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<span>Toggle Semantics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Generic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-human_she" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human_she"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-human <i>she</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-human_she-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>She</i> (pronoun)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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personnel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="She (pronom personnel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Таа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Таа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij_(voornaamwoord)" title="Zij (voornaamwoord) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zij (voornaamwoord)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ela_(pronome)" title="Ela (pronome) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ela (pronome)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/She" title="She – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="She" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon_(pronomen)" title="Hon (pronomen) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hon (pronomen)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/she" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:she">she</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/her" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:her">her</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hers" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hers">hers</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/herself" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:herself">herself</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, <i><b>she</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third-person</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">pronoun</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a> Modern English, <i>she</i> has four shapes representing five distinct word <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">forms</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>she</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> (subjective) form</li> <li><i>her</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> (objective, also called the '<a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup>) form; the dependent <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (possessive) form</li> <li><i>hers:</i> the independent <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> form</li> <li><i>herself</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive</a> form</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English personal pronouns">Middle English personal pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English pronouns">Old English pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic pronouns">Proto-Germanic pronouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Proto-Indo-European pronouns</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/She_(pronoun)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/She (pronoun)">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/She_(pronoun)" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/She (pronoun)">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> had a single third-person pronoun – from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> base <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">khi-</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">ko-</span></span></i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">this</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – which had a plural and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> in the singular. In early <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, one case was lost, and distinct pronouns started to develop. The modern pronoun <i><a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a></i> developed out of the neuter, singular in the 12th century. <i>Her</i> developed out of the feminine singular dative and genitive forms. The older pronoun had the following forms: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Old English, third-person pronoun<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> </th> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)" title="He (pronoun)">hē</a></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hit</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hēo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hī</i></span>(<i>e</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> </th> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hit</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hīe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hī</i></span>(<i>e</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">him</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">him</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hire</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">him</i></span> / <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">heom</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </th> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">his</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">his</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hire</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hira</i></span> / <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">heora</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> The evolution of <i>she</i> is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> By Middle English, it was found in the form <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">schē</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="enm-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃeː]</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but how it arrived there is unclear. Some sources propose it evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative pronoun</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] probably evolving from Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">seo</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sio</i></span> (accusative <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sie</i></span>), fem. of demonstrative pronoun (masc. <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">se</i></span>) <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/The" title="The">the</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, from PIE root *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">so-</span></span></i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">this, <a href="/wiki/That" title="That">that</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (see <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/the">the</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Others propose it descends directly from the third-person feminine pronoun: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Middle English, the Old English system collapses, due to the gradual loss of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þe</i></span> and the replacement of the paradigm <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">se</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">seo</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þæt</i></span> by indeclinable <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">that</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A more likely account is what is sometimes called the 'Shetland Theory', since it assumes a development parallel to that of <i>Shetland</i> < OScand. <i>Hjaltland</i>, <i>Shapinsay</i> < <i>Hjalpandisey</i>, etc. The starting point is the morphologically and chronologically preferable <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hēo</i></span>. Once again we have syllabicity shift and vowel reduction, giving <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[heo̯]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[he̯o]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hjoː]</span>. Then <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hj-]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç-]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç-]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ-]</span>, giving final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃoː]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> </p></blockquote><p> This does not lead to the modern form <i>she</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So any solution that gets <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eo/</span> also needs to 'correct' the resultant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> (outside the north) to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/.</span> This means an analogical transfer of (probably) the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">he</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> </p></blockquote><p> None of this is entirely plausible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>-self</i> forms developed in early Middle English, with <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">hire self</i></span> becoming <i>herself.</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century, the Middle English forms of <i>she</i> had solidified into those we use today.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender">Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, <i>she</i> was encompassed in <i>he</i> as <i>he</i> had three <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_English" title="Gender in English">genders</a> in Old English. The neuter and feminine genders split off during Middle English. Today, <i>she</i> is the only feminine pronoun in English. </p><p><i>She</i> is occasionally used as a <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">gender neutral</a>, third-person, singular pronoun (see also <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular they</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 492">: 492 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>She</i> can appear as a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">predicative complement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reflexive form also appears as an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjunct</a>. <i>She</i> occasionally appears as a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifier</a> in a noun phrase. </p> <ul><li>Subject: <i><u>She</u>'s there; <u>her</u> being there</i>; <i>she paid for <u>herself</u> to be there.</i></li> <li>Object: <i>I saw <u>her</u></i>; <i>I introduced him to <u>her</u>; She saw <u>herself</u>.</i></li> <li>Predicative complement: <i>The only person there was <u>her</u>.</i></li> <li>Dependent determiner: <i>This is <u>her</u> book.</i></li> <li>Independent determiner: <i>This is <u>hers</u>.</i></li> <li>Adjunct: <i>She did it <u>herself</u>.</i></li> <li>Modifier: <i>The <u>she</u> goat was missing.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependents">Dependents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dependents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pronouns rarely take <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar#Dependency_relation" title="Phrase structure grammar">dependents</a>, but it is possible for <i>she</i> to have many of the same kind of dependents as other <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clause</a> modifier: <i>she <u>who arrives late</u></i></li> <li>Determiner: A: <i>Somebody was here, and she left this</i>. B: <i>I'm <u>that</u> she.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjective_phrase" title="Adjective phrase">Adjective phrase</a> modifier: <i>the <u>real</u> her</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase">Adverb phrase</a> external modifier: <i><u>Not even</u> her</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>She</i>'s <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">referents</a> are generally limited to individual, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">female</a> <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">persons</a>, excluding the speaker and the addressee. <i>She</i> is always <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a> and usually <a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">specific</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic">Generic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Generic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pronoun <i>she</i> can also be used to refer to an unspecified person, as in <i>If you see someone in trouble, help <u>her</u>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Gender_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gender-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>If either your mother or father would like to discuss it, I'll talk to <u>her</u>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-human_she">Non-human <i>she</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-human she"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For the Wikipedia Manual of Style policy on ship pronouns, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SHE4SHIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SHE4SHIPS">Wikipedia:SHE4SHIPS</a></div> <p><i>She</i> has traditionally been used for ships, but can also be used for other <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">inanimate objects of significance to the owner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shifts_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shifts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald" title="SS Edmund Fitzgerald">SS Edmund Fitzgerald</a> was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank in Lake Superior during a storm. When launched in 1958, <u>she</u> was the largest ship on North America's Great Lakes. </i></li> <li><i>"I know, I know ... It's <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_(automobile)" title="Eleanor (automobile)">Eleanor</a> ... Just take <u>her</u>, slick."</i> ―<a href="/wiki/Gone_in_60_Seconds_(2000_film)" title="Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)">Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)</a></li></ul> <p><i>She</i> can also be used for countries as political entities, but not as geographical entities.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 487">: 487 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Canada really found <u>her</u> place in the world during WWII.</i></li> <li><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ungrammaticality">Canada's prairies are grassland</span>, and <u>she</u> has five great lakes in Ontario.</i></li></ul> <p>Many English <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> discourage the use of <i>she</i> for countries or inanimate objects;<sup id="cite_ref-shifts_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shifts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such use may be considered dated or sexist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deities">Deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"She" may refer to a particular <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> or to a monotheistic God when regarded as female. In this case it may be written "She" with <a href="/wiki/Reverential_capitalization" title="Reverential capitalization">reverential capitalization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, <i>she</i> was selected as the <a href="/wiki/Word_of_the_year" title="Word of the year">word of the millennium</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Dialect_Society" title="American Dialect Society">American Dialect Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">English personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person pronoun">Third-person pronoun</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> would later change to <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gender-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gender_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gender">§ Gender</a>, above.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). <i>The Cambridge grammar of the English language</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+grammar+of+the+English+language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass1999" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). <i>The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+English+Language%3A+Volume+III+1476%E2%80%931776&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/it">"it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Blake_(academic)" title="Norman Blake (academic)">Blake, Norman</a>, ed. (1992). <i>The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+English+Language%3A+Volume+II+1066%E2%80%931476&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratmannBradley1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stratmann, Francis Henry; Bradley, Henry (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleenglishdic00stra"><i>A Middle English dictionary</i></a>. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 526, 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-863106-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-863106-5"><bdi>0-19-863106-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/The_Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet Archive">The Internet Archive</a>. <q><b>schē,</b> <i>see</i> <b>schēo</b>. [...] <b>schēo,</b> pron., <i>she</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Middle+English+dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=526%2C+528&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=0-19-863106-5&rft.aulast=Stratmann&rft.aufirst=Francis+Henry&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddleenglishdic00stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/she">"she"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=she&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/herself">"herself"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=herself&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fherself&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shifts-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shifts_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shifts_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurzan2003" class="citation book cs1">Curzan, Anne (2003). "Third-person pronouns in the gender shift: why is that ship a <i>she</i>?". <i>Gender Shifts in the History of English</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Third-person+pronouns+in+the+gender+shift%3A+why+is+that+ship+a+she%3F&rft.btitle=Gender+Shifts+in+the+History+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Curzan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part2/ch08/psec118.html">"8.118: Pronouns referring to vessels"</a>. <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>When a pronoun is used to refer to a vessel, the neuter <i>it</i> or <i>its</i> (rather than <i>she</i> or <i>her</i>) is preferred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.atitle=8.118%3A+Pronouns+referring+to+vessels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fbook%2Fed17%2Fpart2%2Fch08%2Fpsec118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegal2015" class="citation book cs1">Siegal, Allan M. (2015). <i>The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage</i> (Fifth ed.). New York. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101905449" title="Special:BookSources/9781101905449"><bdi>9781101905449</bdi></a>. <q>Use <i>it</i> and <i>its</i> in reference to countries, ships and boats. In such contexts, <i>she</i>, <i>her</i> and <i>hers</i> evoke dated stereotypes of the roles of women and men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Manual+of+Style+and+Usage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=257&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781101905449&rft.aulast=Siegal&rft.aufirst=Allan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFronzoGill2020" class="citation book cs1">DeFronzo, James; Gill, Jungyun (2020). <i>Social Problems and Social Movements</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442221550" title="Special:BookSources/9781442221550"><bdi>9781442221550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Problems+and+Social+Movements&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781442221550&rft.aulast=DeFronzo&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gill%2C+Jungyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americandialect.org/1999_words_of_the_year_word_of_the_1990s_word_of_the_20th_century">"1999 Words of the Year, Word of the 1990s, Word of the 20th Century, Word of the Millennium"</a>. <i>American Dialect Society</i>. 13 January 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Dialect+Society&rft.atitle=1999+Words+of+the+Year%2C+Word+of+the+1990s%2C+Word+of+the+20th+Century%2C+Word+of+the+Millennium&rft.date=2000-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americandialect.org%2F1999_words_of_the_year_word_of_the_1990s_word_of_the_20th_century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShe+%28pronoun%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_English_personal_pronouns" title="Template:Modern English personal pronouns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_English_personal_pronouns" title="Template talk:Modern English personal pronouns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_English_personal_pronouns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern English personal pronouns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_English_personal_pronouns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">Modern English personal pronouns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)" title="I (pronoun)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)" title="He (pronoun)">he</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">she</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(pronoun)" title="Who (pronoun)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We" title="We">we</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You" title="You">you</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/They" title="They">they</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_(pronoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me (pronoun)">me</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">non-standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%27all" title="Y'all">y'all</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_(pronoun)" title="Ye (pronoun)">ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinz" title="Yinz">yinz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">English personal pronouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third-person_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person pronoun">third-person pronouns</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&oldid=1245020531">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_(pronoun)&oldid=1245020531</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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