Transport - Energy System

<!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="ltr" lang="en-GB" class="no-js page-energy-detail "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <meta name="csrf-token" content=""> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/assets/front/images/favicon.ico"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/front/app.6c002513aeb967b5eecb.js" as="script"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/front/style.ba58b161acc4594d14d8.css" as="style"> <link href="/assets/front/style.ba58b161acc4594d14d8.css" rel="stylesheet"/>  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="IEA" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" />  <meta name="theme-color" content="#FFFFFF" />  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="IEA" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="IEA" /> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="www.iea.org" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="IEA" /> <title>Transport - Energy System - IEA</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Transport - Energy System - IEA" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Transport - Energy System - IEA" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="Transport - Energy System - IEA"> <meta name="description" content="Motorised transport on land, sea and air remains dependent on internal combustion engines that generally run on fossil fuels. Transport accounts for more than a third of CO2 emissions from end‐use sectors."> <meta property="og:description" content="Motorised transport on land, sea and air remains dependent on internal combustion engines that generally run on fossil fuels. Transport accounts for more than a third of CO2 emissions from end‐use sectors." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Motorised transport on land, sea and air remains dependent on internal combustion engines that generally run on fossil fuels. Transport accounts for more than a third of CO2 emissions from end‐use sectors." /> <meta itemprop="description" content="Motorised transport on land, sea and air remains dependent on internal combustion engines that generally run on fossil fuels. 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class="g-nav" data-behavior="nav"> <li class="g-nav__item"> <a href="/energy-system" aria-controls="navigation-1" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-nav-link>Energy system <span class="g-nav__item-chevron"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span></span></a> <div class="g-nav__menu" id="navigation-1" role="menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Explore the energy system by fuel, technology or sector</span> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails g-nav__menu-thumbnails--no-xl-list"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-items"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/fossil-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Oil and natural gas supply" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Fossil Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/renewables" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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550w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo depicts a solar panels and windmills in the power plant" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Renewables</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/electricity" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="photo from the perspective of looking up to the top of electricity tower pylons with a colorful blue and yellow background in the sky" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Electricity</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/low-emission-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Low-emission fuels" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Low-Emission Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/transport" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Transport" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Transport</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/industry" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking industry" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Industry</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/buildings" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking buildings" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Buildings</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/energy-efficiency-and-demand" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&h=336&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=112 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=308 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=617 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=336 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=673 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Hector Martinez Ruupyvdsnek Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Efficiency and Demand</p> </a> </div> <div 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550w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Ccus Tall" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="LED screen macro" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Decarbonisation Enablers</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-link" href="/energy-system/buildings" tabindex="-1"> <span>Buildings</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" 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href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" tabindex="-1"> <span>Decarbonisation Enablers</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--sm-right icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--sm-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--soft-accent" href="/energy-system" data-focus-tabbed > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Explore all</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="g-nav__item"> <a href="/topics" aria-controls="navigation-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-nav-link>Topics <span class="g-nav__item-chevron"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span></span></a> <div class="g-nav__menu" id="navigation-2" role="menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Understand the biggest energy challenges</span> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails "> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-items"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/cop28-tracking-the-energy-outcomes" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo of planet earth taken from space" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-security" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Electricity security report cover" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Security</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/climate-change" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=600&h=258&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=473 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=258 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=516 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Climate Change</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/access-and-affordability" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Access and Affordability</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/artificial-intelligence" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&h=133&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=122 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=243 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=133 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=266 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo Depicts Abstract Curly Tendrils Against Blue Background Gettyimages 1041976390" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Artificial Intelligence</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/net-zero-emissions" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Aerial View Of Wind Turbines" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Net Zero Emissions</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 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sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Russias War On Ukraine Topic Page Cover An Empty Train Station In Lviv Urkaine" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Russia's War on Ukraine</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/the-ieas-50th-anniversary" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="50 Bg 2" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">The IEA's 50th Anniversary</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-and-gender" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Thisisengineering X7cls0azgkg Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy and Gender</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/investment" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=515 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Investment Topic Page Cover Image Windwills In The Background With Solar Panels At The Foreground" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Investment</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a 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With selective focus and bokeh." class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Technology Perspectives 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--flagship-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&h=471&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=390 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=780 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=439 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=878 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=943 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Image Showing A Wave Liquid Shape Color Background Art Design Vector Illustration Gettyimages 1148599351 Cmyk" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">World Energy Outlook 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--fuel-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-default m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/oil-market-report-november-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Oil Market Report - 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o-hero-global__title">Transport</h1> <nav class="o-hero-global__breadcrumbs"> <nav class="m-breadcrumbs m-breadcrumbs--inverse m-breadcrumbs--shadow" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ol class="m-breadcrumbs__items"> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" href="/energy-system">Energy system</a> </li> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" aria-current="page" href="/energy-system/transport">Transport</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </nav> </div> </header> <nav class="m-nav-page m-nav-page--tabs m-nav-page--w-cta" data-behavior="stickyNav tabs" data-stickynav-offset="60" data-tabs-check-url="true" data-tabs-select-first="true" data-tabs-scroll-update="true" > <div class="m-nav-page__bar "> <div class="container m-nav-page__inner"> <div class="m-nav-page__scroller" data-tabs-scroller> <div class="m-nav-page__ctas"> <nav class="m-nav-page__tabs m-nav-page__tabs--strong"> <a href="#overview" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Overview </a> <a href="#tracking" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Tracking </a> <a href="#programmes" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Programmes </a> <span class="m-nav-page__active-tab" data-tabs-status></span> </nav> </div> </div> <div data-buy-generic></div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="m-tab-wrapper" data-stickyNav-tracker> <section class="page__section" id="overview" data-tab-anchor="Overview"> <div class="page__section page__section--padded-b"> <section class="m-energy-questions container"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-energy-questions__cards"> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Why is transport important?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Motorised transport on land, sea and air remains dependent on internal combustion engines that generally run on fossil fuels. Transport accounts for more than a third of CO2 emissions from end‐use sectors.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">What is the role of transport in clean energy transitions?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Aligning transportation with the IEA's Net Zero Scenario requires implementing a broad set of policies to encourage shifts to the least carbon-intensive travel options and operational and technical energy efficiency measures to reduce the carbon intensity of all transport modes.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Where do we need to go?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> The Net Zero Scenario requires transport sector emissions to fall by around a quarter by 2030, even as transport demand continues to grow. Policies need to encourage shifting to less carbon-intensive travel options, such as walking, cycling, and public transport, as well as to more efficient technologies, like electric cars and trucks.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__accordions" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-forceFirstOpen="1" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom"> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="1" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="why-is-transport-important-3fba164c-b18d-11ef-9063-00224839d811-content" id="why-is-transport-important-3fba164c-b18d-11ef-9063-00224839d811"> Why is transport important? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="why-is-transport-important-3fba164c-b18d-11ef-9063-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="why-is-transport-important-3fba164c-b18d-11ef-9063-00224839d811" data-accordion-item data-accordion-init="" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Motorised transport on land, sea and air remains dependent on internal combustion engines that generally run on fossil fuels. Transport accounts for more than a third of CO2 emissions from end‐use sectors. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="what-is-the-role-of-transport-in-clean-energy-transitions-3fba22e0-b18d-11ef-bb38-00224839d811-content" id="what-is-the-role-of-transport-in-clean-energy-transitions-3fba22e0-b18d-11ef-bb38-00224839d811"> What is the role of transport in clean energy transitions? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="what-is-the-role-of-transport-in-clean-energy-transitions-3fba22e0-b18d-11ef-bb38-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="what-is-the-role-of-transport-in-clean-energy-transitions-3fba22e0-b18d-11ef-bb38-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Aligning transportation with the IEA's Net Zero Scenario requires implementing a broad set of policies to encourage shifts to the least carbon-intensive travel options and operational and technical energy efficiency measures to reduce the carbon intensity of all transport modes. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="where-do-we-need-to-go-3fba2b00-b18d-11ef-868c-00224839d811-content" id="where-do-we-need-to-go-3fba2b00-b18d-11ef-868c-00224839d811"> Where do we need to go? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="where-do-we-need-to-go-3fba2b00-b18d-11ef-868c-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="where-do-we-need-to-go-3fba2b00-b18d-11ef-868c-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> The Net Zero Scenario requires transport sector emissions to fall by around a quarter by 2030, even as transport demand continues to grow. Policies need to encourage shifting to less carbon-intensive travel options, such as walking, cycling, and public transport, as well as to more efficient technologies, like electric cars and trucks. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-recirculation-links container"> <header class="m-recirculation-links__header"> <h2 class="m-recirculation-links__title f-title-7">In this sector</h2> </header> <ul class="m-recirculation-links__items"> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/transport/aviation"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Aviation </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/transport/international-shipping"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> International Shipping </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Electric Vehicles </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/transport/trucks-and-buses"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Trucks and Buses </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/transport/cars-and-vans"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Cars and Vans </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> <li class="m-recirculation-links__item"> <a class="m-recirculation-links__link f-ui-1-bold" href="/energy-system/transport/rail"> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-title"> Rail </span> <span class="m-recirculation-links__link-icon"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-right icon--20"><svg><title>Previous page</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> </section> <div class="page__section page__section--padded page__section--dark page__section--no-border" data-tab-anchor="tracking"> <section id="tracking" class="m-energy-tracking-section container"> <header class="m-energy-tracking-section__header "> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <h2 class="f-title-6 m-energy-tracking-section__title">Tracking Transport</h2> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-container"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status"> <div class="a-status a-status--not-on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">Not on track</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-tooltip"> <span class="a-help" data-behavior="tooltip"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help"></use></svg></span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help-inverse icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help-inverse"></use></svg></span> <script type="x-template" data-tooltip-template> <div> <div class="a-status a-status--on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">On track</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--more-efforts-needed a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">More efforts needed</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--not-on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">Not on track</span> </div> </div> </div> </script> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__desc f-rte f-subtitle-1"><p>In 2022, the rebound in passenger and cargo transport activity following the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic led to a 3% increase in transport CO<sub>2</sub> emissions compared to the previous year. Transport emissions grew at an annual average rate of 1.7% from 1990 to 2022, faster than any other end-use sector except for industry (which also grew at around 1.7%). To get on track with the Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2050 Scenario, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the transport sector must fall by more than 3% per year to 2030. Strong regulations and fiscal incentives, as well as considerable investment in infrastructure to enable low- and zero-emission vehicle operations, will be needed to achieve these emissions reductions. <br class="softbreak"></p></div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__cta"> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__items container"> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="country-and-regional-highlights-3fbe22be-b18d-11ef-ab38-00224839d811-content" id="country-and-regional-highlights-3fbe22be-b18d-11ef-ab38-00224839d811"> Country and regional highlights <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Major economies have adopted important policies to support uptake of electric vehicles and promote transport decarbonisation across multiple modes </p> </div> <div id="country-and-regional-highlights-3fbe22be-b18d-11ef-ab38-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="country-and-regional-highlights-3fbe22be-b18d-11ef-ab38-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Major economies have adopted important policies to support uptake of electric vehicles and promote transport decarbonisation across multiple modes </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <ul><li><strong>China</strong> continued to lead in total volume of electric vehicle (EV) sales in 2022, not only in cars – accounting for nearly 60% of global sales – but also for light commercial vehicles (LCVs) (more than 40%), 2-wheelers and buses (both more than 80%), and trucks (more than 85%).  </li><li>The <strong>United States</strong> made significant policy progress towards decarbonising transport in 2022, including through the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Inflation Reduction Act</a>, which contains a suite of policies designed to accelerate EV adoption and production of <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/transport-biofuels" rel="noopener noreferrer">biofuels</a>, synthetic fuel, and <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/hydrogen" rel="noopener noreferrer">hydrogen</a>. The US Departments of Energy and Transportation together articulated a <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/us-national-blueprint-transportation-decarbonization-joint-strategy-transform-transportation" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">bold framework for transport decarbonisation</a>, and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently <a href="https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/proposed-rule-multi-pollutant-emissions-standards-model" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">proposed multi-pollutant emissions standards</a> for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, towards the aim of meeting national 2050 net zero emissions targets. </li><li>The <strong>European Union</strong> launched a strong push on the <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/electric-vehicles" rel="noopener noreferrer">transition to EVs</a> through the <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_510" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Green Deal Industrial Plan</a>, released in February 2023, and political agreement on the <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1867" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation</a> that will mandate member states to roll out public charging for light- and <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/trucks-and-buses" rel="noopener noreferrer">heavy-duty vehicles</a>. Political agreement has <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2389" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">also been reached</a> on a law that will mandate the adoption of low-emission alternatives to fossil-derived jet kerosene in <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/aviation" rel="noopener noreferrer">aviation</a>, as well as <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/03/23/fueleu-maritime-initiative-provisional-agreement-to-decarbonise-the-maritime-sector/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">low-emission fuels</a> in <a href="https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/international-shipping" rel="noopener noreferrer">maritime</a>. A <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/package-fit-for-55/file-revision-of-the-eu-emission-trading-system-(ets)" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">proposal to revise</a> the EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) to cover <a href="https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/international-shipping" rel="noopener noreferrer">maritime</a> emissions, and create a separate new ETS that also includes road transport emissions, is being formulated.  </li><li><strong>Norway</strong> continues to lead in terms of sales share of electric cars, reaching nearly 90% in 2022. </li><li><strong>India</strong> adopted the Production Linked Incentives (PLI) scheme in 2022, which includes a programme to <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1846078" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">boost domestic battery manufacturing</a>, with a budget of INR 181 billion (Indian rupees) (USD 2.2 billion), as well as the <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1757651" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Automobile and Auto Component PLI scheme</a> which grants incentives for sales of advanced automotive components and vehicles, including battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. </li><li>In the first quarter of 2023,<strong> Australia</strong> <a href="https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/fuel-efficiency-standard-cleaner-cheaper-run-cars-australia-consultation-paper-april2023.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">committed to putting in place a fuel efficiency standard</a> for light-duty vehicles, and formulated a <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/national-electric-vehicle-strategy.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">National Electric Vehicle Strategy</a> to accelerate the adoption of EVs. <br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="co2-emissions-3fc3bbb6-b18d-11ef-bfae-00224839d811-content" id="co2-emissions-3fc3bbb6-b18d-11ef-bfae-00224839d811"> CO2 emissions <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">CO2 emissions from transport continued to rebound in 2022, nearly returning to their 2019 level </p> </div> <div id="co2-emissions-3fc3bbb6-b18d-11ef-bfae-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="co2-emissions-3fc3bbb6-b18d-11ef-bfae-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>CO2 emissions from transport continued to rebound in 2022, nearly returning to their 2019 level </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="global-co2-emissions-from-transport-by-sub-sector-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=",Road,Rail,Shipping,Aviation,Pipeline transport,Road NZE,Rail NZE,Shipping NZE,Aviation NZE,Pipeline transport NZE 1990,3.32,0.13,0.47,0.54,0.16,,,,, 1991,3.37,0.12,0.48,0.53,0.16,,,,, 1992,3.44,0.11,0.51,0.53,0.16,,,,, 1993,3.5,0.1,0.5,0.53,0.15,,,,, 1994,3.59,0.09,0.51,0.56,0.15,,,,, 1995,3.69,0.09,0.53,0.57,0.15,,,,, 1996,3.84,0.09,0.56,0.6,0.15,,,,, 1997,3.92,0.08,0.56,0.62,0.14,,,,, 1998,4.01,0.07,0.57,0.63,0.15,,,,, 1999,4.11,0.07,0.61,0.65,0.15,,,,, 2000,4.24,0.09,0.63,0.68,0.15,,,,, 2001,4.31,0.08,0.6,0.66,0.15,,,,, 2002,4.43,0.08,0.62,0.67,0.16,,,,, 2003,4.53,0.09,0.63,0.66,0.17,,,,, 2004,4.7,0.09,0.68,0.7,0.18,,,,, 2005,4.77,0.1,0.7,0.73,0.19,,,,, 2006,4.86,0.11,0.75,0.74,0.19,,,,, 2007,5,0.1,0.79,0.76,0.21,,,,, 2008,5.02,0.1,0.78,0.76,0.22,,,,, 2009,4.97,0.08,0.75,0.72,0.21,,,,, 2010,5.15,0.09,0.8,0.75,0.23,,,,, 2011,5.21,0.1,0.81,0.78,0.24,,,,, 2012,5.3,0.09,0.77,0.78,0.23,,,,, 2013,5.45,0.09,0.78,0.8,0.24,,,,, 2014,5.52,0.09,0.8,0.83,0.25,,,,, 2015,5.67,0.09,0.82,0.87,0.26,,,,, 2016,5.76,0.09,0.84,0.92,0.26,,,,, 2017,5.85,0.09,0.88,0.98,0.27,,,,, 2018,5.97,0.1,0.89,1.02,0.29,,,,, 2019,5.95,0.1,0.87,1.04,0.3,,,,, 2020,5.34,0.09,0.79,0.58,0.28,,,,, 2021,5.77,0.09,0.85,0.67,0.32,,,,, 2022,5.87,0.09,0.89,0.78,0.32,,,,, 2030,,,,,,4.09,0.06,0.71,0.95,0.24" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="2" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="2022" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="NZE" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="area" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"series\": [ {},{},{},{},{}, {\"type\":\"column\", \"colorIndex\": 0}, {\"type\":\"column\" , \"colorIndex\": 1}, {\"type\":\"column\" , \"colorIndex\": 2}, {\"type\":\"column\" , \"colorIndex\": 3}, {\"type\":\"column\" , \"colorIndex\": 4} ] }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="Gt CO2" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Global CO2 emissions from transport by sub-sector in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/global-co2-emissions-from-transport-by-sub-sector-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2000-2030-2" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Global CO2 emissions from transport by sub-sector in the Net Zero Scenario, 2000-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>In 2022 global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the transport sector grew by more than 250 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> to nearly 8 Gt CO<sub>2</sub>, 3% more than in 2021. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/aviation" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aviation</a> was responsible for much of the increase, as air travel continued to rebound from pandemic lows to around 70% of 2019 levels. Tempering this increase, EVs continued to gain momentum in 2022, with over 10 million cars sold globally, <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer" rel="noopener noreferrer">reaching 14% of all car sales</a>. Emissions are still lower than in 2019, demonstrating the lingering effects of the pandemic on passenger and cargo activity. </p><p>Getting on track with the NZE Scenario would require transport emissions to fall by about 25% to around 6 Gt by 2030, even with an anticipated growth in demand. Achieving this drop will depend on the <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023" rel="noopener noreferrer">rapid electrification</a> of road vehicles, operational and technical energy efficiency measures, the commercialisation and scale-up of <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/hydrogen" rel="noopener noreferrer">low-emissions fuels</a>, especially in the <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/international-shipping" rel="noopener noreferrer">maritime</a> and <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/aviation" rel="noopener noreferrer">aviation</a> sub-sectors, and policies to encourage modal shift to less carbon-intensive travel. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="energy-3fc8eab4-b18d-11ef-8bfc-00224839d811-content" id="energy-3fc8eab4-b18d-11ef-8bfc-00224839d811"> Energy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Transport continues to rely on oil products for nearly 91% of its final energy, down only 3.5 percentage points from the early 1970s </p> </div> <div id="energy-3fc8eab4-b18d-11ef-8bfc-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="energy-3fc8eab4-b18d-11ef-8bfc-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Transport continues to rely on oil products for nearly 91% of its final energy, down only 3.5 percentage points from the early 1970s </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="energy-consumption-in-transport-by-fuel-in-the-net-zero-scenario-1975-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=",Oil,Natural gas,Biofuels,Electricity,Others,Hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels 1975,37.85,0.61,0.01,0.5,1.28,0 1976,39.74,0.59,0.01,0.5,1.18,0 1977,41.44,0.57,0.02,0.51,1.17,0 1978,43.58,0.58,0.03,0.53,1.04,0 1979,44.23,0.72,0.05,0.55,0.99,0 1980,43.75,0.76,0.06,0.57,0.94,0 1981,43.83,0.77,0.06,0.58,0.93,0 1982,43.84,0.73,0.08,0.59,0.91,0 1983,44.62,0.61,0.11,0.6,0.87,0 1984,45.95,0.69,0.15,0.62,0.84,0 1985,46.66,0.72,0.18,0.64,0.81,0 1986,48.41,0.73,0.23,0.65,0.75,0 1987,50.33,0.83,0.24,0.67,0.71,0 1988,52.75,0.97,0.25,0.69,0.66,0 1989,54.44,1.02,0.27,0.71,0.62,0 1990,57.29,2.37,0.25,0.88,0.39,0 1991,57.61,2.44,0.26,0.85,0.35,0 1992,58.72,2.47,0.25,0.82,0.3,0 1993,59.54,2.49,0.36,0.78,0.24,0 1994,60.82,2.47,0.39,0.76,0.17,0 1995,62.54,2.47,0.41,0.76,0.14,0 1996,65.28,2.49,0.39,0.77,0.11,0 1997,66.39,2.32,0.41,0.77,0.08,0 1998,67.81,2.52,0.42,0.76,0.06,0 1999,69.65,2.54,0.43,0.76,0.04,0 2000,72.06,2.42,0.42,0.78,0.03,0 2001,72.8,2.48,0.41,0.79,0.01,0 2002,74.55,2.63,0.48,0.82,0.01,0 2003,76,2.82,0.54,0.87,0,0 2004,79.1,2.96,0.65,0.88,0.01,0 2005,88.09,3.1,0.81,0.89,0.01,0 2006,90.11,3.15,1.03,0.91,0.01,0 2007,92.74,3.4,1.4,0.94,0.01,0 2008,92.6,3.66,1.87,0.93,0.01,0 2009,90.98,3.28,2.14,0.92,0.01,0 2010,94.56,3.74,2.38,0.98,0.01,0 2011,95.94,3.92,2.48,1.04,0.01,0 2012,96.89,3.79,2.66,1.06,0.01,0 2013,99.34,4.02,2.9,1.08,0,0 2014,101.02,4.06,3.06,1.09,0,0 2015,104.23,4.13,3.21,1.11,0,0 2016,106.16,4.33,3.33,1.17,0,0 2017,108.74,4.47,3.41,1.23,0.04,0 2018,111.15,4.85,3.65,1.33,0.04,0 2019,111.18,4.94,3.9,1.39,0.04,0 2020,94.74,4.66,3.73,1.31,0.04,0 2021,102.78,5.32,3.98,1.6,0.03,0 2022,106.41,5.25,4.18,1.65,0.04,0 2023,0,0,0,0,0,0 2024,0,0,0,0,0,0 2025,0,0,0,0,0,0 2026,0,0,0,0,0,0 2027,0,0,0,0,0,0 2028,0,0,0,0,0,0 2029,0,0,0,0,0,0 2030,81.13,4,10.38,7.98,1.76,0.03" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="2" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="EJ" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Energy consumption in transport by fuel in the Net Zero Scenario, 1975-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/energy-consumption-in-transport-by-fuel-in-the-net-zero-scenario-1975-2030" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Energy consumption in transport by fuel in the Net Zero Scenario, 1975-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Motorised transport remains dependent on oil, and more generally, on combustion engines that run on liquids or natural gas. The share of biofuels consumed by such vehicles have increased from less than half a percent in 1990 to about 3.5% in 2022, as a result of decades of policy support, but the implications for <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-fuel-economy-initiative-2021" rel="noopener noreferrer">GHG emissions on a well-to-wheels basis vary considerably</a>, depending on the feedstock and conversion technologies. </p><p>As with other end-use technologies, the electrification of road vehicles is the most promising pathway to increasing conversion efficiencies and reducing GHG emissions. <a href="https://theicct.org/publication/a-global-comparison-of-the-life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-of-combustion-engine-and-electric-passenger-cars/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Lifecycle efficiency and emission reductions</a> compound as the share of renewables in power generation continues to grow. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="activity-3fc9033c-b18d-11ef-aed7-00224839d811-content" id="activity-3fc9033c-b18d-11ef-aed7-00224839d811"> Activity <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">The long-tail effects of the pandemic continue to affect transport emissions, and may hold lessons for behavioural change with regards to transport </p> </div> <div id="activity-3fc9033c-b18d-11ef-aed7-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="activity-3fc9033c-b18d-11ef-aed7-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>The long-tail effects of the pandemic continue to affect transport emissions, and may hold lessons for behavioural change with regards to transport </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The need to monitor the impacts of the pandemic on economic activity, as well as the <a href="https://www.covid19mobility.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">impacts</a> of response measures <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92892-8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">on mobility</a>, led to an increase in availability of real-time or near real-time indices tracking mobility. Some track the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-google-mobility-trends" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">movement of people</a>, others compare trends in the number of weekly <a href="https://www.oag.com/coronavirus-airline-schedules-data" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">commercial passenger aviation flights</a>, and others still track <a href="https://citytransit.uitp.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">public transport use</a>, or <a href="https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">international shipping traffic</a>. </p><p>The impacts of the pandemic on activity, and hence on energy use and emissions from transport, are complex. They include: </p><ul><li><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21358-2" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Direct reductions in mobility resulting from lockdowns</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/5-ways-the-covid-19-pandemic-has-changed-the-supply-chain/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Disruption to global supply chains</a> and <a href="https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/international-trade-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-big-shifts-and-uncertainty-d1131663/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">trade flows</a>. </li><li>The <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41062-021-00693-9" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">perceived need to find alternatives to public transport</a> during periods of contagion, the resulting impacts of reduced ridership on the economics of public transport, and <a href="https://www.uitp.org/topics/covid-19/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">responses by public transport authorities</a> to <a href="http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/02/public-transport-covid-data" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">make their services more convenient, robust and resilient</a>. </li></ul><p>The pandemic demonstrated the activity reductions that result from an acute public health crisis, but as activity is now rebounding, there may be lessons on how changes in <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/behavioural-changes" rel="noopener noreferrer">lifestyle and behaviour</a> can both reduce energy use and emissions and lead to healthier and more resilient societies outside of a pandemic context.  <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="innovation-3fd12dfa-b18d-11ef-bf94-00224839d811-content" id="innovation-3fd12dfa-b18d-11ef-bf94-00224839d811"> Innovation <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">The past year has seen a world first on innovative battery chemistries, but continued emphasis is required on bringing to market and scaling up efficient technologies for vehicles </p> </div> <div id="innovation-3fd12dfa-b18d-11ef-bf94-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="innovation-3fd12dfa-b18d-11ef-bf94-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>The past year has seen a world first on innovative battery chemistries, but continued emphasis is required on bringing to market and scaling up efficient technologies for vehicles </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Continued research and innovation are required in battery technology, from the development of advanced cathode and anode materials through to scalable manufacturing processes for next-generation batteries, to improving and scaling up both end-of-life battery management and recycling. Innovation continues to make progress in improving energy density, reducing cost and improving safety. Priority should be given to <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023" rel="noopener noreferrer">reducing the intensity of critical metals in batteries</a>, such as nickel and lithium, where supply challenges already exist.  </p><p>The year 2023 saw <a href="https://www.arenaev.com/11600_byd_seagull_launches_on_april_18_with_305_km_sodiumion_battery-news-1624.php" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the first commercially available electric car</a> with a <a href="https://www.woodmac.com/news/opinion/sodium-ion-batteries-disrupt/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">sodium-ion battery</a>, and technological progress (the chemistry was at technology-readiness level (TRL) 4 only a few years ago) has led to projections that this novel battery chemistry will enter the market by 2030, potentially easing some challenges facing road electrification related to cost and critical minerals supply. </p><p>Efficient technologies to reduce the fuel requirements of ships and aircraft are being developed. For ships, options include <a href="https://www.wind-ship.org/en/wind-propulsion-wp-wind-assist-shipping-projects-wasp/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">wind propulsion and assistance</a>, for which many designs can be <a href="https://gcaptain.com/yara-marine-to-offer-wind-assist-tech-to-global-shipping/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">retrofitted</a>. In aircraft, entirely new airframe and engine designs, such as <a href="https://simpleflying.com/blended-wing-design/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">blended wing-body aircraft</a> or <a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2021-36-0032/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20viable%20technological,for%20near%20future%20airplane%20propulsion." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ultra-high-bypass ratio jet engines</a>, can reduce fuel burn by more than 20%.  </p><p>Enabling ships and planes to run on alternative fuels will also play a role in reducing emissions. Promising demonstrations have included ships capable of running on <a href="https://www.offshore-energy.biz/worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-ships-one-step-closer-to-reality/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://www.dnv.com/expert-story/maritime-impact/Harnessing-ammonia-as-ship-fuel.html?utm_campaign=MA_22Q1_ART_Ind_351_Ammonia%20as%20ship%20fuel&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ammonia</a> and <a href="https://www.man-es.com/company/press-releases/press-details/2021/08/25/milestone-order-for-world-s-largest-methanol-dual-fuel-engine" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">methanol</a>, while <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1000936120303368" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">hybrid electric aircraft</a> and <a href="https://www.airbus.com/en/innovation/zero-emission/hydrogen/zeroe" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">aircraft running on hydrogen</a> – including via direct combustion, via onboard fuel cells, or a hybrid of the two – are at various stages of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319921027920" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">conceptual design</a> and prototyping.  <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:relatedLink"> <div class="m-block m-block--links"> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-block__links-highlight"> <p class="m-block__links-description f-body">For more information</p> <ul class="m-block__links"> <li><a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide?selectedSector=Transport" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Explore the IEA's Clean Energy Technology Guide</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="policy-3fdef34a-b18d-11ef-8634-00224839d811-content" id="policy-3fdef34a-b18d-11ef-8634-00224839d811"> Policy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Governments are increasingly recognising the importance of electrifying cars, but climate leaders must also focus on challenges in reducing emissions from road freight, shipping and aviation </p> </div> <div id="policy-3fdef34a-b18d-11ef-8634-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="policy-3fdef34a-b18d-11ef-8634-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Governments are increasingly recognising the importance of electrifying cars, but climate leaders must also focus on challenges in reducing emissions from road freight, shipping and aviation </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The share of energy covered by fuel economy and/or vehicle efficiency policies has more than doubled over the past two decades, from less than 25% of road transport energy consumption covered in 2000 to more than half in 2022. About 50 countries now have fuel economy and/or vehicle efficiency standards for light-duty vehicles in place, and nearly 40 (including EU member states) have such standards for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="share-of-road-transport-energy-covered-by-fuel-economy-andor-vehicle-efficiency-standards-in-2000-2010-and-2022" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=",2000,2010,2022 Global,28,27,52 North America,69,70,91 Asia Pacific,10,14,52 Middle East,0,0,6 Latin America,0,1,21 Europe,0,8,55" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="0" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="{\"yAxis\":{ \"title\":{ \"text\":\"Share of energy consumption covered\" }}}" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="%" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Share of road transport energy covered by fuel economy and/or vehicle efficiency standards in 2000, 2010 and 2022</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/share-of-road-transport-energy-covered-by-fuel-economy-and-or-vehicle-efficiency-standards-in-2000-2010-and-2022" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Share of road transport energy covered by fuel economy and/or vehicle efficiency standards in 2000, 2010 and 2022' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Rapid and continuing progress in the <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023" rel="noopener noreferrer">electrification of road transport</a> has been one of the bright spots of the clean energy transition. <a href="https://www.iea.org/articles/global-ev-policy-explorer" rel="noopener noreferrer">Policy momentum </a>has been instrumental to the progress made to date, and is still building, shifting from an exclusive focus on demand-side subsidies to supply-side mandates, and to incentives and other forms of support to accelerate the scale-up, technological advancement, and resilience and diversification of EV battery value chains. </p><p>Electric trucks have so far been substantially deployed only in China, thanks to strong government support. In the past few years, however, several other countries have announced support for truck electrification, and sustained policy support will be needed to enable rapid deployment. Electric trucks accounted for just over 1% of global truck sales in 2022, a sales share that reaches around one-third by 2030 in the NZE Scenario.  <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:relatedLink"> <div class="m-block m-block--links"> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-block__links-highlight"> <p class="m-block__links-description f-body">View all transport policies</p> <ul class="m-block__links"> <li><a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/policies?sector%5B0%5D=Transport" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Policies and Measures Database (PAMS)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="investment-3fdf17e4-b18d-11ef-9119-00224839d811-content" id="investment-3fdf17e4-b18d-11ef-9119-00224839d811"> Investment <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Subsidies have driven EV deployment to date, but incentive structures must evolve once EVs gain double-digit market shares </p> </div> <div id="investment-3fdf17e4-b18d-11ef-9119-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="investment-3fdf17e4-b18d-11ef-9119-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Subsidies have driven EV deployment to date, but incentive structures must evolve once EVs gain double-digit market shares </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Worldwide consumer and government spending on electric cars continued to increase in 2022. Total spending on electric cars increased by 50% over 2021 to reach USD 425 billion. Most of this was spent by private or corporate consumers on electric vehicles. The government share of total spending on electric cars remained at 10%, having steadily declined from more than 20% in 2017. </p><p>The current rate of spending on EVs remains compatible with the year-on-year growth rate required to reach the investment levels of the NZE Scenario. Maintaining strong sales growth will depend on a multiplicity of factors, including deployment of charging infrastructure, the availability of car models, and battery costs. These require continuous government support and private sector investment. </p><p>As the electric car market matures, reliance on direct subsidies must decrease and eventually disappear. Incentives offered by governments are gradually switching focus from consumers to charging infrastructure and battery manufacturing, leading to record investments in new battery manufacturing capacity being announced in 2022. Budget-neutral feebate programmes – which tax inefficient internal combustion engine vehicles to finance subsidies for low-emission vehicle or EV purchases – can be a useful transition policy tool.  </p><p>Fuel taxation that reflects the societal and environmental impacts of driving internal combustion engine vehicles, together with stringent vehicle efficiency or CO<sub>2</sub> standards, have helped leading markets increase EV adoption, and should be implemented by countries seeking to hasten the transition to electromobility. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="international-collaboration-3fdf3b70-b18d-11ef-abea-00224839d811-content" id="international-collaboration-3fdf3b70-b18d-11ef-abea-00224839d811"> International collaboration <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">A range of public, private and public–private initiatives have been developed to reduce emissions across road, shipping and aviation </p> </div> <div id="international-collaboration-3fdf3b70-b18d-11ef-abea-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="international-collaboration-3fdf3b70-b18d-11ef-abea-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>A range of public, private and public–private initiatives have been developed to reduce emissions across road, shipping and aviation </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Internationally aligned standards, regulations and targets will be critical to reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from international aviation and shipping, particularly as these sectors are outside the scope of all countries’ UNFCCC pledges. As such, agreements on stringent and binding regulations will need to be agreed by the UN agencies that co‑ordinate such actions for these sectors: the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). An outline of the targets and initiatives of these and other organisations are provided in the <a href="https://iea.org/reports/aviation" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">aviation</a> and <a href="https://iea.org/reports/international-shipping" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">international shipping</a> sectoral topic sites. </p><p>Road sector initiatives, both for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, either focus on both efficiency and promoting zero-emission vehicles, or exclusively on electrification (which in many cases tacitly includes fuel cell electric options). Initiatives focusing on zero-emission vehicles and/or electric vehicles include: </p><ul><li>The <a href="https://acceleratingtozero.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>Accelerating to Zero (A2Z) coalition</strong></a> launched at the Conference of the Parties (COP 27) co-ordinates leading initiatives that work to accelerate the adoption of zero-emissions vehicles. The coalition builds on the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cop26-declaration-zero-emission-cars-and-vans/cop26-declaration-on-accelerating-the-transition-to-100-zero-emission-cars-and-vans" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Zero Emission Vehicles Declaration</a> which has 223 signatories as of May 2023. </li><li>The <a href="https://www.iea.org/programmes/electric-vehicles-initiative" rel="noopener noreferrer">Electric Vehicle Initiative</a>, under the Clean Energy Ministerial, with 16 member countries and the International Energy Agency as the secretariat. </li><li>The <a href="https://www.theclimategroup.org/ev100" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">EV100</a> and <a href="https://www.theclimategroup.org/creating-market-medium-and-heavy-duty-zero-emission-vehicles" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">EV100+ Campaigns</a>, launched in 2018 and 2022, respectively, by the Climate Group. Signatories of the EV100+ campaign commit to transition their fleet of vehicles over 7.5 t to zero emission by 2040 in OECD markets, China and India.  </li><li>In 2021, the Dutch government and CALSTART’s <a href="https://globaldrivetozero.org/about/program/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Drive to Zero Campaign</a> launched the <a href="https://globaldrivetozero.org/mou/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Global Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Zero-Emission Medium- and Heavy Duty Vehicles</a>, through which signatories commit to work together to achieve 100% ZEV bus and truck sales by 2040, with an interim goal of 30% by 2030. In 2022, 11 countries signed the MoU, bringing the total number of countries and territories among the signatories to 27. These account for over 15% of total annual sales of new medium and heavy-duty vehicles worldwide. <br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="acknowledgements-3fdf57c2-b18d-11ef-9008-00224839d811-content" id="acknowledgements-3fdf57c2-b18d-11ef-9008-00224839d811"> Acknowledgements <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">We would like to thank the following external reviewers: </p> </div> <div id="acknowledgements-3fdf57c2-b18d-11ef-9008-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="acknowledgements-3fdf57c2-b18d-11ef-9008-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>We would like to thank the following external reviewers: </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <ul><li>Mohamed Hegazi, founder and Director of Transport for Cairo (TfC) L.L.P</li><li>François Cuenot, UNECE<br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-energy-recommendations container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue m-section-title--no-spacing m-section-title--y-center" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Recommendations </h2> </header> <ol class="m-energy-recommendations__list"> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-461"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">1</span> Plan for compact urban development with improved public transport and infrastructure for micromobility and active travel <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-461" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>More than half of the world’s population <a href="https://unhabitat.org/wcr/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">lives in cities</a>. With urbanisation on the rise, urban governance should encompass transport strategies that can induce modal shift towards low-emission transport in order to get in step with the NZE Scenario. </p><p>The resurgence in active modes of transport during and following the pandemic has provided governments with a policy window to improve and expand infrastructure (e.g. bicycle lanes and car-free zones) and make road re-allocation measures permanent. </p><p>Transit-oriented development that integrates high-density living with urban rail should be promoted to achieve high passenger throughput on urban rail networks. Bus networks, as well as walking, cycling and other last-mile solutions, should be integrated into development. </p><p>Cities can also employ measures to stem the uptake of larger, less fuel-efficient vehicles, including allocating a greater share of parking spaces to smaller cars, and/or basing parking fees on vehicle size. Finally, fiscal and regulatory policies that support M0 category electric vehicles (“city cars”) designed explicitly for use in cities could help to alleviate resource constraints and congestion while reducing emissions of local and climate pollutants. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-276"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">2</span> Adopt an integrated approach to transport policy that incorporates social and environmental lessons learned from the Covid-19 pandemic <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-276" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Aligning the transport sector with the NZE Scenario will require a co-ordinated policy approach that facilitates decarbonisation across all transport modes and expands supporting infrastructure. Measures at various levels of jurisdiction – national, subnational, within cities and in multi-country regional blocs – must support progress in: </p><ul><li>Defining clear R&D priorities for all transport technologies. </li><li>Improving the efficiency of all transport modes. </li><li>Stimulating the uptake of zero-emission vehicles. </li><li>Increasing the availability and use of sustainable low-emission fuels across the entire sector. </li><li>Managing travel demand, distances travelled and car dependency; sustaining active modes of travel; and supporting the recovery of public transport. <br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-364"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">3</span> Use fiscal instruments to stem transport emissions and encourage modal shift <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-364" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>In countries where high fuel taxes are levied, light-duty vehicle fuel consumption (measured in litres of fuel consumed per vehicle-kilometre) is among the lowest in the world. Other fiscal measures, including higher taxation of large, heavy vehicles and/or lower taxation of small, lightweight vehicles can accelerate fuel economy improvements. </p><p>At the subnational level, measures such as congestion charges, parking fees, road pricing and tolls can encourage a shift towards rail, public and active transport modes by reducing the appeal of private vehicle use. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-414"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">4</span> Co-ordinate electric vehicle targets, practical and financial assistance, and battery standards to accelerate the transition to electromobility <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-414" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>By co-ordinating their policies and decision-making across priority areas, governments can more rapidly get on track with the NZE Scenario in the transport sector: </p><ul><li>Phase out internal combustion engine vehicles, or set sales targets for zero-emission vehicles to provide a clear signal to all market and industry players. Targets can drive investment across the new EV ecosystem – from the supply chain for batteries, to automotive-grade steel and aluminium, to components makers, to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and even to grid planners and charging infrastructure installers and operators. Furthermore, announcements build momentum in a self-sustaining “virtuous cycle”. </li><li>Share best practice to ensure that effective policies can diffuse across countries where EV adoption has been limited to date. Technical and financial assistance to mobilise investment in grids and charging infrastructure is especially urgent. </li><li>Introduce harmonised standards for battery supply to ensure the sustainability and social responsibility of battery constituent minerals, components and supply chains. Standards should minimise the lifecycle emissions of batteries and the environmental impacts associated with their production, and enable reuse and recycling of components. Such standards are a prerequisite for regulations mandating extended producer responsibility. <br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-823"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">5</span> Continue implementing and tightening regulatory policies to drive uptake of low-emission technologies and fuels in aviation and shipping <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-823" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from aviation and shipping calls for a focus on research, development and deployment of low-emission fuel supply chains. Policies such as those proposed (and <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2389" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">nearing finalisation</a>) by the European Union – namely <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12303-ReFuelEU-Aviation-Sustainable-Aviation-Fuels_en%22%20/t%20%22_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ReFuelEU Aviation</a> and <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/fueleu_maritime_-_green_european_maritime_space.pdf%22%20/t%20%22_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">FuelEU Maritime</a> – set the right example by proposing ambitious targets based (at least in part) on the performance metric that matters: the emissions incurred by producing, delivering and using the fuel. </p><p>Based on analysis solicited from multiple research and technical organisations (including the IEA), ICAO has developed <a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/LTAG/Pages/LTAGreport.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">a Long-Term Aspirational Goal</a> that will inform future discussion on how in-sector emission reductions can be realised, on updating policies and targets for sustainable aviation fuel, technical and operational efficiency, and on introducing other decarbonisation measures.  </p><p>In shipping, operational carbon intensity standards must be tightened immediately to facilitate decarbonisation and enhance the competitiveness of zero- and low-emission fuels. Low-carbon fuel standards and blending mandates, as well as offtake agreements to purchase biogenically derived or synthetic (power-to-liquid) alternatives to fossil-derived fuels, will play an important role in steering investment to enable long-term decarbonisation. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ol> <div class="m-energy-recommendations__footer"> <p class="f-ui-1 ">Last update on 11 July 2023</p> <a class="a-link a-link--tertiary " href="#" data-focus-tabbed data-behavior='modal' data-modal='recommendations-authors' role='button' > <span class="a-link__label">Authors and contributors</span></a> </div> </section> </div> <div id="programmes" data-tab-anchor="programmes"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Programmes and partnerships </h2> </header> <div class="m-slider m-slider--mobile-nav m-slider--program" data-behavior="slider" data-inViewport-item> <div 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288w,https://iea.imgix.net/ea67d7c5-0f05-43fb-b6f3-743c420d33ad/Constructionworkersinstallinginsulationandroofpanels_USA_shutterstock_1929213377.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=28%2C33%2C3465%2C2309&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/ea67d7c5-0f05-43fb-b6f3-743c420d33ad/Constructionworkersinstallinginsulationandroofpanels_USA_shutterstock_1929213377.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=28%2C33%2C3465%2C2309&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/ea67d7c5-0f05-43fb-b6f3-743c420d33ad/Constructionworkersinstallinginsulationandroofpanels_USA_shutterstock_1929213377.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=28%2C33%2C3465%2C2309&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/ea67d7c5-0f05-43fb-b6f3-743c420d33ad/Constructionworkersinstallinginsulationandroofpanels_USA_shutterstock_1929213377.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=28%2C33%2C3465%2C2309&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/ea67d7c5-0f05-43fb-b6f3-743c420d33ad/Constructionworkersinstallinginsulationandroofpanels_USA_shutterstock_1929213377.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=28%2C33%2C3465%2C2309&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Construction Workers Installing Insulation And Roof Panels Usa Shutterstock 1929213377" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a class="m-card m-card--data-explorer" href="/data-and-statistics/data-tools/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">ETP Clean Energy Technology Guide</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">Interactive database of nearly 600 individual technology designs and components across the whole energy system that contribute to achieving the goal of net-zero emissions</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data explorer</p> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-explorer icon--99"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-explorer"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a class="m-card m-card--data-explorer" href="/data-and-statistics/data-tools/clean-energy-demonstration-projects-database" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">Clean Energy Demonstration Projects Database</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">The most comprehensive database of clean energy technology demonstrators</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data explorer</p> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-explorer icon--99"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-explorer"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a class="m-card m-card--data-explorer" href="/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-policy-inventory" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">Energy Policy Inventory</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">A snapshot of global energy policies tracking over 5 000 policies in 50 G20 and IEA Family countries</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data explorer</p> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-explorer icon--99"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-explorer"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a class="m-card m-card--data-explorer" href="/data-and-statistics/data-tools/ev-life-cycle-assessment-calculator" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">EV Life Cycle Assessment Calculator</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">Explore and compare the lifecycle emissions of conventional and electric cars and the effect of changing variables such as vehicle size</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data explorer</p> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-explorer icon--99"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-explorer"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/a1c874c0-b60a-4982-b13f-e343aa8d8d8e/shutterstock_1859229523.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2509%2C0%2C4058%2C5504&w=348&h=472&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/a1c874c0-b60a-4982-b13f-e343aa8d8d8e/shutterstock_1859229523.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2509%2C0%2C4058%2C5504&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=391 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/a1c874c0-b60a-4982-b13f-e343aa8d8d8e/shutterstock_1859229523.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2509%2C0%2C4058%2C5504&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=781 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/a1c874c0-b60a-4982-b13f-e343aa8d8d8e/shutterstock_1859229523.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2509%2C0%2C4058%2C5504&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=439 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/a1c874c0-b60a-4982-b13f-e343aa8d8d8e/shutterstock_1859229523.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2509%2C0%2C4058%2C5504&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=879 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/a1c874c0-b60a-4982-b13f-e343aa8d8d8e/shutterstock_1859229523.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2509%2C0%2C4058%2C5504&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/a1c874c0-b60a-4982-b13f-e343aa8d8d8e/shutterstock_1859229523.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2509%2C0%2C4058%2C5504&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=944 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo shows a line of yellow electric cars plugged in to charging points" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Global EV Outlook 2024</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Moving towards increased affordability</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — April 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/oil-demand-growing-at-a-slower-pace-as-post-covid-rebound-runs-its-course" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Oil demand growing at a slower pace as post-Covid rebound runs its course</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/f99f6c97-5923-4595-81be-38330ba28104/TorilBosoni.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C140%2C140&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Toril Bosoni" /> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/79e15c17-704b-417c-b529-2dc33a19f392/CiaranHealy.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=63%2C35%2C474%2C474&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Ciarán Healy" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 12 April 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/massive-expansion-of-renewable-power-opens-door-to-achieving-global-tripling-goal-set-at-cop28" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Massive expansion of renewable power opens door to achieving global tripling goal set at COP28</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 11 January 2024 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C566%2C5440%2C3058&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts and aerial view of hundreds solar energy panels rows along the dry lands at Atacama Desert, Chile. Huge Photovoltaic PV Plant in the middle of the desert from an aerial drone point of view during sunset" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/the-role-of-e-fuels-in-decarbonising-transport" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">The Role of E-fuels in Decarbonising Transport</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — December 2023 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/eafbdcfc-a466-4723-9b02-e756358595e9/CoverofTheRoleofEfuelsinDecarbonisingTransport_shutterstock_1823268089.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4308%2C2872&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/eafbdcfc-a466-4723-9b02-e756358595e9/CoverofTheRoleofEfuelsinDecarbonisingTransport_shutterstock_1823268089.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4308%2C2872&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/eafbdcfc-a466-4723-9b02-e756358595e9/CoverofTheRoleofEfuelsinDecarbonisingTransport_shutterstock_1823268089.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4308%2C2872&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/eafbdcfc-a466-4723-9b02-e756358595e9/CoverofTheRoleofEfuelsinDecarbonisingTransport_shutterstock_1823268089.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4308%2C2872&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/eafbdcfc-a466-4723-9b02-e756358595e9/CoverofTheRoleofEfuelsinDecarbonisingTransport_shutterstock_1823268089.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4308%2C2872&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/eafbdcfc-a466-4723-9b02-e756358595e9/CoverofTheRoleofEfuelsinDecarbonisingTransport_shutterstock_1823268089.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4308%2C2872&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/eafbdcfc-a466-4723-9b02-e756358595e9/CoverofTheRoleofEfuelsinDecarbonisingTransport_shutterstock_1823268089.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4308%2C2872&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Cover Of The Role Of E Fuels In Decarbonising Transport Shutterstock 1823268089" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/iea-convenes-expert-workshop-on-low-emissions-transport-fuels-to-decarbonise-shipping-and-aviation" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">IEA convenes expert workshop on low-emissions transport fuels to decarbonise shipping and aviation</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 18 October 2023 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/5c2f255f-cfa3-4529-ad0d-e661c2174e96/shutterstock_1740175436.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C305%2C4287%2C2410&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/5c2f255f-cfa3-4529-ad0d-e661c2174e96/shutterstock_1740175436.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C305%2C4287%2C2410&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c2f255f-cfa3-4529-ad0d-e661c2174e96/shutterstock_1740175436.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C305%2C4287%2C2410&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c2f255f-cfa3-4529-ad0d-e661c2174e96/shutterstock_1740175436.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C305%2C4287%2C2410&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c2f255f-cfa3-4529-ad0d-e661c2174e96/shutterstock_1740175436.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C305%2C4287%2C2410&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c2f255f-cfa3-4529-ad0d-e661c2174e96/shutterstock_1740175436.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C305%2C4287%2C2410&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c2f255f-cfa3-4529-ad0d-e661c2174e96/shutterstock_1740175436.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C305%2C4287%2C2410&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-technology m-card--report-default" href="/reports/road-transport" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Road transport</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Net Zero Emissions Guide</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Technology report — September 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-country m-card--report-default" href="/reports/implementing-clean-energy-transitions" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Implementing Clean Energy Transitions</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Focus on road transport in emerging economies</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Country report — August 2023 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/5c850dae-dae7-4131-abff-28eff0ceaeb0/CoverofImplementingCleanEnergyTransitions_Traffic%2Ccapturedwithblurredmotionaslighttrails%2CinbusinessdistrictatnightinIndonesiacapitalcity..png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4925%2C3283&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/5c850dae-dae7-4131-abff-28eff0ceaeb0/CoverofImplementingCleanEnergyTransitions_Traffic%2Ccapturedwithblurredmotionaslighttrails%2CinbusinessdistrictatnightinIndonesiacapitalcity..png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4925%2C3283&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c850dae-dae7-4131-abff-28eff0ceaeb0/CoverofImplementingCleanEnergyTransitions_Traffic%2Ccapturedwithblurredmotionaslighttrails%2CinbusinessdistrictatnightinIndonesiacapitalcity..png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4925%2C3283&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c850dae-dae7-4131-abff-28eff0ceaeb0/CoverofImplementingCleanEnergyTransitions_Traffic%2Ccapturedwithblurredmotionaslighttrails%2CinbusinessdistrictatnightinIndonesiacapitalcity..png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4925%2C3283&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c850dae-dae7-4131-abff-28eff0ceaeb0/CoverofImplementingCleanEnergyTransitions_Traffic%2Ccapturedwithblurredmotionaslighttrails%2CinbusinessdistrictatnightinIndonesiacapitalcity..png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4925%2C3283&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c850dae-dae7-4131-abff-28eff0ceaeb0/CoverofImplementingCleanEnergyTransitions_Traffic%2Ccapturedwithblurredmotionaslighttrails%2CinbusinessdistrictatnightinIndonesiacapitalcity..png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4925%2C3283&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/5c850dae-dae7-4131-abff-28eff0ceaeb0/CoverofImplementingCleanEnergyTransitions_Traffic%2Ccapturedwithblurredmotionaslighttrails%2CinbusinessdistrictatnightinIndonesiacapitalcity..png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4925%2C3283&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts traffic, captured with blurred motion as light trails, rush along Sudirman street in Jakarta business district at night in Indonesia capital city." class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-default m-card--report-default" href="/reports/facilitating-decarbonisation-in-emerging-economies-through-smart-charging" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Facilitating Decarbonisation in Emerging Economies Through Smart Charging</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Default report — August 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/ef102ead-56b8-4d4e-9074-fdc430f01d31/mitchell-griest-MbG0QHEfqqQ-unsplash1.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C2081%2C2832&w=348&h=474&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/ef102ead-56b8-4d4e-9074-fdc430f01d31/mitchell-griest-MbG0QHEfqqQ-unsplash1.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C2081%2C2832&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/ef102ead-56b8-4d4e-9074-fdc430f01d31/mitchell-griest-MbG0QHEfqqQ-unsplash1.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C2081%2C2832&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=784 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/ef102ead-56b8-4d4e-9074-fdc430f01d31/mitchell-griest-MbG0QHEfqqQ-unsplash1.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C2081%2C2832&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=441 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/ef102ead-56b8-4d4e-9074-fdc430f01d31/mitchell-griest-MbG0QHEfqqQ-unsplash1.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C2081%2C2832&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=882 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/ef102ead-56b8-4d4e-9074-fdc430f01d31/mitchell-griest-MbG0QHEfqqQ-unsplash1.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C2081%2C2832&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=474 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/ef102ead-56b8-4d4e-9074-fdc430f01d31/mitchell-griest-MbG0QHEfqqQ-unsplash1.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C2081%2C2832&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=947 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="TCEP" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Assessing critical energy technologies for global clean energy transitions</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — July 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=348&h=473&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=784 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=441 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=882 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=473 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/e497e5d1-6811-45e5-8492-7e5aff4bf3b5/GettyImages-1310488699.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=2819%2C0%2C2940%2C4000&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=947 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 cover photo of multicolored swirls on a navy background" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Technology Perspectives 2023</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — January 2023 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-efficiency-2022" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Efficiency 2022</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — December 2022 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/8003e3b2-46c5-4b8d-b94e-39124895d576/CoverofEnergyEfficiency2022AphotooftheEiffelToweratdusk.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=600%2C0%2C4008%2C2672&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Cover Of Energy Efficiency 2022 A Photo Of The Eiffel Tower At Dusk" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-efficiency-2021" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Efficiency 2021</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — November 2021 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/88e5b34c-47ca-47bf-977d-f0ce70b512e3/shutterstock_559826938.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=651%2C126%2C2301%2C1535&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/88e5b34c-47ca-47bf-977d-f0ce70b512e3/shutterstock_559826938.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=651%2C126%2C2301%2C1535&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/88e5b34c-47ca-47bf-977d-f0ce70b512e3/shutterstock_559826938.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=651%2C126%2C2301%2C1535&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/88e5b34c-47ca-47bf-977d-f0ce70b512e3/shutterstock_559826938.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=651%2C126%2C2301%2C1535&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/88e5b34c-47ca-47bf-977d-f0ce70b512e3/shutterstock_559826938.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=651%2C126%2C2301%2C1535&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/88e5b34c-47ca-47bf-977d-f0ce70b512e3/shutterstock_559826938.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=651%2C126%2C2301%2C1535&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/88e5b34c-47ca-47bf-977d-f0ce70b512e3/shutterstock_559826938.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=651%2C126%2C2301%2C1535&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Shutterstock 559826938" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/meeting-climate-targets-requires-a-rapid-acceleration-in-the-fuel-economy-of-vehicles" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Meeting climate targets requires a rapid acceleration in the fuel economy of vehicles</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 04 November 2021 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a class="m-card m-card--data-explorer" href="/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-fuel-economy-initiative-2021-data-explorer" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">Global Fuel Economy Initiative 2021 Data Explorer</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">Detailed country-level data on fuel economy by weight, powertrain, market segment and other characteristics</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data explorer</p> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-explorer icon--99"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-explorer"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/3a5b4cc8-ae90-46e5-8a22-0d0ce662f3b4/etp-20202-website-image.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3048%2C0%2C3275%2C4444&w=348&h=472&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/3a5b4cc8-ae90-46e5-8a22-0d0ce662f3b4/etp-20202-website-image.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3048%2C0%2C3275%2C4444&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=391 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a5b4cc8-ae90-46e5-8a22-0d0ce662f3b4/etp-20202-website-image.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3048%2C0%2C3275%2C4444&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=782 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a5b4cc8-ae90-46e5-8a22-0d0ce662f3b4/etp-20202-website-image.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3048%2C0%2C3275%2C4444&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=440 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a5b4cc8-ae90-46e5-8a22-0d0ce662f3b4/etp-20202-website-image.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3048%2C0%2C3275%2C4444&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=879 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a5b4cc8-ae90-46e5-8a22-0d0ce662f3b4/etp-20202-website-image.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3048%2C0%2C3275%2C4444&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/3a5b4cc8-ae90-46e5-8a22-0d0ce662f3b4/etp-20202-website-image.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=3048%2C0%2C3275%2C4444&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=944 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="ETP 2020" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Technology Perspectives 2020</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — September 2020 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-technology m-card--report-default" href="/reports/fuel-economy-in-major-car-markets" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Fuel Economy in Major Car Markets</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">Technology and Policy Drivers 2005-2017</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Technology report — March 2019 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/more-efforts-are-needed-to-accelerate-improvements-in-fuel-economy" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">More efforts are needed to accelerate improvements in fuel economy</h2> </div> <div 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