) – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Marte (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_H%E1%BB%8Fa" title="Sao Hỏa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Hỏa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planete)" title="Mars (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mars (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mard" title="Mard – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mard" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ss_(planete)" title="Måss (planete) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Måss (planete)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marte" title="Marte – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marte" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maas" title="Maas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Maas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Марс һариг – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Марс һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="მოროხი (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოროხი (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מאדים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאדים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rs%C3%AC" title="Mársì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mársì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqfeiz" title="Ndaundeiqfeiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqfeiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(planete)" title="Mars (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mars (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%96" title="ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%92%E6%83%91" title="熒惑 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熒惑" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Hóe-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNotshezi" title="UNotshezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNotshezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Mars" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Indonesia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mars">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=edit" title="Halaman ini dilindungi. Anda hanya dapat melihat sumbernya. [e]" accesskey="e">Lihat sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Perkakas </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mars">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=edit">Lihat sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=history">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Mars" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pranala balik</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Mars" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan terkait</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&oldid=26895546" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini">Pranala permanen</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini">Informasi halaman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Mars&id=26895546&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini">Kutip halaman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMars">Lihat URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMars">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Mars">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mars&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mars" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g">Butir di Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_bagus" title="Ini adalah artikel bagus. Klik untuk informasi lebih lanjut."><img alt="Ini adalah artikel bagus. Klik untuk informasi lebih lanjut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg/20px-Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg/40px-Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Mars_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mars (disambiguasi)">Mars (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Semi-protection-shackle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halaman yang dilindungi semi"><img alt="Halaman yang dilindungi semi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/120px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Penyuntingan Artikel oleh pengguna <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kelompok_pengguna#Pengguna_baru" title="Wikipedia:Kelompok pengguna">baru</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kelompok_pengguna#Pengguna_anonim" title="Wikipedia:Kelompok pengguna">anonim</a> untuk saat ini <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pelindungan" title="Bantuan:Pelindungan">tidak diizinkan</a>. Lihat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_pelindungan" title="Wikipedia:Kebijakan pelindungan">kebijakan pelindungan</a> dan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istimewa%3ALog&page=Mars&type=protect">log pelindungan</a> untuk informasi selengkapnya. Jika Anda tidak dapat menyunting Artikel ini dan Anda ingin melakukannya, Anda dapat memohon <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan%3AMars&preload=Templat%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Templat%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Permintaan+penyuntingan+halaman+dilindungi+sebagian+pada+10+April+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Mars">permintaan penyuntingan</a>, diskusikan perubahan yang ingin dilakukan di <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Mars#top" title="Pembicaraan:Mars">halaman pembicaraan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">memohon untuk melepaskan pelindungan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Masuk_log" title="Istimewa:Masuk log">masuk</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Masuk_log/signup" title="Istimewa:Masuk log/signup">buatlah sebuah akun</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27002510">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:27.5em"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mars <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simbol astronomis Mars"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_Hubble.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Mars"><img alt="Planet Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mars_Hubble.jpg/250px-Mars_Hubble.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mars_Hubble.jpg/500px-Mars_Hubble.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Citra Mars yang diabadikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_luar_angkasa_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleskop luar angkasa Hubble">teleskop luar angkasa Hubble</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E8AB79">Penamaan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Penandaan_sementara_dalam_astronomi" title="Penandaan sementara dalam astronomi">Nama alternatif</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Marikh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" class="extiw" title="en:List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Kata sifat</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martian (halaman belum tersedia)">Martian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E8AB79"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_oskulasi" title="Orbit oskulasi">Ciri-ciri orbit</a><a href="#cite_note-horizons-2">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epos_(astronomi)" title="Epos (astronomi)">Epos</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_dan_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion dan aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">249.209.300 km 1,665 861 <a href="/wiki/Satuan_Astronomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satuan Astronomi">sa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_dan_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion dan aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">206.669.000 km 1,381 497 sa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sumbu_semimayor" title="Sumbu semimayor">Sumbu semimayor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">227.939.100 km 1,523 679 sa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Eksentrisitas_orbit" title="Eksentrisitas orbit">Eksentrisitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,093 315 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_orbit" title="Periode orbit">Periode orbit</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">686,971 hari 1,8808 <a href="/wiki/Tahun_julian_(astronomi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahun julian (astronomi)">tahun Julian</a> 668,5991 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penanggalan_di_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penanggalan di Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">sol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_orbit" title="Periode orbit">Periode sinodis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">779,96 hari 2,135 tahun Julian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_orbit" title="Kecepatan orbit">Kecepatan orbit</a> rata-rata</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,077 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Inklinasi" title="Inklinasi">Inklinasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,850° ke <a href="/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika">Ekliptika</a> 5,65° ke <a href="/wiki/Ekuator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekuator">ekuator</a> <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> 1,67° ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidang_Invariabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidang Invariabel (halaman belum tersedia)">bidang Invariabel</a><a href="#cite_note-meanplane-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bujur_node_menaik" title="Bujur node menaik">Bujur node menaik</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">49,562°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Argumen_periapsis" title="Argumen periapsis">Argumen perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">286,537°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_alami" title="Satelit alami">satelit</a> yang diketahui</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E8AB79">Ciri-ciri fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Jari-jari <a href="/wiki/Khatulistiwa" title="Khatulistiwa">khatulistiwa</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.396,2 ± 0,1 km<a href="#endnote_Anone">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-3">[3]</a> 0,533 Bumi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Jari-jari <a href="/wiki/Kutub_geografis" title="Kutub geografis">kutub</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.376,2 ± 0,1 km<a href="#endnote_Anone">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-3">[3]</a> 0,531 Bumi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Kepepatan" title="Kepepatan">Kepepatan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,005 89 ± 0,000 15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sferoid#Luas_permukaan" title="Sferoid">Luas permukaan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">144.798.500 km² 0,284 Bumi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,6318×1011 km³ 0,151 Bumi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">Massa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,4185×1023 kg 0,107 Bumi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Massa jenis</a> rata-rata</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,934 g/cm³</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gravitasi_permukaan" title="Gravitasi permukaan">Gravitasi permukaan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,69 <a href="/wiki/Percepatan" title="Percepatan">m/s²</a> 0,376 <a href="/wiki/Gaya-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya-g">g</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_lepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan lepas">Kecepatan lepas</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,027 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_rotasi" title="Periode rotasi">Periode rotasi</a> sideris</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,025 957 hari  24j 37m 22d<a href="#cite_note-nasa-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Kecepatan rotasi khatulistiwa</div></th><td class="infobox-data">868,22 km/jam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kemiringan_sumbu" title="Kemiringan sumbu">Kemiringan sumbu</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,19°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Asensio_rekta" title="Asensio rekta">Asensio rekta</a> kutub utara</div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 j 10 m 44 d 317,681 43°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deklinasi" title="Deklinasi">Deklinasi</a> kutub utara</div></th><td class="infobox-data">52,886 50°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,15<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:40%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">Suhu</a> permukaan</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">min.</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">rata-rata</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">maks.</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a></th> <td>186 K</td> <td>227 K</td> <td>268 K<a href="#cite_note-nasa-4">[4]</a></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a></th> <td>−87 °C</td> <td>−46 °C</td> <td>−5 °C</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnitudo_semu" title="Magnitudo semu">Magnitudo semu</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">+1,8 hingga −2,91<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Diameter_sudut" title="Diameter sudut">Diameter sudut</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,5—25,1"<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E8AB79">Atmosfer</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_atmosfer" title="Tekanan atmosfer">Tekanan</a> permukaan</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0,6–1,0 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">Komposisi per volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">95,72% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">Karbon dioksida</a> 2.7% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> 1.6% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> 0.07% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">Karbon monoksida</a> 0.03% <a href="/wiki/Uap_air" title="Uap air">Uap air</a> 0.01% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monoksida" title="Nitrogen monoksida">Nitrogen monoksida</a> 2.5 ppm <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> 300 ppb <a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> 130 ppb <a href="/wiki/Formaldehida" title="Formaldehida">Formaldehida</a> 80 ppb <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> 30 ppb <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">Ozon</a> 10 ppb <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">Metana</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mars adalah <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> terdekat keempat dari <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a>. Namanya diambil dari <a href="/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa">dewa</a> perang <a href="/wiki/Romawi" class="mw-disambig" title="Romawi">Romawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mitologi)" title="Mars (mitologi)">Mars</a>. Planet ini sering dijuluki sebagai "planet merah" karena tampak dari jauh berwarna kemerah-kemerahan. Ini disebabkan oleh keberadaan <a href="/wiki/Besi(III)_oksida" title="Besi(III) oksida">besi(III) oksida</a> di permukaan planet Mars.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_hematite-6">[6]</a> Mars adalah <a href="/wiki/Planet_bebatuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet bebatuan">planet bebatuan</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a> yang tipis. Di permukaan Mars terdapat kawah, gunung berapi, lembah, gurun, dan <a href="/wiki/Tudung_es" title="Tudung es">tudung es</a>. <a href="/wiki/Periode_rotasi" title="Periode rotasi">Periode rotasi</a> dan siklus musim Mars mirip dengan Bumi. Di Mars berdiri <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a>, gunung tertinggi di Tata Surya, dan <a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a>, lembah terbesar di Tata Surya. Selain itu, di belahan utara terdapat <a href="/wiki/Cekungan_Borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cekungan Borealis">cekungan Borealis</a> yang meliputi 40% permukaan Mars.<a href="#cite_note-northcratersn-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-northcraterguard-8">[8]</a> Lingkungan Mars lebih bersahabat bagi kehidupan dibandingkan keadaan planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. Namun begitu, keadaannya tidak cukup ideal untuk manusia. Suhu udara yang cukup rendah dan tekanan udara yang rendah, ditambah dengan komposisi udara yang sebagian besar karbondioksida, menyebabkan manusia harus menggunakan alat bantu pernapasan jika ingin tinggal di sana. Misi-misi ke planet merah ini, sampai penghujung abad ke-20, belum menemukan jejak kehidupan di sana, meskipun yang amat sederhana. Planet ini memiliki 2 buah satelit, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Fobos_(satelit)" title="Fobos (satelit)">Fobos</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(satelit)" title="Deimos (satelit)">Deimos</a> (Kedua satelit ini disebut Lembata oleh masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Tolaki" class="mw-disambig" title="Tolaki">Tolaki</a>). Planet ini mengorbit selama 687 hari dalam mengelilingi Matahari. Planet ini juga berotasi. Kala rotasinya 25,62 jam. Di planet Mars, terdapat sebuah kenampakan unik di daerah <a href="/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonia Mensae">Cydonia Mensae</a>. Kenampakan ini merupakan sebuah perbukitan yang bila dilihat dari atas tampak sebagai sebuah wajah <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>. Banyak orang yang menganggapnya sebagai sebuah bukti dari <a href="/wiki/Peradaban" title="Peradaban">peradaban</a> yang telah lama musnah di Mars, walaupun pada masa kini, telah terbukti bahwa kenampakan tersebut hanyalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Alam" title="Alam">kenampakan alam</a> biasa. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri_fisik">Ciri fisik</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_Earth_Comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mars_Earth_Comparison.png/250px-Mars_Earth_Comparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mars_Earth_Comparison.png/330px-Mars_Earth_Comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mars_Earth_Comparison.png/500px-Mars_Earth_Comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Perbandingan ukuran <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> dan Mars.</figcaption></figure> Mars memiliki jari-jari sekitar setengah dari jari-jari Bumi. Planet ini kurang padat bila dibandingkan dengan Bumi, dan hanya mempunyai sekitar 15% volume dan 11% massa Bumi. Luas permukaannya lebih kecil dari jumlah wilayah kering di Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a> Mars lebih besar daripada <a href="/wiki/Merkurius_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkurius (planet)">Merkurius</a>, tetapi Merkurius lebih padat. Akibatnya kedua planet mempunyai tarikan gravitasi yang hampir mirip di permukaan—dan tarikan Mars lebih kuat sekitar kurang dari 1%. Ukuran, massa, dan gravitasi permukaan Mars berada "di antara" Bumi dan <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a> (diameter Bulan hanya setengah dari Mars, sementara Bumi dua kalinya; Bumi sembilan kali lebih besar dari Mars, dan Bulan satu per sembilannya). Kenampakan permukaan Mars yang merah-jingga diakibatkan oleh keberadaan <a href="/wiki/Besi(III)_oksida" title="Besi(III) oksida">besi(III) oksida</a>, yang lebih dikenal dengan nama hematite.<a href="#cite_note-rust-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologi">Geologi</h3></div> Berdasarkan pengamatan orbit dan pemeriksaan terhadap kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Meteorit_Mars" title="Meteorit Mars">meteorit Mars</a>, permukaan Mars terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Basalt">basalt</a>. Beberapa bukti menunjukkan bahwa sebagian permukaan Mars mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a> yang lebih kaya daripada <a href="/wiki/Basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Basalt">basalt</a> biasa, dan mungkin mirip dengan batu-batu <a href="/wiki/Andesit" title="Andesit">andesit</a> di Bumi. Sebagian besar permukaan Mars dilapisi oleh debu <a href="/wiki/Besi(III)_oksida" title="Besi(III) oksida">besi(III) oksida</a> yang memberinya kenampakan merah.<a href="#cite_note-sci300a-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-sci300b-11">[11]</a> Saat ini Mars tidak mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Medan_magnet" title="Medan magnet">medan magnet</a> global,<a href="#cite_note-magnetosphere-12">[12]</a> namun hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sebagian kerak planet termagnetisasi, dan medan magnet global pernah ada pada masa lalu. Salah satu teori yang diumumkan pada tahun 1999 dan diperiksa ulang pada Oktober 2005 (dengan bantuan <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a>) menunjukkan bahwa empat miliar tahun yang lalu, <a href="/wiki/Teori_dinamo" title="Teori dinamo">dinamo</a> Mars berhenti berfungsi dan mengakibatkan medan magnetnya menghilang.<a href="#cite_note-plates-13">[13]</a> Ada pula teori bahwa asteroid yang sangat besar pernah menghantam Mars dan mematikan medan magnetnya.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Inti Mars, yang jari-jarinya diperkirakan sebesar 1.480 km, terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> dan 14–17% <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. Inti <a href="/wiki/Besi(II)_sulfida" title="Besi(II) sulfida">besi sulfida</a> ini cair. Lapisan di atas inti Mars adalah <a href="/wiki/Mantel" class="mw-disambig" title="Mantel">mantel</a> silikat yang membentuk banyak objek tektonik dan vulkanik di Mars, tetapi saat ini mantel tersebut sudah tidak aktif. Di atas lapisan mantel adalah kerak, yang ketebalan rata-ratanya sekitar 50 km, dan ketebalan maksimumnya 125 km.<a href="#cite_note-jacque03-15">[15]</a> Saat pembentukan Tata Surya, Mars terbentuk dari <a href="/wiki/Cakram_protoplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cakram protoplanet">cakram protoplanet</a> yang mengelilingi Matahari. Planet ini punya ciri kimia yang berbeda karena letaknya di Tata Surya. Unsur dengan titik didih yang rendah seperti klorin, fosfor, dan sulfur ada dalam jumlah yang lebih besar daripada di Bumi. Unsur-unsur tersebut kemungkinan dihalau dari daerah yang dekat dengan Matahari oleh <a href="/wiki/Angin_surya" title="Angin surya">angin surya</a> muda yang kuat.<a href="#cite_note-ssr_96_1_4-16">[16]</a> Setelah terbentuk, planet-planet melewati masa "<a href="/wiki/Pembombardiran_Berat_Akhir" title="Pembombardiran Berat Akhir">Pembombardiran Berat Akhir</a>". Bekas tubrukan dari masa tersebut dapat dilihat di 60% permukaan Mars.<a href="#cite_note-zharkov93-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-icarus165_1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-barlow88-19">[19]</a> 40% permukaan Mars adalah bagian dari cekungan yang diakibatkan oleh tubrukan objek sebesar <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> empat miliar tahun yang lalu. Cekungan di belahan utara Mars yang membentang sejauh 10.600 km ini kini dikenal dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Cekungan_Borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cekungan Borealis">cekungan Borealis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-northcratersn-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-northcraterguard-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciam080627-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt080626-21">[21]</a> Sejarah geologi Mars dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa masa, tetapi berikut adalah tiga masa utama:<a href="#cite_note-ssr_96_1_4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-jog91-22">[22]</a> <ul><li>Masa Noachis (dinamai dari <a href="/wiki/Noachis_Terra" title="Noachis Terra">Noachis Terra</a>): Pembentukan permukaan tertua Mars, antara 4,5 miliar hingga 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu. Permukaan dari masa Noachis dipenuhi kawah tubrukan yang besar. Tonjolan <a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a>, dataran tinggi vulkanik, diduga terbentuk pada masa ini. Pada akhir masa ini banjir besar juga terjadi.</li> <li>Masa Hesperia (dinamai dari Hesperia Planum): 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu hingga 2,9–3,3 miliar tahun yang lalu. Masa ini ditandai dengan pembentukan dataran lava.</li> <li>Masa Amazonis (dinamai dari <a href="/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia" title="Amazonis Planitia">Amazonis Planitia</a>): 2,9–3,3 miliar tahun yang lalu hingga sekarang. <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> terbentuk pada periode ini, dan begitu pula aliran lava lain.</li></ul> Aktivitas geologi masih berlangsung di Mars. <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Valles" title="Athabasca Valles">Athabasca Valles</a> merupakan tempat mengalirnya lava sejak 200 juta tahun yang lalu. Aliran air di graben <a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Fossae" title="Cerberus Fossae">Cerberus Fossae</a> muncul sekitar 20 juta tahun yang lalu, yang merupakan tanda-tanda terjadinya intrusi vulkanik.<a href="#cite_note-ag44_4-23">[23]</a> Pada 19 Februari 2008, citra yang diabadikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> menunjukkan bukti terjadinya longsor di tebing setinggi 700 m.<a href="#cite_note-dc080304-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanah">Tanah</h3></div> Berdasarkan data dari wahana <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Phoenix (wahana antariksa)">Phoenix</a>, tanah Mars terdiri dari unsur seperti <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">potasium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Klorida" title="Klorida">klorida</a>. Nutrien tersebut dapat ditemui di kebun Bumi dan penting dalam pertumbuhan tanaman.<a href="#cite_note-bbc080627-25">[25]</a> Percobaan yang dilakukan oleh wahana Phoenix menunjukkan bahwa tanah Mars punya <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> sebesar 8,3, dan mengandung <a href="/wiki/Garam_(kimia)" title="Garam (kimia)">garam</a> <a href="/wiki/Perklorat" title="Perklorat">perklorat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marssalt-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-jpl_soil-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tharsis_Tholus_block.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tharsis_Tholus_block.JPG/250px-Tharsis_Tholus_block.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tharsis_Tholus_block.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Cerat di Tharsis Tholus (di tengah kiri gambar).</figcaption></figure> Cerat dapat ditemui di seluruh Mars. Seringkali cerat baru muncul di lereng curam kawah, palung, dan lembah. Cerat awalnya berwarna gelap, dan seiring berjalannya waktu, cerat menjadi semakin menjadi terang. Kadang-kadang cerat muncul dalam ukuran yang kecil, dan lalu melebar hingga ratusan meter. Cerat juga mengikuti tepi batuan. Berdasarkan teori yang banyak diterima, cerat merupakan lapisan tanah gelap di bawah yang muncul karena longsor atau badai debu.<a href="#cite_note-jpl_dust_devil-28">[28]</a> Ada pula penjelasan lain yang melibatkan air, dan bahkan pertumbuhan organisme.<a href="#cite_note-gpl29_23_41-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-oleb33_4_515-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrologi">Hidrologi</h3></div> Air tidak dapat bertahan di permukaan Mars karena tekanan atmosfernya yang rendah. Di ketinggian terendah, air masih dapat bertahan dalam waktu yang singkat.<a href="#cite_note-h-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-jgr110-32">[32]</a> Dua tudung es di Mars diduga terdiri dari air.<a href="#cite_note-kostama-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-sci299-34">[34]</a> Jika dicairkan, volume air di tudung es kutub selatan mampu melapisi seluruh permukaan planet dengan kedalaman 11 meter.<a href="#cite_note-nasa070315-35">[35]</a> Lapisan <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" class="mw-redirect" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> terbentang dari kutub hingga lintang 60°.<a href="#cite_note-kostama-33">[33]</a> Es air dalam jumlah besar diduga terperangkap di bawah lapisan <a href="/wiki/Kriosfer" title="Kriosfer">kriosfer</a> Mars. Data dari <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> menunjukkan keberadaan es air yang besar di kedua kutub (Juli 2005)<a href="#cite_note-specials1-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc040124-37">[37]</a> dan lintang tengah (November 2008).<a href="#cite_note-jsg.utexas.edu-38">[38]</a> Wahana Phoenix secara langsung mengambil sampel es air di Mars pada 31 Juli 2008.<a href="#cite_note-spacecraft1-39">[39]</a> Dari kenampakan permukaan Mars dapat dilihat bahwa air pernah mengalir di permukaan planet tersebut. Saluran banjir besar yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saluran_aliran_keluar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saluran aliran keluar (halaman belum tersedia)">saluran aliran keluar</a> (outflow channel)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> dapat ditemui di 25 tempat, dan diduga merupakan tanda-tanda terjadinya erosi pada masa lepasnya air dari <a href="/wiki/Akuifer" title="Akuifer">akuifer</a> di bawah tanah, meskipun struktur tersebut juga diduga diakibatkan oleh glasier atau lava.<a href="#cite_note-Kerr2005-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaeger2007-42">[42]</a> Saluran termuda diduga terbentuk sekitar beberapa juta tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-nature434-43">[43]</a> Di tempat lain, terutama di wilayah tertua permukaan Mars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_lembah_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaringan lembah Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">jaringan lembah</a> yang bercabang menyebar di sepanjang bentang alam. Ciri dan persebaran lembah tersebut menunjukkan bahwa lembah tersebut dibentuk oleh <a href="/wiki/Limpasan_permukaan" title="Limpasan permukaan">limpasan permukaan</a> yang diakibatkan oleh hujan atau salju pada awal sejarah Mars. Aliran di bawah permukaan dan proses pengikisan tanah dari lereng oleh air tanah yang ada di tepi sungai atau lereng bukit mungkin memainkan peran tambahan di beberapa jaringan, namun hujan kemungkinan merupakan penyebab utama.<a href="#cite_note-CraddockHoward2002-44">[44]</a> Di Mars juga ada ribuan kenampakan di kawah dan dinding lembah yang mirip dengan parit. Parit tersebut biasanya ada di dataran tinggi belahan selatan. Sejumlah penulis menyatakan bahwa proses pembentukannya memerlukan air, kemungkinan dari es yang mencair,<a href="#cite_note-sci288-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa061206-46">[46]</a> namun ada pula yang meyakini bahwa es karbon dioksida dan pergerakan debu kering-lah yang membentuknya.<a href="#cite_note-bbc061206-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa061206b-48">[48]</a> Parit-parit tersebut sangat muda, bahkan mungkin masih aktif hingga sekarang.<a href="#cite_note-nasa061206-46">[46]</a> Ciri geologis lain, seperti delta dan <a href="/wiki/Kipas_aluvial" title="Kipas aluvial">kipas aluvial</a>, digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mendukung gagasan bahwa Mars pada awalnya lebih hangat dan basah.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis2006-49">[49]</a> Keadaan semacam itu memerlukan keberadaan banyak <a href="/wiki/Danau" title="Danau">danau</a> di permukaan, dan untuk itu ada bukti-bukti mineralogis, sedimentalogis, dan geomorfologis.<a href="#cite_note-Matsubara2011-50">[50]</a> Beberapa penulis bahkan menyatakan bahwa pada masa lalu sebagian besar dataran rendah di utara merupakan samudra, meskipun hal ini masih diperdebatkan.<a href="#cite_note-Head1999-51">[51]</a> Bukti lebih lanjut bahwa air pernah ada di permukaan Mars muncul dari penemuan beberapa mineral tertentu seperti <a href="/wiki/Hematit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematit">hematit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Goetit" title="Goetit">goetit</a>, yang kadang-kadang terbentuk saat air ada.<a href="#cite_note-nasa040303-52">[52]</a> Beberapa bukti yang sebelumnya diyakini menunjukkan keberadaan cekungan dan aliran air kuno telah ditampik oleh penilikan beresolusi tinggi oleh Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.<a href="#cite_note-sci317-53">[53]</a> Pada tahun 2004, Opportunity menemukan mineral <a href="/wiki/Jarosit" title="Jarosit">jarosit</a>. Mineral ini hanya terbentuk jika ada air berasam, yang menunjukkan bahwa air pernah ada di Mars.<a href="#cite_note-nasa101001-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tudung_es_kutub">Tudung es kutub</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_NPArea-PIA00161.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_NPArea-PIA00161.jpg/220px-Mars_NPArea-PIA00161.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_NPArea-PIA00161.jpg/330px-Mars_NPArea-PIA00161.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_NPArea-PIA00161.jpg/440px-Mars_NPArea-PIA00161.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6744" data-file-height="6744" /></a><figcaption>Citra tudung es kutub utara Mars oleh wahana <a href="/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking">Viking</a>.</figcaption></figure> Mars punya dua tudung es kutub permanen. Selama musim dingin di salah satu kutub, lapisan tersebut diselubungi oleh kegelapan, sehingga mendinginkan permukaan dan menyebabkan 25–30% atmosfer mengembun menjadi es <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">CO2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Es_kering" title="Es kering">es kering</a>).<a href="#cite_note-icarus169-55">[55]</a> Saat Matahari kembali menyinari kutub, CO2 yang membeku <a href="/wiki/Sublimasi_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimasi (kimia)">menyublim</a>, sehingga menghasilkan angin kencang yang menyapu wilayah kutub dengan kecepatan 400 km/jam. Peristiwa musiman tersebut mengangkut banyak debu dan uap air yang menghasilkan embun beku dan <a href="/wiki/Awan_cirrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan cirrus">awan cirrus</a> besar. Awan es-air dicitrakan oleh Opportunity pada tahun 2004.<a href="#cite_note-clouds-56">[56]</a> Tudung es Mars terdiri dari es air. Karbon dioksida beku melapisinya dengan ketebalan satu meter di kutub utara pada musim dingin; sementara di kutub selatan, tudung es kering tersebut bersifat permanen dengan ketebalan delapan meter.<a href="#cite_note-darling_marspoles-57">[57]</a> Diameter tudung es kutub utara tercatat sekitar 1.000 kilometer selama musim panas,<a href="#cite_note-mira-58">[58]</a> dan mengandung sekitar 1,6 juta km kubik es.<a href="#cite_note-brown-59">[59]</a> Tudung es kutub selatan mempunyai diameter sekitar 350 km dan ketebalan 3 km.<a href="#cite_note-phillips-60">[60]</a> Total volume es di kutub selatan ditambah lapisannya diperkirakan juga sekitar 1,6 juta km kubik.<a href="#cite_note-sci315-61">[61]</a> Di kedua tudung es terdapat lembang-lembang, yang diduga terbentuk akibat pemanasan Matahari, ditambah dengan penyubliman es dan pengembunan uap air.<a href="#cite_note-geo32-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-eas080922-63">[63]</a> Pembekuan musiman di beberapa wilayah di dekat tudung es kutub selatan mengakibatkan pembentukan es kering transparan setebal 1 meter di atas permukaan. Begitu musim semi datang, tekanan dari penyubliman CO2 mengangkat dan memecahkan lapisan tersebut. Akibatnya, terjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geyser_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geyser Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">letusan</a> gas CO2 yang bercampur dengan pasir atau debu basalt gelap. Proses ini berlangsung cepat dan tidak biasa dalam geologi Mars. Gas yang bergerak cepat di bawah lapisan ke tempat letusan menghasilkan pola saluran radial yang seperti laba-laba di bawah es.<a href="#cite_note-2006-100-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kieffer2000-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Portyankina-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hugh2006-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geografi">Geografi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg/250px-MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg/500px-MarsTopoMap-PIA02031_modest.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>Lembah vulkanik (merah) dan cekungan akibat tubrukan (biru) mendominasi peta topografi Mars ini.</figcaption></figure> Meskipun dikenang karena memetakan Bulan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%A4dler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich Mädler (halaman belum tersedia)">Johann Heinrich Mädler</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer" title="Wilhelm Beer">Wilhelm Beer</a> merupakan para "aerografer" pertama. Mereka merintis bahwa sebagian besar permukaan Mars bersifat permanen, dan menentukan periode rotasi planet. Pada tahun 1840, Mädler memadukan hasil pengamatannya selama sepuluh tahun dan menggambar peta pertama Mars. Daripada memberi nama, Beer dan Mädler menyebut beberapa tempat dengan huruf.<a href="#cite_note-sheehan_ch04-68">[68]</a> Saat ini, kenampakan-kenampakan di Mars dinamai dari berbagai sumber. <a href="/wiki/Kenampakan_albedo" title="Kenampakan albedo">Kenampakan albedo</a> dinamai dari mitologi klasik. Nama kawah yang lebih besar dari 60 km berasal dari ilmuwan, penulis, dan tokoh lain yang membantu penelitian Mars. Kawah yang lebih kecil dari 60 km dinamai dari kota dan desa di dunia dengan jumlah penduduk lebih kecil dari 100.000. Lembah besar dinamai dari kata mars atau bintang dalam berbagai bahasa, sementara lembah kecil dari sungai-sungai.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Nama kenampakan albedo besar tetap dipertahankan, tetapi kadang-kadang diperbaharui untuk melambangkan pengetahuan baru tentang sifat kenampakan tersebut. Contohnya, Nix Olympica ("salju Olympus") diubah menjadi Olympus Mons ("Gunung Olympus").<a href="#cite_note-viking_1950_2000-70">[70]</a> Permukaan Mars seperti yang terlihat dari Bumi terbagi menjadi dua macam daerah, dengan albedo yang berbeda. Dataran pucat yang dilapisi debu dan pasir yang kaya akan besi oksida awalnya diduga sebagai 'benua' Mars dan diberi nama seperti <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a> (tanah Arabia) atau <a href="/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia" title="Amazonis Planitia">Amazonis Planitia</a> (dataran Amazonian). Kenampakan gelap sebelumnya diduga sebagai laut, sehingga dinamai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Erythraeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mare Erythraeum (halaman belum tersedia)">Mare Erythraeum</a>, Mare Sirenum dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurorae_Sinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurorae Sinus (halaman belum tersedia)">Aurorae Sinus</a>. Kenampakan gelap terbesar yang dapat terlihat dari Bumi adalah <a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum" title="Syrtis Major Planum">Syrtis Major Planum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-seds_huygens-71">[71]</a> Tudung es kutub utara yang permanen dinamai <a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a>, sementara tudung es kutub selatan disebut <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a>. Khatulistiwa Mars ditetapkan melalui rotasinya, namun letak <a href="/wiki/Meridian_utama" title="Meridian utama">meridian utamanya</a> ditentukan dengan penetapan titik yang berubah-ubah seperti di Bumi; Mädler dan Beer memilih sebuah garis pada tahun 1830 untuk peta Mars pertama mereka. Setelah wahana <a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> menyajikan citra Mars pada tahun 1972, kawah kecil (nantinya disebut <a href="/wiki/Airy-0" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy-0">Airy-0</a>) yang terletak di <a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a> dipilih sebagai tempat bujur 0.0°.<a href="#cite_note-archinal_caplinger-72">[72]</a> Mars tidak punya samudra sehingga tidak ada 'permukaan laut'. Ketinggian nol harus ditentukan, dan ini disebut areoid<a href="#cite_note-NASAMola2007-73">[73]</a> Mars, yang sejalan dengan <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a>. Ketinggian nol adalah ketinggian yang tekanan atmosfernya 610.5 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">Pa</a> (6.105 mbar),<a href="#cite_note-pers66-74">[74]</a> atau sekitar 0,6% dari tekanan permukaan laut di Bumi (0.006 atm).<a href="#cite_note-lunine99-75">[75]</a> Tekanan ini sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Titik_tripel" title="Titik tripel">titik tripel</a> air. Praktiknya permukaan ditetapkan secara langsung melalui pengukuran gravitasi satelit. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Victoria_Crater,_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Citra Kawah Victoria dari Cape Verde yang diabadikan oleh Opportunity."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Victoria_Crater%2C_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg/1100px-Victoria_Crater%2C_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Victoria_Crater%2C_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg/1650px-Victoria_Crater%2C_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Victoria_Crater%2C_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg/2200px-Victoria_Crater%2C_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12200" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Victoria_Crater,_Cape_Verde-Mars.jpg" title="Berkas:Victoria Crater, Cape Verde-Mars.jpg"> </a></div>Citra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawah_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawah Victoria (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawah Victoria</a> dari Cape Verde yang diabadikan oleh Opportunity.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topografi_tubrukan">Topografi tubrukan</h4></div> Dikotomi topografi Mars cukuplah mengejutkan: dataran utara yang diratakan oleh aliran lava berkebalikan dengan dataran tinggi di selatan yang dipenuhi kawah akibat tubrukan pada masa lalu. Penelitian pada tahun 2008 telah menghasilkan bukti untuk postulat yang diusulkan pada tahun 1980 bahwa belahan utara Mars ditubruk oleh objek dengan ukuran 1/10 hingga 2/3nya <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a>. Jika ini benar, maka belahan utara Mars merupakan kawah tubrukan berukuran 10.600 x 8.500 km, menjadikannya kawah tubrukan terbesar di Tata Surya.<a href="#cite_note-northcratersn-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-northcraterguard-8">[8]</a> Di Mars terdapat sekitar 43.000 kawah dengan diameter 5 km atau lebih besar.<a href="#cite_note-wright03-76">[76]</a> Di antaranya yang terbesar adalah <a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">kawah Hellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenampakan_albedo" title="Kenampakan albedo">kenampakan albedo</a> terang yang terlihat dari Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-ucar_geography-77">[77]</a> Massa Mars lebih kecil, sehingga kemungkinan objek bertubrukan dengan planet tersebut sekitar setengahnya Bumi. Planet ini terletak lebih dekat dengan sabuk asteroid, sehingga kemungkinan ditubruk oleh benda dari tempat tersebut meningkat. Mars juga lebih mungkin ditubruk oleh <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">komet</a> berperiode kecil, seperti yang berada di orbit Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-emp9-78">[78]</a> Meskipun begitu, ada lebih sedikit kawah di Mars daripada Bulan karena atmosfer Mars melindunginya dari meteor-meteor kecil. Beberapa kawah mempunyai morfologi yang menunjukkan bahwa tanah menjadi basah setelah meteor menubruk.<a href="#cite_note-emp45-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Situs_tektonik">Situs tektonik</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/250px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/330px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/500px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Citra <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a>, gunung tertinggi di Tata Surya.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi_perisai" title="Gunung berapi perisai">Gunung berapi perisai</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> (Gunung Olympus) merupakan gunung tertinggi di Tata Surya.<a href="#cite_note-glenday09-80">[80]</a> Ketinggiannya mencapai 27 km, atau tiga kali lipat tinggi <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Everest" title="Gunung Everest">Gunung Everest</a> yang hanya sekitar 8,8 km.<a href="#cite_note-scsdes49-81">[81]</a> Gunung yang sudah tidak aktif ini terletak di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a>, yang juga merupakan tempat berdirinya beberapa gunung berapi besar lainnya. Lembah besar <a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a> (dalam bahasa Latin berarti Lembah <a href="/wiki/Program_Mariner" title="Program Mariner">Mariner</a>, juga dikenal dengan nama Agathadaemon di peta kanal lama) memiliki panjang sekitar 4.000 km dan kedalaman hingga 7 km. Panjang Valles Marineris setara dengan panjang Eropa dan terbentang di 1/5 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkumferensia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirkumferensia (halaman belum tersedia)">sirkumferensia</a> Mars. Jika dibandingkan, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> di Bumi panjangnya hanya 446 km dan kedalamannya hanya 2 km. Valles Marineris terbentuk akibat pembengkakan wilayah Tharsis yang menyebabkan runtuhnya kerak di wilayah Valles Marineris. Lembah besar lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Ma%27adim_Vallis" title="Ma'adim Vallis">Ma'adim Vallis</a> (Ma'adim dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">bahasa Ibrani</a> berarti Mars). Lembah ini memiliki panjang sebesar 700 km, lebar 20 km, dan kedalaman 2 km di beberapa tempat. Kemungkinan Ma'adin Vallis pernah dialiri air pada masa lalu.<a href="#cite_note-lucchita_rosanova-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gua">Gua</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg/220px-Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg/330px-Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg/440px-Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>Citra <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a> yang menunjukkan pintu masuk gua Mars. Gua tersebut secara tidak resmi dinamai (A) Dena, (B) Chloe, (C) Wendy, (D) Annie, (E) Abby (kiri) dan Nikki, dan (F) Jeanne.</figcaption></figure> Citra dari <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">Thermal Emission Imaging System</a> (THEMIS) di <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey_2001" title="Mars Odyssey 2001">wahana Mars Odyssey</a> telah menunjukkan tujuh pintu masuk gua di belakang gunung berapi <a href="/wiki/Arsia_Mons" title="Arsia Mons">Arsia Mons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cushing_titus_wynn07-83">[83]</a> Gua-gua tersebut, yang dinamai dari orang yang dicintai para penemunya, secara keseluruhan dijuluki "tujuh saudara perempuan."<a href="#cite_note-nau070328-84">[84]</a> Lebar pintu masuk gua tersebut berkisar antara 100 hingga 252 m. Gua-gua itu diyakini memiliki kedalaman antara 73 hingga 96 m. Cahaya tidak mencapai dasar sebagian besar gua, sehingga kemungkinan gua-gua tersebut bisa lebih dalam lagi. Gua "Dena" merupakan pengecualian; dasarnya dapat dilihat dan kedalamannya tercatat 130 m. Bagian dalam gua tersebut mungkin terlindung dari mikrometeoroid, radiasi ultraviolet, <a href="/wiki/Semburan_Matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Semburan Matahari">semburan Matahari</a>, dan partikel berenergi tinggi yang menghujani permukaan planet.<a href="#cite_note-bbc070317-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosfer">Atmosfer</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/250px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/330px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/500px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Atmosfer Mars.</figcaption></figure> Mars kehilangan magnetosfernya 4 miliar tahun yang lalu,<a href="#cite_note-swind-86">[86]</a> sehingga <a href="/wiki/Angin_surya" title="Angin surya">angin surya</a> bisa berhubungan langsung dengan <a href="/wiki/Ionosfer" title="Ionosfer">ionosfer</a>, yang mengakibatkan penurunan kepadatan atmosfer dengan mengupas atom-atom dari lapisan luar.<a href="#cite_note-swind-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-swind2-87">[87]</a> Dibandingkan dengan Bumi, atmosfer di Mars cukup tipis. <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_atmosfer" title="Tekanan atmosfer">Tekanan atmosfer</a> di permukaan berkisar dari 30 Pa di <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> hingga lebih dari 1.155 Pa di <a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas Planitia</a>, dengan rata-rata tekanan di permukaan 600 Pa.<a href="#cite_note-bolonkin09-88">[88]</a> Tekanan permukaan di Mars pada saat terkuatnya sama dengan tekanan yang dapat ditemui di ketinggian 35 km di atas permukaan Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-atkinson07-89">[89]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketinggian_skala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketinggian skala (halaman belum tersedia)">Ketinggian skala</a> atmosfer Mars diperkirakan sekitar 10.8 km,<a href="#cite_note-carr06-90">[90]</a> yang lebih tinggi dari Bumi (6 km) karena gravitasi permukaan Mars hanya 38% persen-nya Bumi. Atmosfer Mars terdiri dari 95% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, 1,6% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, serta mengandung jejak <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> dan air.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a> Atmosfernya relatif berdebu dan mengandung partikulat berdiameter 1,5 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9Cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Μm (halaman belum tersedia)">µm</a> yang memberikan kenampakan kuning kecoklatan di langit Mars saat dilihat dari permukaan.<a href="#cite_note-dusty-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">Metana</a> telah ditemukan di atmosfer Mars dengan <a href="/wiki/Fraksi_mol" title="Fraksi mol">fraksi mol</a> sekitar 30 <a href="/wiki/Ppb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ppb">ppb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-methane-me-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-methane-93">[93]</a> Hidrokarbon tersebut muncul dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plume (halaman belum tersedia)">plume</a> luas, dan dilepas di wilayah yang berlainan. Di utara pada pertengahan musim panas, plume utama mengandung 19.000 metrik ton metana, dengan kekuatan sumber sekitar 0,6 kilogram per detik.<a href="#cite_note-plumes-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-hand08-95">[95]</a> Kemungkinan terdapat dua sumber lokal: yang pertama terpusat di dekat 30° U, 260° B, dan yang kedua di dekat 0°, 310° B.<a href="#cite_note-plumes-94">[94]</a> Diperkirakan Mars menghasilkan 270 ton metana per tahun.<a href="#cite_note-plumes-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-results-96">[96]</a> Rentang waktu kehancuran metana diperkirakan paling lama empat tahun Bumi dan paling pendek 0,6 tahun Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-plumes-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature460-97">[97]</a> Pergantian cepat ini merupakan tanda-tanda adanya sumber gas aktif di Mars. Aktivitas vulkanik, tubrukan komet, dan keberadaan bentuk kehidupan mikrobial <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogenik</a> diduga merupakan penyebabnya. Metana dapat pula dihasilkan oleh proses non-biologis yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit">serpentinisasi</a><a href="#endnote_Bnone">[b]</a> yang melibatkan air, karbon dioksida, dan <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Olivin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivin">olivin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olivine-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2005-1103mars-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2005-1103mars-full.jpg/220px-2005-1103mars-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2005-1103mars-full.jpg/330px-2005-1103mars-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2005-1103mars-full.jpg/440px-2005-1103mars-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Mars dari <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_Luar_Angkasa_Hubble" title="Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble">Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble</a> 28 Oktober 2005.</figcaption></figure> Di antara semua planet di Tata Surya, Mars adalah planet yang musimnya paling mirip dengan Bumi. Hal ini diakibatkan oleh miripnya kemiringan sumbu kedua planet. Panjang musim di Mars itu sekitar dua kalinya Bumi karena jarak Mars yang lebih jauh dari Matahari, sehingga tahun di Mars lebih panjang (dua kalinya Bumi). Suhu permukaan Mars berkisar antara -87 °C pada musim dingin di kutub hingga -5 °C pada musim panas.<a href="#cite_note-h-31">[31]</a> Luasnya rentang suhu ini diakibatkan oleh ketidakmampuan atmosfer yang tipis untuk menyimpan panas Matahari, tekanan atmosfer yang rendah, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapasitas_panas_volumetrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapasitas panas volumetrik (halaman belum tersedia)">inersia termal</a> tanah Mars yang rendah.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_surface-99">[99]</a> Jika Mars punya orbit yang seperti Bumi, musimnya akan mirip dengan Bumi karena sumbu rotasinya mirip dengan Bumi. Eksentrisitas orbit Mars yang relatif besar memberikan pengaruh yang besar. Mars berada di dekat <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a> saat musim panas di belahan selatan dan dingin di utara, dan di dekat <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">aphelion</a> saat musim dingin di belahan selatan adn musim panas di utara. Akibatnya, musim di belahan selatan lebih ekstrem dan musim di utara lebih ringan. Suhu musim panas di selatan lebih hangat 30 °C daripada suhu musim panas di utara.<a href="#cite_note-goodman97-100">[100]</a> Di Mars juga terdapat <a href="/wiki/Badai_debu" class="mw-redirect" title="Badai debu">badai debu</a> terbesar di Tata Surya. Badai-badai tersebut dapat bervariasi, dari badai di wilayah kecil, hingga badai raksasa yang berkecamuk di seluruh planet. Badai tersebut biasanya terjadi saat Mars berada dekat dengan Matahari. Badai debu ini juga meningkatkan suhu global.<a href="#cite_note-philips01-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_dan_rotasi">Orbit dan rotasi</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif/250px-Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Rata-rata jarak Mars dari Matahari itu sekitar 230 juta km (1,5 SA) dan periode orbitalnya 687 hari (Bumi), seperti yang digambarkan oleh jejak merah, sementara orbit Bumi ditunjukkan dengan warna biru.</figcaption></figure> Rata-rata jarak Mars dari Matahari diperkirakan sekitar 230 juta km (1,5 SA) dan periode orbitalnya 687 hari (Bumi). Hari Matahari (atau <a href="/wiki/Sol_(hari_di_Mars)" title="Sol (hari di Mars)">sol</a>) di Mars itu sekitar 24 jam, 39 menit, dan 35,244 detik. Tahun Mars sama dengan 1,8809 tahun Bumi, atau 1 tahun, 320 hari, dan 18,2 jam.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a> Kemiringan sumbu Mars itu sekitar 25,19 derajat, yang mirip dengan kemiringan sumbu Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-5">[5]</a> Akibatnya musim di Mars mirip dengan Bumi, meskipun lamanya dua kali lipat karena tahunnya lebih lama. Saat ini orientasi <a href="/wiki/Kutub_utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutub utara">kutub utara</a> Mars dekat dengan bintang <a href="/wiki/Deneb" class="mw-redirect" title="Deneb">Deneb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barlow08-102">[102]</a> Mars telah melewati <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelionnya</a> pada April 2009<a href="#cite_note-mars2010-103">[103]</a> dan aphelionnya Maret2010.<a href="#cite_note-mars2010-103">[103]</a> Perihelion berikutnya dilewati pada Maret 2011 dan aphelion selanjutnya Februari 2012. Mars punya <a href="/wiki/Eksentrisitas_orbit" title="Eksentrisitas orbit">eksentrisitas orbit</a> sekitar 0,09; di antara tujuh planet lainnya di Tata Surya, hanya <a href="/wiki/Merkurius_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkurius (planet)">Merkurius</a> yang menunjukkan eksentrisitas yang besar. Pada masa lalu Mars punya orbit yang lebih bundar daripada sekarang. Sekitar 1,35 juta tahun Bumi yang lalu, Mars punya eksentrisitas sekitar 0,002, yang lebih rendah dari Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-mars_eccentricity-104">[104]</a> Siklus eksentrisitas Mars itu sekitar 96.000 tahun Bumi jika dibandingkan dengan siklus 100.000 tahun planet Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-Meeus2003-105">[105]</a> Mars juga punya siklus eksentrisitas yang lebih panjang dengan periode 2,2 juta tahun Bumi. Selama 35.000 tahun terakhir orbit Mars menjadi semakin eksentrik karena pengaruh gravitasi planet lain. Jarak terdekat antara Bumi dan Mars akan terus berkurang selama 25.000 tahun berikutnya.<a href="#cite_note-Baalke2003-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satelit_alami">Satelit alami</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Phobos_colour_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/250px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/330px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/500px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citra Phobos yang diabadikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=HiRISE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HiRISE (halaman belum tersedia)">HiRISE</a> pada 23 Maret 2008</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Deimos-MRO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/250px-Deimos-MRO.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/330px-Deimos-MRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/500px-Deimos-MRO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deimos pada 21 Februari 2009 (skala gambar di atas tidak sama dengan gambar ini)</div></div></div></div></div> Mars punya dua satelit alami yang relatif kecil, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Fobos_(satelit)" title="Fobos (satelit)">Fobos</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(satelit)" title="Deimos (satelit)">Deimos</a>. Penangkapan asteroid merupakan hipotesis yang didukung, namun asal usul satelit-satelit tersebut masih belum pasti.<a href="#cite_note-esa31031-107">[107]</a> Kedua satelit ditemukan pada tahun 1877 oleh <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a>, dan dinamai dari tokoh <a href="/wiki/Fobos_(mitologi)" title="Fobos (mitologi)">Fobos</a> (panik/ketakutan) dan <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(mitologi)" title="Deimos (mitologi)">Deimos</a> (teror) yang, dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Yunani" title="Mitologi Yunani">mitologi Yunani</a>, menemani ayah mereka <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> dalam pertempuran. Ares juga dikenal sebagai Mars oleh orang Romawi.<a href="#cite_note-theoi-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-qjras19-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orbits_of_Phobos_and_Deimos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Orbits_of_Phobos_and_Deimos.gif/150px-Orbits_of_Phobos_and_Deimos.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Orbits_of_Phobos_and_Deimos.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Dari permukaan Mars, pergerakan Fobos dan Deimos tampak sangat berbeda dari Bulan di Bumi. Fobos terbit di barat, tenggelam di timur, dan terbit lagi dalam waktu 11 jam. Deimos, yang berada di luar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_sinkron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbit sinkron (halaman belum tersedia)">orbit sinkron</a>-yang membuat periode orbitalnya sama dengan periode rotasi planet-terbit di timur namun sangat pelan. Meskipun periode orbital Deimos itu 30 jam, satelit tersebut butuh 2,7 hari untuk tenggelam di Barat.<a href="#cite_note-phobos.html-110">[110]</a> Orbit Fobos berada di bawah ketinggian sinkron, sehingga <a href="/wiki/Gaya_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya pasang surut">gaya pasang surut</a> dari planet Mars secara bertahap merendahkan orbitnya. Dalam waktu 50 juta tahun satelit tersebut akan menabrak permukaan Mars atau pecah menjadi struktir cincin yang mengitari planet.<a href="#cite_note-phobos.html-110">[110]</a> Asal usul kedua satelit tersebut tidak banyak diketahui. Albedo yang rendah dan komposisi <a href="/wiki/Kondrit_karbon" title="Kondrit karbon">kondrit karbon</a> di kedua satelit tersebut dianggap mirip dengan asteroid, sehingga mendukung hipotesis penangkapan. Orbit Fobos yang tidak stabil menunjukkan penangkapan yang baru saja terjadi. Akan tetapi keduanya mempunyai orbit bundar dan sangat dekat dengan khatulistiwa; hal-hal tersebut tidak biasa untuk objek yang ditangkap dan dinamika penangkapan yang diperlukan untuk itu kompleks. Pertumbuhan pada awal sejarah Mars juga mungkin, namun hipotesis tersebut tidak menjelaskan komposisi yang lebih mirip dengan asteroid daripada Mars sendiri. Kemungkinan ketiga adalah keterlibatan objek ketiga atau semacam tubrukan.<a href="#cite_note-ellis07-111">[111]</a> Bukti terbaru menunjukkan Fobos mempunyai bagian dalam yang berpori.<a href="#cite_note-Andert-112">[112]</a> Selain itu, komposisinya terdiri dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosilikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosilikat (halaman belum tersedia)">filosilikat</a> dan mineral lain yang diketahui berasal dari Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Giuranna-113">[113]</a> Bukti-bukti ini mendukung hipotesis bahwa Fobos terbentuk dari materi yang berasal dari tubrukan di Mars,<a href="#cite_note-Blast-114">[114]</a> yang mirip dengan hipotesis mengenai asal usul Bulan. Meski spektra <a href="/w/index.php?title=VNIR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VNIR (halaman belum tersedia)">VNIR</a> satelit-satelit Mars mirip dengan asteroid, spektra <a href="/wiki/Inframerah_termal" class="mw-redirect" title="Inframerah termal">inframerah termal</a> Fobos dilaporkan tidak konsisten dengan <a href="/wiki/Kondrit" title="Kondrit">kondrit</a> dari kelompok manapun.<a href="#cite_note-Giuranna-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kehidupan">Kehidupan</h2></div> Berdasarkan pemahaman <a href="/wiki/Kelayakhunian_planet" title="Kelayakhunian planet">kelayakhunian planet</a>, planet-planet yang punya air di permukaan merupakan planet yang laik huni. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut, orbit suatu planet harus berada di dalam <a href="/wiki/Zona_laik_huni" title="Zona laik huni">zona laik huni</a>. Di Tata Surya, zona tersebut terbentang dari setelah Venus hingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poros_semi-mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poros semi-mayor (halaman belum tersedia)">poros semi-mayor</a> Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Nowack-115">[115]</a> Selama perihelion Mars masuk ke wilayah ini, namun atmosfer tipisnya mencegah air bertahan untuk waktu yang lama. Bekas aliran air pada masa lalu menunjukkan potensi keterhunian Mars. Beberapa bukti terbaru memunculkan gagasan bahwa air di permukaan Mars akan terlalu berasam dan bergaram, sehingga sulit mendukung kehidupan.<a href="#cite_note-saltlife-116">[116]</a> Kurangnya magnetosfer dan tipisnya atmosfer Mars merupakan tantangan. Di permukaan planet ini tidak banyak terjadi pemindahan panas. Penyekatan terhadap <a href="/wiki/Angin_surya" title="Angin surya">angin surya</a> rendah, sementara tekanan atmosfer Mars tidak cukup untuk mempertahankan air dalam bentuk cair. Planet ini juga hampir, atau bahkan sepenuhnya, mati secara geologis; berakhirnya kegiatan vulkanik menyebabkan berhentinya pendaurulangan bahan kimia dan mineral antara permukaan dengan bagian dalam planet.<a href="#cite_note-hannsson97-117">[117]</a> Bukti menunjukkan bahwa planet ini dahulu lebih laik huni daripada sekarang, namun masih belum diketahui apakah <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a> hidup pernah ada atau tidak. <a href="/wiki/Wahana_Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahana Viking">Wahana Viking</a> pada pertengahan tahun 1970-an membawa percobaan yang dirancang untuk menemukan mikroorganisme di tanah Mars. Percobaan tersebut membuahkan hasil yang positif, termasuk peningkatan sementara CO2 pada saat pemaparan dengan air dan nutrien.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] Tanda-tanda kehidupan masih dipertentangkan oleh beberapa ilmuwan. Ilmuwan NASA <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Levin (halaman belum tersedia)">Gilbert Levin</a> menegaskan bahwa Viking telah menemukan kehidupan. Analisis ulang data Viking telah menunjukkan bahwa percobaan Viking tidak cukup mutakhir untuk menemukan kehidupan. Percobaan tersebut bahkan bisa membunuh kehidupan.<a href="#cite_note-physorg070107-118">[118]</a> Percobaan yang dilakukan oleh wahana Phoenix menunjukkan bahwa tanah Mars punya <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a>, serta mengandung magnesium, sodium, potasium, dan klorida.<a href="#cite_note-nutrient-119">[119]</a> Nutrien tanah bisa mendukung kehidupan, namun kehidupan masih harus dilindungi dari sinar ultraviolet.<a href="#cite_note-UV-120">[120]</a> Di laboratorium <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>, bentuk-bentuk yang luar biasa telah ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorit</a> Mars <a href="/wiki/ALH84001" class="mw-redirect" title="ALH84001">ALH84001</a>. Beberapa ilmuwan mengusulkan bahwa bentuk geometrik tersebut mungkin merupakan mikrob Mars yang telah terfosilisasi sebelum meteorit itu terlempar ke angkasa akibat tubrukan meteor 15 juta tahun yang lalu. Asal usul anorganik bentuk-bentuk tersebut juga telah diusulkan.<a href="#cite_note-am89-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">Metana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Formaldehida" title="Formaldehida">formaldehida</a> yang baru saja ditemukan oleh pengorbit Mars diklaim sebagai tanda-tanda kehidupan, karena senyawa kimia tersebut akan segera hilang di atmosfer Mars.<a href="#cite_note-icarus172-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-form-123">[123]</a> Ada kemungkinan bahwa senyawa tersebut dihasilkan oleh aktivitas vulkanis dan geologis, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serpentinisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">serpentinisasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dinerman04-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penjelajahan">Penjelajahan</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_Viking_11h016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mars_Viking_11h016.png/220px-Mars_Viking_11h016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mars_Viking_11h016.png/330px-Mars_Viking_11h016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mars_Viking_11h016.png/440px-Mars_Viking_11h016.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Citra yang diambil wahana pendarat <a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a> pada Februari 1978</figcaption></figure> Lusinan wahana antariksa telah dikirim ke Mars oleh <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, beberapa negara <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>, dengan tujuan untuk meneliti permukaan, iklim, dan geologi planet itu. Pada tahun 2008, biaya pengiriman barang dari permukaan Bumi ke Mars diperkirakan sebesar $309.000 per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-universe307-125">[125]</a> Wahana yang saat ini sedang aktif di Mars (2011) adalah <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (sejak 2006), <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (sejak 2003), <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey_2001" title="Mars Odyssey 2001">Mars Odyssey 2001</a> (sejak 2001), <a href="/wiki/Opportunity" title="Opportunity">Opportunity</a> (sejak 2004), dan <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> (sejak 2012). Misi yang baru saja selesai adalah <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> (1997–2006) dan <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(wahana_penjelajah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (wahana penjelajah)">Spirit</a> (2004–2010). Kira-kira 2/3 wahana angkasa yang ditujukan ke Mars telah gagal dalam misinya. Pada abad ke-21 kegagalan lebih jarang terjadi.<a href="#cite_note-dinerman04-124">[124]</a> Kegagalan misi biasanya diakibatkan oleh masalah teknis, seperti kegagalan atau kehilangan komunikasi atau kesalahan rancangan, yang sering kali diakibatkan oleh kurangnya pendanaan atau ketidakcakapan pelaksana misi.<a href="#cite_note-dinerman04-124">[124]</a> Kegagalan tersebut telah menyebabkan munculnya satir yang menyalahkan "Segitiga Bermuda" di antara Bumi-Mars, "Kutukan" Mars, atau "Setan Galaktik Raksasa" (Great Galactic Ghoul) yang memakan wahana antariksa Mars.<a href="#cite_note-dinerman04-124">[124]</a> Misi-misi yang baru saja gagal contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a> (1999), dan <a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> (1996). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misi_sebelumnya">Misi sebelumnya</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1972_CPA_4114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1972_CPA_4114.jpg/250px-1972_CPA_4114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1972_CPA_4114.jpg/330px-1972_CPA_4114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1972_CPA_4114.jpg/500px-1972_CPA_4114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Pendarat <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a> di perangko Soviet tahun 1972.</figcaption></figure> Mars pertama kali dikitari pada 14-15 Juli 1965 oleh wahana <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a>. Pada 14 November 1971, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> menjadi pesawat angkasa pertama yang mengorbit planet lain.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_mariner9-126">[126]</a> Objek pertama yang berhasil mendarat di permukaan Mars adalah dua wahana <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a> pada 27 November dan <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a> pada 2 Desember 1971, namun keduanya kehilangan komunikasi setelah mendarat. Pada tahun 1975 NASA meluncurkan <a href="/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking">program Viking</a> yang terdiri dari dua pengorbit, dan masing-masing punya pendarat; kedua pendarat berhasil mencapai permukaan pada tahun 1976. <a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a> tetap beroperasi selama enam tahun, sementara <a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a> selama tiga tahun. Pendarat Viking mengirimkan citra Mars yang berwarna,<a href="#cite_note-other_missions-127">[127]</a> dan pengorbit memetakan permukaan dengan sangat baik hingga gambarnya masih digunakan hingga sekarang. Wahana Soviet <a href="/wiki/Program_Phobos" title="Program Phobos">Phobos 1 dan 2</a> dikirim ke Mars pada tahun 1988 untuk meneliti Mars dan kedua satelitnya. Phobos 1 kehilangan komunikasi dalam perjalanan ke Mars. Phobos 2 berhasil mencitrakan Mars dan Fobos, namun mengalami kegagalan saat akan melepas dua pendaratnya ke permukaan Fobos.<a href="#cite_note-nature341-128">[128]</a> Setelah kegagalan pengorbit <a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a> pada tahun 1992, misi <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> berhasil mencapai orbit Mars pada tahun 1997. Misi ini berhasil dan telah menyelesaikan misi pemetaan utamanya pada awal 2001. NASA kehilangan kontak dengan wahana tersebut pada November 2006 pada saat program ketiganya yang diperpanjang. <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>, yang mengangkut kendaraan penjelajah robotik <a href="/wiki/Sojourner" title="Sojourner">Sojourner</a>, mendarat di <a href="/wiki/Ares_Vallis" title="Ares Vallis">Ares Vallis</a> pada musim panas tahun 1997 dan mengirim kembali banyak citra.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_mgs-129">[129]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MER_Spirit_Lander_Pan_Sol16-A18R1_br2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MER_Spirit_Lander_Pan_Sol16-A18R1_br2.jpg/250px-MER_Spirit_Lander_Pan_Sol16-A18R1_br2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MER_Spirit_Lander_Pan_Sol16-A18R1_br2.jpg/330px-MER_Spirit_Lander_Pan_Sol16-A18R1_br2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MER_Spirit_Lander_Pan_Sol16-A18R1_br2.jpg/500px-MER_Spirit_Lander_Pan_Sol16-A18R1_br2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="722" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wahana pendarat <a href="/wiki/Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit">Spirit</a> di Mars pada tahun 2004</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:PhoenixSolarPanelandRoboticArm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PhoenixSolarPanelandRoboticArm.png/200px-PhoenixSolarPanelandRoboticArm.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PhoenixSolarPanelandRoboticArm.png/300px-PhoenixSolarPanelandRoboticArm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PhoenixSolarPanelandRoboticArm.png/400px-PhoenixSolarPanelandRoboticArm.png 2x" data-file-width="2905" data-file-height="1935" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pemandangan dari wahana <a href="/wiki/Phoenix" class="mw-disambig" title="Phoenix">Phoenix</a> pada tahun 2008</div></div></div></div></div> Wahana pendarat <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Phoenix (wahana antariksa)">Phoenix</a> tiba di wilayah kutub utara Mars pada 25 Mei 2008.<a href="#cite_note-ua_phoenix-130">[130]</a> Lengan robotiknya digunakan untuk menggali tanah Mars dan keberadaan es air telah dipastikan pada 20 Juni.<a href="#cite_note-phoenix_water-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-uanews_frozen_water-132">[132]</a> Misi ditutup pada 10 November 2008 setelah kehilangan kontak.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_NASA_Mission_Declared_Dead-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misi_saat_ini">Misi saat ini</h3></div> Pengorbit <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a> milik <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a> memasuki orbit Mars pada tahun 2001.<a href="#cite_note-nasa081009-134">[134]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektrometer_Sinar_Gamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektrometer Sinar Gamma (halaman belum tersedia)">Spektrometer Sinar Gamma</a> Odyssey menemukan hidrogen yang diduga terkandung di es air Mars.<a href="#cite_note-odyssey030314-135">[135]</a> Misi <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> yang diluncurkan <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) mencapai Mars pada tahun 2003. Wahana tersebut membawa pendarat <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a>, yang mengalami kegagalan saat penurunan dan dinyatakan hilang pada Februari 2004.<a href="#cite_note-esa20040211-136">[136]</a> Pada awal tahun 2004, tim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_Fourier_Spectrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (halaman belum tersedia)">Planetary Fourier Spectrometer</a> mengumumkan bahwa pengorbit telah menemukan metana di atmosfer Mars. ESA mengumumkan penemuan <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a> di Mars pada Juni 2006.<a href="#cite_note-aurora-137">[137]</a> Pada Januari, 2004, dua wahana penjelajah NASA, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(wahana_penjelajah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (wahana penjelajah)">Spirit</a> (MER-A) dan <a href="/wiki/Opportunity" title="Opportunity">Opportunity</a> (MER-B), mendarat di permukaan Mars. Keduanya telah mencapai atau melebihi tujuan misi mereka. Salah satu penemuan ilmiah yang paling penting adalah bukti keberadaan air pada masa lalu di tempat mendarat kedua wahana tersebut. Badai debu dan angin telah membersihkan panel surya kedua wahana, sehingga lama hidup mereka bertambah.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_rovers-138">[138]</a> Pesawat angkasa <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> milik NASA tiba di orbit Mars pada 10 Maret 2006 untuk melakukan penelitian ilmiah selama dua tahun. Pengorbit tersebut akan memetakan daratan dan cuaca Mars dengan tujuan untuk menemukan tempat pendaratan yang layak bagi misi pendarat berikutnya. MRO berhasil mencitrakan longsor di kutub utara Mars pada 3 Maret 2008.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_avalanche-139">[139]</a> Pesawat angkasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawn_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawn Mission (halaman belum tersedia)">Dawn</a> terbang melewati Mars pada Februari 2009 untuk mendapat bantuan gravitasi dalam perjalanannya menuju <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">1 Ceres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agle090212-140">[140]</a> Misi gabungan Rusia-Cina, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a>, telah diluncurkan pada 9 November 2011 dengan tujuan mengambil contoh di Fobos. Namun, misi ini gagal karena pembakaran roketnya mengalami kegagalan, sehingga Fobos-Grunt terdampar di orbit rendah Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-noburn-141">[141]</a> Misi NASA Rover <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> berhasil mendarat di Mars. Rover Curiosity memijak kaki di Planet Mars setelah roket bertenaga menurunkan lift sistem pendaratan. Mars Science Laboratory seharga US$2,5 miliar berwujud rover 6x6 seukuran mobil berhasil mendarat di Planet Mars 3:32pm AEST yang diiringi sorak-sorai di Spaceflight Operations Facility di California.<a href="#cite_note-kesimpulan-142">[142]</a> Pada 18 November 2008, misi robotik <a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> berhasil diluncurkan oleh NASA dengan menggunakan roket <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 401.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Wahana ini diperkirakan akan memasuki orbit Mars pada September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-mav-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misi_ke_depan">Misi ke depan</h3></div> Misi Finlandia-Rusia, <a href="/wiki/MetNet" title="MetNet">MetNet</a>, akan mendaratkan beberapa kendaraan kecil di Mars untuk mendirikan jaringan pengamatan yang hendak meneliti struktur atmosfer, fisika, dan meteorologi Mars.<a href="#cite_note-metnet_mission-145">[145]</a> Misi pendahulu yang menggunakan satu atau beberapa pendarat dijadwalkan diluncurkan pada tahun 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Metnet-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rencana_misi_berawak">Rencana misi berawak</h3></div> ESA ingin mengirim manusia ke Mars antara tahun 2030 hingga 2035.<a href="#cite_note-aurora021011-147">[147]</a> Ini akan didahului oleh wahana-wahana yang lebih besar, yang dimulai dengan peluncuran ExoMars<a href="#cite_note-esa091212-148">[148]</a> dan misi gabungan NASA-ESA untuk mengambil contoh.<a href="#cite_note-esa091208-149">[149]</a> Penjelajahan berawak merupakan tujuan jangka panjang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visi_penjelajahan_angkasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visi penjelajahan angkasa (halaman belum tersedia)">visi penjelajahan angkasa</a> Amerika Serikat yang diumumkan pada tahun 2004 oleh Presiden <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britt_bush_vision-150">[150]</a> Pesawat angkasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orion_(pesawat_angkasa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orion (pesawat angkasa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Orion</a> akan digunakan untuk mengirim manusia ke Bulan pada tahun 2020 sebagai batu loncatan untuk ekspedisi Mars. Pada 28 September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael D. Griffin</a> menyatakan bahwa NASA berharap dapat mengirim manusia ke Mars pada tahun 2037.<a href="#cite_note-mars_daily-151">[151]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Direct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Direct (halaman belum tersedia)">Mars Direct</a>, misi berbiaya rendah yang diusulkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zubrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Zubrin (halaman belum tersedia)">Robert Zubrin</a> (pendiri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Society (halaman belum tersedia)">Mars Society</a>), akan menggunakan roket kelas <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space X (halaman belum tersedia)">Space X</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falcon_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falcon X (halaman belum tersedia)">Falcon X</a>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ares V (halaman belum tersedia)">Ares V</a>, untuk melewati pembangunan orbital, pertemuan di orbit rendah Bumi, dan depot bahan bakar Bulan. Sementara itu proposal "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_to_Stay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars to Stay (halaman belum tersedia)">Mars to Stay</a>" mengusulkan untuk tidak langsung memulangkan astronaut pertama.<a href="#cite_note-marshome-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomi_di_Mars">Astronomi di Mars</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg/250px-15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg/330px-15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Fobos melewati Matahari pada 10 Maret 2004.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_di_Mars" title="Astronomi di Mars">Astronomi di Mars</a></div> Dengan adanya berbagai wahana pengorbit, pendarat, dan penjelajah, kita dapat mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a> dari langit Mars. Meskipun Pohobs tampak seperti 1/3nya <a href="/wiki/Diameter_sudut" title="Diameter sudut">diameter sudut</a> Bulan purnama di Bumi, Deimos terlihat seperti bintang, dan hanya sedikit lebih cerah dari Venus yang tampak dari langit Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-pl_org_deimos-153">[153]</a> Ada juga beberapa fenomena terkenal di Bumi yang juga ada di Mars, seperti meteor dan <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aurora-137">[137]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_Bumi_dari_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit Bumi dari Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">Transit Bumi</a> akan terjadi pada 10 November 2084.<a href="#cite_note-jbaa93-154">[154]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_Merkurius_dari_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit Merkurius dari Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">Transit Merkurius</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_Venus_dari_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit Venus dari Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">Venus</a> juga berlangsung.<a href="#cite_note-nature436-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd040317-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengamatan">Pengamatan</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Animasi gerak maju mundur tampak Mars seperti yang terlihat dari Bumi pada tahun 2003.</figcaption></figure> Karena orbit Mars bersifat eksentrik, <a href="/wiki/Magnitudo_tampak" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnitudo tampak">magnitudo tampaknya</a> dapat beragam antara −3,0 hingga −1,4. Kecerahan minimumnya tercatat sebesar +1,6.<a href="#cite_note-MallamaMars-157">[157]</a> Mars biasanya tampak kuning, jingga, atau kemerahan.<a href="#cite_note-lloyd06-158">[158]</a> Saat posisinya kurang tepat, Mars tidak akan terlihat karena tertutup oleh kesilauan Matahari. Saat waktu pengamatannya sedang bagus – yaitu pada interval 15 atau 17 tahun, dan selalu antara akhir Juli hingga akhir September – permukaan Mars dapat terlihat. Bahkan tudung es kutubnya dapat terlihat meskipun pembesaran teleskopnya rendah.<a href="#cite_note-shallowsky-159">[159]</a> Saat Mars mendekati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oposisi_(planet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oposisi (planet) (halaman belum tersedia)">oposisi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerak_maju_mundur_tampak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerak maju mundur tampak (halaman belum tersedia)">periode gerak maju mundur</a> dimulai. Planet ini akan tampak bergerak ke arah sebaliknya. Periode ini berlangsung selama 72 hari, dan pada pertengahan gerak ini, Mars akan mencapai kecerahan maksimumnya.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik02-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jarak_terdekat">Jarak terdekat</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relatif">Relatif</h4></div> Pada periode oposisi, Mars berada di jarak terdekat relatifnya dengan Bumi. Jarak tersebut beragam antara 54<a href="#cite_note-Laskar2003-161">[161]</a> hingga 103 juta km karena orbit Mars yang elips.<a href="#cite_note-nasa051103-162">[162]</a> Oposisi Mars terakhir terjadi pada 29 Januari 2010, dan akan berlangsung lagi pada 3 Maret 2012 di jarak 100 juta km.<a href="#cite_note-sheehan970202-163">[163]</a> Rata-rata waktu antara oposisi-oposisi Mars (<a href="/wiki/Periode_sinodik" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode sinodik">periode sinodik</a>) adalah 780 hari.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolut">Absolut</h4></div> Pada tanggal 27 Agustus 2003 pukul 9:51:13 UT, Mars berada di posisi terdekatnya dengan Bumi, yaitu 55.758.006 km (0,372719 <a href="/wiki/Satuan_Astronomis" class="mw-redirect" title="Satuan Astronomis">SA</a>). Saat itu Mars sedang berada satu hari dari oposisinya dan tiga hari dari <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelionnya</a>. Peristiwa tersebut sebelumnya diperkirakan pernah terjadi pada 12 September 57.617 SM, dan selanjutnya akan berlangsung pada tahun 2287.<a href="#cite_note-rao030822-165">[165]</a> Posisi ini hanya sedikit lebih dekat daripada posisi terdekat lainnya. Contohnya, jarak terdekat pada 22 Agustus 1924 tercatat sebesar 0,37285 <a href="/wiki/Satuan_Astronomis" class="mw-redirect" title="Satuan Astronomis">SA</a>, dan jarak terdekat pada 24 Agustus 2208 diperkirakan sebesar 0,37279 <a href="/wiki/Satuan_Astronomis" class="mw-redirect" title="Satuan Astronomis">SA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meeus2003-105">[105]</a> Di dunia maya, sebuah surel yang menyatakan bahwa Mars akan berada di posisi terdekatnya dan tampak sebesar <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a> telah menyebar. Surel tersebut hanyalah <a href="/wiki/Hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoax">hoax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_pengamatan">Sejarah pengamatan</h3></div> Keberadaan Mars di langit malam telah dicatat oleh <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_Mesir" title="Astronomi Mesir">astronom Mesir</a>. Pada tahun 1534 SM, mereka telah memahami gerak maju mundur planet tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-paob85-167">[167]</a> Sementara itu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronom_Babilonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronom Babilonia (halaman belum tersedia)">astronom Babilonia</a> telah mencatat posisi dan perilaku planet Mars.<a href="#cite_note-north08-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-swerdlow98-169">[169]</a> Pada abad ke-4 SM, <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> mencatat bahwa Mars menghilang di belakang Bulan, sehingga menunjukkan bahwa planet tersebut lebih jauh.<a href="#cite_note-poor08-170">[170]</a> Sastra dari Cina Kuno memastikan bahwa Mars telah dikenal oleh astronom Cina sejak abad ke-4 SM.<a href="#cite_note-needham_ronan85-171">[171]</a> Pada abad ke-5 SM, teks astronomis India <a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a> memperkirakan diameter Mars.<a href="#cite_note-jse97-172">[172]</a> Selama abad ke-17, <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> mengukur <a href="/wiki/Paralaks" title="Paralaks">paralaks diurnal</a> Mars, yang selanjutnya digunakan <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> untuk menghitung jarak relatif ke planet tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-taton03-173">[173]</a> Saat teleskop sudah ada, paralaks diurnal Mars diukur kembali untuk menentukan jarak Matahari-Bumi. Hal tersebut pertama kali dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a> pada tahun 1672. Pengukuran paralaks awal terhambat oleh kualitas alat pengukuran.<a href="#cite_note-hirschfeld01-174">[174]</a> Pada tahun 1610, Mars diamati oleh <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, yang merupakan orang pertama yang melihatnya lewat teleskop.<a href="#cite_note-jha15-175">[175]</a> Tokoh pertama yang menggambar peta Mars adalah astronom Belanda <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dalam_budaya">Dalam budaya</h2></div> Planet ini dinamai dari dewa perang <a href="/wiki/Romawi" class="mw-disambig" title="Romawi">Romawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mitologi)" title="Mars (mitologi)">Mars</a>. Di peradaban lain, Mars merupakan lambang kejantanan dan kemudaan. Lambang Mars juga digunakan sebagai lambang gender pria.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Orang_Mars_cerdas"">"Orang Mars cerdas"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg/250px-War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg/330px-War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrasi bangsa Mars menyerang Bumi dalam The War of the Worlds karya H.G. Wells.</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 1877, astronom Italia <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a> menggunakan teleskop sepanjang 22 cm untuk membuat peta detail Mars pertama. Di peta tersebut terdapat kenampakan yang disebutnya canali. Canali adalah garis panjang di permukaan Mars. Istilah tersebut, yang berarti "saluran", sering kali disalahterjemahkan menjadi "kanal".<a href="#cite_note-snyder01-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-sagan80-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a> terpengaruh oleh pengamatan tersebut dan menerbitkan beberapa buku mengenai Mars dan kehidupannya.<a href="#cite_note-basalla06-179">[179]</a> Ia menulis bahwa "kanal" tersebut dibangun oleh peradaban yang berusaha mengalirkan air dari tudung es di kutub.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Akibatnya, gagasan bahwa Mars dihuni oleh peradaban yang cerdas pun menyebar luas.<a href="#cite_note-prion-181">[181]</a> Saat ini, pemetaan beresolusi tinggi tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda keberadaan kehidupan cerdas di permukaan Mars. "Canali" yang diamati pun terbukti hanya ilusi optik. Akan tetapi, spekulasi mengenai kehidupan cerdas di Mars terus berlanjut. Pada tahun 1898, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> menulis novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_War_of_the_Worlds_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The War of the Worlds (novel) (halaman belum tersedia)">The War of the Worlds</a>, yang berkisah mengenai bangsa Mars yang berupaya melarikan diri dari planet mereka yang mati dengan menyerang Bumi. Adaptasi radionya dengan judul yang sama disiarkan pada tanggal 30 Oktober 1938 oleh <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, yang menimbulkan kepanikan karena banyak pendengar yang mengira itu sungguhan.<a href="#cite_note-lubertozzi_holmsten03-182">[182]</a> Contoh karya terkenal lainnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Martian_Chronicles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Martian Chronicles (halaman belum tersedia)">The Martian Chronicles</a> yang ditulis oleh <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>. Novel tersebut bekisah mengenai pengelana manusia yang tanpa sengaja menghancurkan peradaban Mars. Selain itu, ada juga seri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barsoom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barsoom (halaman belum tersedia)">Barsoom</a> karya <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet" title="Out of the Silent Planet">Out of the Silent Planet</a> (1938) oleh <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sanford09-183">[183]</a> dan kisah-kisah yang ditulis <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> sebelum pertengahan tahun 1960-an.<a href="#cite_note-buker02-184">[184]</a> Pengarang <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> telah menyebut bulan-bulan Mars sekitar 150 tahun sebelum bulan-bulan itu ditemukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a>. Ia mendeskripsikan orbit bulan-bulan tersebut dengan cukup akurat dalam novelnya <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jonathan_swift-185">[185]</a> Setelah program Mariner dan Viking menunjukkan citra Mars yang kering dan tanpa kehidupan, spekulasi-spekulasi awal mulai ditinggalkan. Karya yang menggambarkan Mars secara nyata dan akurat pun berkembang. Di antaranya yang paling terkenal adalah <a href="/wiki/Trilogi_Mars" title="Trilogi Mars">trilogi Mars</a> karya <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miles_peters-186">[186]</a> Tema koloni Mars yang memperjuangkan kemerdekaannya merupakan plot utama dalam novel karya <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bear" title="Greg Bear">Greg Bear</a>, dan juga film <a href="/wiki/Total_Recall" class="mw-disambig" title="Total Recall">Total Recall</a> serta serial televisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylon_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylon 5 (halaman belum tersedia)">Babylon 5</a>. Beberapa permainan video juga memakai elemen tersebut, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Faction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Faction (halaman belum tersedia)">Red Faction</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zone_of_the_Enders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zone of the Enders (halaman belum tersedia)">Zone of the Enders</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26593761">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/60px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tata_Surya" title="Portal:Tata Surya">Portal Tata Surya </a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/60px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomi" title="Portal:Astronomi">Portal Astronomi </a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolonisasi_Mars" title="Kolonisasi Mars">Kolonisasi Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalender_Darian" title="Kalender Darian">Kalender Darian</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-meanplane-1"><a href="#cite_ref-meanplane_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif">"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter"</a>. 2009-04-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420194536/http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-04-20. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~kpheider%2FMeanPlane.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  (dihasilkan melalui <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Solex 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-12-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ditulis oleh Aldo Vitagliano; lihat pula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidang_Invariabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidang Invariabel (halaman belum tersedia)">bidang Invariabel</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-2"><a href="#cite_ref-horizons_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Yeomans, Donald K. (2006-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons">"HORIZONS System"</a>. NASA JPL. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HORIZONS+System&rft.pub=NASA+JPL&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fhorizons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  — Di situs, pergi ke "web interface" dan lalu pilih "Ephemeris Type: ELEMENTS", "Target Body: Mars" and "Center: Sun". </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidelmann2007-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_3-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y">"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"</a>. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 98 (3): 155–180. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0923-2958">0923-2958</a>. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-180&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&rft.issn=0923-2958&rft.aulast=Seidelmann&rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_4-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030127213743/http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Facts&System=Metric">"Mars: Facts & Figures"</a>. NASA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Facts&System=Metric">versi asli</a> tanggal 2003-01-27. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DMars%26Display%3DFacts%26System%3DMetric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nssdc-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_5-6">g</a> <cite class="citation web">Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html">"Mars Fact Sheet"</a>. National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Space+Science+Data+Center&rft.atitle=Mars+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fmarsfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_hematite-6"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_hematite_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914152901/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast28mar_1/">"The Lure of Hematite"</a>. Science@NASA. NASA. March 28, 2001. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast28mar_1.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-09-14. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science%40NASA&rft.atitle=The+Lure+of+Hematite&rft.date=2001-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2001%2Fast28mar_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-northcratersn-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-northcratersn_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-northcratersn_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-northcratersn_7-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web">Yeager, Ashley (July 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914153420/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33622/title/Impact_may_have_transformed_Mars_">"Impact May Have Transformed Mars"</a>. ScienceNews.org. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33622/title/Impact_may_have_transformed_Mars_">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-09-14. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+May+Have+Transformed+Mars&rft.pub=ScienceNews.org&rft.date=2008-07-19&rft.aulast=Yeager&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fview%2Fgeneric%2Fid%2F33622%2Ftitle%2FImpact_may_have_transformed_Mars_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-northcraterguard-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-northcraterguard_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-northcraterguard_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-northcraterguard_8-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news">Sample, Ian (June 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/jun/26/mars.asteroid?gusrc=rss&feed=science">"Cataclysmic impact created north-south divide on Mars"</a>. London: Science @ guardian.co.uk. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cataclysmic+impact+created+north-south+divide+on+Mars&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2008%2Fjun%2F26%2Fmars.asteroid%3Fgusrc%3Drss%26feed%3Dscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-rust-9"><a href="#cite_ref-rust_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Peplow, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news-print.cfm?art=953">"How Mars got its rust"</a>. BioEd Online. MacMillan Publishers Ltd. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BioEd+Online&rft.atitle=How+Mars+got+its+rust&rft.aulast=Peplow&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioedonline.org%2Fnews%2Fnews-print.cfm%3Fart%3D953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sci300a-10"><a href="#cite_ref-sci300a_10-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Christensen, Philip R. (June 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-06-27_300_5628/page/2056">"Morphology and Composition of the Surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS Results"</a>. Science. 300 (5628): 2056–2061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300.2056C">2003Sci...300.2056C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080885">10.1126/science.1080885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791998">12791998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Morphology+and+Composition+of+the+Surface+of+Mars%3A+Mars+Odyssey+THEMIS+Results&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5628&rft.pages=2056-2061&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12791998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1080885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300.2056C&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2003-06-27_300_5628%2Fpage%2F2056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sci300b-11"><a href="#cite_ref-sci300b_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Golombek, Matthew P. (June 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-06-27_300_5628/page/2043">"The Surface of Mars: Not Just Dust and Rocks"</a>. Science. 300 (5628): 2043–2044. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1082927">10.1126/science.1082927</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829771">12829771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Surface+of+Mars%3A+Not+Just+Dust+and+Rocks&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5628&rft.pages=2043-2044&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1082927&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12829771&rft.aulast=Golombek&rft.aufirst=Matthew+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2003-06-27_300_5628%2Fpage%2F2043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-magnetosphere-12"><a href="#cite_ref-magnetosphere_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Valentine, Theresa; Amde, Lishan (2006-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov/Kids/magfield.html">"Magnetic Fields and Mars"</a>. Mars Global Surveyor @ NASA. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Fields+and+Mars&rft.pub=Mars+Global+Surveyor+%40+NASA&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft.au=Valentine%2C+Theresa%3B+Amde%2C+Lishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FKids%2Fmagfield.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-plates-13"><a href="#cite_ref-plates_13-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/mgs_plates.html">"New Map Provides More Evidence Mars Once Like Earth"</a>. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Map+Provides+More+Evidence+Mars+Once+Like+Earth&rft.pub=NASA%2FGoddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fgoddard%2Fnews%2Ftopstory%2F2005%2Fmgs_plates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/05/090511-mars-asteroid.html">"Supergiant" Asteroid Shut Down Mars's Magnetic Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>, 11 May 2009, diakses tanggal 22 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Supergiant%22+Asteroid+Shut+Down+Mars%27s+Magnetic+Field&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F05%2F090511-mars-asteroid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jacque03-15"><a href="#cite_ref-jacque03_15-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Jacqué, Dave (September 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2003/030926mars.htm">"APS X-rays reveal secrets of Mars' core"</a>. Argonne National Laboratory. Diakses tanggal 2006-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=APS+X-rays+reveal+secrets+of+Mars%27+core&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft.au=Jacqu%C3%A9%2C+Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anl.gov%2FMedia_Center%2FNews%2F2003%2F030926mars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ssr_96_1_4-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssr_96_1_4_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssr_96_1_4_16-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hartmann, William K.; Neukum, Gerhard (2001). "Cratering Chronology and the Evolution of Mars". Space Science Reviews. 96 (1/4): 165–194. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SSRv...96..165H">2001SSRv...96..165H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011945222010">10.1023/A:1011945222010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Cratering+Chronology+and+the+Evolution+of+Mars&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=165-194&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011945222010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SSRv...96..165H&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+William+K.%3B+Neukum%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-zharkov93-17"><a href="#cite_ref-zharkov93_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Zharkov, V. N. (1993). The role of Jupiter in the formation of planets. hlm. 7–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993GMS....74....7Z">1993GMS....74....7Z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+Jupiter+in+the+formation+of+planets&rft.pages=7-17&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993GMS....74....7Z&rft.aulast=Zharkov&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-icarus165_1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-icarus165_1_18-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lunine, Jonathan I.; Chambers, John; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Leshin, Laurie A. (2003). "The origin of water on Mars". Icarus. 165 (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..165....1L">2003Icar..165....1L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900172-6">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00172-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+water+on+Mars&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900172-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..165....1L&rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.%3B+Chambers%2C+John%3B+Morbidelli%2C+Alessandro%3B+Leshin%2C+Laurie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-barlow88-19"><a href="#cite_ref-barlow88_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation conference">Barlow, N. G. (October 5–7, 1988). "Conditions on Early Mars: Constraints from the Cratering Record". Dalam H. Frey. MEVTV Workshop on Early Tectonic and Volcanic Evolution of Mars. LPI Technical Report 89-04. Easton, Maryland: Lunar and Planetary Institute. hlm. 15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989eamd.work...15B">1989eamd.work...15B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Conditions+on+Early+Mars%3A+Constraints+from+the+Cratering+Record&rft.btitle=MEVTV+Workshop+on+Early+Tectonic+and+Volcanic+Evolution+of+Mars.+LPI+Technical+Report+89-04&rft.place=Easton%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute&rft.date=1988-10-05%2F1988-10-07&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989eamd.work...15B&rft.au=Barlow%2C+N.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penyunting" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sciam080627-20"><a href="#cite_ref-sciam080627_20-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=giant-asteroid-flattened">"Giant Asteroid Flattened Half of Mars, Studies Suggest"</a>. Scientific American. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giant+Asteroid+Flattened+Half+of+Mars%2C+Studies+Suggest&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dgiant-asteroid-flattened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt080626-21"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt080626_21-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Chang, Kenneth (June 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/science/space/26mars.html?em&ex=1214712000&en=bd0be05a87523855&ei=5087%0A">"Huge Meteor Strike Explains Mars's Shape, Reports Say"</a>. New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+Meteor+Strike+Explains+Mars%E2%80%99s+Shape%2C+Reports+Say&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F26%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F26mars.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1214712000%26en%3Dbd0be05a87523855%26ei%3D5087%250A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jog91-22"><a href="#cite_ref-jog91_22-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tanaka, K. L. (1986). "The Stratigraphy of Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research. 91 (B13): E139–E158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JGR....91..139T">1986JGR....91..139T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJB091iB13p0E139">10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Stratigraphy+of+Mars&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=B13&rft.pages=E139-E158&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJB091iB13p0E139&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JGR....91..139T&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ag44_4-23"><a href="#cite_ref-ag44_4_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mitchell, Karl L.; Wilson, Lionel (2003). "Mars: recent geological activity : Mars: a geologically active planet". Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 (4): 4.16–4.20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&G....44d..16M">2003A&G....44d..16M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.44416.x">10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44416.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Mars%3A+recent+geological+activity+%3A+Mars%3A+a+geologically+active+planet&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4.16-4.20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.44416.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003A%26G....44d..16M&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Karl+L.%3B+Wilson%2C+Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-dc080304-24"><a href="#cite_ref-dc080304_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/03/04/mars-avalanche.html">"Mars avalanche caught on camera"</a>. Discovery Channel. Discovery Communications. 2008-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery+Channel&rft.atitle=Mars+avalanche+caught+on+camera&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F04%2Fmars-avalanche.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc080627-25"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc080627_25-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7477310.stm">"Martian soil 'could support life'"</a>. BBC News. June 27, 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Martian+soil+%27could+support+life%27&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7477310.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-marssalt-26"><a href="#cite_ref-marssalt_26-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Chang, Alicia (August 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2008-08-04-mars-soil_N.htm">"Scientists: Salt in Mars soil not bad for life"</a>. USA Today. Associated Press. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Scientists%3A+Salt+in+Mars+soil+not+bad+for+life&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F2008-08-04-mars-soil_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl_soil-27"><a href="#cite_ref-jpl_soil_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522063940/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816">"NASA Spacecraft Analyzing Martian Soil Data"</a>. JPL. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816">versi asli</a> tanggal 2017-05-22. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Analyzing+Martian+Soil+Data&rft.pub=JPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fphoenix%2Frelease.php%3FArticleID%3D1816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl_dust_devil-28"><a href="#cite_ref-jpl_dust_devil_28-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_013751_1115">"Dust Devil Etch-A-Sketch (ESP_013751_1115)"</a>. NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. 2009-07-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dust+Devil+Etch-A-Sketch+%28ESP_013751_1115%29&rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL%2FUniversity+of+Arizona&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirise.lpl.arizona.edu%2FESP_013751_1115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-gpl29_23_41-29"><a href="#cite_ref-gpl29_23_41_29-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schorghofer, Norbert; Aharonson, Oded; Khatiwala, Samar (2002). "Slope streaks on Mars: Correlations with surface properties and the potential role of water". Geophysical Research Letters. 29 (23): 41–1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GeoRL..29w..41S">2002GeoRL..29w..41S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GL015889">10.1029/2002GL015889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Slope+streaks+on+Mars%3A+Correlations+with+surface+properties+and+the+potential+role+of+water&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=41-1&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GL015889&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002GeoRL..29w..41S&rft.au=Schorghofer%2C+Norbert%3B+Aharonson%2C+Oded%3B+Khatiwala%2C+Samar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-oleb33_4_515-30"><a href="#cite_ref-oleb33_4_515_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gánti, Tibor (2003). "Dark Dune Spots: Possible Biomarkers on Mars?". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 33 (4): 515–557. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003OLEB...33..515G">2003OLEB...33..515G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Origins+of+Life+and+Evolution+of+the+Biosphere&rft.atitle=Dark+Dune+Spots%3A+Possible+Biomarkers+on+Mars%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=515-557&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003OLEB...33..515G&rft.au=G%C3%A1nti%2C+Tibor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-h-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-h_31-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121225/http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Facts">"NASA, Mars: Facts & Figures"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Facts">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-05-28. Diakses tanggal 2010-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%2C+Mars%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DMars%26Display%3DFacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jgr110-32"><a href="#cite_ref-jgr110_32-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Heldmann, Jennifer L. (May 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001162643/http://daleandersen.seti.org/Dale_Andersen/Science_articles_files/Heldmann%20et%20al.2005.pdf">"Formation of Martian gullies by the action of liquid water flowing under current Martian environmental conditions"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (E5): Eo5004. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRE..11005004H">2005JGRE..11005004H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JE002261">10.1029/2004JE002261</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daleandersen.seti.org/Dale_Andersen/Science_articles_files/Heldmann%20et%20al.2005.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2008-10-01. Diakses tanggal 2008-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Formation+of+Martian+gullies+by+the+action+of+liquid+water+flowing+under+current+Martian+environmental+conditions&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=E5&rft.pages=Eo5004&rft.date=2005-05-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004JE002261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRE..11005004H&rft.aulast=Heldmann&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaleandersen.seti.org%2FDale_Andersen%2FScience_articles_files%2FHeldmann%2520et%2520al.2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) 'conditions such as now occur on Mars, outside of the temperature-pressure stability regime of liquid water'... 'Liquid water is typically stable at the lowest elevations and at low latitudes on the planet because the atmospheric pressure is greater than the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapor pressure (halaman belum tersedia)">vapor pressure</a> of water and surface temperatures in equatorial regions can reach 273 K for parts of the day [Haberle et al., 2001]' </li> <li id="cite_note-kostama-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kostama_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kostama_33-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kostama, V.-P.; Kreslavsky, M. A.; Head, J. W. (June 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318010946/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2006GL025946.shtml">"Recent high-latitude icy mantle in the northern plains of Mars: Characteristics and ages of emplacement"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (11): L11201. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3311201K">2006GeoRL..3311201K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL025946">10.1029/2006GL025946</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2006GL025946.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-03-18. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Recent+high-latitude+icy+mantle+in+the+northern+plains+of+Mars%3A+Characteristics+and+ages+of+emplacement&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=L11201&rft.date=2006-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL025946&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..3311201K&rft.au=Kostama%2C+V.-P.%3B+Kreslavsky%2C+M.+A.%3B+Head%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2006%2F2006GL025946.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) 'Martian high-latitude zones are covered with a smooth, layered ice-rich mantle'. </li> <li id="cite_note-sci299-34"><a href="#cite_ref-sci299_34-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Byrne, Shane; Ingersoll, Andrew P. (2003). "A Sublimation Model for Martian South Polar Ice Features". Science. 299 (5609): 1051–1053. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...299.1051B">2003Sci...299.1051B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080148">10.1126/science.1080148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586939">12586939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Sublimation+Model+for+Martian+South+Polar+Ice+Features&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=5609&rft.pages=1051-1053&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12586939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1080148&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...299.1051B&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Shane%3B+Ingersoll%2C+Andrew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa070315-35"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa070315_35-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420204127/http://jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-030">"Mars' South Pole Ice Deep and Wide"</a>. NASA. March 15, 2007. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-030">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-04-20. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars%27+South+Pole+Ice+Deep+and+Wide&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.cfm%3Frelease%3D2007-030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-specials1-36"><a href="#cite_ref-specials1_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006122736/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMGKA808BE_0.html">"Water ice in crater at Martian north pole"</a>. ESA. July 28, 2005. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMGKA808BE_0.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-10-06. Diakses tanggal 2010-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+ice+in+crater+at+Martian+north+pole&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FMars_Express%2FSEMGKA808BE_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc040124-37"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc040124_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Whitehouse, David (January 24, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3426539.stm">"Long history of water and Mars"</a>. BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2010-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Long+history+of+water+and+Mars&rft.date=2004-01-24&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F3426539.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jsg.utexas.edu-38"><a href="#cite_ref-jsg.utexas.edu_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725200229/http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/rels/112008.html">"Scientists Discover Concealed Glaciers on Mars at Mid-Latitudes"</a>. University of Texas at Austin. November 20, 2008. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/rels/112008.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-25. Diakses tanggal 2010-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientists+Discover+Concealed+Glaciers+on+Mars+at+Mid-Latitudes&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsg.utexas.edu%2Fnews%2Frels%2F112008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-spacecraft1-39"><a href="#cite_ref-spacecraft1_39-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html">"NASA Spacecraft Confirms Martian Water, Mission Extended"</a>. Science @ NASA. July 31, 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Confirms+Martian+Water%2C+Mission+Extended&rft.pub=Science+%40+NASA&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fphoenix%2Fnews%2Fphoenix-20080731.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/366330/Mars/54241/Outflow-channels-and-oceans?anchor=ref799842">"Mars"</a>. Ensiklopedia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 2011-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars&rft.pub=Ensiklopedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F366330%2FMars%2F54241%2FOutflow-channels-and-oceans%3Fanchor%3Dref799842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerr2005-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Kerr2005_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kerr, Richard A. (March 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-03-04_307_5714/page/1390">"Ice or Lava Sea on Mars? A Transatlantic Debate Erupts"</a>. Science. 307 (5714): 1390–1391. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.307.5714.1390a">10.1126/science.307.5714.1390a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746395">15746395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ice+or+Lava+Sea+on+Mars%3F+A+Transatlantic+Debate+Erupts&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5714&rft.pages=1390-1391&rft.date=2005-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.307.5714.1390a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15746395&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2005-03-04_307_5714%2Fpage%2F1390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaeger2007-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaeger2007_42-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jaeger, W. L. (September 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-09-21_317_5845/page/1709">"Athabasca Valles, Mars: A Lava-Draped Channel System"</a>. Science. 317 (5845): 1709–1711. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1709J">2007Sci...317.1709J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1143315">10.1126/science.1143315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885126">17885126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Athabasca+Valles%2C+Mars%3A+A+Lava-Draped+Channel+System&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5845&rft.pages=1709-1711&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1143315&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317.1709J&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2007-09-21_317_5845%2Fpage%2F1709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nature434-43"><a href="#cite_ref-nature434_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Murray, John B. (March 17, 2005). "Evidence from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera for a frozen sea close to Mars' equator". Nature. 434 (703): 352–356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.434..352M">2005Natur.434..352M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03379">10.1038/nature03379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15772653">15772653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+from+the+Mars+Express+High+Resolution+Stereo+Camera+for+a+frozen+sea+close+to+Mars%27+equator&rft.volume=434&rft.issue=703&rft.pages=352-356&rft.date=2005-03-17&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15772653&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03379&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.434..352M&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-CraddockHoward2002-44"><a href="#cite_ref-CraddockHoward2002_44-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Craddock, R.A.; Howard, A.D. (2002). "The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (E11). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRE..107.5111C">2002JGRE..107.5111C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JE001505">10.1029/2001JE001505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+case+for+rainfall+on+a+warm%2C+wet+early+Mars&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=E11&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JE001505&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JGRE..107.5111C&rft.au=Craddock%2C+R.A.%3B+Howard%2C+A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sci288-45"><a href="#cite_ref-sci288_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Malin, Michael C.; Edgett, KS (June 30, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-30_288_5475/page/2330">"Evidence for Recent Groundwater Seepage and Surface Runoff on Mars"</a>. Science. 288 (5475): 2330–2335. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.2330M">2000Sci...288.2330M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5475.2330">10.1126/science.288.5475.2330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875910">10875910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Recent+Groundwater+Seepage+and+Surface+Runoff+on+Mars&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5475&rft.pages=2330-2335&rft.date=2000-06-30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10875910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5475.2330&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...288.2330M&rft.aulast=Malin&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Edgett%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2000-06-30_288_5475%2Fpage%2F2330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa061206-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa061206_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa061206_46-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html">"NASA Images Suggest Water Still Flows in Brief Spurts on Mars"</a>. NASA. December 6, 2006. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Images+Suggest+Water+Still+Flows+in+Brief+Spurts+on+Mars&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fmars%2Fnews%2Fmgs-20061206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc061206-47"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc061206_47-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6214834.stm">"Water flowed recently on Mars"</a>. BBC. December 6, 2006. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Water+flowed+recently+on+Mars&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F6214834.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa061206b-48"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa061206b_48-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6587226">"Water May Still Flow on Mars, NASA Photo Suggests"</a>. NASA. December 6, 2006. Diakses tanggal 2006-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Water+May+Still+Flow+on+Mars%2C+NASA+Photo+Suggests&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D6587226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2006-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2006_49-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lewis, K.W.; Aharonson, O. (2006). "Stratigraphic analysis of the distributary fan in Eberswalde crater using stereo imagery". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (E06001). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRE..11106001L">2006JGRE..11106001L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JE002558">10.1029/2005JE002558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Stratigraphic+analysis+of+the+distributary+fan+in+Eberswalde+crater+using+stereo+imagery&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=E06001&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JE002558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JGRE..11106001L&rft.au=Lewis%2C+K.W.%3B+Aharonson%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Matsubara2011-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Matsubara2011_50-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Matsubara, Y.; Howard, A.D.; Drummond, S.A. (2011). "Hydrology of early Mars: Lake basins". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (E04001). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRE..11604001M">2011JGRE..11604001M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010JE003739">10.1029/2010JE003739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Hydrology+of+early+Mars%3A+Lake+basins&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=E04001&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010JE003739&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JGRE..11604001M&rft.au=Matsubara%2C+Y.%3B+Howard%2C+A.D.%3B+Drummond%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Head1999-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Head1999_51-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Head, J.W.; et al. (1999). "Possible Ancient Oceans on Mars: Evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter Data". Science. 286 (5447). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...286.2134H">1999Sci...286.2134H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5447.2134">10.1126/science.286.5447.2134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Possible+Ancient+Oceans+on+Mars%3A+Evidence+from+Mars+Orbiter+Laser+Altimeter+Data&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=5447&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.286.5447.2134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...286.2134H&rft.au=Head%2C+J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa040303-52"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa040303_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071109185031/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/88.cfm">"Mineral in Mars 'Berries' Adds to Water Story"</a> (Siaran pers). NASA. March 3, 2004. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/88.cfm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-11-09. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+in+Mars+%27Berries%27+Adds+to+Water+Story&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Freleases%2F2004%2F88.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109185031/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/88.cfm">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/88.cfm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-11-09. Diakses tanggal 2011-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Freleases%2F2004%2F88.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sci317-53"><a href="#cite_ref-sci317_53-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">McEwen, A. S. (September 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-09-21_317_5845/page/1706">"A Closer Look at Water-Related Geologic Activity on Mars"</a>. Science. 317 (5845): 1706–1709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1706M">2007Sci...317.1706M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1143987">10.1126/science.1143987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885125">17885125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Water-Related+Geologic+Activity+on+Mars&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5845&rft.pages=1706-1709&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1143987&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317.1706M&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2007-09-21_317_5845%2Fpage%2F1706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa101001-54"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa101001_54-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528175553/http://marsrover.nasa.gov/science/goal1-results.html">"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Science"</a>. NASA. 2007-07-12. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsrover.nasa.gov/science/goal1-results.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-05-28. Diakses tanggal 2010-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Exploration+Rover+Mission%3A+Science&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarsrover.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fgoal1-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-icarus169-55"><a href="#cite_ref-icarus169_55-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mellon, J. T.; Feldman, W. C.; Prettyman, T. H. (2003). "The presence and stability of ground ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars". Icarus. 169 (2): 324–340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..324M">2004Icar..169..324M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.022">10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+presence+and+stability+of+ground+ice+in+the+southern+hemisphere+of+Mars&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=324-340&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169..324M&rft.au=Mellon%2C+J.+T.%3B+Feldman%2C+W.+C.%3B+Prettyman%2C+T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-clouds-56"><a href="#cite_ref-clouds_56-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/opportunity/20041213a.html">"Mars Rovers Spot Water-Clue Mineral, Frost, Clouds"</a>. NASA. December 13, 2004. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mars+Rovers+Spot+Water-Clue+Mineral%2C+Frost%2C+Clouds&rft.date=2004-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgallery%2Fpress%2Fopportunity%2F20041213a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-darling_marspoles-57"><a href="#cite_ref-darling_marspoles_57-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Darling, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Marspoles.html">"Mars, polar caps"</a>. Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology%2C+Astronomy%2C+and+Spaceflight&rft.atitle=Mars%2C+polar+caps&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FM%2FMarspoles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mira-58"><a href="#cite_ref-mira_58-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mira.org/fts0/planets/097/text/txt002x.htm">"MIRA's Field Trips to the Stars Internet Education Program"</a>. Mira.or. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIRA%27s+Field+Trips+to+the+Stars+Internet+Education+Program&rft.pub=Mira.or&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mira.org%2Ffts0%2Fplanets%2F097%2Ftext%2Ftxt002x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-59"><a href="#cite_ref-brown_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Carr, Michael H. (2003). "Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (5042): 24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.5042C">2003JGRE..108.5042C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001963">10.1029/2002JE001963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Oceans+on+Mars%3A+An+assessment+of+the+observational+evidence+and+possible+fate&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=5042&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JE001963&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRE..108.5042C&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-phillips-60"><a href="#cite_ref-phillips_60-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Phillips, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224153145/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/07aug_southpole.htm">"Mars is Melting, Science at NASA"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/07aug_southpole.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-02-24. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+is+Melting%2C+Science+at+NASA&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2003%2F07aug_southpole.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sci315-61"><a href="#cite_ref-sci315_61-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Plaut, J. J (2007). "Subsurface Radar Sounding of the South Polar Layered Deposits of Mars". Science. 315 (5821): 92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...316...92P">2007Sci...316...92P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1139672">10.1126/science.1139672</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363628">17363628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Subsurface+Radar+Sounding+of+the+South+Polar+Layered+Deposits+of+Mars&rft.volume=315&rft.issue=5821&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17363628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1139672&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...316...92P&rft.au=Plaut%2C+J.+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-geo32-62"><a href="#cite_ref-geo32_62-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pelletier, J. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2004-04_32_4/page/365">"How do spiral troughs form on Mars?"</a>. Geology. 32 (4): 365–367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Geo....32..365P">2004Geo....32..365P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG20228.2">10.1130/G20228.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=How+do+spiral+troughs+form+on+Mars%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-367&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG20228.2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Geo....32..365P&rft.aulast=Pelletier&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_geology_2004-04_32_4%2Fpage%2F365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-eas080922-63"><a href="#cite_ref-eas080922_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMO78Q4KKF_index_0.html">"Mars polar cap mystery solved"</a>. ESA. September 22, 2008. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+polar+cap+mystery+solved&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEMO78Q4KKF_index_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2006-100-64"><a href="#cite_ref-2006-100_64-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164741/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2006-100">"NASA Findings Suggest Jets Bursting From Martian Ice Cap"</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. August 16, 2006. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2006-100">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-10-10. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=NASA+Findings+Suggest+Jets+Bursting+From+Martian+Ice+Cap&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.cfm%3Frelease%3D2006-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieffer2000-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Kieffer2000_65-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kieffer, H. H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/polar2000/pdf/4095.pdf">"Mars Polar Science 2000"</a> (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2009-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Polar+Science+2000&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kieffer&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Fpolar2000%2Fpdf%2F4095.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Portyankina-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Portyankina_66-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">G. Portyankina, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/polar2006/pdf/8040.pdf">"Fourth Mars Polar Science Conference"</a> (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2009-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Mars+Polar+Science+Conference&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Fpolar2006%2Fpdf%2F8040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugh2006-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Hugh2006_67-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kieffer, Hugh H. (May 30, 2006). "CO2 jets formed by sublimation beneath translucent slab ice in Mars' seasonal south polar ice cap". Nature. 442 (7104): 793–796. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.442..793K">2006Natur.442..793K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04945">10.1038/nature04945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915284">16915284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=CO2+jets+formed+by+sublimation+beneath+translucent+slab+ice+in+Mars%27+seasonal+south+polar+ice+cap&rft.volume=442&rft.issue=7104&rft.pages=793-796&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16915284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04945&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.442..793K&rft.aulast=Kieffer&rft.aufirst=Hugh+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sheehan_ch04-68"><a href="#cite_ref-sheehan_ch04_68-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Sheehan, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701062415/http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/MARS/CHAP04.HTM">"Areographers"</a>. The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/mars/chap04.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2017-07-01. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planet+Mars%3A+A+History+of+Observation+and+Discovery&rft.atitle=Areographers&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fonlinebks%2Fmars%2Fchap04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories">Planetary Names: Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-viking_1950_2000-70"><a href="#cite_ref-viking_1950_2000_70-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/Chapter%206.pdf">"Viking and the Resources of Mars"</a> (PDF). Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humans+to+Mars%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Mission+Planning%2C+1950%E2%80%932000&rft.atitle=Viking+and+the+Resources+of+Mars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fmonograph21%2FChapter%25206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-seds_huygens-71"><a href="#cite_ref-seds_huygens_71-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Frommert, H.; Kronberg, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051225063621/http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/huygens.html">"Christiaan Huygens"</a>. SEDS/Lunar and Planetary Lab. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/huygens.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2005-12-25. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christiaan+Huygens&rft.pub=SEDS%2FLunar+and+Planetary+Lab&rft.au=Frommert%2C+H.%3B+Kronberg%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seds.org%2Fmessier%2Fxtra%2FBios%2Fhuygens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-archinal_caplinger-72"><a href="#cite_ref-archinal_caplinger_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Archinal, B. A.; Caplinger, M. (Fall 2002). "Mars, the Meridian, and Mert: The Quest for Martian Longitude". Abstract #P22D-06. American Geophysical Union. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.P22D..06A">2002AGUFM.P22D..06A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abstract+%23P22D-06&rft.atitle=Mars%2C+the+Meridian%2C+and+Mert%3A+The+Quest+for+Martian+Longitude&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002AGUFM.P22D..06A&rft.au=Archinal%2C+B.+A.%3B+Caplinger%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAMola2007-73"><a href="#cite_ref-NASAMola2007_73-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">NASA (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113104943/http://geo.pds.nasa.gov/missions/mgs/megdr.html">"Mars Global Surveyor: MOLA MEGDRs"</a>. geo.pds.nasa.gov. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geo.pds.nasa.gov/missions/mgs/megdr.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2011-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Global+Surveyor%3A+MOLA+MEGDRs&rft.pub=geo.pds.nasa.gov&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeo.pds.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fmgs%2Fmegdr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geo.pds.nasa.gov/missions/mgs/megdr.html">Mars Global Surveyor: MOLA MEGDRs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113104943/http://geo.pds.nasa.gov/missions/mgs/megdr.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-11-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pers66-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pers66_74-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zeitler, W.; Ohlhof, T.; Ebner, H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113102454/http://www.asprs.org/a/publications/pers/2000journal/february/2000_feb_155-161.pdf">"Recomputation of the global Mars control-point network"</a> (PDF). Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. 66 (2): 155–161. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asprs.org/a/publications/pers/2000journal/february/2000_feb_155-161.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2011-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photogrammetric+Engineering+%26+Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=Recomputation+of+the+global+Mars+control-point+network&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-161&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Zeitler%2C+W.%3B+Ohlhof%2C+T.%3B+Ebner%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asprs.org%2Fa%2Fpublications%2Fpers%2F2000journal%2Ffebruary%2F2000_feb_155-161.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-lunine99-75"><a href="#cite_ref-lunine99_75-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lunine, Cynthia J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthevolutionof0000luni">Earth: evolution of a habitable world</a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthevolutionof0000luni/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-64423-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-64423-2">0-521-64423-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth%3A+evolution+of+a+habitable+world&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-64423-2&rft.aulast=Lunine&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthevolutionof0000luni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wright03-76"><a href="#cite_ref-wright03_76-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Wright, Shawn (April 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612190405/http://ivis.eps.pitt.edu/projects/MC/">"Infrared Analyses of Small Impact Craters on Earth and Mars"</a>. University of Pittsburgh. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ivis.eps.pitt.edu/projects/MC/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-06-12. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infrared+Analyses+of+Small+Impact+Craters+on+Earth+and+Mars&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2003-04-04&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fivis.eps.pitt.edu%2Fprojects%2FMC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ucar_geography-77"><a href="#cite_ref-ucar_geography_77-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615161453/http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mars/interior/Martian_global_geology.html">"Mars Global Geography"</a>. Windows to the Universe. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. April 27, 2001. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mars/interior/Martian_global_geology.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-06-15. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+to+the+Universe&rft.atitle=Mars+Global+Geography&rft.date=2001-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows.ucar.edu%2Ftour%2Flink%3D%2Fmars%2Finterior%2FMartian_global_geology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-emp9-78"><a href="#cite_ref-emp9_78-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wetherill, G. W. (1999). "Problems Associated with Estimating the Relative Impact Rates on Mars and the Moon". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 9 (1–2): 227. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Moon....9..227W">1974Moon....9..227W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00565406">10.1007/BF00565406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=Problems+Associated+with+Estimating+the+Relative+Impact+Rates+on+Mars+and+the+Moon&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=227&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00565406&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Moon....9..227W&rft.aulast=Wetherill&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-emp45-79"><a href="#cite_ref-emp45_79-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Costard, Francois M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-moon-and-planets_1989-06_45_3/page/265">"The spatial distribution of volatiles in the Martian hydrolithosphere"</a>. Earth, Moon, and Planets. 45 (3): 265–290. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989EM&P...45..265C">1989EM&P...45..265C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00057747">10.1007/BF00057747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=The+spatial+distribution+of+volatiles+in+the+Martian+hydrolithosphere&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-290&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00057747&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989EM%26P...45..265C&rft.aulast=Costard&rft.aufirst=Francois+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_earth-moon-and-planets_1989-06_45_3%2Fpage%2F265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-glenday09-80"><a href="#cite_ref-glenday09_80-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Glenday, Craig (2009). Guinness World Records. Random House, Inc. hlm. 12. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-553-59256-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-553-59256-4">0-553-59256-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-553-59256-4&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-scsdes49-81"><a href="#cite_ref-scsdes49_81-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chen, Junyong (2006). "Progress in technology for the 2005 height determination of Qomolangma Feng (Mt. Everest)". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 49 (5): 531–538. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11430-006-0531-1">10.1007/s11430-006-0531-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+China+Series+D%3A+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Progress+in+technology+for+the+2005+height+determination+of+Qomolangma+Feng+%28Mt.+Everest%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=531-538&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11430-006-0531-1&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Junyong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-lucchita_rosanova-82"><a href="#cite_ref-lucchita_rosanova_82-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Lucchitta, B. K.; Rosanova, C. E. (August 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611053821/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/VallesMarineris/">"Valles Marineris; The Grand Canyon of Mars"</a>. USGS. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/VallesMarineris/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-06-11. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valles+Marineris%3B+The+Grand+Canyon+of+Mars&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.au=Lucchitta%2C+B.+K.%3B+Rosanova%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrogeology.usgs.gov%2FProjects%2FVallesMarineris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-cushing_titus_wynn07-83"><a href="#cite_ref-cushing_titus_wynn07_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Cushing, G. E.; Titus, T. N.; Wynne, J. J.; Christensen, P. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1371.pdf">"Themis Observes Possible Cave Skylights on Mars"</a> (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Themis+Observes+Possible+Cave+Skylights+on+Mars&rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+XXXVIII&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Cushing%2C+G.+E.%3B+Titus%2C+T.+N.%3B+Wynne%2C+J.+J.%3B+Christensen%2C+P.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2007%2Fpdf%2F1371.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nau070328-84"><a href="#cite_ref-nau070328_84-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.nau.edu/insidenau/bumps/2007/3_28_07/mars.htm">"NAU researchers find possible caves on Mars"</a>. Inside NAU. 4 (12). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Arizona_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Arizona University (halaman belum tersedia)">Northern Arizona University</a>. March 28, 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+NAU&rft.atitle=NAU+researchers+find+possible+caves+on+Mars&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.nau.edu%2Finsidenau%2Fbumps%2F2007%2F3_28_07%2Fmars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc070317-85"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc070317_85-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6461201.stm">"Researchers find possible caves on Mars"</a>. Paul Rincon of <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2007-03-17. Diakses tanggal 2007-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paul+Rincon+of+BBC+News&rft.atitle=Researchers+find+possible+caves+on+Mars&rft.date=2007-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6461201.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-swind-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swind_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swind_86-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web">Philips, Tony (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323220121/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast31jan_1.htm">"The Solar Wind at Mars"</a>. Science@NASA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast31jan_1.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2006-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Solar+Wind+at+Mars&rft.pub=Science%40NASA&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2001%2Fast31jan_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-swind2-87"><a href="#cite_ref-swind2_87-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lundin, R (2004). "Solar Wind-Induced Atmospheric Erosion at Mars: First Results from ASPERA-3 on Mars Express". Science. 305 (5692): 1933–1936. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1933L">2004Sci...305.1933L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101860">10.1126/science.1101860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448263">15448263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Solar+Wind-Induced+Atmospheric+Erosion+at+Mars%3A+First+Results+from+ASPERA-3+on+Mars+Express&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5692&rft.pages=1933-1936&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15448263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101860&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1933L&rft.au=Lundin%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-bolonkin09-88"><a href="#cite_ref-bolonkin09_88-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bolonkin, Alexander A. (2009). Artificial Environments on Mars. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. hlm. 599–625. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-642-03629-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-642-03629-3">978-3-642-03629-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Environments+on+Mars&rft.place=Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.pages=599-625&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-642-03629-3&rft.aulast=Bolonkin&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-atkinson07-89"><a href="#cite_ref-atkinson07_89-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Atkinson, Nancy (2007-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/2007/07/17/the-mars-landing-approach-getting-large-payloads-to-the-surface-of-the-red-planet">"The Mars Landing Approach: Getting Large Payloads to the Surface of the Red Planet"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mars+Landing+Approach%3A+Getting+Large+Payloads+to+the+Surface+of+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F2007%2F07%2F17%2Fthe-mars-landing-approach-getting-large-payloads-to-the-surface-of-the-red-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-carr06-90"><a href="#cite_ref-carr06_90-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Carr, Michael H. (2006). The surface of Mars. Cambridge planetary science series. 6. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-87201-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-87201-4">0-521-87201-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+surface+of+Mars&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-87201-4&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dusty-91"><a href="#cite_ref-dusty_91-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lemmon, M. T. (2004). "Atmospheric Imaging Results from Mars Rovers". Science. 306 (5702): 1753–1756. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1753L">2004Sci...306.1753L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1104474">10.1126/science.1104474</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576613">15576613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Imaging+Results+from+Mars+Rovers&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5702&rft.pages=1753-1756&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15576613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1104474&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1753L&rft.aulast=Lemmon&rft.aufirst=M.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-methane-me-92"><a href="#cite_ref-methane-me_92-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Formisano, V.; Atreya, S.; Encrenaz, T.; Ignatiev, N.; Giuranna, M. (2004). "Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 306 (5702): 1758–1761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1758F">2004Sci...306.1758F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101732">10.1126/science.1101732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514118">15514118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Detection+of+Methane+in+the+Atmosphere+of+Mars&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5702&rft.pages=1758-1761&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15514118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101732&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1758F&rft.au=Formisano%2C+V.%3B+Atreya%2C+S.%3B+Encrenaz%2C+T.%3B+Ignatiev%2C+N.%3B+Giuranna%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-methane-93"><a href="#cite_ref-methane_93-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/SEMZ0B57ESD_0.html">"Mars Express confirms methane in the Martian atmosphere"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. March 30, 2004. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mars+Express+confirms+methane+in+the+Martian+atmosphere&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaMI%2FMars_Express%2FSEMZ0B57ESD_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-plumes-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plumes_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plumes_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plumes_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plumes_94-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mumma, Michael J. (February 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/Mumma_et_al_Methane_Mars_wSOM_accepted2.pdf">"Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003"</a> (PDF). Science. 323 (5917): 1041–1045. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323.1041M">2009Sci...323.1041M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1165243">10.1126/science.1165243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150811">19150811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Strong+Release+of+Methane+on+Mars+in+Northern+Summer+2003&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5917&rft.pages=1041-1045&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19150811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1165243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323.1041M&rft.aulast=Mumma&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2FMumma_et_al_Methane_Mars_wSOM_accepted2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-hand08-95"><a href="#cite_ref-hand08_95-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Hand, Eric (October 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307183317/http://esse.engin.umich.edu/psl/PRESS/Mars/NatureNews_2008.pdf">"Plumes of methane identified on Mars"</a> (PDF). Nature News. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esse.engin.umich.edu/psl/PRESS/Mars/NatureNews_2008.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2012-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plumes+of+methane+identified+on+Mars&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesse.engin.umich.edu%2Fpsl%2FPRESS%2FMars%2FNatureNews_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-results-96"><a href="#cite_ref-results_96-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228012538/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4HTCW36-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a614a9e35a422b94cc2611ccdc4bf180">"Some problems related to the origin of methane on Mars"</a>. Icarus. 180 (2): 359–367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..180..359K">2006Icar..180..359K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.10.015">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.015</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4HTCW36-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a614a9e35a422b94cc2611ccdc4bf180">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-12-28. Diakses tanggal 2011-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Some+problems+related+to+the+origin+of+methane+on+Mars&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-367&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.10.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..180..359K&rft.au=Krasnopolsky%2C+Vladimir+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6WGF-4HTCW36-2%26_user%3D10%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3Da614a9e35a422b94cc2611ccdc4bf180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nature460-97"><a href="#cite_ref-nature460_97-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Franck, Lefèvre (August 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-08-06_460_7256/page/720">"Observed variations of methane on Mars unexplained by known atmospheric chemistry and physics"</a>. Nature. 460 (7256): 720–723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.460..720L">2009Natur.460..720L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08228">10.1038/nature08228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661912">19661912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Observed+variations+of+methane+on+Mars+unexplained+by+known+atmospheric+chemistry+and+physics&rft.volume=460&rft.issue=7256&rft.pages=720-723&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19661912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08228&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.460..720L&rft.aulast=Franck&rft.aufirst=Lef%C3%A8vre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_2009-08-06_460_7256%2Fpage%2F720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-olivine-98"><a href="#cite_ref-olivine_98-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Oze, C.; Sharma, M. (2005). "Have olivine, will gas: Serpentinization and the abiogenic production of methane on Mars". Geophysical Research Letters. 32 (10): L10203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3210203O">2005GeoRL..3210203O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL022691">10.1029/2005GL022691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Have+olivine%2C+will+gas%3A+Serpentinization+and+the+abiogenic+production+of+methane+on+Mars&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=L10203&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL022691&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeoRL..3210203O&rft.au=Oze%2C+C.%3B+Sharma%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_surface-99"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_surface_99-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707084938/http://www-mgcm.arc.nasa.gov/mgcm/HTML/WEATHER/surface.html">"Mars' desert surface..."</a> MGCM Press release. NASA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-mgcm.arc.nasa.gov/mgcm/HTML/WEATHER/surface.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-07-07. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MGCM+Press+release&rft.atitle=Mars%27+desert+surface...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-mgcm.arc.nasa.gov%2Fmgcm%2FHTML%2FWEATHER%2Fsurface.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-goodman97-100"><a href="#cite_ref-goodman97_100-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Goodman, Jason C (September 22, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110051940/http://www.mit.edu/people/goodmanj/terraforming/terraforming.html">"The Past, Present, and Possible Future of Martian Climate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mit.edu/people/goodmanj/terraforming/terraforming.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-11-10. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Possible+Future+of+Martian+Climate&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1997-09-22&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Jason+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mit.edu%2Fpeople%2Fgoodmanj%2Fterraforming%2Fterraforming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-philips01-101"><a href="#cite_ref-philips01_101-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Philips, Tony (July 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613062647/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast16jul_1.htm">"Planet Gobbling Dust Storms"</a>. Science @ NASA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast16jul_1.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-06-13. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%40+NASA&rft.atitle=Planet+Gobbling+Dust+Storms&rft.date=2001-07-16&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2001%2Fast16jul_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-barlow08-102"><a href="#cite_ref-barlow08_102-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Barlow, Nadine G. (2008). Mars: an introduction to its interior, surface and atmosphere. Cambridge planetary science. 8. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-85226-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-85226-9">0-521-85226-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mars%3A+an+introduction+to+its+interior%2C+surface+and+atmosphere&rft.series=Cambridge+planetary+science&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-521-85226-9&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Nadine+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mars2010-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mars2010_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mars2010_103-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spider.seds.org/spider/Mars/mars2010.html">"Mars 2009/2010"</a>. Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). May 6, 2009. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+2009%2F2010&rft.pub=Students+for+the+Exploration+and+Development+of+Space+%28SEDS%29&rft.date=2009-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspider.seds.org%2Fspider%2FMars%2Fmars2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mars_eccentricity-104"><a href="#cite_ref-mars_eccentricity_104-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907013516/http://main.chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/MarsDist.html">"Mars' Orbital eccentricity over time"</a>. Solex. Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. 2003. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/MarsDist.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-09-07. Diakses tanggal 2007-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Solex&rft.atitle=Mars%27+Orbital+eccentricity+over+time&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmain.chemistry.unina.it%2F~alvitagl%2Fsolex%2FMarsDist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Meeus2003-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meeus2003_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meeus2003_105-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web">Meeus, Jean (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/whenmars.html">"When Was Mars Last This Close?"</a>. International Planetarium Society. Diakses tanggal 2008-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Was+Mars+Last+This+Close%3F&rft.pub=International+Planetarium+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ips-planetarium.org%2Fplanetarian%2Farticles%2Fwhenmars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Baalke2003-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Baalke2003_106-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Baalke, Ron (August 22, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com/msg14044.html">"Mars Makes Closest Approach In Nearly 60,000 Years"</a>. meteorite-list. Diakses tanggal 2008-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Makes+Closest+Approach+In+Nearly+60%2C000+Years&rft.pub=meteorite-list&rft.date=2003-08-22&rft.aulast=Baalke&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mail-archive.com%2Fmeteorite-list%40meteoritecentral.com%2Fmsg14044.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-esa31031-107"><a href="#cite_ref-esa31031_107-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31031">"Close Inspection for Phobos"</a>. ESA website. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA+website&rft.atitle=Close+Inspection+for+Phobos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fscience-e%2Fwww%2Fobject%2Findex.cfm%3Ffobjectid%3D31031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-theoi-108"><a href="#cite_ref-theoi_108-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/AresAttendants.html">"Ares Attendants: Deimos & Phobos"</a>. Greek Mythology. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Mythology&rft.atitle=Ares+Attendants%3A+Deimos+%26+Phobos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FOlympios%2FAresAttendants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-qjras19-109"><a href="#cite_ref-qjras19_109-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hunt, G. E.; Michael, W. H.; Pascu, D.; Veverka, J.; Wilkins, G. A.; Woolfson, M. (1978). "The Martian satellites—100 years on". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Quarterly Journal. 19: 90–109. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978QJRAS..19...90H">1978QJRAS..19...90H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%2C+Quarterly+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Martian+satellites%E2%80%94100+years+on&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=90-109&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978QJRAS..19...90H&rft.au=Hunt%2C+G.+E.%3B+Michael%2C+W.+H.%3B+Pascu%2C+D.%3B+Veverka%2C+J.%3B+Wilkins%2C+G.+A.%3B+Woolfson%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-phobos.html-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phobos.html_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phobos.html_110-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web">Arnett, Bill (November 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/phobos.html">"Phobos"</a>. nineplanets. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nineplanets&rft.atitle=Phobos&rft.date=2004-11-20&rft.au=Arnett%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nineplanets.org%2Fphobos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis07-111"><a href="#cite_ref-ellis07_111-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Ellis, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517181817/http://calspace.ucsd.edu/Mars99/docs/library/science/geological_history/moons1.html">"Geological History: Moons of Mars"</a>. CalSpace. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calspace.ucsd.edu/Mars99/docs/library/science/geological_history/moons1.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-05-17. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geological+History%3A+Moons+of+Mars&rft.pub=CalSpace&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalspace.ucsd.edu%2FMars99%2Fdocs%2Flibrary%2Fscience%2Fgeological_history%2Fmoons1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Andert-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Andert_112-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Andert, T. P. (May 7, 2010). "Precise mass determination and the nature of Phobos". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geophysical_Research_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geophysical Research Letters (halaman belum tersedia)">Geophysical Research Letters</a>. 37 (L09202): L09202. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GeoRL..3709202A">2010GeoRL..3709202A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL041829">10.1029/2009GL041829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Precise+mass+determination+and+the+nature+of+Phobos&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=L09202&rft.pages=L09202&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009GL041829&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010GeoRL..3709202A&rft.aulast=Andert&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Giuranna-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giuranna_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giuranna_113-1">b</a> <cite class="citation conference">Giuranna, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2010/EPSC2010-211.pdf">"Compositional Interpretation of PFS/MEx and TES/MGS Thermal Infrared Spectra of Phobos"</a> (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts, Vol. 5. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Compositional+Interpretation+of+PFS%2FMEx+and+TES%2FMGS+Thermal+Infrared+Spectra+of+Phobos&rft.btitle=European+Planetary+Science+Congress+Abstracts%2C+Vol.+5&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Giuranna&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeetingorganizer.copernicus.org%2FEPSC2010%2FEPSC2010-211.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Blast-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Blast_114-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/martian-moon-forged-by-catastrophic-blast-100927.html">"Mars Moon Phobos Likely Forged by Catastrophic Blast"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/">Space.com web site</a>. September 27, 2010. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F+Space.com+web+site%5D&rft.atitle=Mars+Moon+Phobos+Likely+Forged+by+Catastrophic+Blast&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fmartian-moon-forged-by-catastrophic-blast-100927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Hapus pranala luar di parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|work=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#param_has_ext_link" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowack-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Nowack_115-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Nowack, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~nowack/geos105/lect14-dir/lecture14_files/image022.jpg">"Estimated Habitable Zone for the Solar System"</a>. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Purdue University. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimated+Habitable+Zone+for+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Department+of+Earth+and+Atmospheric+Sciences+at+Purdue+University&rft.aulast=Nowack&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ics.purdue.edu%2F~nowack%2Fgeos105%2Flect14-dir%2Flecture14_files%2Fimage022.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-saltlife-116"><a href="#cite_ref-saltlife_116-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Briggs, Helen (February 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7248062.stm">"Early Mars 'too salty' for life"</a>. BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2008-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+Mars+%27too+salty%27+for+life&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7248062.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hannsson97-117"><a href="#cite_ref-hannsson97_117-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hannsson, Anders (1997). Mars and the Development of Life. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-471-96606-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-471-96606-1">0-471-96606-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mars+and+the+Development+of+Life&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-96606-1&rft.aulast=Hannsson&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-physorg070107-118"><a href="#cite_ref-physorg070107_118-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news87401064.html">"New Analysis of Viking Mission Results Indicates Presence of Life on Mars"</a>. Physorg.com. January 7, 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Analysis+of+Viking+Mission+Results+Indicates+Presence+of+Life+on+Mars&rft.date=2007-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews87401064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nutrient-119"><a href="#cite_ref-nutrient_119-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080626.html">"Phoenix Returns Treasure Trove for Science"</a>. NASA/JPL. June 6, 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Returns+Treasure+Trove+for+Science&rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fphoenix%2Fnews%2Fphoenix-20080626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-UV-120"><a href="#cite_ref-UV_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Bluck, John (July 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/exploringtheuniverse/marsdrill_prt.htm">"NASA Field-Tests the First System Designed to Drill for Subsurface Martian Life"</a>. NASA. Diakses tanggal 2010-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Field-Tests+the+First+System+Designed+to+Drill+for+Subsurface+Martian+Life&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft.aulast=Bluck&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fames%2Fresearch%2Fexploringtheuniverse%2Fmarsdrill_prt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-am89-121"><a href="#cite_ref-am89_121-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Golden, D. C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epswww.unm.edu/facstaff/brearley/Golden_p681-695_04%5B1%5D.pdf">"Evidence for exclusively inorganic formation of magnetite in Martian meteorite ALH84001"</a> (PDF). American Mineralogist. 89 (5–6): 681–695. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+exclusively+inorganic+formation+of+magnetite+in+Martian+meteorite+ALH84001&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=681-695&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepswww.unm.edu%2Ffacstaff%2Fbrearley%2FGolden_p681-695_04%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-icarus172-122"><a href="#cite_ref-icarus172_122-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.; Maillard, Jean-Pierre; Owen, Tobias C. (2004). "Detection of methane in the Martian atmosphere: evidence for life?". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Icarus_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icarus (journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Icarus</a>. 172 (2): 537–547. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..172..537K">2004Icar..172..537K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.07.004">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Detection+of+methane+in+the+Martian+atmosphere%3A+evidence+for+life%3F&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=537-547&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.07.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..172..537K&rft.au=Krasnopolsky%2C+Vladimir+A.%3B+Maillard%2C+Jean-Pierre%3B+Owen%2C+Tobias+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-form-123"><a href="#cite_ref-form_123-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">"Formaldehyde claim inflames Martian debate". Nature. February 25, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews050221-15">10.1038/news050221-15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Formaldehyde+claim+inflames+Martian+debate&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews050221-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dinerman04-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dinerman04_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dinerman04_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dinerman04_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dinerman04_124-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web">Dinerman, Taylor (September 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/232/1">"Is the Great Galactic Ghoul losing his appetite?"</a>. The space review. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+space+review&rft.atitle=Is+the+Great+Galactic+Ghoul+losing+his+appetite%3F&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft.aulast=Dinerman&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F232%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-universe307-125"><a href="#cite_ref-universe307_125-0">^</a> <cite class="citation episode">Mitchell, Cary L.; Purdue University. "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Universe_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Universe (TV series) (halaman belum tersedia)">Living in Space</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Universe_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Universe (TV series) (halaman belum tersedia)">The Universe</a>. Musim ke-2008–09. Episode ke-307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Universe&rft.series=Musim+ke-2008%E2%80%9309.+Episode+ke-307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_mariner9-126"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_mariner9_126-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731101459/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_09">"Mariner 9: Overview"</a>. NASA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_09">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2011-09-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mariner+9%3A+Overview&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fprofile.cfm%3FMCode%3DMariner_09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-other_missions-127"><a href="#cite_ref-other_missions_127-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530021429/http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/20th_far_mars.html">"Other Mars Missions"</a>. Journey through the galaxy. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/20th_far_mars.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-30. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journey+through+the+galaxy&rft.atitle=Other+Mars+Missions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburro.astr.cwru.edu%2Fstu%2F20th_far_mars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nature341-128"><a href="#cite_ref-nature341_128-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sagdeev, R. Z.; Zakharov, A. V. (October 19, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1989-10-19_341_6243/page/581">"Brief history of the Phobos mission"</a>. Nature. 341 (6243): 581–585. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.341..581S">1989Natur.341..581S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F341581a0">10.1038/341581a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Brief+history+of+the+Phobos+mission&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6243&rft.pages=581-585&rft.date=1989-10-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F341581a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Natur.341..581S&rft.au=Sagdeev%2C+R.+Z.%3B+Zakharov%2C+A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_1989-10-19_341_6243%2Fpage%2F581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_mgs-129"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_mgs_129-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060415081709/http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9706/pathfinder/surveyor/">"Mars Global Surveyor"</a>. CNN- Destination Mars. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9706/pathfinder/surveyor/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-04-15. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN-+Destination+Mars&rft.atitle=Mars+Global+Surveyor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FTECH%2F9706%2Fpathfinder%2Fsurveyor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ua_phoenix-130"><a href="#cite_ref-ua_phoenix_130-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/05_25_pr.php">"Mars Pulls Phoenix In"</a>. University of Arizona Phoenix mission Website. Diakses tanggal 2008-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Arizona+Phoenix+mission+Website&rft.atitle=Mars+Pulls+Phoenix+In&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.lpl.arizona.edu%2F05_25_pr.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-phoenix_water-131"><a href="#cite_ref-phoenix_water_131-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/phoenix_water.html">"Phoenix: The Search for Water"</a>. NASA website. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+website&rft.atitle=Phoenix%3A+The+Search+for+Water&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fsolarsystem%2Fphoenix_water.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-uanews_frozen_water-132"><a href="#cite_ref-uanews_frozen_water_132-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uanews.org/node/20276">"Frozen Water Confirmed on Mars"</a>. UANews.org. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frozen+Water+Confirmed+on+Mars&rft.pub=UANews.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuanews.org%2Fnode%2F20276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_NASA_Mission_Declared_Dead-133"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_NASA_Mission_Declared_Dead_133-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Amos, Jonathan (November 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7721032.stm">"NASA Mars Mission declared dead"</a>. BBC. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+Mars+Mission+declared+dead&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7721032.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa081009-134"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa081009_134-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20081009a.html">"NASA's Mars Odyssey Shifting Orbit for Extended Mission"</a>. NASA. October 9, 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Mars+Odyssey+Shifting+Orbit+for+Extended+Mission&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fodyssey%2Fnewsroom%2Fpressreleases%2F20081009a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-odyssey030314-135"><a href="#cite_ref-odyssey030314_135-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Britt, Robert (March 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/odyssey_update_030314.html">"Odyssey Spacecraft Generates New Mars Mysteries"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060315103112/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/odyssey_update_030314.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Odyssey+Spacecraft+Generates+New+Mars+Mysteries&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fmissionlaunches%2Fodyssey_update_030314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-esa20040211-136"><a href="#cite_ref-esa20040211_136-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">ESA Media Relations Division (February 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMQ5C1PGQD_Expanding_0.html">"UK and ESA announce Beagle 2 inquiry"</a>. ESA News. Diakses tanggal 2011-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA+News&rft.atitle=UK+and+ESA+announce+Beagle+2+inquiry&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft.au=ESA+Media+Relations+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEMQ5C1PGQD_Expanding_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-aurora-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aurora_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aurora_137-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bertaux, Jean-Loup (June 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-06-09_435_7043/page/790">"Discovery of an aurora on Mars"</a>. Nature. 435 (7043): 790. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435..790B">2005Natur.435..790B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03603">10.1038/nature03603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944698">15944698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+an+aurora+on+Mars&rft.volume=435&rft.issue=7043&rft.pages=790&rft.date=2005-06-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15944698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03603&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.435..790B&rft.aulast=Bertaux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Loup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_2005-06-09_435_7043%2Fpage%2F790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_rovers-138"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_rovers_138-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/science/">"Mars Exploration Rovers- Science"</a>. MER website. NASA. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MER+website&rft.atitle=Mars+Exploration+Rovers-+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_avalanche-139"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_avalanche_139-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419070652/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/03/mars.avalanche.ap/index.html">"Photo shows avalanche on Mars"</a>. CNN. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/03/mars.avalanche.ap/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-04-19. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Photo+shows+avalanche+on+Mars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F03%2F03%2Fmars.avalanche.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-agle090212-140"><a href="#cite_ref-agle090212_140-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Agle, D. C. (February 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118134850/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=2031">"NASA Spacecraft Falling For Mars"</a>. NASA/JPL. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=2031">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-01-18. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Falling+For+Mars&rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.aulast=Agle&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Ffeatures.cfm%3Ffeature%3D2031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-noburn-141"><a href="#cite_ref-noburn_141-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Molczan, Ted (9 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Nov-2011/0069.html">"Phobos-Grunt - serious problem reported"</a>. SeeSat-L. Diakses tanggal 9 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phobos-Grunt+-+serious+problem+reported&rft.pub=SeeSat-L&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.aulast=Molczan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satobs.org%2Fseesat%2FNov-2011%2F0069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kesimpulan-142"><a href="#cite_ref-kesimpulan_142-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kesimpulan.com/2012/08/rover-nasa-curiosity-berhasil-mendarat.html">"Rover NASA Curiosity Berhasil Mendarat di Mars"</a>. Diakses tanggal 6 Januari 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rover+NASA+Curiosity+Berhasil+Mendarat+di+Mars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kesimpulan.com%2F2012%2F08%2Frover-nasa-curiosity-berhasil-mendarat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=31905">"NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for MAVEN Mission"</a>. SpaceRef. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Awards+Launch+Services+Contract+for+MAVEN+Mission&rft.pub=SpaceRef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewpr.html%3Fpid%3D31905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-mav-144"><a href="#cite_ref-mav_144-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/maven/main/index.html">MAVEN Launch Updates</a>. NASA. Diakses 2013-11-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-metnet_mission-145"><a href="#cite_ref-metnet_mission_145-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019000551/http://metnet.fmi.fi/index.php?id=95">"Introduction to the MetNet Mars Mission"</a>. Finnish Meteorological Institute. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metnet.fmi.fi/index.php?id=95">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-10-19. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+MetNet+Mars+Mission&rft.pub=Finnish+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetnet.fmi.fi%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Metnet-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Metnet_146-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019000204/http://metnet.fmi.fi/index.php?id=92">"The MetNet Mars Precursor Mission"</a>. Finnish Meteorological Institute. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metnet.fmi.fi/index.php?id=92">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-10-19. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MetNet+Mars+Precursor+Mission&rft.pub=Finnish+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetnet.fmi.fi%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-aurora021011-147"><a href="#cite_ref-aurora021011_147-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002175305/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Aurora/ESAONKTHN6D_0.html">"Liftoff for Aurora: Europe's first steps to Mars, the Moon and beyond"</a>. October 11, 2002. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Aurora/ESAONKTHN6D_0.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-10-02. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liftoff+for+Aurora%3A+Europe%E2%80%99s+first+steps+to+Mars%2C+the+Moon+and+beyond&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FAurora%2FESAONKTHN6D_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-esa091212-148"><a href="#cite_ref-esa091212_148-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46048">"The ESA-NASA ExoMars programme 2016–2018—an overview"</a>. European Space Agency. December 12, 2009. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ESA-NASA+ExoMars+programme+2016%E2%80%932018%E2%80%94an+overview&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploration.esa.int%2Fscience-e%2Fwww%2Fobject%2Findex.cfm%3Ffobjectid%3D46048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-esa091208-149"><a href="#cite_ref-esa091208_149-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=44995">"Mars Sample Return"</a>. European Space Agency. December 8, 2009. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Sample+Return&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploration.esa.int%2Fscience-e%2Fwww%2Fobject%2Findex.cfm%3Ffobjectid%3D44995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-britt_bush_vision-150"><a href="#cite_ref-britt_bush_vision_150-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Britt, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/bush_plan_faq_040115.html#whenmars">"When do we get to Mars?"</a>. Space.com FAQ: Bush's New Space Vision. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209192146/http://www.space.com/news/bush_plan_faq_040115.html#whenmars">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-02-09. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com+FAQ%3A+Bush%27s+New+Space+Vision&rft.atitle=When+do+we+get+to+Mars%3F&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnews%2Fbush_plan_faq_040115.html%23whenmars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mars_daily-151"><a href="#cite_ref-mars_daily_151-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/NASA_aims_to_put_man_on_Mars_by_2037_999.html">"NASA aims to put man on Mars by 2037"</a>. AFP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+aims+to+put+man+on+Mars+by+2037&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marsdaily.com%2Freports%2FNASA_aims_to_put_man_on_Mars_by_2037_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  (Bad link) </li> <li id="cite_note-marshome-152"><a href="#cite_ref-marshome_152-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301104324/http://marshome.org/">"The Mars Homestead Project—Arrive, Survive, & Thrive!"</a>. Marshome.org. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshome.org/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-03-01. Diakses tanggal 2009-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mars+Homestead+Project%E2%80%94Arrive%2C+Survive%2C+%26+Thrive%21&rft.pub=Marshome.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshome.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pl_org_deimos-153"><a href="#cite_ref-pl_org_deimos_153-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507050759/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/mars/deimos.html">"Deimos"</a>. Planetary Societies's Explore the Cosmos. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/mars/deimos.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-05-07. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planetary+Societies%27s+Explore+the+Cosmos&rft.atitle=Deimos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fexplore%2Ftopics%2Fmars%2Fdeimos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jbaa93-154"><a href="#cite_ref-jbaa93_154-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Meeus, J.; Goffin, E. (1983). "Transits of Earth as seen from Mars". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 93 (3): 120–123. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JBAA...93..120M">1983JBAA...93..120M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Transits+of+Earth+as+seen+from+Mars&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=120-123&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983JBAA...93..120M&rft.au=Meeus%2C+J.%3B+Goffin%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nature436-155"><a href="#cite_ref-nature436_155-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bell, J. F., III (July 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-07-07_436_7047/page/55">"Solar eclipses of Phobos and Deimos observed from the surface of Mars"</a>. Nature. 436 (7047): 55–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.436...55B">2005Natur.436...55B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03437">10.1038/nature03437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16001060">16001060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Solar+eclipses+of+Phobos+and+Deimos+observed+from+the+surface+of+Mars&rft.volume=436&rft.issue=7047&rft.pages=55-57&rft.date=2005-07-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16001060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03437&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.436...55B&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+F.%2C+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_2005-07-07_436_7047%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sd040317-156"><a href="#cite_ref-sd040317_156-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Staff (March 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mars-mers-04zzzd.html">"Martian Moons Block Sun In Unique Eclipse Images From Another Planet"</a>. SpaceDaily. Diakses tanggal 2010-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceDaily&rft.atitle=Martian+Moons+Block+Sun+In+Unique+Eclipse+Images+From+Another+Planet&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Fnews%2Fmars-mers-04zzzd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MallamaMars-157"><a href="#cite_ref-MallamaMars_157-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mallama, A. (2007). "The magnitude and albedo of Mars". Icarus. 192 (2): 404–416. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..192..404M">2007Icar..192..404M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.07.011">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+magnitude+and+albedo+of+Mars&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=404-416&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.07.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..192..404M&rft.au=Mallama%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lloyd06-158"><a href="#cite_ref-lloyd06_158-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lloyd (writer) (halaman belum tersedia)">Lloyd, John</a> (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_General_Ignorance">The QI Book of General Ignorance</a>. Britain: Faber and Faber Limited. hlm. 102, 299. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-571-24139-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-571-24139-2">978-0-571-24139-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+QI+Book+of+General+Ignorance&rft.place=Britain&rft.pages=102%2C+299&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-571-24139-2&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Book_of_General_Ignorance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-shallowsky-159"><a href="#cite_ref-shallowsky_159-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Peck, Akkana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shallowsky.com/mars.html">"Mars Observing FAQ"</a>. Shallow Sky. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shallow+Sky&rft.atitle=Mars+Observing+FAQ&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Akkana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shallowsky.com%2Fmars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-zeilik02-160"><a href="#cite_ref-zeilik02_160-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Zeilik, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyevolvin0000zeil">Astronomy: the Evolving Universe</a> (edisi ke-9th). Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyevolvin0000zeil/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-80090-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-80090-0">0-521-80090-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy%3A+the+Evolving+Universe&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-80090-0&rft.aulast=Zeilik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomyevolvin0000zeil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Laskar2003-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Laskar2003_161-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Jacques Laskar (August 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/mars/oppo_en.html">"Primer on Mars oppositions"</a>. IMCCE, Paris Observatory. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primer+on+Mars+oppositions&rft.pub=IMCCE%2C+Paris+Observatory&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft.au=Jacques+Laskar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imcce.fr%2FEquipes%2FASD%2Fmars%2Foppo_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512155635/http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/SolexMars.txt">(Solex results)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa051103-162"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa051103_162-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/34/image/l">"Close Encounter: Mars at Opposition"</a>. NASA. November 3, 2005. Diakses tanggal 2010-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Close+Encounter%3A+Mars+at+Opposition&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2005%2F34%2Fimage%2Fl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sheehan970202-163"><a href="#cite_ref-sheehan970202_163-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Sheehan, William (February 2, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625043926/http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/mars/appends.htm">"Appendix 1: Oppositions of Mars, 1901—2035"</a>. The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. University of Arizona Press. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/mars/appends.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2010-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planet+Mars%3A+A+History+of+Observation+and+Discovery&rft.atitle=Appendix+1%3A+Oppositions+of+Mars%2C+1901%E2%80%942035&rft.date=1997-02-02&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fonlinebks%2Fmars%2Fappends.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astropro.com/features/tables/geo/su-ma/su-180-ma/SU180MA6.html">Astropro 3000-year Sun-Mars Opposition Tables</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rao030822-165"><a href="#cite_ref-rao030822_165-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Rao, Joe (August 22, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030824043709/http://www.space.com/spacewatch/mars_10_closest_030822.html">"NightSky Friday—Mars and Earth: The Top 10 Close Passes Since 3000 B.C."</a> Space.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/spacewatch/mars_10_closest_030822.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2003-08-24. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=NightSky+Friday%E2%80%94Mars+and+Earth%3A+The+Top+10+Close+Passes+Since+3000+B.C.&rft.date=2003-08-22&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacewatch%2Fmars_10_closest_030822.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/science/astronomy/brightmars.asp">"Mars Spectacular"</a>. Snopes.com. Diakses tanggal 17-09-2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Spectacular&rft.pub=Snopes.com&rft.au=Mikkelson%2C+Barbara+and+David+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fscience%2Fastronomy%2Fbrightmars.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-paob85-167"><a href="#cite_ref-paob85_167-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Novakovic, B. (2008). "Senenmut: An Ancient Egyptian Astronomer". Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. 85: 19–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...19N">2008POBeo..85...19N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Observatory+of+Belgrade&rft.atitle=Senenmut%3A+An+Ancient+Egyptian+Astronomer&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008POBeo..85...19N&rft.aulast=Novakovic&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-north08-168"><a href="#cite_ref-north08_168-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">North, John David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmosillustrate0000nort">Cosmos: an illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology</a>. University of Chicago Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmosillustrate0000nort/page/n75">48</a>–52. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-226-59441-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-226-59441-6">0-226-59441-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmos%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+astronomy+and+cosmology&rft.pages=48-52&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-226-59441-6&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=John+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcosmosillustrate0000nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-swerdlow98-169"><a href="#cite_ref-swerdlow98_169-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Swerdlow, Noel M. (1998). [Periodicity and Variability of Synodic Phenomenon Periodicity and Variability of Synodic Phenomenon] Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter-url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter-url=</code> tidak memiliki judul (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bare_url_missing_title" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>). The Babylonian theory of the planets. Princeton University Press. hlm. 34–72. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-691-01196-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-691-01196-6">0-691-01196-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Babylonian+theory+of+the+planets&rft.pages=34-72&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-691-01196-6&rft.aulast=Swerdlow&rft.aufirst=Noel+M.&rft_id=Periodicity+and+Variability+of+Synodic+Phenomenon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-poor08-170"><a href="#cite_ref-poor08_170-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Poor, Charles Lane (1908). The solar system: a study of recent observations. Science series. 17. G. P. Putnam's sons. hlm. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+solar+system%3A+a+study+of+recent+observations&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Poor&rft.aufirst=Charles+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_ronan85-171"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_ronan85_171-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin A. (1985). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text. The shorter science and civilisation in China. 2 (edisi ke-3rd). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 187. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-31536-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-31536-0">0-521-31536-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+An+Abridgement+of+Joseph+Needham%27s+Original+Text&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-31536-0&rft.au=Needham%2C+Joseph%3B+Ronan%2C+Colin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-jse97-172"><a href="#cite_ref-jse97_172-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thompson, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107161952/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_11_2_thompson.pdf">"Planetary Diameters in the Surya-Siddhanta"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a>. 11 (2): 193–200 [193–6]. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_11_2_thompson.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2010-01-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Scientific+Exploration&rft.atitle=Planetary+Diameters+in+the+Surya-Siddhanta&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-200+193-6&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificexploration.org%2Fjournal%2Fjse_11_2_thompson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-taton03-173"><a href="#cite_ref-taton03_173-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Taton, Reni (2003). Reni Taton, Curtis Wilson and Michael Hoskin, ed. Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 109. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-54205-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-54205-7">0-521-54205-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planetary+Astronomy+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Rise+of+Astrophysics%2C+Part+A%2C+Tycho+Brahe+to+Newton&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-54205-7&rft.aulast=Taton&rft.aufirst=Reni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penyunting" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-hirschfeld01-174"><a href="#cite_ref-hirschfeld01_174-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hirshfeld, Alan (2001). Parallax: the race to measure the cosmos. Macmillan. hlm. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-3711-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-3711-6">0-7167-3711-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallax%3A+the+race+to+measure+the+cosmos&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7167-3711-6&rft.aulast=Hirshfeld&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jha15-175"><a href="#cite_ref-jha15_175-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Peters, W. T. (1984). "The Appearance of Venus and Mars in 1610". Journal of the History of Astronomy. 15 (3): 211–214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JHA....15..211P">1984JHA....15..211P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+Appearance+of+Venus+and+Mars+in+1610&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-214&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JHA....15..211P&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Sheehan, William (1996). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/mars/chap02.htm">Chapter 2: Pioneers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426163500/http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/MARS/CHAP02.HTM">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-04-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. Tucson: University of Arizona. Retrieved 2010-01-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder01-177"><a href="#cite_ref-snyder01_177-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Snyder, Dave (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~lowbrows/reflections/2001/dsnyder.7.html">"An Observational History of Mars"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Observational+History+of+Mars&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2F~lowbrows%2Freflections%2F2001%2Fdsnyder.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sagan80-178"><a href="#cite_ref-sagan80_178-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sagan, Carl (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmossaga00saga">Cosmos</a>. New York, USA: Random House. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmossaga00saga/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-394-50294-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-394-50294-9">0-394-50294-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmos&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-394-50294-9&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcosmossaga00saga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-basalla06-179"><a href="#cite_ref-basalla06_179-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Basalla, George (2006). [Percival Lowell: Champion of Canals Percival Lowell: Champion of Canals] Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter-url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter-url=</code> tidak memiliki judul (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bare_url_missing_title" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>). Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials. Oxford University Press US. hlm. 67–88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-517181-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-517181-0">0-19-517181-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilized+Life+in+the+Universe%3A+Scientists+on+Intelligent+Extraterrestrials&rft.pages=67-88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-517181-0&rft.aulast=Basalla&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=Percival+Lowell%3A+Champion+of+Canals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Guthke, Karl S. (1990). The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction. Translated by Helen Atkins. Cornell University Press. pp. 355-6. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0801416809" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-1680-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-prion-181"><a href="#cite_ref-prion_181-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219093537/http://prion.bchs.uh.edu/Mars/Percival_Lowell.htm">"Percivel Lowell's Canals"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prion.bchs.uh.edu/Mars/Percival_Lowell.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-02-19. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Percivel+Lowell%27s+Canals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprion.bchs.uh.edu%2FMars%2FPercival_Lowell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lubertozzi_holmsten03-182"><a href="#cite_ref-lubertozzi_holmsten03_182-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lubertozzi, Alex; Holmsten, Brian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldsmarsi0000unse">The war of the worlds: Mars' invasion of earth, inciting panic and inspiring terror from H.G. Wells to Orson Welles and beyond</a>. Sourcebooks, Inc. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldsmarsi0000unse/page/3">3</a>–31. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-57071-985-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-57071-985-3">1-57071-985-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+of+the+worlds%3A+Mars%27+invasion+of+earth%2C+inciting+panic+and+inspiring+terror+from+H.G.+Wells+to+Orson+Welles+and+beyond&rft.pages=3-31&rft.pub=Sourcebooks%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57071-985-3&rft.au=Lubertozzi%2C+Alex%3B+Holmsten%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofworldsmarsi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sanford09-183"><a href="#cite_ref-sanford09_183-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schwartz, Sanford (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisonfinalfr00schw">C. S. Lewis on the Final Frontier: Science and the Supernatural in the Space Trilogy</a>. Oxford University Press US. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisonfinalfr00schw/page/19">19</a>–20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-537472-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-537472-X">0-19-537472-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis+on+the+Final+Frontier%3A+Science+and+the+Supernatural+in+the+Space+Trilogy&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-19-537472-X&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcslewisonfinalfr00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-buker02-184"><a href="#cite_ref-buker02_184-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Buker, Derek M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa00buke_0">The science fiction and fantasy readers' advisory: the librarian's guide to cyborgs, aliens, and sorcerers</a>. ALA readers' advisory series. ALA Editions. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa00buke_0/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8389-0831-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8389-0831-4">0-8389-0831-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+fiction+and+fantasy+readers%27+advisory%3A+the+librarian%27s+guide+to+cyborgs%2C+aliens%2C+and+sorcerers&rft.series=ALA+readers%27+advisory+series&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=ALA+Editions&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8389-0831-4&rft.aulast=Buker&rft.aufirst=Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefictionfa00buke_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jonathan_swift-185"><a href="#cite_ref-jonathan_swift_185-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Darling, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Swift.html">"Swift, Jonathan and the moons of Mars"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swift%2C+Jonathan+and+the+moons+of+Mars&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FS%2FSwift.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-miles_peters-186"><a href="#cite_ref-miles_peters_186-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Miles, Kathy; Peters II, Charles F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starryskies.com/Artshtml/dln/5-98/mars.html">"Unmasking the Face"</a>. StarrySkies.com. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unmasking+the+Face&rft.pub=StarrySkies.com&rft.au=Miles%2C+Kathy%3B+Peters+II%2C+Charles+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarryskies.com%2FArtshtml%2Fdln%2F5-98%2Fmars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMars" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27104152">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #333;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mars" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mars">Mars</a> di kamus bebas Wikikamus.</div></div> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;">Cari tahu mengenai Mars pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mars">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Mars">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Mars">Berita</a> dari Wikinews </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mars">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mars">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mars" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mars">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Science/Astronomy/Solar_System/Planets/Mars/">Mars</a> di Curlie (dari <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100216233133/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/">Mars Exploration Program</a> di NASA.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trek.nasa.gov/mars/">Mars Trek – An integrated map browser of maps and datasets for Mars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/mars/">Google Mars</a> dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/mars/">Google Mars 3D</a>, peta interaktif planet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geody.com/?world=mars">Geody Mars</a>, situs web pemetaan yang mendukung <a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_World_Wind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA World Wind (halaman belum tersedia)">NASA World Wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestia" title="Celestia">Celestia</a>, dan aplikasi lain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gambar">Gambar</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/targetFamily/Mars">Mars images</a> dari NASA's Planetary Photojournal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/">Mars images</a> dari NASA's Mars Exploration Program</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msss.com/science-images/">Mars images</a> dari Malin Space Science Systems</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/">HiRISE image catalog</a> dari University of Arizona</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=224">Rotating color globe of Mars</a> dari National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/media/videos/rotating-globe-mars-geology">Rotating geological globe of Mars</a> dari United States Geological Survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr1Xu2i-Uc0">NASA's Curiosity Finds Ancient Streambed – First Evidence of Water on Mars</a> di <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> dari The Science Channel (2012, 4:31)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themis.mars.asu.edu/node/5470">Flight Into Mariner Valley</a> dari Arizona State University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/32657197761/in/photostream/">High resolution video</a> simulasi rotasi Mars karya Seán Doran, menampilkan <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a> (lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157680411399285">album lengkapnya</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/03/04/curiosity-rover-panorama-mars-yn-orig.cnn">Mars rover captures high-resolution panorama of its home</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_kartografis">Sumber kartografis</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target">Mars nomenclature</a> dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308115343/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/mars1to5mTHEMIS">quadrangle maps with feature names</a> oleh United States Geological Survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/">Geological map of Mars</a> dari United States Geological Survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetologia.elte.hu/terkep/mars-viking-en.pdf">Viking orbiter photomap</a> dari Eötvös Loránd University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027185557/http://planetologia.elte.hu/terkep/mars-mola-en.pdf">Mars Global Surveyor topographical map</a> dari Eötvös Loránd University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Mars" title="Templat:Mars"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Mars (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Mars&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struktur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Mars" title="Atmosfer Mars">Atmosfer Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_Hubble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mars_Hubble.jpg/120px-Mars_Hubble.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mars_Hubble.jpg/250px-Mars_Hubble.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Mars" title="Satelit Mars">Satelit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fobos_(satelit)" title="Fobos (satelit)">Fobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(satelit)" title="Deimos (satelit)">Deimos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geologi_Mars" title="Geologi Mars">Geologi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonia Mensae">Cydonia Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_gunung_di_Mars" title="Daftar gunung di Mars">Daftar gunung di Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia" title="Amazonis Planitia">Amazonis Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekungan_Kutub_Utara_(Mars)" title="Cekungan Kutub Utara (Mars)">Cekungan Kutub Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_gunung_di_Mars_menurut_tinggi" title="Daftar gunung di Mars menurut tinggi">Daftar gunung di Mars menurut tinggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons">Ascraeus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsia_Mons" title="Arsia Mons">Arsia Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavonis_Mons" title="Pavonis Mons">Pavonis Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Mons" title="Elysium Mons">Elysium Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblis_Tholus" title="Biblis Tholus">Biblis Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albor_Tholus" title="Albor Tholus">Albor Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum" title="Syrtis Major Planum">Syrtis Major Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_Montes" title="Tharsis Montes">Tharsis Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airy-0" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy-0">Airy-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_Vallis" title="Ares Vallis">Ares Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Valles" title="Athabasca Valles">Athabasca Valles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Fossae" title="Cerberus Fossae">Cerberus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(kawah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (kawah)">Gale (kawah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27adim_Vallis" title="Ma'adim Vallis">Ma'adim Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachis_Terra" title="Noachis Terra">Noachis Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctis_Labyrinthus" title="Noctis Labyrinthus">Noctis Labyrinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Mars" title="Penjelajahan Mars">Penjelajahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars rover">ExoMars rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity" title="Opportunity">Opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey_2001" title="Mars Odyssey 2001">Mars Odyssey 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahana_penjelajah_Mars" title="Wahana penjelajah Mars">Wahana penjelajah Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Mars_Scout" title="Program Mars Scout">Program Mars Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">Mars 2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(wahana_penjelajah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (wahana penjelajah)">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner" title="Sojourner">Sojourner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Phoenix (wahana antariksa)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Phoenix (wahana antariksa)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Fobos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Program Fobos (halaman belum tersedia)">Program Fobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Viking" title="Program Viking">Program Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_rover_Mars_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Misi rover Mars 2020">Misi rover Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_pengembalian_sampel_Mars" title="Misi pengembalian sampel Mars">Misi pengembalian sampel Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MELOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MELOS (halaman belum tersedia)">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetNet" title="MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Light_(wahana_antariksa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Light (wahana antariksa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dragon_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Red Dragon (wahana antariksa)">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat pula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kehidupan_di_Mars" title="Kehidupan di Mars">Kehidupan di Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonisasi_Mars" title="Kolonisasi Mars">Kolonisasi Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorit_Mars" title="Meteorit Mars">Meteorit Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_areosentris" title="Orbit areosentris">Orbit areosentris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">Thermal Emission Imaging System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalender_Darian" title="Kalender Darian">Kalender Darian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mitologi)" title="Mars (mitologi)">Mars (mitologi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kawah_di_Mars" title="Daftar kawah di Mars">Daftar kawah di Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tata_Surya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tata_Surya" title="Templat:Tata Surya"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tata_Surya" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tata Surya"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tata_Surya&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tata_Surya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Solar_System_Template_Final.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="43" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_c0b8fb8efc62f9d5" /><map name="ImageMap_c0b8fb8efc62f9d5"><area href="/wiki/Matahari" shape="circle" coords="0,0,108,42" alt="Matahari" title="Matahari" /><area href="/wiki/Merkurius" shape="circle" coords="134,22,7" alt="Merkurius" title="Merkurius" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="184,22,10" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Bumi" shape="circle" coords="233,22,10" alt="Bumi" title="Bumi" /><area href="/wiki/Bulan" shape="circle" coords="244,10,5" alt="Bulan" title="Bulan" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="280,22,10" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Mars" shape="circle" coords="287,16,4" alt="Phobos dan Deimos" title="Phobos dan Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/1_Ceres" shape="circle" coords="325,22,10" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Sabuk_asteroid" shape="rect" coords="307,0,346,42" alt="Sabuk asteroid" title="Sabuk asteroid" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres" shape="circle" coords="325,22,10" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="381,22,18" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="395,6,7" alt="Satelit Jupiter" title="Satelit Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="358,18,402,24" alt="Cincin Jupiter" title="Cincin Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturnus" shape="circle" coords="447,22,12" alt="Saturnus" title="Saturnus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Saturnus" shape="circle" coords="458,8,7" alt="Satelit Saturnus" title="Satelit Saturnus" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Saturnus" shape="rect" coords="424,6,467,37" alt="Cincin Saturnus" title="Cincin Saturnus" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="502,22,11" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="513,12,7" alt="Satelit Uranus" title="Satelit Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="490,5,515,41" alt="Cincin Uranus" title="Cincin Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptunus" shape="circle" coords="555,22,14" alt="Neptunus" title="Neptunus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Neptunus" shape="circle" coords="566,12,4" alt="Satelit Neptunus" title="Satelit Neptunus" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Neptunus" shape="rect" coords="530,11,582,34" alt="Cincin Neptunus" title="Cincin Neptunus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="610,16,4" alt="Satelit Pluto" title="Satelit Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="605,22,10" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet_katai)" shape="circle" coords="641,22,10" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="648,16,4" alt="Satelit Haumea" title="Satelit Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet_katai)" shape="circle" coords="681,22,10" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/Eris" shape="circle" coords="716,22,10" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia" shape="circle" coords="653,17,4" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Sabuk_Kuiper" shape="rect" coords="591,0,696,42" alt="Sabuk Kuiper" title="Sabuk Kuiper" /><area href="/wiki/Piringan_tersebar" shape="rect" coords="698,0,733,42" alt="Piringan tersebar" title="Piringan tersebar" /><area href="/wiki/Awan_Hills" shape="rect" coords="748,0,769,42" alt="Awan Hills" title="Awan Hills" /><area href="/wiki/Awan_Oort" shape="rect" coords="770,0,800,42" alt="Awan Oort" title="Awan Oort" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sun_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☉"><img alt="☉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mercury_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius">Merkurius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ceres_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚳"><img alt="⚳" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jupiter_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Saturn_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus">Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uranus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⛢"><img alt="⛢" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Neptune_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♆"><img alt="♆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orcus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝿"><img alt="🝿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" title="90482 Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pluto_symbol_(large_orb,_fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯓"><img alt="⯓" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Haumea_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝻"><img alt="🝻" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet_katai)" title="Haumea (planet katai)">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Quaoar_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝾"><img alt="🝾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Makemake_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝼"><img alt="🝼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet_katai)" title="Makemake (planet katai)">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gonggong_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝽"><img alt="🝽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" title="225088 Gonggong">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eris_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯰"><img alt="⯰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet_katai)" title="Eris (planet katai)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sedna_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯲"><img alt="⯲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_kebumian" title="Planet kebumian">Kebumian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius">Merkurius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_raksasa" title="Planet raksasa">Raksasa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus">Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_katai" title="Planet katai">Katai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet_katai)" title="Haumea (planet katai)">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet_katai)" title="Makemake (planet katai)">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet_katai)" title="Eris (planet katai)">Eris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cincin_planet" title="Cincin planet">Cincin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Jupiter" title="Cincin Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Saturnus" title="Cincin Saturnus">Saturnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cincin_Rhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincin Rhea">Rhean</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Uranus" title="Cincin Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Neptunus" title="Cincin Neptunus">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Cincin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Chariklo" title="Cincin Chariklo">Chariklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Cincin" title="2060 Chiron">Chiron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_alami" title="Satelit alami">Satelit alami</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bumi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moon_decrescent_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☾"><img alt="☾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Bumi_lainnya" class="mw-redirect" title="Satelit Bumi lainnya">Satelit Bumi lainnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Mars" title="Satelit Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fobos_(satelit)" title="Fobos (satelit)">Fobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(satelit)" title="Deimos (satelit)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Jupiter" title="Satelit Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganimede_(satelit)" title="Ganimede (satelit)">Ganimede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalisto_(satelit)" title="Kalisto (satelit)">Kalisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Jupiter#Daftar" title="Satelit Jupiter">79 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Saturnus" title="Satelit Saturnus">Saturnus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(satelit)" title="Titan (satelit)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(satelit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhea (satelit)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(satelit)" title="Iapetus (satelit)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(satelit)" title="Dione (satelit)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(satelit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys (satelit)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(satelit)" title="Mimas (satelit)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(satelit)" title="Hyperion (satelit)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(satelit)" title="Phoebe (satelit)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Saturnus#Daftar" title="Satelit Saturnus">82 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Uranus" title="Satelit Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(satelit)" title="Titania (satelit)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(satelit)" title="Oberon (satelit)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel_(satelit)" title="Umbriel (satelit)">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(satelit)" title="Ariel (satelit)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(satelit)" title="Miranda (satelit)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Uranus#Daftar" title="Satelit Uranus">27 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Neptunus" title="Satelit Neptunus">Neptunus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(satelit)" title="Triton (satelit)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(satelit)" title="Proteus (satelit)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(satelit)" title="Nereid (satelit)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Neptunus#Daftar" title="Satelit Neptunus">14 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Pluto" title="Satelit Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(satelit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (satelit)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(satelit)" title="Nix (satelit)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(satelit)" title="Hydra (satelit)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(satelit)" title="Kerberos (satelit)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(satelit)" title="Styx (satelit)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Eris" class="mw-redirect" title="Satelit Eris">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(satelit)" title="Dysnomia (satelit)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Haumea" title="Satelit Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(satelit)" title="Hiʻiaka (satelit)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(satelit)" title="Namaka (satelit)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Makemake <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_antariksa" title="Penjelajahan antariksa">Penjelajahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_penjelajahan_antariksa" title="Garis besar penjelajahan antariksa">Garis besar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolonisasi_angkasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonisasi angkasa">Kolonisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_dan_penjelajahan_Tata_Surya" title="Penemuan dan penjelajahan Tata Surya">Penemuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_historis_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model historis Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">model historis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_penemuan_planet_Tata_Surya_dan_satelitnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu penemuan planet Tata Surya dan satelitnya (halaman belum tersedia)">garis waktu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_antariksa_berawak" title="Misi antariksa berawak">Misi antariksa berawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasiun_luar_angkasa" title="Stasiun luar angkasa">stasiun luar angkasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_wahana_antariksa_berawak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar wahana antariksa berawak (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prob_antariksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prob antariksa">Prob antariksa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_penjelajahan_Tata_Surya" title="Garis waktu penjelajahan Tata Surya">garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_prob_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar prob Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Merkurius" title="Penjelajahan Merkurius">Merkurius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observasi_dan_penjelajahan_Venus" title="Observasi dan penjelajahan Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Bulan" title="Penjelajahan Bulan">Bulan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_daya_Bulan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumber daya Bulan (halaman belum tersedia)">penambangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Mars" title="Penjelajahan Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet_katai)#Penjelajahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (planet katai)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Penjelajahan" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penambangan_asteroid" title="Penambangan asteroid">penambangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_misi_menuju_komet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar misi menuju komet (halaman belum tersedia)">Komet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Jupiter" title="Penjelajahan Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Saturnus" title="Penjelajahan Saturnus">Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Uranus" title="Penjelajahan Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Neptunus" title="Penjelajahan Neptunus">Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjelajahan_Pluto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjelajahan Pluto (halaman belum tersedia)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_antariksa_dalam" title="Penjelajahan antariksa dalam">Antariksa dalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_objek_Tata_Surya_hipotetis" title="Daftar objek Tata Surya hipotetis">Objek hipotetis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_Nice_lima_planet" title="Model Nice lima planet">Model Nice lima planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksasa_gas_kelima" title="Raksasa gas kelima">Raksasa gas kelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_Nemesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipotesis Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(planet_hipotetis)" title="Phaeton (planet hipotetis)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet_Kesembilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet Kesembilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Planet Kesembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_di_luar_Neptunus#Planet_X" title="Planet di luar Neptunus">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatelit" title="Subsatelit">Subsatelit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(planet_hipotetis)" title="Tyche (planet hipotetis)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(planet_hipotetis)" title="Vulcan (planet hipotetis)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Daftar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_komet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar komet (halaman belum tersedia)">Komet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_katai_yang_mungkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet katai yang mungkin (halaman belum tersedia)">Planet katai (yang mungkin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_objek_membulat_secara_gravitasi_dari_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar objek membulat secara gravitasi dari Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">Objek membulat secara gravitasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_planet_minor" title="Daftar planet minor">Planet minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_satelit_alami" title="Daftar satelit alami">Satelit alami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">Model Tata Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_objek_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar objek Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">Objek Tata Surya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_objek_Tata_Surya_menurut_ukuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar objek Tata Surya menurut ukuran (halaman belum tersedia)">menurut ukuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_penemuan_planet_Tata_Surya_dan_satelitnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu penemuan planet Tata Surya dan satelitnya (halaman belum tersedia)">menurut waktu penemuan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Benda_kecil_Tata_Surya" title="Benda kecil Tata Surya">Benda kecil Tata Surya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">Komet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damokloid" title="Damokloid">Damokloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_minor" title="Planet minor">Planet minor</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arti_nama_planet_minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arti nama planet minor (halaman belum tersedia)">Nama dan arti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulan_planet_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulan planet minor">bulan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetisimal" title="Planetisimal">Planetisimal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Merkurius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Merkurius (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Merkurius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Venus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Troya Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_dekat_Bumi" title="Objek dekat Bumi">Objek dekat Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troya_Bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troya Bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">Troya Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troya_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troya Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">Troya Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuk_asteroid" title="Sabuk asteroid">Sabuk asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_aktif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asteroid aktif (halaman belum tersedia)">aktif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_planet_minor:_1%E2%80%931000" title="Daftar planet minor: 1–1000">1.000 pertama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_asteroid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga asteroid (halaman belum tersedia)">keluarga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_asteroid_istimewa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar asteroid istimewa (halaman belum tersedia)">istimewa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celah_Kirkwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celah Kirkwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Celah Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Jupiter (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troya_Jupiter" title="Troya Jupiter">Troya Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(planet_minor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (planet minor)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Saturnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Saturnus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Uranus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Uranus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_QF99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 QF99 (halaman belum tersedia)">Troya Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Neptunus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Neptunus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troya_Neptunus" title="Troya Neptunus">Troya Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_cis-Neptunus" title="Objek cis-Neptunus">Objek cis-Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_trans-Neptunus" title="Objek trans-Neptunus">Objek trans-Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuk_Kuiper" title="Sabuk Kuiper">Sabuk Kuiper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objek_Sabuk_Kuiper_klasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Objek Sabuk Kuiper klasik">Cubewano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_terlepaskan" title="Objek terlepaskan">Objek terlepaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_Hills" title="Awan Hills">Awan Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_Oort" title="Awan Oort">Awan Oort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_dan_evolusi_Tata_Surya" title="Pembentukan dan evolusi Tata Surya">Pembentukan dan evolusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akresi_(astrofisika)" title="Akresi (astrofisika)">Akresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_akresi" title="Piringan akresi">Piringan akresi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_akresi#Piringan_ekskresi" title="Piringan akresi">Piringan ekskresi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_lingkar_planet" title="Piringan lingkar planet">Piringan lingkar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_lingkar_bintang" title="Piringan lingkar bintang">Piringan lingkar bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungkup_lingkar_bintang" title="Sungkup lingkar bintang">Sungkup lingkar bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(bintang)" title="Coatlicue (bintang)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debu_kosmik" title="Debu kosmik">Debu kosmik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_serpihan" title="Piringan serpihan">Piringan serpihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_terganggu" title="Planet terganggu">Planet terganggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debu_luar_zodiak" title="Debu luar zodiak">Debu luar zodiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahan_ekstraterestrial" title="Bahan ekstraterestrial">Material luar bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurasi_sampel_luar_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurasi sampel luar bumi">Kurasi sampel luar bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_tubrukan_besar" title="Hipotesis tubrukan besar">Hipotesis tubrukan besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keruntuhan_gravitasi" title="Keruntuhan gravitasi">Keruntuhan gravitasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_debu_antarplanet" title="Awan debu antarplanet">Awan debu antarplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_antarplanet" title="Medium antarplanet">Medium antarplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruang_antarplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruang antarplanet">Ruang antarplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_antarbintang" title="Awan antarbintang">Awan antarbintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debu_antarbintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Debu antarbintang">Debu antarbintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">Medium antarbintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_molekul_antarbintang_dan_lingkar_bintang" title="Daftar molekul antarbintang dan lingkar bintang">Daftar molekul antarbintang dan lingkar bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabrakan_bintang#Pembentukan_planet" title="Tabrakan bintang">Bintang yang menyatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_molekul" title="Awan molekul">Awan molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_nebula" title="Hipotesis nebula">Hipotesis nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrasi_planet" title="Migrasi planet">Migrasi planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_keplanetan" title="Sistem keplanetan">Sistem keplanetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_nebula#Pembentukan_planet" title="Hipotesis nebula">Pembentukan planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_protoplanet" title="Piringan protoplanet">Piringan protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_planet" title="Cincin planet">Cincin planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumpukan_puing" title="Tumpukan puing">Tumpukan puing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_pengembalian_sampel" title="Misi pengembalian sampel">Misi pengembalian sampel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_tersebar" title="Piringan tersebar">Piringan tersebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_bintang" title="Pembentukan bintang">Pembentukan bintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_Tata_Surya" title="Garis besar Tata Surya">Garis besar Tata Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Solar_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/60px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tata_Surya" title="Portal:Tata Surya">Portal Tata Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/60px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomi" title="Portal:Astronomi">Portal Astronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/40px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/60px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ilmu_kebumian" title="Portal:Ilmu kebumian">Portal Ilmu kebumian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a> → <a href="/wiki/Awan_Antarbintang_Lokal" title="Awan Antarbintang Lokal">Awan Antarbintang Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gelembung_Lokal" title="Gelembung Lokal">Gelembung Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sabuk_Gould" title="Sabuk Gould">Sabuk Gould</a> → <a href="/wiki/Lengan_Orion" title="Lengan Orion">Lengan Orion</a> → <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a> → <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_satelit_Bima_Sakti" title="Galaksi satelit Bima Sakti">Subgrup Bima Sakti</a> → <a href="/wiki/Grup_Lokal" title="Grup Lokal">Grup Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Lembaran_Lokal" title="Lembaran Lokal">Lembaran Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supergugus_Virgo" title="Supergugus Virgo">Supergugus Virgo</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supergugus_Laniakea" title="Supergugus Laniakea">Supergugus Laniakea</a> → <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati" title="Alam semesta teramati">Alam semesta teramati</a> → <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">Alam semesta</a> Setiap panah (→) bisa berarti "di dalam" atau "bagian dari". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037687-4">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316741886">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/316741886">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455441">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120752119">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120752119">(data)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=63812">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85081548">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565094">Jepang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117831&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record1347">Yunani</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000711940&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1243063/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046638">National Archives (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (Prancis)</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029043387">1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&oldid=26895546">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&oldid=26895546</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Mars" title="Kategori:Mars">Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Planet_dalam_Tata_Surya" title="Kategori:Planet dalam Tata Surya">Planet dalam Tata Surya</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_argumen_ganda_di_pemanggilan_templat" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan argumen ganda di pemanggilan templat">Halaman dengan argumen ganda di pemanggilan templat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penyunting" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_pranala_luar" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: pranala luar">Galat CS1: pranala luar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_memiliki_URL_kosong" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki URL kosong">Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki URL kosong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_galat_URL" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan galat URL">Halaman dengan galat URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_pranala_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN">Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_Wikipedia_yang_dilindungi_sebagian_tanpa_batas_waktu" title="Kategori:Halaman Wikipedia yang dilindungi sebagian tanpa batas waktu">Halaman Wikipedia yang dilindungi sebagian tanpa batas waktu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan_Februari_2025" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Februari 2025">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Februari 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_berpranala_Curlie" title="Kategori:Artikel berpranala Curlie">Artikel berpranala Curlie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_GND" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_VIAF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNE" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_EMU" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_LCCN" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NDL" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NLG" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLG">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLG</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NLI" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_FAST" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NARA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_SUDOC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda SUDOC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda SUDOC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_WorldCat-VIAF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda WorldCat-VIAF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda WorldCat-VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_bagus" title="Kategori:Artikel bagus">Artikel bagus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_bagus_biasa" title="Kategori:Artikel bagus biasa">Artikel bagus biasa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_artikel_bagus" title="Kategori:Semua artikel bagus">Semua artikel bagus</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 7 Februari 2025, pukul 04.22.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Pencarian </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Mars</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 252 bahasa </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Bagian baru </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f7c94ff49-qq6vc","wgBackendResponseTime":279,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.238","walltime":"1.754","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11448,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":481868,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34135,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":284154,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1168.524 1 -total"," 52.15% 609.381 2 Templat:Reflist"," 20.41% 238.518 84 Templat:Cite_web"," 11.85% 138.434 50 Templat:Cite_journal"," 6.50% 75.967 1 Templat:Tata_surya"," 6.50% 75.950 1 Templat:Infobox_Planet"," 6.35% 74.226 1 Templat:Authority_control"," 6.20% 72.390 1 Templat:Infobox"," 6.18% 72.240 1 Templat:Navbox_with_columns"," 5.79% 67.716 1 Templat:Pp-semi-indef"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.624","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5509310,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-78ddc69454-8c72q","timestamp":"20250410021006","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mars","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q111","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q111","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-26T14:57:13Z","dateModified":"2025-02-07T04:22:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Mars_Hubble.jpg","headline":"planet keempat di Tata Surya"}</script> </body> </html>