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<i>u</i>, <i>ū</i>, and <i>r̥</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_non-ligating_vowel_signs_for_u,_ū,_and_r̥-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_uncommon_conjuncts_with_Chandrakkala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_uncommon_conjuncts_with_Chandrakkala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Split uncommon conjuncts with <i>Chandrakkala</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_uncommon_conjuncts_with_Chandrakkala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_non-ligating_sign_for_conjoining_ra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_non-ligating_sign_for_conjoining_ra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Use non-ligating sign for conjoining <i>ra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_non-ligating_sign_for_conjoining_ra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Malayalam letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_letters_and_vowel_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_letters_and_vowel_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Vowel letters and vowel signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_letters_and_vowel_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anusvaram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anusvaram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Anusvaram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anusvaram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visargam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visargam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Visargam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visargam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_consonant_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_consonant_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>Basic consonant letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_consonant_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chillus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chillus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Chillus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chillus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandrakkala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandrakkala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Chandrakkala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandrakkala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_virama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_virama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5.1</span> <span>As virama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_virama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Half-u" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Half-u"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5.2</span> <span>Half-u</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Half-u-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Ligatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6.1</span> <span>Consonant ligatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_consonant_ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_consonant_ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6.1.1</span> <span>Common consonant ligatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_consonant_ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_+_ya,_va,_la,_ra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_+_ya,_va,_la,_ra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6.1.2</span> <span>Consonant + <i>ya</i>, <i>va</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>ra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_+_ya,_va,_la,_ra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-nṯa_and_ṯṯa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#nṯa_and_ṯṯa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6.1.3</span> <span><i>nṯa</i> and <i>ṯṯa</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-nṯa_and_ṯṯa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dot_reph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dot_reph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6.2</span> <span>Dot reph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dot_reph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant-vowel_ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant-vowel_ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6.3</span> <span>Consonant-vowel ligatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant-vowel_ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant-consonant_ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant-consonant_ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6.4</span> <span>Consonant-consonant ligatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant-consonant_ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Archaic signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ഺ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ഺ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span><span><span>ഺ</span></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ഺ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaic_viramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_viramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8.1</span> <span>Archaic viramas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_viramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandrabindu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandrabindu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8.2</span> <span>Chandrabindu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandrabindu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Anusvaras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Anusvaras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8.3</span> <span>Other Anusvaras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Anusvaras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeral_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Numeral system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeral_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Malayalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanisation_(ISO_15919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisation_(ISO_15919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Romanisation (ISO 15919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisation_(ISO_15919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>IPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unicode subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chillus_in_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chillus_in_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chillus in Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chillus_in_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Malayalam script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="मलयालम लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मलयालम लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="মালয়ালম লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মালয়ালম লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_malayalamek" title="Skritur malayalamek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur malayalamek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_malai%C3%A0lam" title="Alfabet malaiàlam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet malaiàlam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam-Schrift" title="Malayalam-Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malayalam-Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_malabar" title="Alfabeto malabar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto malabar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajala_skribo" title="Malajala skribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malajala skribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_malayalam" title="Alphasyllabaire malayalam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphasyllabaire malayalam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%84%EB%9E%8C_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="말라얄람 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말라얄람 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="मलयालम लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मलयालम लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Malayalam" title="Aksara Malayalam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Malayalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_malayalam" title="Alfabeto malayalam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto malayalam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Malayalam" title="Aksara Malayalam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Malayalam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ಲಿಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajali%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Malajalių raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malajalių raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaj%C3%A1lam_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Malajálam írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Malajálam írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="മലയാളലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മലയാളലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="मल्याळम लिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मल्याळम लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Malayalam" title="Tulisan Malayalam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Malayalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="मलयालम लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मलयालम लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="मलयालम लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मलयालम लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="マラヤーラム文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マラヤーラム文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_Skraft" title="Malayalam Skraft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Malayalam Skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam-skrift" title="Malayalam-skrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Malayalam-skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam-skrift" title="Malayalam-skrift – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Malayalam-skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਲਿਆਲਮ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਲਿਆਲਮ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_malajalam" title="Pismo malajalam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo malajalam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE)" title="Малаялам (письмо) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малаялам (письмо)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="मलयाळलिपिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मलयाळलिपिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajalamilainen_kirjaimisto" title="Malajalamilainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malajalamilainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalamskrift" title="Malayalamskrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malayalamskrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="மலையாள எழுத்துமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலையாள எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="మలయాళ అక్షరమాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మలయాళ అక్షరమాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="อักษรมลยาฬัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรมลยาฬัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Малаялам (писемність) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малаялам (писемність)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%87" title="馬拉雅拉姆文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬拉雅拉姆文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Malayalam" title="Aksara Malayalam – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Malayalam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1164129#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Brahmic script used commonly to write the Malayalam language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Malay script</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" class="extiw" title="ml:മലയാളലിപി">the corresponding article</a> in Malayalam</b>.  <i><small>(April 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fml.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF&sl=ml&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Malayalam article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Malayalam Wikipedia article at [[:ml:മലയാളലിപി]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ml|മലയാളലിപി}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Malayalam_script" title="Talk:Malayalam script">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Malayalam script<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayalam_script_sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Malayalam_script_sample.jpg/250px-Malayalam_script_sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Malayalam_script_sample.jpg/375px-Malayalam_script_sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Malayalam_script_sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="Circa">c.</abbr> 830 – present<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vazhapally_Temple_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vazhapally_Temple-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164129?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jeseri" title="Jeseri">Jeseri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Paniya">Paniya</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Betta Kurumba">Betta Kurumba</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a> and other minor languages</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician script">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a> (with Vattezhuthu influence)<ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Malayalam script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari script</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Thirke_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirke script">Thirke script</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Mlym</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(347)</span>, Malayalam</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Malayalam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf">U+0D00–U+0D7F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayalam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/40px-Malayalam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/60px-Malayalam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/80px-Malayalam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is written in a <a class="mw-selflink selflink">non-Latin script</a>. Malayalam text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> standard.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Malayalam script</b> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">Malayāḷa lipi</i></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ml-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[mɐlɐjaːɭɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>liβ̞i]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grammatical_Sketch_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammatical_Sketch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">മലയാളമെഴുത്ത്</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic script</a> used commonly to write <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, which is the principal language of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, spoken by 45 million people in the world. It is a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian language">Dravidian language</a> spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> people. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">official scripts of the Indian Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malayalam script is also widely used for writing <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts in Kerala. </p><p>The Malayalam script bears high similarity with Tulu Script and <a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari script</a>, which was used for writing the <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu language</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">coastal Karnataka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a> districts) and the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Kasargod_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasargod district">Kasargod district</a> of Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-Tulu_Unicode_2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tulu_Unicode_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other Indic scripts, it is an alphasyllabary (<a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>), a writing system that is partially "alphabetic" and partially syllable-based. The modern Malayalam alphabet has 15 vowel letters, 42 consonant letters, and a few other symbols. The Malayalam script is a <a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vatteluttu alphabet</a> extended with symbols from the <a href="/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha alphabet</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan loanwords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script is also used to write several minority languages such as <a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malayalam language itself was historically written in several different scripts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malayalam was first written in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> script, an ancient script of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> languages. However, the modern Malayalam script evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha alphabet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vattezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vattezhuthu">Vattezhuthu</a>, both of which evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a>, but independently. </p><p>Vatteluttu (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">വട്ടെഴുത്ത്</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Malayalam">romanized</a>: </small><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'round writing') is a script that had evolved from <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> and was once used extensively in the southern part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vazhappally" title="Vazhappally">Vazhappally</a> inscription issued by <a href="/wiki/Rajashekhara_Varman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajashekhara Varman">Rajashekhara Varman</a> is the earliest example, dating from about 830 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vazhapally_Temple_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vazhapally_Temple-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the medieval period, the <a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari script</a> that was used for writing <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar region</a>, was very similar to the modern Malayalam script.<sup id="cite_ref-Tulu_Unicode_2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tulu_Unicode_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Tamil state, the modern <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a> had supplanted Vattezhuthu by the 15th century, but in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> region, Vattezhuthu remained in general use up to the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_b_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-s_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant form of this script, <a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a>, was used until about the 19th century mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-l_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another variant form, <a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a>, was used in the south of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coke_Burnell" title="Arthur Coke Burnell">Arthur Coke Burnell</a>, one form of the Grantha alphabet, originally used in the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a>, was imported into the southwest coast of India in the 8th or 9th century, which was then modified in course of time in this secluded area, where communication with the east coast was very limited.<sup id="cite_ref-b35_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b35-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It later evolved into Tigalari-Malayalam script was used by the <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a>, Havyaka Brahmins and Tulu Brahmin people, but was originally only applied to write <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. This script split into two scripts: Tigalari and Malayalam. While Malayalam script was extended and modified to write vernacular language Malayalam, the Tigalari was written for Sanskrit only.<sup id="cite_ref-b35_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b35-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_2009a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_2009a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Malabar, this writing system was termed Arya-eluttu (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ആര്യ എഴുത്ത്</span></span>, <i>Ārya eḻuttŭ</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_c_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_c-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "Arya writing" (Sanskrit is <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> while Malayalam is a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian language</a>). </p><p>Vatteluttu was in general use, but was not suitable for literature where many Sanskrit words were used. Like Tamil-Brahmi, it was originally used to write <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and as such, did not have letters for voiced or aspirated consonants used in Sanskrit but not used in Tamil. For this reason, Vatteluttu and the Grantha alphabet were sometimes mixed, as in the <a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a>. One of the oldest examples of the Manipravalam literature, <i>Vaishikatantram</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വൈശികതന്ത്രം</span></span>, <i>Vaiśikatantram</i>), dates back to the 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_d_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_d-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_e_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_e-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the earliest form of the Malayalam script was used, which seems to have been systematised to some extent by the first half of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a> who is also credited with the development of Malayalam script into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of <i><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a>, which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam.<sup id="cite_ref-mlm_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script.<sup id="cite_ref-mlm_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as <i>The Father of modern Malayalam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mlm_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of modern Malayalam script was also heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari script</a>, which was used to write the <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu language</a>, due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluva Brahmin">Tuluva Brahmins</a> in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-mlm_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, a poet from around the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used Arya-eluttu to write his Malayalam poems based on Classical Sanskrit literature.<sup id="cite_ref-b35_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b35-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a few letters missing in Arya-eluttu (<i>ḷa</i>, <i>ḻa</i>, <i>ṟa</i>), he used Vatteluttu. His works became unprecedentedly popular to the point that the Malayali people eventually started to call him the father of the Malayalam language, which also popularised Arya-eluttu as a script to write Malayalam. However, Grantha did not have distinctions between <i>e</i> and <i>ē</i>, and between <i>o</i> and <i>ō</i>, as it was as an alphabet to write a Sanskrit language. The Malayalam script as it is today was modified in the middle of the 19th century when <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Hermann Gundert</a> invented the new vowel signs to distinguish them.<sup id="cite_ref-b35_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b35-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 19th century, old scripts like Kolezhuthu had been supplanted by Arya-eluttu – that is the current Malayalam script. Nowadays, it is widely used in the press of the Malayali population in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_f_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_f-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography_reform">Orthography reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthography reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> reformed the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of Malayalam by a government order to the education department.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_1971_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_1971-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_g_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_g-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective was to simplify the script for print and typewriting technology of that time, by reducing the number of glyphs required. In 1967, the government appointed a committee headed by <a href="/wiki/Sooranad_Kunjan_Pillai" title="Sooranad Kunjan Pillai">Sooranad Kunjan Pillai</a>, who was the editor of the Malayalam Lexicon project. It reduced number of glyphs required for Malayalam printing from around 1000 to around 250. Above committee's recommendations were further modified by another committee in 1969. </p><p>This proposal was later accepted by major newspapers in January 1971. The reformed script came into effect on 15 April 1971 (the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala New Year">Kerala New Year</a>), by a government order released on 23 March 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommendations_by_the_committees">Recommendations by the committees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recommendations by the committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_non-ligating_vowel_signs_for_u,_ū,_and_r̥"><span id="Use_non-ligating_vowel_signs_for_u.2C_.C5.AB.2C_and_r.CC.A5"></span>Use non-ligating vowel signs for <i>u</i>, <i>ū</i>, and <i>r̥</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use non-ligating vowel signs for u, ū, and r̥"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the traditional orthography that had been taught in the primary education system before the reforms, any consonant or consonant ligature followed by the vowel sign <i>u</i>, <i>ū</i>, or <i>r̥</i> were represented by a cursive consonant-vowel ligature. The glyph of each consonant had its own way of ligating with these vowel signs. This irregularity was simplified in the reformed script.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a vowel sign or consonant sign would always have a disconnected symbol that did not fuse with the base consonant. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><i>ku:</i> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കു</span></span></li> <li><i>kū:</i> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കൂ</span></span></li> <li><i>kr̥:</i> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കൃ</span></span></li> <li><i>nu:</i> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">നു</span></span></li> <li><i>śu:</i> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശു</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Split_uncommon_conjuncts_with_Chandrakkala">Split uncommon conjuncts with <i>Chandrakkala</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Split uncommon conjuncts with Chandrakkala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also, most of traditional consonant-consonant ligatures, especially the less common ones only used to write words of Sanskrit origin, were split into non-ligated forms with explicit <i>chandrakkala</i>. For example: </p> <ul><li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഗ്</span></span> <i>g</i> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ദ</span></span> <i>da</i> = <i>gda:</i> -> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഗ്‌ദ</span></span></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല്‌</span></span> <i>l</i> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ത</span></span> <i>ta</i> = <i>lta:</i> -> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല്‌ത</span></span></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശ്</span></span> <i>ś</i> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span> <i>na</i> = <i>śna:</i> -> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശ്‌ന</span></span></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശ്</span></span> <i>ś</i> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മ</span></span> <i>ma</i> = <i>śma:</i> -> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശ്‌മ</span></span></li></ul> <ol><li>The ligature (<b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശ്മ</span></span></b>) <i>śma</i> is required as an additional letter. For examples, <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശ്മശാനം</span></span></b>, <i>śmaśanam</i>, is the word for <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_non-ligating_sign_for_conjoining_ra">Use non-ligating sign for conjoining <i>ra</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use non-ligating sign for conjoining ra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any consonant or consonant ligature followed by the conjoining <i>ra</i> is represented by a cursive tail attached to the consonant or the consonant-ligature. In the reformed script, this consonant sign would be disconnected from the base and represented as a left-bracket like symbol placed on the left side of the cluster. </p> <ul><li><i>kra:</i><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക‍്ര</span></span> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക‌്ര</span></span></li> <li><i>kru:</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക‍്ര‍ു</span></span> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക‌്ര‌ു</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today the reformed orthography, is commonly called <i>put̪iya lipi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">പുതിയ ലിപി</span>) and traditional system, <i>pazhaya lipi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">പഴയ ലിപി</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-John_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current print media almost entirely uses reformed orthography. The state run primary education introduces the Malayalam writing to the pupils in reformed script only and the books are printed accordingly. However, the digital media uses both traditional and reformed in almost equal proportions as the fonts for both the orthographies are commonly available. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic characters can be classified as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">സ്വരം</span></span>, <i>svaram</i>) <ol><li>Independent vowel letters</li> <li>Dependent vowel signs (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">സ്വരചിഹ്നം</span></span>,<i>svarachinnam</i>)</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonant</a> letters (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വ്യഞ്ജനം</span></span>, <i>vyañjanam</i>)</li></ul> <p>An independent vowel letter is used as the first letter of a word that begins with a vowel. A consonant letter, despite its name, does not represent a pure consonant, but represents a consonant + a short vowel /a/ by default. For example, <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക</span></span> is the first consonant letter of the Malayalam alphabet, which represents /ka/, not a simple /k/. A vowel sign is a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> attached to a consonant letter to indicate that the consonant is followed by a vowel other than /a/. If the following vowel is /a/, no vowel sign is needed. The <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> /a/ that follows a consonant by default is called an <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>. In Malayalam, its phonetic value is <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a>. To denote a pure consonant sound not followed by a vowel, a special diacritic <i><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></i> is used to cancel the inherent vowel. The following are examples where a consonant letter is used with or without a diacritic. </p> <ul><li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> /k/ = /k/ which is a consonant sound</li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക</span></span> <i>ka</i> = <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> /k/ + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അ</span></span> vowel sign a</li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കി</span></span> <i>ki</i> = <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> /<i>k/</i> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഇ</span></span> vowel sign <i>i</i></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കു</span></span> <i>ku</i> = <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> /<i>k/</i> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഉ</span></span> vowel sign <i>u</i></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കൈ</span></span> <i>kai</i> = <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> /<i>k/</i> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഐ</span></span> vowel sign <i>ai</i></li></ul> <p>Malayalam alphabet is <a href="/wiki/Unicase" title="Unicase">unicase</a>, or does not have a <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">case</a> distinction. It is written from left to right, but certain vowel signs are attached to the left (the opposite direction) of a consonant letter that it logically follows. In the word <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കേരളം</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala"><i>Kēraḷam</i></a>), the vowel sign <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">േ</span></span> (<i>ē</i>) visually appears in the leftmost position, though the vowel <i>ē</i> logically follows the consonant <i>k</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayalam_letters">Malayalam letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Malayalam letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vowel_letters_and_vowel_signs">Vowel letters and vowel signs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowel letters and vowel signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following tables show the independent vowel letters and the corresponding dependent vowel signs (diacritics) of the Malayalam script, with <b>romanizations</b> in <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>, transcriptions in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" style="width:4em"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a></th> <th colspan="3">Long </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Independent</th> <th colspan="2">Dependent</th> <th rowspan="2">Indep.</th> <th colspan="2">Dependent </th></tr> <tr> <th>Vowel sign</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Vowel sign</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>a</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അ</span></span></big> <b>a</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td><i>(none)</i> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ</span></span></big> <b>pa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pa/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ആ</span></span></big> <b>ā</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ാ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പാ</span></span></big> <b>pā</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/paː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>i</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഇ</span></span></big> <b>i</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ി</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പി</span></span></big> <b>pi</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pi/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഈ</span></span></big> <b>ī</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ീ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പീ</span></span></big> <b>pī</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/piː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>u</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഉ</span></span></big> <b>u</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ു</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പു</span></span></big> <b>pu</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pu/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഊ</span></span></big> <b>ū</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൂ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൂ</span></span></big> <b>pū</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/puː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>r̥</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഋ</span></span></big> <b>r̥</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɨ/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൃ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൃ</span></span></big> <b>pr̥</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prɨ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ddd"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൠ</span></span></big> <b>r̥̄</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɨː/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ddd"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൄ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td style="background:#ddd"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൄ</span></span></big> <b>pr̥̄</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prɨː/</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ddd"> <th><i>l̥</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഌ</span></span></big> <b>l̥</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɨ/</span> </td> <td><big style="margin-left:1em"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൢ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൢ</span></span></big> <b>pl̥</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plɨ/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൡ</span></span></big> <b>l̥̄</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɨː/</span> </td> <td><big style="margin-left:1em"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൣ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൣ</span></span></big> <b>pl̥̄</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plɨː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>e</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">എ</span></span></big> <b>e</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> െ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പെ</span></span></big> <b>pe</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pe/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഏ</span></span></big> <b>ē</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> േ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പേ</span></span></big> <b>pē</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/peː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>o</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഒ</span></span></big> <b>o</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൊ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൊ</span></span></big> <b>po</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/po/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഓ</span></span></big> <b>ō</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> </td> <td>ോ<br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പോ</span></span></big> <b>pō</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/poː/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>r̥</i>, <i>r̥̄</i>, <i>l̥</i>, <i>l̥̄</i>, used to write <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words, are treated as vowels. They are called semi-vowels and are phonetically closer to vowels in Malayalam and in Classical Sanskrit where <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a>, the Sanskrit grammarian, groups them with vowel sounds in his sutras. (see <i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a></i>). The letters and signs for <i>r̥̄</i>, <i>l̥</i>, <i>l̥̄</i> are very rare, and are not considered as part of the modern orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-K_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vowel signs <i>ā</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>ī</i> are placed to the right of a consonant letter to which it is attached. The vowel signs <i>e</i>, <i>ē</i>, <i>ai</i> are placed to the left of a consonant letter. The vowel signs <i>o</i> and <i>ō</i> consist of two parts: the first part goes to the left of a consonant letter and the second part goes to the right of it. In the reformed orthography, the vowel signs <i>u</i>, <i>ū</i>, <i>r̥</i> are simply placed to the right of the consonant letter, while they often make consonant-vowel ligatures in the traditional orthography. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em"> </th> <th rowspan="2">Independent</th> <th colspan="2">Dependent </th></tr> <tr> <th>Vowel sign</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>ai</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഐ</span></span></big> <b>ai</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai̯/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൈ</span></span></big><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൈ</span></span></big> <b>pai</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pai̯/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>au</i> </th> <td rowspan="2"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഔ</span></span></big> <b>au</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au̯/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ddd"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൌ</span></span></big><br /><i>(archaic)</i> </td> <td style="background:#ddd"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൌ</span></span></big> <b>pau</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pau̯/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ൗ</span></span></big><br /><i>(modern)</i> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പൗ</span></span></big> <b>pau</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pau̯/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is important to note the vowel duration as it can be used to differentiate words that would otherwise be the same. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kalam/</span> means "earthenware pot" while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaːlam/</span> means "time" or "season".<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_h_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_h-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anusvaram">Anusvaram</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anusvaram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <caption><i>Anusvaram</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:4em"><i>aṁ</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അം</span></span></big> <b>aṁ</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/am/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ം</span></span></big> m̐<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പം</span></span></big> <b>paṁ</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pam/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <i>anusvaram</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അനുസ്വാരം</span></span> <i>anusvāram</i>), or an <i><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a>,</i> originally denoted the <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> where the preceding vowel was changed into a <a href="/wiki/Nasalised_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalised vowel">nasalised vowel</a>, and hence is traditionally treated as a kind of vowel sign. In Malayalam, however, it simply represents a consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> after a vowel, though this <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> may be <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilated</a> to another <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>. It is a special consonant letter, different from a "normal" consonant letter, in that it is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. In general, an <i>anusvara</i> at the end of a word in an Indian language is transliterated as <i>ṁ</i> in <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>, but a Malayalam <i>anusvara</i> at the end of a word is transliterated as <i>m</i> without a dot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Visargam">Visargam</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Visargam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <caption><i>Visargam ഃ</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:4em"><i>aḥ</i> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അഃ</span></span></big> <b>aḥ</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ah/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ഃ</span></span></big> <b>ḥ</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പഃ</span></span></big> <b>paḥ</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pah/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i>visargam</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വിസർഗം</span></span>, <i>visargam</i>), or <i><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></i>, represents a consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> after a vowel, and is transliterated as <i>ḥ</i>. Like the <i>anusvara</i>, it is a special symbol, and is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayalam_vowel_signs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Malayalam_vowel_signs.svg/800px-Malayalam_vowel_signs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Malayalam_vowel_signs.svg/1200px-Malayalam_vowel_signs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Malayalam_vowel_signs.svg/1600px-Malayalam_vowel_signs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption>Malayalam vowel signs combined with letter <big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"><b>ക</b></span></span></big> (ka)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Basic_consonant_letters">Basic consonant letters</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Basic consonant letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following tables show the basic consonant letters of the Malayalam script, with <b>romanizations</b> in <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>, transcriptions in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, and Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHARACTER NAMES</span>. The character names used in the report of the Government of Kerala committee (2001) are shown in <i>lowercase italics</i> when different from Unicode character names.<sup id="cite_ref-K_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those alternative names are based on the traditional romanization used by the <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> people. For example, <i>tha</i> in "<a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvanan<i>tha</i>puram</a>" is neither ISO <b>tha</b> nor Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">THA</span>, but <i>tha</i> in this sense (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ത</span></span>). The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a> (IS 13194:1991) character names are given in parentheses when different from the above. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <caption><i><a href="/wiki/Shiksha#Pratishakhyas" title="Shiksha">Varga</a></i> consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">Voiceless</a></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unaspirated</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspirated</a></th> <th>Unaspirated</th> <th>Aspirated</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക</span></span></big> <b>ka</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">KA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഖ</span></span></big> <b>kha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">KHA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഗ</span></span></big> <b>ga</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">GA</span><br /> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഘ</span></span></big> <b>gha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">GHA</span><br /> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ങ</span></span></big> <b>ṅa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">NGA</span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a><br />or<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a><br /> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ച</span></span></big> <b>ca</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃa/</span> <i>cha</i> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഛ</span></span></big> <b>cha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰa/</span> <i>chha</i> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ജ</span></span></big> <b>ja</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒa/</span> <i>ja</i> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഝ</span></span></big> <b>jha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒʱa/</span> <i>jha</i> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഞ</span></span></big> <b>ña</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲa/</span><br /><i>nha</i> (nja) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ട</span></span></big> <b>ṭa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">TTA</span><br /><i>ta</i> (hard ta) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഠ</span></span></big> <b>ṭha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">TTHA</span><br /><i>tta</i> (hard tha) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഡ</span></span></big> <b>ḍa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">DDA</span><br /><i>da</i> (hard da) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഢ</span></span></big> <b>ḍha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʱa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">DDHA</span><br /><i>dda</i> (hard dha) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ണ</span></span></big> <b>ṇa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">NNA</span><br /><i>hard na</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ത</span></span></big> <b>ta</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪a/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">TA</span><br /><i>tha</i> (soft ta) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഥ</span></span></big> <b>tha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪ʰa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">THA</span><br /><i>ttha</i> (soft tha) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ദ</span></span></big> <b>da</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪a/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">DA</span><br /><i>dha</i> (soft da) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ധ</span></span></big> <b>dha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪ʱa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">DHA</span><br /><i>ddha</i> (soft dha) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span></big> <b>na</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n̪a,<span class="wrap"> </span>na/</span><sup id="cite_ref-A_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">NA</span><br /><i>soft na</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ</span></span></big> <b>pa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">PA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഫ</span></span></big> <b>pha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">PHA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ബ</span></span></big> <b>ba</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ba/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">BA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഭ</span></span></big> <b>bha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">BHA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മ</span></span></big> <b>ma</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ma/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">MA</span><br />  </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <caption>Other consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">യ</span></span></big> <b>ya</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">YA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ര</span></span></big> <b>ra</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">RA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല</span></span></big> <b>la</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/la/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">LA</span><br />  </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വ</span></span></big> <b>va</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">VA</span><br />  </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ശ</span></span></big> <b>śa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕa</a>/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">SHA</span><br /><i>soft sha</i> (sha) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഷ</span></span></big> <b>ṣa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂa</a>/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">SSA</span><br /><i>sha</i> (hard sha) </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">സ</span></span></big> <b>sa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sa/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">SA</span><br /> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഹ</span></span></big> <b>ha</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ha/</span><sup id="cite_ref-Grammatical_Sketch_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammatical_Sketch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">HA</span><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ള</span></span></big> <b>ḷa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭa</a>/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">LLA</span><br /><i>hard la</i> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഴ</span></span></big> <b>ḻa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻa</a>/</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">LLLA<br /><i>zha</i></span> </td> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span></big> <sup id="cite_ref-K_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>ṟa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ra,<span class="wrap"> </span>ta/</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">RRA</span><br />(hard ra) </td> <td style="background:#ddd"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഩ</span></span></big> <b>ṉa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/na/</span><sup id="cite_ref-L_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">NNNA</span><br />  </td> <td style="background:#ddd"><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഺ</span></span></big> <b>ṯa</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ta/</span><sup id="cite_ref-M_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">TTTA</span><br />  </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal">Dental nasal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">alveolar nasal</a>, depending on the word.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1) Repetition of this letter (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ + റ</span></span>) represents a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">voiceless alveolar plosive</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tːa/</span>, it can also occur initially in loans where it can not be geminated; (2) <i><a href="#Chillus">chillu-n</a></i> + this letter (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻ + റ</span></span>) often represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nda]</span>; (3) otherwise <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> (apical) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ra/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corresponds to Tamil <i>ṉa</i> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ன</span></span>. Used rarely in scholarly texts to represent the alveolar nasal, as opposed to the dental nasal.<sup id="cite_ref-N3494_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3494-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ordinary texts both are represented by <i>na</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used rarely in scholarly texts to represent the voiceless alveolar plosive, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">voiceless dental plosive</a> represented by <i>ta</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ത</span></span>. In ordinary texts this sound is represented by <i>ṟṟa</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ്റ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-N3494_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3494-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chillus">Chillus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chillus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Chillus_in_Unicode">§ Chillus in Unicode</a></div> <p>A <i>chillu</i>, or a <i>chillaksharam</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ചില്ലക്ഷരം</span></span>, <i>cillakṣaram</i>), is a special consonant letter that represents a pure consonant independently, without help of a <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a>. Unlike a consonant represented by an ordinary consonant letter, this consonant is never followed by an inherent vowel. <a href="#Anusvaram">Anusvara</a> and <a href="#Visargam">visarga</a> fit this definition but are not usually included. ISCII and Unicode 5.0 treat a <i>chillu</i> as a glyph variant of a normal ("base") consonant letter.<sup id="cite_ref-TUS50_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Unicode 5.1 and later, however, <i>chillu</i> letters are treated as independent characters, encoded atomically.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode5.1.0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode5.1.0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six independent chillu letters (0D7A..0D7F) had been encoded in Unicode 5.1.,<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode5.1.0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode5.1.0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three additional chillu letters (0D54..0D56) were encoded with the publication of Unicode 9.0.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <caption><i>Chillu</i> letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Letter </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">Base </th> <th scope="col">Remarks </th> <th scope="col">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൺ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU NN</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ṇa</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ണ</span></span></b></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കൂൺ</span></span> (kūṇ, "mushroom") </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU N</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ṉa</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span></b></td> <td>Chillu of alveolar nasal <i>ṉa</i>.</td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അവൻ</span></span> (avaṉ, "he") </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ർ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU RR</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ṟa</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span></b></td> <td>Historically stood for <span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ra</i></span> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ര</span></span>, not <span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ṟa</i></span> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span>.</td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അവർ</span></span> (avar̠, "they") </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൽ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU L</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">la</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല</span></span></b></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഒടുവിൽ</span></span> (oṭuvil, "finally") </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൾ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU LL</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ḷa</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ള</span></span></b></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അവൾ</span></span> (avaḷ, "she") </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൿ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU K</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ka</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക</span></span></b></td> <td>Not in modern use</td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വാൿചാതുരി</span></span> (does not occur word finally.) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൔ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU M</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ma</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മ</span></span></b></td> <td>Not in modern use</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൕ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU Y</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ya</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">യ</span></span></b></td> <td>Not in modern use</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൖ</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">CHILLU LLL</span></td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">ḻa</i></span> <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഴ</span></span></b></td> <td>Not in modern use</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chandrakkala">Chandrakkala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chandrakkala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The virama in Malayalam is called candrakkala (chandrakkala), it has two functions:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>As virama: used to suppress the inherent vowel</li> <li>As samvruthokaram: represent the "half-u" sound /ə̆/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_virama">As virama</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As virama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chandrakkala</i> <big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ്</span></span></big> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ചന്ദ്രക്കല</span></span>, <i>candrakkala</i>) is a diacritic attached to a consonant letter to show that the consonant is not followed by an inherent vowel or any other vowel (for example, <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക</span></span> <i>ka</i> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> <i>k</i>). This kind of diacritic is common in Indic scripts, generically called <i><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></i> in Sanskrit, or <i>halant</i> in Hindi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Half-u">Half-u</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Half-u"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of a word, the same symbol sometimes represents a very short vowel, known as "half-u", or "samvruthokaram" (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">സംവൃതോകാരം</span></span>, <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">saṁvr̥tōkāram</i></span></i>), or <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">kuṯṯiyal ukaram</i></span></i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കുറ്റിയൽ ഉകരം</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ChitrajakumarEtGangadharan2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChitrajakumarEtGangadharan2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact pronunciation of this vowel varies from dialect to dialect, but it is approximately <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ̽]</span><sup id="cite_ref-N3126_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3126-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span>, and transliterated as <b>ŭ</b> (for example, <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span> <i>na</i> → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്</span></span> <i>nŭ</i>). Optionally, a vowel sign <i>u</i> is inserted, as in <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">നു്</span></span> (= <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ു</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"> ്</span></span>). According to one author, this alternative form is historically more correct, though the simplified form without a vowel sign <i>u</i> is common nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-S_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the same spelling <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്</span></span> may represent either <i>n</i> or <i>nŭ</i> depending on the context. Generally, it is <i>nŭ</i> at the end of a word, and <i>n</i> elsewhere; <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">നു്</span></span> always represents <i>nŭ</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari script</a> behave similarly to Malayalam. Virama has three functions: to suppress the inherent vowel (as the halant of Devanagari); to form conjunct consonants; to represent the half-u.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> supports half-u for Kashmiri; for example <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">നു്</span></span> is written as <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">नॖ</span></span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Srinidhi A and Sridatta A made comments on the proposals of Cibu Johny et al.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonant_ligatures">Consonant ligatures</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consonant ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like in other <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family of scripts">Indic scripts</a>, a <a href="#Chandrakkala">virama</a> is used in the Malayalam script to cancel—or "kill"—the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a> of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel, so-called a "dead" consonant. For example, </p> <ol><li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span> is a consonant letter <i>na</i>,</li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span> is a virama; therefore,</li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്‌</span></span> (<i>na</i> + virama) represents a dead consonant <i>n</i>.</li></ol> <p>If this <i>n</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്‌</span></span> is further followed by another consonant letter, for example, <i>ma</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മ</span></span>, the result may look like <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്‌മ</span></span>, which represents <i>nma</i> as <i>na</i> + virama + <i>ma</i>. In this case, two elements <i>n</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്‌</span></span> and <i>ma</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മ</span></span> are simply placed one by one, side by side. Alternatively, <i>nma</i> can be also written as a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്മ</span></span>. </p><p>Generally, when a dead consonant letter C<sub>1</sub> and another consonant letter C<sub>2</sub> are conjoined, the result may be either: </p> <ol><li>A fully conjoined ligature of C<sub>1</sub>+C<sub>2</sub>;</li> <li>Half-conjoined— <ul><li>C<sub>1</sub>-conjoining: a modified form (half form) of C<sub>1</sub> attached to the original form (full form) of C<sub>2</sub></li> <li>C<sub>2</sub>-conjoining: a modified form of C<sub>2</sub> attached to the full form of C<sub>1</sub>; or</li></ul></li> <li>Non-ligated: full forms of C<sub>1</sub> and C<sub>2</sub> with a visible virama.<sup id="cite_ref-Constable2004_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constable2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>If the result is fully or half-conjoined, the (conceptual) virama which made C<sub>1</sub> dead becomes invisible, only logically existing in a <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> scheme such as Unicode. If the result is non-ligated, a virama is visible, attached to C<sub>1</sub>. The glyphs for <i>nma</i> has a visible virama if not ligated (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്‌മ</span></span>), but if ligated, the virama disappears (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്മ</span></span>). Usually the difference between those forms is superficial and both are semantically identical, just like the meaning of the English word <i>palaeography</i> does not change even if it is spelled <i>palæography</i>, with the ligature <a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Common_consonant_ligatures">Common consonant ligatures</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Common consonant ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several consonant-consonant ligatures are used commonly even in the new orthography. </p> <table class="wikitable" lang="ml" style="text-align:center; margin-left:30px"> <caption><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Common ligatures</span></span> </caption> <tbody><tr lang="en"> <th> </th> <th><i>kka</i></th> <th><i>ṅka</i></th> <th><i>ṅṅa</i></th> <th><i>cca</i></th> <th><i>ñca</i></th> <th><i>ñña</i></th> <th><i>ṭṭa</i></th> <th><i>ṇṭa</i></th> <th><i>ṇṇa</i></th> <th><i>tta</i></th> <th><i>nta</i></th> <th><i>nna</i></th> <th><i>ppa</i></th> <th><i>mpa</i></th> <th><i>mma</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Non-ligated</span></span> </th> <td>ക്‌ക</td> <td>ങ്‌ക</td> <td>ങ്‌ങ</td> <td>ച്‌ച</td> <td>ഞ്‌ച</td> <td>ഞ്‌ഞ</td> <td>ട്‌ട</td> <td>ണ്‌ട</td> <td>ണ്‌ണ</td> <td>ത്‌ത</td> <td>ന്‌ത</td> <td>ന്‌ന</td> <td>പ്‌പ</td> <td>മ്‌പ</td> <td>മ്‌മ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Ligated</span></span> </th> <td>ക്ക</td> <td>ങ്ക</td> <td>ങ്ങ</td> <td>ച്ച</td> <td>ഞ്ച</td> <td>ഞ്ഞ</td> <td>ട്ട</td> <td>ണ്ട</td> <td>ണ്ണ</td> <td>ത്ത</td> <td>ന്ത</td> <td>ന്ന</td> <td>പ്പ</td> <td>മ്പ</td> <td>മ്മ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ligature <i>mpa</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മ്പ</span></span> was historically derived from <i>npa</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്‌പ</span></span>. The ligatures <i>cca</i>, <i>bba</i>, <i>yya</i>, and <i>vva</i> are special in that a doubled consonant is denoted by a triangle sign below a consonant letter. </p> <table class="wikitable" lang="ml" style="text-align:center;margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr lang="en"> <th> </th> <th><i>cca</i></th> <th><i>bba</i></th> <th><i>yya</i></th> <th><i>vva</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Non-ligated</span></span> </th> <td>ച്‌ച</td> <td>ബ്‌ബ</td> <td>യ്‌യ</td> <td>വ്‌വ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Ligated</span></span> </th> <td>ച്ച</td> <td>ബ്ബ</td> <td>യ്യ</td> <td>വ്വ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Consonant_+_ya,_va,_la,_ra"><span id="Consonant_.2B_ya.2C_va.2C_la.2C_ra"></span>Consonant + <i>ya</i>, <i>va</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>ra</i></h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Consonant + ya, va, la, ra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>The consonant letter <i>ya</i> is generally C<sub>2</sub>-conjoining after a consonant in both orthographies. For example,</li></ol> <ul><li><i>k</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> + <i>ya</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">യ</span></span> = <i>kya</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്യ</span></span></li> <li><i>p</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്</span></span> + <i>ya</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">യ</span></span> = <i>pya</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്യ</span></span></li></ul> <p>In <i>kya</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്യ</span></span>, a variant form of <i>ya</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്യ</span></span>) is placed after the full form of <i>ka</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക</span></span>, just like <i>ki</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കി</span></span> is written <i>ka</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക</span></span> followed by the vowel sign <i>i</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ി</span></span>. In other words, the variant form of <i>ya</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്യ</span></span>) used after a consonant letter can be considered as a diacritic. Since it is placed after the base character, it is sometimes referred to as a <i>post-base</i> form. An exception is <i>yya</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">യ്യ</span></span> (see above). </p> <ol><li>Similarly, <i>va</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്വ</span></span>) after a consonant takes a post-base form:</li></ol> <ul><li><i>k</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> + <i>va</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വ</span></span> = <i>kva</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്വ</span></span></li> <li><i>p</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്</span></span> + <i>va</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വ</span></span> = <i>pva</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്വ</span></span></li></ul> <p>An exception is <i>vva</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വ്വ</span></span> (see above). </p> <ol><li>The consonant letter <i>la</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്ല</span></span>) after a consonant traditionally takes a below-base form. These forms are used also in the new orthography, though some fonts do not support them.</li></ol> <ul><li><i>k</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> + <i>la</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല</span></span> = <i>kla</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്ല</span></span></li> <li><i>p</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്</span></span> + <i>la</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല</span></span> = <i>pla</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്ല</span></span></li> <li><i>l</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല്</span></span> + <i>la</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല</span></span> = <i>lla</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ല്ല</span></span></li></ul> <ol><li>A consonant letter <i>ra</i> (്ര) after a consonant usually takes a pre-base form in the reformed orthography, while this combination makes a fully conjoined ligature in the traditional orthography.</li></ol> <ul><li><i>k</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്</span></span> + <i>ra</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ര</span></span> = <i>kra</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ക്ര</span></span></li> <li><i>p</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്</span></span> + <i>ra</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ര</span></span> = <i>pra</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്ര</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="nṯa_and_ṯṯa"><span id="n.E1.B9.AFa_and_.E1.B9.AF.E1.B9.AFa"></span><i>nṯa</i> and <i>ṯṯa</i></h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: nṯa and ṯṯa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ligature <i>nṯa</i> is written as <i>n</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്‌</span></span> + <i>ṟa</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span> and pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nda/</span>. The ligature <i>ṯṯa</i> is written as <i>ṟ</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ്</span></span> + <i>ṟa</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" lang="ml" style="text-align:center;margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr lang="en"> <th> </th> <th><i>nṯa</i></th> <th><i>ṯṯa</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Non-ligated</span></span> </th> <td>ന്‌റ</td> <td>റ്‌റ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Ligated</span></span> </th> <td>ന്റ</td> <td>റ്റ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Digraph</span></span> </th> <td>ൻറ</td> <td>ററ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In those two ligatures, a small <i>ṟa</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">‌റ</span></span> is written below the first letter (<i>chillu-n</i> if it is a dead <i>n</i>). Alternatively, the letter <i>ṟa</i> is sometimes written to the right of the first letter, making a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> (just like <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Iota_adscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Iota adscript">ωι</a></span></span> used instead of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ῳ</a></span></span> in Greek). The spelling <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻറ</span></span> is therefore read either <i>nṟa</i> (two separate letters) or <i>nṯa</i> (digraph) depending on the word like in <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">എൻറോൾ</span></span> (en̠r̠ōḷ) 'enroll' or <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഹെൻറി</span></span> (hen̠r̠i) 'Henry' but <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്റ</span></span> is always read <i>nṯa</i>. Similarly, <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">‌റ‌റ</span></span> is read either <i>ṟaṟa</i> or <i>ṯṯa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode5.1.0_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode5.1.0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dot_reph">Dot reph</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dot reph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the traditional orthography, a dead consonant <i>r</i> before a consonant sometimes takes an above-base form, known as a <i>dot reph</i>, which looks like a short vertical line or a dot. Generally, a <i>chillu-r</i> is used instead of a dot reph in the reformed orthography. </p> <ul><li>r <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ര്</span></span> + ga <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഗ</span></span> = rga <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൎഗ</span></span> (Reformed: <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ർഗ</span></span>)</li> <li>r <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ര്</span></span> + ja <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ജ</span></span> = rja <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൎജ</span></span> (Reformed: <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ർജ</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonant-vowel_ligatures">Consonant-vowel ligatures</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Consonant-vowel ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the pre-1971 orthography, consonant + the vowels u, ū, r̥ were written as ligatures, post-1971 they are written with symbols after the letter. They can be still seen in old signs and used by people who learned to write before 1971. </p><p>r̥̄ l̥ l̥̄ (which are not part of modern orthography) were also written as ligatures but there were not any words with l̥̄ even in Sanskrit; r̥̄ was only used grammatically instead of r̥ in Sanskrit so it was not used either; there is only one root with l̥ in Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कॢप्त</span></span> which was loaned into Malayalam as <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">കൢപ്തം</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonant-consonant_ligatures">Consonant-consonant ligatures</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consonant-consonant ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are consonant-consonant ligatures used even now like <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്ത</span></span> and <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ണ്ട</span></span> almost all clusters were written as ligatures before 1971, most of the time the second consonant was written to the bottom right of the first consonant, in consonant + r clusters the <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്ര</span></span> was attached to the main consonant, now its detached and placed to the left. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaic_signs">Archaic signs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Archaic signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ഺ"><span id=".E0.B4.BA"></span><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഺ</span></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: ഺ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഺ</span></span> was made by <a href="/wiki/A._R._Raja_Raja_Varma" title="A. R. Raja Raja Varma">A. R. Raja Raja Varma</a> and it was not used as a single letter, in his orthography <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ്റ</span></span> (ṯṯ) was written as <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഺ്ഺ</span></span> and <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്റ</span></span> (ṉḏ) as <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഩ്ഺ</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Archaic_viramas">Archaic viramas</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Archaic viramas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before chandrakkala was made, there were two other viramas used simultaneously, the vertical bar virama <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">഻</span></span> and circular virama <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">഼</span></span>. The vertical bar virama was used exclusively for loanwords and circular virama just for native words. Before the vertical bar virama used to cut through the main consonant and it led to the creation of the chillu letters. It was sometimes confused with the dot reph <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ൎ</span></span> since they look similar but both of them are used for different purposes (see above for dot reph).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chandrabindu">Chandrabindu</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Chandrabindu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ഁ</span></span> was like the chandrabindu from other scripts and was used to nasalise the vowel; it was only used for writing Sanskrit and Prakrits. It is archaic.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_Anusvaras">Other Anusvaras</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other Anusvaras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ഄ</span></span> was used like the Devanagari <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ꣳ</span></span> and contrasts with the normal anusvara.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ഀ</span></span> was not really used in Malayalam but was used in the Grantha script, in it the normal anusvara <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> represents gemination of the next consonant and this anusvara represents an actual linguistic anusvara. Both are archaic.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeral_system">Numeral system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Numeral system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_numerals" title="Malayalam numerals">Malayalam numerals</a></div> <p>Malayalam <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">numeral system</a> is archaic and no longer commonly used. Instead, the common <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic numeral system</a> is followed. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10</th> <th>100</th> <th>1000</th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:large" lang="ml"> <td>൦</td> <td>൧</td> <td>൨</td> <td>൩</td> <td>൪</td> <td>൫</td> <td>൬</td> <td>൭</td> <td>൮</td> <td>൯</td> <td>൰</td> <td>൱</td> <td>൲</td> <td>൳</td> <td>൴</td> <td>൵ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Number "11" is written as "<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൰൧</span></span>" and not "<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൧൧</span></span>". "32" is written as "<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൩൰൨</span></span>" similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numeral system</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr> <th>11</th> <th>20</th> <th>21</th> <th>30</th> <th>110</th> <th>10,099 </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:large" lang="ml"> <td>൰൧</td> <td>൨൰ </td> <td>൨൰൧</td> <td>൩൰</td> <td>൱൰ </td> <td>൰൲൯൰൯ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Suppose the number is "2013". It is read in Malayalam as "<b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">രണ്ടായിരത്തി പതിമൂന്ന്</span></span></b>" (raṇḍāyiratti padimūnnu). It is split into : </p> <ul><li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">രണ്ട്</span></span> (raṇḍŭ) : 2 - <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൨</span></span></b></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ആയിരം</span></span> (āyiram) : 1000 - <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൲</span></span></b></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പത്ത്</span></span> (pattŭ) : 10 - <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൰</span></span></b></li> <li><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മൂന്ന്</span></span> (mūnnŭ) : 3 - <b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൩</span></span></b></li></ul> <p>Combine them together to get the Malayalam number "<b><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൨൲൰൩</span></span></b>".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_symbols">Other symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:80%;margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Praslesham </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span></big></td> <td>Corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a>, used when a Sanskrit phrase containing an <i>avagraha</i> is written in Malayalam script. The symbol indicates the <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of the word-initial vowel <i>a</i> after a word that ends in <i>ā</i>, <i>ē</i>, or <i>ō</i>, and is transliterated as an apostrophe (’), or sometimes as a colon + an apostrophe (:’).<br />(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">പ്രശ്ലേഷം</span></span>, <span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">praślēṣam</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Malayalam date mark </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">൹</span></span></big> </td> <td>Used in an abbreviation of a date. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">Danda</a> </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">।</span></span></big> </td> <td rowspan="2">Archaic punctuation marks used as full stops or for delimiting <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verses</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Double danda </th> <td><big><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">॥</span></span></big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following text is Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayalam">Malayalam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Malayalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടുംകൂടി ജനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളവരാണ്‌. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാതൃഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ്‌ മനുഷ്യന് വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്‌</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanisation_(ISO_15919)"><span id="Romanisation_.28ISO_15919.29"></span>Romanisation (ISO 15919)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Romanisation (ISO 15919)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>man̠uṣyarellāvaruṁ tulyāvakāśaṅṅaḷōṭuṁ antassōṭuṁ svātantryattōṭuṅkūṭi jan̠icciṭṭuḷḷavarāṇ‌ŭ. an̠yōn̠yaṁ bhrātr̥bhāvattōṭe perumāṟuvān̠āṇ‌ŭ man̠uṣyan̠ŭ vivēkabuddhiyuṁ man̠asākṣiyuṁ siddhamāyirikkunnat‌ŭ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPA">IPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: IPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>/manuʂjaɾellaːʋaɾum t̪uljaːʋakaːʃaŋŋaɭoːʈum an̪t̪assoːʈum sʋaːt̪an̪tɾjat̪t̪oːʈuŋkuːʈi d͡ʒanit͡ʃt͡ʃiʈʈuɭɭaʋaɾaːɳɨ̆ ǁ anjoːnjam bʱraːt̪rɨ̆bʱaːʋat̪t̪oːʈe peɾumaːruʋaːnaːɳɨ̆ manuʂjanɨ̆ ʋiʋeːkabud̪d̪ʱijum manasaːkʂijum sid̪d̪ʱamaːjiɾikkun̪ːat̪ɨ̆ ǁ/ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malayalam script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block">Block</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_(Unicode_block)" title="Malayalam (Unicode block)">Malayalam (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The Unicode block for Malayalam is U+0D00–U+0D7F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_(Unicode_block)" title="Malayalam (Unicode block)">Malayalam</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0D00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U0D00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0D00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U0D00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D0x </td> <td title="U+0D00: MALAYALAM SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE">ഀ </td> <td title="U+0D01: MALAYALAM SIGN CANDRABINDU">ഁ </td> <td title="U+0D02: MALAYALAM SIGN ANUSVARA">ം </td> <td title="U+0D03: MALAYALAM SIGN VISARGA">ഃ </td> <td title="U+0D04: MALAYALAM LETTER VEDIC ANUSVARA">ഄ </td> <td title="U+0D05: MALAYALAM LETTER A">അ </td> <td title="U+0D06: MALAYALAM LETTER AA">ആ </td> <td title="U+0D07: MALAYALAM LETTER I">ഇ </td> <td title="U+0D08: MALAYALAM LETTER II">ഈ </td> <td title="U+0D09: MALAYALAM LETTER U">ഉ </td> <td title="U+0D0A: MALAYALAM LETTER UU">ഊ </td> <td title="U+0D0B: MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R">ഋ </td> <td title="U+0D0C: MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC L">ഌ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0D0E: MALAYALAM LETTER E">എ </td> <td title="U+0D0F: MALAYALAM LETTER EE">ഏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D1x </td> <td title="U+0D10: MALAYALAM LETTER AI">ഐ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0D12: MALAYALAM LETTER O">ഒ </td> <td title="U+0D13: MALAYALAM LETTER OO">ഓ </td> <td title="U+0D14: MALAYALAM LETTER AU">ഔ </td> <td title="U+0D15: MALAYALAM LETTER KA">ക </td> <td title="U+0D16: MALAYALAM LETTER KHA">ഖ </td> <td title="U+0D17: MALAYALAM LETTER GA">ഗ </td> <td title="U+0D18: MALAYALAM LETTER GHA">ഘ </td> <td title="U+0D19: MALAYALAM LETTER NGA">ങ </td> <td title="U+0D1A: MALAYALAM LETTER CA">ച </td> <td title="U+0D1B: MALAYALAM LETTER CHA">ഛ </td> <td title="U+0D1C: MALAYALAM LETTER JA">ജ </td> <td title="U+0D1D: MALAYALAM LETTER JHA">ഝ </td> <td title="U+0D1E: MALAYALAM LETTER NYA">ഞ </td> <td title="U+0D1F: MALAYALAM LETTER TTA">ട </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D2x </td> <td title="U+0D20: MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA">ഠ </td> <td title="U+0D21: MALAYALAM LETTER DDA">ഡ </td> <td title="U+0D22: MALAYALAM LETTER DDHA">ഢ </td> <td title="U+0D23: MALAYALAM LETTER NNA">ണ </td> <td title="U+0D24: MALAYALAM LETTER TA">ത </td> <td title="U+0D25: MALAYALAM LETTER THA">ഥ </td> <td title="U+0D26: MALAYALAM LETTER DA">ദ </td> <td title="U+0D27: MALAYALAM LETTER DHA">ധ </td> <td title="U+0D28: MALAYALAM LETTER NA">ന </td> <td title="U+0D29: MALAYALAM LETTER NNNA">ഩ </td> <td title="U+0D2A: MALAYALAM LETTER PA">പ </td> <td title="U+0D2B: MALAYALAM LETTER PHA">ഫ </td> <td title="U+0D2C: MALAYALAM LETTER BA">ബ </td> <td title="U+0D2D: MALAYALAM LETTER BHA">ഭ </td> <td title="U+0D2E: MALAYALAM LETTER MA">മ </td> <td title="U+0D2F: MALAYALAM LETTER YA">യ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D3x </td> <td title="U+0D30: MALAYALAM LETTER RA">ര </td> <td title="U+0D31: MALAYALAM LETTER RRA">റ </td> <td title="U+0D32: MALAYALAM LETTER LA">ല </td> <td title="U+0D33: MALAYALAM LETTER LLA">ള </td> <td title="U+0D34: MALAYALAM LETTER LLLA">ഴ </td> <td title="U+0D35: MALAYALAM LETTER VA">വ </td> <td title="U+0D36: MALAYALAM LETTER SHA">ശ </td> <td title="U+0D37: MALAYALAM LETTER SSA">ഷ </td> <td title="U+0D38: MALAYALAM LETTER SA">സ </td> <td title="U+0D39: MALAYALAM LETTER HA">ഹ </td> <td title="U+0D3A: MALAYALAM LETTER TTTA">ഺ </td> <td title="U+0D3B: MALAYALAM SIGN VERTICAL BAR VIRAMA">഻ </td> <td title="U+0D3C: MALAYALAM SIGN CIRCULAR VIRAMA">഼ </td> <td title="U+0D3D: MALAYALAM SIGN AVAGRAHA">ഽ </td> <td title="U+0D3E: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AA">ാ </td> <td title="U+0D3F: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN I">ി </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D4x </td> <td title="U+0D40: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN II">ീ </td> <td title="U+0D41: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN U">ു </td> <td title="U+0D42: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN UU">ൂ </td> <td title="U+0D43: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R">ൃ </td> <td title="U+0D44: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR">ൄ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0D46: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN E">െ </td> <td title="U+0D47: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN EE">േ </td> <td title="U+0D48: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AI">ൈ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0D4A: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN O">ൊ </td> <td title="U+0D4B: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN OO">ോ </td> <td title="U+0D4C: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AU">ൌ </td> <td title="U+0D4D: MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA">് </td> <td title="U+0D4E: MALAYALAM LETTER DOT REPH"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;">  ൎ  </span> </td> <td title="U+0D4F: MALAYALAM SIGN PARA">൏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D5x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0D54: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU M">ൔ </td> <td title="U+0D55: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU Y">ൕ </td> <td title="U+0D56: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU LLL">ൖ </td> <td title="U+0D57: MALAYALAM AU LENGTH MARK">ൗ </td> <td title="U+0D58: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE ONE-HUNDRED-AND-SIXTIETH">൘ </td> <td title="U+0D59: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE FORTIETH">൙ </td> <td title="U+0D5A: MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE EIGHTIETHS">൚ </td> <td title="U+0D5B: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE TWENTIETH">൛ </td> <td title="U+0D5C: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE TENTH">൜ </td> <td title="U+0D5D: MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE TWENTIETHS">൝ </td> <td title="U+0D5E: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE FIFTH">൞ </td> <td title="U+0D5F: MALAYALAM LETTER ARCHAIC II">ൟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D6x </td> <td title="U+0D60: MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC RR">ൠ </td> <td title="U+0D61: MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC LL">ൡ </td> <td title="U+0D62: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L">ൢ </td> <td title="U+0D63: MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL">ൣ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0D66: MALAYALAM DIGIT ZERO">൦ </td> <td title="U+0D67: MALAYALAM DIGIT ONE">൧ </td> <td title="U+0D68: MALAYALAM DIGIT TWO">൨ </td> <td title="U+0D69: MALAYALAM DIGIT THREE">൩ </td> <td title="U+0D6A: MALAYALAM DIGIT FOUR">൪ </td> <td title="U+0D6B: MALAYALAM DIGIT FIVE">൫ </td> <td title="U+0D6C: MALAYALAM DIGIT SIX">൬ </td> <td title="U+0D6D: MALAYALAM DIGIT SEVEN">൭ </td> <td title="U+0D6E: MALAYALAM DIGIT EIGHT">൮ </td> <td title="U+0D6F: MALAYALAM DIGIT NINE">൯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0D7x </td> <td title="U+0D70: MALAYALAM NUMBER TEN">൰ </td> <td title="U+0D71: MALAYALAM NUMBER ONE HUNDRED">൱ </td> <td title="U+0D72: MALAYALAM NUMBER ONE THOUSAND">൲ </td> <td title="U+0D73: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE QUARTER">൳ </td> <td title="U+0D74: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE HALF">൴ </td> <td title="U+0D75: MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE QUARTERS">൵ </td> <td title="U+0D76: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE SIXTEENTH">൶ </td> <td title="U+0D77: MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE EIGHTH">൷ </td> <td title="U+0D78: MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE SIXTEENTHS">൸ </td> <td title="U+0D79: MALAYALAM DATE MARK">൹ </td> <td title="U+0D7A: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU NN">ൺ </td> <td title="U+0D7B: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N">ൻ </td> <td title="U+0D7C: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU RR">ർ </td> <td title="U+0D7D: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU L">ൽ </td> <td title="U+0D7E: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU LL">ൾ </td> <td title="U+0D7F: MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU K">ൿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0D00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U0D00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0D00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U0D00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chillus_in_Unicode">Chillus in Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Chillus in Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, <i>avan</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അവൻ</span></span> ("he") is written as <i>a</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അ</span></span> + <i>va</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">വ</span></span> + <i>chillu-n</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻ</span></span>, where <i>chillu-n</i> represents the <i>n</i> sound without a vowel. In other Indic scripts, the same word would be possibly written as <i>a</i> + <i>va</i> + <i>na</i> + virama. However, in Malayalam script, that sequence represents a different word, <i>avanŭ</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അവന്‌</span></span> ("to him"), and is not interchangeable with <i>avan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johny2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johny2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because in modern Malayalam script, the sign for a virama also works as the sign for a <a href="#Half-u">vowel <i>ŭ</i></a> at the end of a word, and is not able to cleanly "kill" the inherent vowel in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-N3126_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3126-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To differentiate a pure consonant (<i>chillu</i>) and a consonant with <i>ŭ</i>, <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">zero-width joiner</a> (ZWJ) and <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">zero-width non-joiner</a> (ZWNJ) were used before Unicode 5.1.<sup id="cite_ref-TUS50_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this system was problematic. Among other things, glyph variants specified by ZWJ or ZWNJ are supposed to be non-semantic, whereas a <i>chillu</i> (expressed as letter + virama + ZWJ) and the same consonant followed by a <i>ŭ</i> (expressed as letter + virama + ZWNJ) are often <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantically</a> different. After a long debate,<sup id="cite_ref-N3126_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3126-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine <i>chillu letters</i> now have their own <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a> since Unicode 9.0 (though only 5 of them are used in modern Malayalam), though applications should also be prepared to handle data in the representation specified in Unicode 5.0.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode5.1.0_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode5.1.0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means, fonts should display chillus in both sequences; while an input method should output standard chillus. </p><p>The ligature <i>nṯa</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്റ</span></span> is very common and supported by most Malayalam fonts in one way or another, but exactly how it should be encoded was not clear in Unicode 5.0 and earlier, and two incompatible implementations are currently in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_2005_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_2005-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Unicode 5.1 (2008), the sequence to represent it was explicitly redefined as <i>chillu-n</i> + virama + <i>ṟa</i> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻ്റ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode5.1.0_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode5.1.0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്റ</span></span> ligature is often considered to be the correct form to represent n̠d̠ as <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻറ</span></span> can also represent n̠r̠ but in many computers it is only shown with <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻ</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span> even though a chandrakkala cannot be after a chillu letter, other computers show it with <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span>. Some computers display <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻ്റ</span></span> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ൻ</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span>) and <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന്റ</span></span> (<span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ന</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span> + <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">റ</span></span>) differently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_(849_AD).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Quilon Syrian copper plates (849/850 CE) is the available oldest inscription written in Old Malayalam.[47] Besides Old Malayalam, the copper plate also contains signatures in Arabic (Kufic script), Middle Persian (cursive Pahlavi script) and Judeo-Persian (standard square Hebrew) scripts.[48]"><img alt="The Quilon Syrian copper plates (849/850 CE) is the available oldest inscription written in Old Malayalam.[47] Besides Old Malayalam, the copper plate also contains signatures in Arabic (Kufic script), Middle Persian (cursive Pahlavi script) and Judeo-Persian (standard square Hebrew) scripts.[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_AD%29.jpg/160px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_AD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_AD%29.jpg/240px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_AD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_AD%29.jpg/320px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_AD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="6832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates" title="Quilon Syrian copper plates">Quilon Syrian copper plates</a> (849/850 CE) is the available oldest inscription written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adagadagudugudu_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adagadagudugudu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a>, the copper plate also contains signatures in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (Kufic script), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (cursive Pahlavi script) and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> (standard square <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>) scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-cereti_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cereti-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A medieval Tigalari manuscript (Bears high similarity with modern Malayalam script)"><img alt="A medieval Tigalari manuscript (Bears high similarity with modern Malayalam script)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg/160px-Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg/240px-Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg/320px-Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A medieval <a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a> manuscript (Bears high similarity with modern Malayalam script)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ckm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bilingual sign in Malayalam and Latin script (English) at Changaramkulam, Malappuram, Kerala"><img alt="A bilingual sign in Malayalam and Latin script (English) at Changaramkulam, Malappuram, Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ckm.jpg/160px-Ckm.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ckm.jpg/240px-Ckm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ckm.jpg/320px-Ckm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_sign" title="Bilingual sign">bilingual sign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Changaramkulam" title="Changaramkulam">Changaramkulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copy_of_Ezhuthachan%27s_Adhyathma_ramayanam_Kilippattu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copy of Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan's stylus and Adhyatma Ramayanam preserved at Thunchan Parambu, Tirur"><img alt="Copy of Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan's stylus and Adhyatma Ramayanam preserved at Thunchan Parambu, Tirur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copy_of_Ezhuthachan%27s_Adhyathma_ramayanam_Kilippattu.jpg/160px-Copy_of_Ezhuthachan%27s_Adhyathma_ramayanam_Kilippattu.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copy_of_Ezhuthachan%27s_Adhyathma_ramayanam_Kilippattu.jpg/240px-Copy_of_Ezhuthachan%27s_Adhyathma_ramayanam_Kilippattu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copy_of_Ezhuthachan%27s_Adhyathma_ramayanam_Kilippattu.jpg/320px-Copy_of_Ezhuthachan%27s_Adhyathma_ramayanam_Kilippattu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copy of <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Adhyathmaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhyathmaramayanam">Adhyatma Ramayanam</a></i> preserved at <a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu,_Tirur" title="Thunchan Parambu, Tirur">Thunchan Parambu, Tirur</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University is situated at Thunchan Parambu, Tirur, Malappuram"><img alt="The Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University is situated at Thunchan Parambu, Tirur, Malappuram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg/160px-THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg/240px-THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg/320px-THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5165" data-file-height="2507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_Malayalam_University" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University">Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University</a> is situated at <a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunchan Parambu">Thunchan Parambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Sangeetha_Nadaka_Academy_Trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Malayalam sign. Notice the word-initial a അ in akkādami, and the vowel sign ē േ in Kēraḷa"><img alt="A Malayalam sign. Notice the word-initial a അ in akkādami, and the vowel sign ē േ in Kēraḷa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kerala_Sangeetha_Nadaka_Academy_Trimmed.jpg/160px-Kerala_Sangeetha_Nadaka_Academy_Trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kerala_Sangeetha_Nadaka_Academy_Trimmed.jpg/240px-Kerala_Sangeetha_Nadaka_Academy_Trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kerala_Sangeetha_Nadaka_Academy_Trimmed.jpg/320px-Kerala_Sangeetha_Nadaka_Academy_Trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Malayalam sign. Notice the word-initial <i>a</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">അ</span></span> in <b>akkādami</b>, and the vowel sign <i>ē</i> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">േ</span></span> in <b>Kēraḷa</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A signboard including Malayalam at Mina, Saudi Arabia"><img alt="A signboard including Malayalam at Mina, Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mina_hospital.jpg/160px-Mina_hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mina_hospital.jpg/240px-Mina_hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mina_hospital.jpg/320px-Mina_hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A signboard including <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina, Saudi Arabia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malayalam letters on old Travancore Rupee coin"><img alt="Malayalam letters on old Travancore Rupee coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg/160px-Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg/240px-Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg/320px-Travancore_Rupee_-_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Malayalam letters on old <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Rupee" title="Travancore Rupee">Travancore Rupee</a> coin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_angelo_fort_Arakkal_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Malayalam signboard from Kannur, Kerala. Malayalam is official language in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puduchery"><img alt="A Malayalam signboard from Kannur, Kerala. Malayalam is official language in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puduchery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/St_angelo_fort_Arakkal_Museum.JPG/160px-St_angelo_fort_Arakkal_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/St_angelo_fort_Arakkal_Museum.JPG/240px-St_angelo_fort_Arakkal_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/St_angelo_fort_Arakkal_Museum.JPG/320px-St_angelo_fort_Arakkal_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Malayalam signboard from <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, Kerala. Malayalam is official language in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and the union territories of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puduchery</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Arabi Malayalam script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_script" title="Malabar script">Malabar script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulabhadra" title="Mulabhadra">Mulabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Omniglot-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kerala+Gazette&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Committee+on+Malayalam+Character+Encoding+and+Keyboard+Layout+Standardisation&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2023&rft.date=2001-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickeralam.org%2Fmalayalam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~mp/malayalam/keyboard/malayalam%20standardization%20report.pdf">the May 2001 version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131052558/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~mp/malayalam/keyboard/malayalam%20standardization%20report.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_h-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_h_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asher, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2+N3126+L2%2F06-207&rft.atitle=Malayalam+cillaksarams&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2FN3126.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitrajakumarGangadharan2005" class="citation web cs1">Chitrajakumar, R. & Gangadharan, N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p28/05210-malayalam.pdf">"Chandrakkala. 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L2/17-378 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17378-tigalari.pdf"><i>Preliminary proposal to encode Tigalari script in Unicode</i></a> (pp. 12-15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Srinidhi, A. & Sridatta, A. (2017). L2/17-182 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17182-tigalari-cmt.pdf"><i>Comments on encoding the Tigalari script</i></a> (pp. 9-11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constable2004-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constable2004_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2004" class="citation web cs1">Constable, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/review/pr-37.pdf">"Clarification of the Use of Zero Width Joiner in Indic Scripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Public Review Issue #37</i>. Unicode, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Review+Issue+%2337&rft.atitle=Clarification+of+the+Use+of+Zero+Width+Joiner+in+Indic+Scripts&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freview%2Fpr-37.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2014/14015r-vertical-virama.pdf">"Proposal to encode Malayalam Sign: Vertical Bar Virama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode</i>. 19 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode&rft.atitle=Request+to+encode+South+Indian+CANDRABINDU-s&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FL2%2FL2010%2F10392r2-chandrabindus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17276r-malayalam-vedic.pdf">"Proposal to encode 0D00 Malayalam Sign Combining Anusvara Above"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode</i>. 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode&rft.atitle=Proposal+to+encode+0D00+Malayalam+Sign+Combining+Anusvara+Above&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2017%2F17276r-malayalam-vedic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14003-malayalam-anusvara-above.pdf">"Proposal to encode Malayalam Letter Vedic Anusvara"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode</i>. 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/chillu/issue66.htm">"Unicode Public Review Issue #66: Encoding of Chillu Forms in Malayalam"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Public+Review+Issue+%2366%3A+Encoding+of+Chillu+Forms+in+Malayalam&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Johny&rft.aufirst=Cibu+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaramozhi.sourceforge.net%2Fchillu%2Fissue66.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p28/05085-pri66-fdbk-cibu.pdf">L2/05-085</a> (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_2005-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_2005_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/review/pr-66.html">"Encoding of Chillu Forms in Malayalam"</a>. <i>Public Review Issue #66]</i>. Unicode, Inc. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Review+Issue+%2366%5D&rft.atitle=Encoding+of+Chillu+Forms+in+Malayalam&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freview%2Fpr-66.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adagadagudugudu-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adagadagudugudu_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2013" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala"><i>Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy</i></a>. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788188765072" title="Special:BookSources/9788188765072"><bdi>9788188765072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perumals+of+Kerala%3A+Brahmin+Oligarchy+and+Ritual+Monarchy&rft.place=Thrissur+%28Kerala%29&rft.pub=CosmoBooks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788188765072&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YDCngEACAAJ%26q%3DPerumals%2Bof%2BKerala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cereti-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cereti_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCereti2009" class="citation book cs1">Cereti, C. G. (2009). "The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates". In Sundermann, W.; Hintze, A.; de Blois, F. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&q=Exegisti+Monumenta:+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-+Williams"><i>Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447059374" title="Special:BookSources/9783447059374"><bdi>9783447059374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pahlavi+Signatures+on+the+Quilon+Copper+Plates&rft.btitle=Exegisti+Monumenta%3A+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-Williams&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783447059374&rft.aulast=Cereti&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3gOdaiXNKkC%26q%3DExegisti%2BMonumenta%3A%2BFestschrift%2Bin%2BHonour%2Bof%2BNicholas%2BSims-%2BWilliams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanan1996" class="citation book cs1">Mohanan, K. P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mal_ortho-2">"Malayalam Writing"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a> & <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a> (eds.). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malayalam+Writing&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mohanan&rft.aufirst=K.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_mal_ortho-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coke_Burnell" title="Arthur Coke Burnell">Burnell, Arthur Coke</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementssouthin00burngoog"><i>Elements of South-Indian Palæography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D.</i></a> Trübner & Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepari2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Canepari" title="Luciano Canepari">Canepari, Luciano</a> (2005). "19.29 Malayalam". <i>A Handbook of Phonetics</i>. LINCOM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-480-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-480-3"><bdi>3-89586-480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19.29+Malayalam&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Phonetics&rft.pub=LINCOM&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-89586-480-3&rft.aulast=Canepari&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Ayyappa_Panicker2006" class="citation book cs1">K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE"><i>A Short History of Malayalam Literature</i></a>. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Malayalam+Literature&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pub=Department+of+Information+and+Public+Relations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=2006&rft.au=K.+Ayyappa+Panicker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon,_A._Sreedhara2007" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C"><i>A Survey of Kerala History</i></a>. DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415786" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415786"><bdi>9788126415786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788126415786&rft.au=Menon%2C+A.+Sreedhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019</i> (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathrubhumi+Yearbook+Plus+-+2019&rft.place=Kozhikode&rft.edition=Malayalam&rft.pub=P.+V.+Chandran%2C+Managing+Editor%2C+Mathrubhumi+Printing+%26+Publishing+Company+Limited%2C+Kozhikode&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malayalam_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malayalam_literature" title="Template:Malayalam literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malayalam_literature" title="Template talk:Malayalam literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malayalam_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malayalam literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malayalam_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi">Kerala Sahitya Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sasthra_Sahithya_Parishad" title="Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad">Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purogamana_Kala_Sahitya_Sangham" title="Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham">Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahithya_Pravarthaka_Co-operative_Society" title="Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society">Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_literary_awards" title="List of Malayalam literary awards">Literary awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Sakthi_Award" title="Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award">Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Smaraka_Kavitha_Puraskaram" title="Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram">Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad_Award" title="Cherukad Award">Cherukad Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Award" title="Edasseri Award">Edasseri Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhuthachan_Puraskaram" title="Ezhuthachan Puraskaram">Ezhuthachan Puraskaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Biography_and_Autobiography" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Children%27s_Literature" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Drama" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Humour" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Literary_Criticism" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Miscellaneous_Works" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Novel" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Overall_Contributions" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Poetry" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Scholarly_Literature" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Story" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Translation" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Travelogue" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi_Literary_Award" title="Mathrubhumi Literary Award">Mathrubhumi Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttathu_Varkey_Award" title="Muttathu Varkey Award">Muttathu Varkey Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Literary_Award" title="O. N. V. Literary Award">O. N. V. Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan_Literary_Award" title="O. V. Vijayan Literary Award">O. V. Vijayan Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odakkuzhal_Award" title="Odakkuzhal Award">Odakkuzhal Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmarajan_Award" title="Padmarajan Award">Padmarajan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kesavadev_Literary_Award" title="P. Kesavadev Literary Award">P. Kesavadev Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulloor_Award" title="Ulloor Award">Ulloor Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Award" title="Vallathol Award">Vallathol Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayalar_Award" title="Vayalar Award">Vayalar Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajijesh_Pachat" title="Ajijesh Pachat">Ajijesh Pachat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Kakkattil" title="Akbar Kakkattil">Akbar Kakkattil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_(writer)" title="Anand (writer)">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Nair" title="Anita Nair">Anita Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoop_Sasikumar" title="Anoop Sasikumar">Anoop Sasikumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appu_Nedungadi" title="Appu Nedungadi">Appu Nedungadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashitha_(writer)" title="Ashitha (writer)">Ashitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamoorthi_K._V." title="Ashtamoorthi K. V.">Ashtamoorthi K. V.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymanam_John" title="Aymanam John">Aymanam John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babu_Bharadwaj" title="Babu Bharadwaj">Babu Bharadwaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._M._Suhara" title="B. M. Suhara">B. M. Suhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sandhya" title="B. Sandhya">B. Sandhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Radhakrishnan" title="C. Radhakrishnan">C. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Balakrishnan" title="C. V. Balakrishnan">C. V. Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman_Pillai" title="C. V. Raman Pillai">C. V. Raman Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Sreeraman" title="C. V. Sreeraman">C. V. Sreeraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandramathi" title="Chandramathi">Chandramathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Harikumar" title="E. Harikumar">E. Harikumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Vasu" title="E. Vasu">E. Vasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._Indugopan" title="G. R. Indugopan">G. R. Indugopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onakkoor" title="George Onakkoor">George Onakkoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracy_(writer)" title="Gracy (writer)">Gracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._K._K._Menon" title="I. K. K. Menon">I. K. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayasree_Kalathil" title="Jayasree Kalathil">Jayasree Kalathil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abraham_(director)" title="John Abraham (director)">John Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Panachippuram" title="Jose Panachippuram">Jose Panachippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_J._Kaimaparamban" title="Joy J. Kaimaparamban">Joy J. Kaimaparamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Baby" title="K. J. Baby">K. J. Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Deacon_Koshy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch Deacon Koshy">Arch Deacon Koshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Mohana_Varma" title="K. L. Mohana Varma">K. L. Mohana Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Ezhuthachan" title="K. N. Ezhuthachan">K. N. Ezhuthachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Nirmal_Kumar" title="K. P. Nirmal Kumar">K. P. Nirmal Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Ramanunni" title="K. P. Ramanunni">K. P. Ramanunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Meera" title="K. R. Meera">K. R. Meera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Rekha" title="K. Rekha">K. Rekha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Surendran" title="K. Surendran">K. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Joseph_Kalarickal" title="K. P. Joseph Kalarickal">K. P. Joseph Kalarickal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Thayat" title="K. Thayat">K. Thayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainikkara_Padmanabha_Pillai" title="Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai">Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkanadan" title="Kakkanadan">Kakkanadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanam_EJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanam EJ">Kanam EJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunakaran_(Malayalam_writer)" title="Karunakaran (Malayalam writer)">Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_Neelakanta_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Karur Neelakanta Pillai">Karur Neelakanta Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_Mumtaz" title="Khadija Mumtaz">Khadija Mumtaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_Pushpanath" title="Kottayam Pushpanath">Kottayam Pushpanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilan" title="Kovilan">Kovilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Anoop" title="K. V. Anoop">K. V. Anoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajo_Jose" title="Lajo Jose">Lajo Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalithambika_Antharjanam" title="Lalithambika Antharjanam">Lalithambika Antharjanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Mukundan" title="M. Mukundan">M. Mukundan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Sukumaran" title="M. Sukumaran">M. Sukumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madampu_Kunjukuttan" title="Madampu Kunjukuttan">Madampu Kunjukuttan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhupal" title="Madhupal">Madhupal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayath_Appunni" title="Malayath Appunni">Malayath Appunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor_Ramakrishnan" title="Malayattoor Ramakrishnan">Malayattoor Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallika_Yunis" title="Mallika Yunis">Mallika Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttathu_Varkey" title="Muttathu Varkey">Muttathu Varkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Mohanan" title="N. Mohanan">N. Mohanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Pisharody" title="N. N. Pisharody">N. N. Pisharody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._P._Chellappan_Nair" title="N. P. Chellappan Nair">N. P. Chellappan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._P._Mohammed" title="N. P. Mohammed">N. P. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Madhavan" title="N. S. Madhavan">N. S. Madhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandanar_(author)" title="Nandanar (author)">Nandanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_(writer)" title="Narayan (writer)">Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omchery_N._N._Pillai" title="Omchery N. N. Pillai">Omchery N. N. Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyyarathu_Chandu_Menon" title="Oyyarathu Chandu Menon">Oyyarathu Chandu Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Ayyaneth" title="P. Ayyaneth">P. Ayyaneth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Mathews" title="P. F. Mathews">P. F. Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Balakrishnan" title="P. K. Balakrishnan">P. K. Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kesavadev" title="P. Kesavadev">P. Kesavadev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._R._Nathan" title="P. R. Nathan">P. R. Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._R._Shyamala" title="P. R. Shyamala">P. R. Shyamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Valsala" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Valsala">P. Valsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmarajan" title="Padmarajan">Padmarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamman" title="Pamman">Pamman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappurath" title="Parappurath">Parappurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattathuvila_Karunakaran" title="Pattathuvila Karunakaran">Pattathuvila Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chirakkarode" title="Paul Chirakkarode">Paul Chirakkarode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zacharia" title="Paul Zacharia">Paul Zacharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbadavam_Sreedharan" title="Perumbadavam Sreedharan">Perumbadavam Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponjikkara_Rafi" title="Ponjikkara Rafi">Ponjikkara Rafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponkunnam_Varkey" title="Ponkunnam Varkey">Ponkunnam Varkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punathil_Kunjabdulla" title="Punathil Kunjabdulla">Punathil Kunjabdulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Paleri" title="Raghunath Paleri">Raghunath Paleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Hareesh" title="S. Hareesh">S. Hareesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Pottekkatt" title="S. K. Pottekkatt">S. K. Pottekkatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhosh_Echikkanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhosh Echikkanam">Santhosh Echikkanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Joseph_(author)" title="Sarah Joseph (author)">Sarah Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thomas_(writer)" title="Sarah Thomas (writer)">Sarah Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savithri_Rajeevan" title="Savithri Rajeevan">Savithri Rajeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_K._Valath" title="Socrates K. Valath">Socrates K. Valath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Mangalodayam" title="Sudhakar Mangalodayam">Sudhakar Mangalodayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethu_(writer)" title="Sethu (writer)">Sethu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Poythumkadavu" title="Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu">Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohanlal" title="Sohanlal">Sohanlal</a></li> <li>Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandran" title="Subhash Chandran">Subhash Chandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._P._Rajeevan" title="T. P. Rajeevan">T. P. Rajeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Padmanabhan" title="T. Padmanabhan">T. Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Kochubava" title="T. V. Kochubava">T. V. Kochubava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Varkey" title="T. V. Varkey">T. V. Varkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatapuram_Sukumaran" title="Tatapuram Sukumaran">Tatapuram Sukumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakazhi_Sivasankara_Pillai" title="Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai">Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thikkodiyan" title="Thikkodiyan">Thikkodiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph" title="Thomas Joseph">Thomas Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._A._Khader" title="U. A. Khader">U. A. Khader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._K._Kumaran" title="U. K. Kumaran">U. K. Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnikrishnan_Puthur" title="Unnikrishnan Puthur">Unnikrishnan Puthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnikrishnan_Thiruvazhiyode" title="Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode">Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uroob" title="Uroob">Uroob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._N." title="V. K. N.">V. K. N.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Sivakumar" title="V. P. Sivakumar">V. P. Sivakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer" title="Vaikom Muhammad Basheer">Vaikom Muhammad Basheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallachira_Madhavan" title="Vallachira Madhavan">Vallachira Madhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengayil_Kunhiraman_Nayanar" title="Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar">Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Menon" title="M. K. Menon">Vilasini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoy_Thomas" title="Vinoy Thomas">Vinoy Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Ayyappan" title="A. Ayyappan">A. Ayyappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Sreehari" title="A. C. Sreehari">A. C. Sreehari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Raja_Raja_Varma" title="A. R. Raja Raja Varma">A. R. Raja Raja Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Hanxleden" title="Johann Ernst Hanxleden">Arnos Pathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attoor_Ravi_Varma" title="Attoor Ravi Varma">Attoor Ravi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachandran_Chullikkadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Balachandran Chullikkadu">Balachandran Chullikkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodheswaran" title="Bodheswaran">Bodheswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandiroor_Divakaran" title="Chandiroor Divakaran">Chandiroor Divakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changampuzha_Krishna_Pillai" title="Changampuzha Krishna Pillai">Changampuzha Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusseri_Namboothiri" title="Cherusseri Namboothiri">Cherusseri Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Vinayachandran" title="D. Vinayachandran">D. Vinayachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappalli_Raghavan_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Edappalli Raghavan Pillai">Edappalli Raghavan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Govindan_Nair" title="Edasseri Govindan Nair">Edasseri Govindan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Shankara_Kurup" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Shankara Kurup">G. Shankara Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irayimman_Thampi" title="Irayimman Thampi">Irayimman Thampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">K. Ayyappa Paniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Kesava_Pillai" title="K. C. Kesava Pillai">K. C. Kesava Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Ramakrishnan" title="K. V. Ramakrishnan">K. V. Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadammanitta_Ramakrishnan" title="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan">Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadathanat_Madhavi_Amma" title="Kadathanat Madhavi Amma">Kadathanat Madhavi Amma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavanad_Kuttikrishnan" title="Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan">Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakayam_Cherian_Mappillai" title="Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai">Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavitha_Balakrishnan" title="Kavitha Balakrishnan">Kavitha Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Asan" title="Kumaran Asan">Kumaran Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunchan_Nambiar" title="Kunchan Nambiar">Kunchan Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureepuzha_Sreekumar" title="Kureepuzha Sreekumar">Kureepuzha Sreekumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitha_Lenin" title="Lalitha Lenin">Lalitha Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Appan" title="M. P. Appan">M. P. Appan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Banesh" title="M. S. Banesh">M. S. Banesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Kuroor" title="Manoj Kuroor">Manoj Kuroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_John_Thottam" title="Mary John Thottam">Mary John Thottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanakrishnan_Kaladi" title="Mohanakrishnan Kaladi">Mohanakrishnan Kaladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Kakkad" title="N. N. Kakkad">N. N. Kakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._V._Krishna_Warrier" title="N. V. Krishna Warrier">N. V. Krishna Warrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellikkal_Muraleedharan" title="Nellikkal Muraleedharan">Nellikkal Muraleedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranam_poets" title="Niranam poets">Niranam poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olappamanna_Subramanian_Namboothirippad" class="mw-redirect" title="Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad">Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kunhiraman_Nair" title="P. Kunhiraman Nair">P. Kunhiraman Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._P._Ramachandran" title="P. P. Ramachandran">P. P. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Narayanan_Nair" title="Pala Narayanan Nair">Pala Narayanan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonthanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonthanam">Poonthanam Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Hyder" title="Pulikkottil Hyder">Pulikkottil Hyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punaloor_Balan" title="Punaloor Balan">Punaloor Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthussery_Ramachandran" title="Puthussery Ramachandran">Puthussery Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Joseph" title="S. Joseph">S. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchidanandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidanandan">Satchidanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyan_Madakkara" title="Satyan Madakkara">Satyan Madakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savithri_Rajeevan" title="Savithri Rajeevan">Savithri Rajeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugathakumari" title="Sugathakumari">Sugathakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunalloor_Karunakaran" title="Thirunalloor Karunakaran">Thirunalloor Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolan_(medieval_poet)" title="Tolan (medieval poet)">Tholan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulloor_S._Parameswara_Iyer" title="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer">Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnayi_Variyar" title="Unnayi Variyar">Unnayi Variyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Madhusoodanan_Nair" title="V. Madhusoodanan Nair">V. Madhusoodanan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Balakrishna_Panicker" title="V. C. Balakrishna Panicker">V. C. Balakrishna Panicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._M._Girija" title="V. M. Girija">V. M. Girija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkumkur_Rajarajavarmaraja" title="Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja">Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayalar_Ramavarma" title="Vayalar Ramavarma">Vayalar Ramavarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerankutty" title="Veerankutty">Veerankutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennikkulam_Gopala_Kurup" title="Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup">Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayalakshmi_(poet)" title="Vijayalakshmi (poet)">Vijayalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri" title="Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri">Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Madhusoodanan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="V Madhusoodanan Nair">V Madhusoodanan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyloppilli_Sreedhara_Menon" title="Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon">Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreedevi_Kakkad" title="Sreedevi Kakkad">Sreedevi Kakkad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playwrights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Thomas" title="C. J. Thomas">C. J. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._Jose" title="C. L. Jose">C. L. Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Sreekantan_Nair" title="C. N. Sreekantan Nair">C. N. Sreekantan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Sankara_Pillai" title="G. Sankara Pillai">G. Sankara Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Muhammed" title="K. T. Muhammed">K. T. Muhammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Puram_Sadanandan" title="S. L. Puram Sadanandan">S. L. Puram Sadanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoppil_Bhasi" title="Thoppil Bhasi">Thoppil Bhasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Gopinathan_Nair" title="T. N. Gopinathan Nair">T. N. Gopinathan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayath_Appunni" title="Malayath Appunni">Malayath Appunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Narendranath" title="P. Narendranath">P. Narendranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumangala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumangala">Sumangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebaly" title="Shebaly">Shebaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippy_Pallippuram" title="Sippy Pallippuram">Sippy Pallippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliroor_Radhakrishnan" title="Kiliroor Radhakrishnan">Kiliroor Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists/Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Thayyil" title="Annie Thayyil">Annie Thayyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Ahmad_Moulavi" title="C. N. Ahmad Moulavi">C. N. Ahmad Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Venkiteswaran" title="C. S. Venkiteswaran">C. S. Venkiteswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mundassery" title="Joseph Mundassery">Joseph Mundassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Daniel" title="K. M. Daniel">K. M. Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Appan" title="K. P. Appan">K. P. Appan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Sankaran" title="K. P. Sankaran">K. P. Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Damodaran" title="K. Damodaran">K. Damodaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._George_(writer)" title="K. M. George (writer)">K. M. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesari_Balakrishna_Pillai" title="Kesari Balakrishna Pillai">Kesari Balakrishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikodan" title="Kozhikodan">Kozhikodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttikrishna_Marar" title="Kuttikrishna Marar">Kuttikrishna Marar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttipuzha_Krishna_Pillai" title="Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai">Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Sanu" title="M. K. Sanu">M. K. Sanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Krishnan_Nair_(author)" title="M. Krishnan Nair (author)">M. Krishnan Nair (author)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Leelavathy" title="M. Leelavathy">M. Leelavathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Karassery" title="M. N. Karassery">M. N. Karassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Vijayan" title="M. N. Vijayan">M. N. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Paul" title="M. P. Paul">M. P. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Chandrasekharan" title="M. R. Chandrasekharan">M. R. Chandrasekharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Prasad" title="Narendra Prasad">Narendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Guptan_Nair" title="S. Guptan Nair">S. Guptan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Rajasekharan" title="S. Rajasekharan">S. Rajasekharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabeena_Rafi" title="Sabeena Rafi">Sabeena Rafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjayan" title="Sanjayan">Sanjayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Azhikode" title="Sukumar Azhikode">Sukumar Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Sreejan" title="V. C. Sreejan">V. C. Sreejan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayakrishnan" title="Vijayakrishnan">Vijayakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._K._Valath" title="V. V. K. Valath">V. V. K. Valath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars and<br />Grammarians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Raja_Raja_Varma" title="A. R. Raja Raja Varma">A. R. Raja Raja Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnos_Paathiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnos Paathiri">Arnos Paathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mathan" title="George Mathan">George Mathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Hermann Gundert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Varma_Valiya_Koil_Thampuran" title="Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran">Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarathil_Sankunni" title="Kottarathil Sankunni">Kottarathil Sankunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Chaithanya" title="Krishna Chaithanya">Krishna Chaithanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Narayana_Panickar" title="R. Narayana Panickar">R. Narayana Panickar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkumkur_Rajarajavarmaraja" title="Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja">Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Devi" title="Leela Devi">Leela Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Kumaran" title="M. K. Kumaran">M. K. Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Sathyaardhi" title="M. N. Sathyaardhi">M. N. Sathyaardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._K._Damodaran" title="N. K. Damodaran">N. K. Damodaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileena_Abraham" title="Nileena Abraham">Nileena Abraham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champukkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Champukkal">Champukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_drama" title="Malayalam drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilippattu" title="Kilippattu">Kilippattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_novel" title="Malayalam novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkan_Pattukal" title="Vadakkan Pattukal">Vadakkan Pattukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venmani_School" title="Venmani School">Venmani School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchippattu" title="Vanchippattu">Vanchippattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_novel" title="Malayalam novel">Novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aalahayude_Penmakkal" title="Aalahayude Penmakkal">Aalahayude Penmakkal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aalohari_Anandam" title="Aalohari Anandam">Aalohari Anandam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goat_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat Days">Aadujeevitham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aarachaar" title="Aarachaar">Aarachaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkapporinte_Irupathu_Nasrani_Varshangal" title="Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal">Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anal_Haq" title="Anal Haq">Anal Haq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anargha_Nimisham" title="Anargha Nimisham">Anargha Nimisham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anuragathinte_Dinangal" title="Anuragathinte Dinangal">Anuragathinte Dinangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agnisakshi_(novel)" title="Agnisakshi (novel)">Agnisakshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Nazhika_Neram" title="Ara Nazhika Neram">Ara Nazhika Neram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Ponnu" title="Arabi Ponnu">Arabi Ponnu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arohanam_(novel)" title="Arohanam (novel)">Arohanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asuravithu_(novel)" title="Asuravithu (novel)">Asuravithu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avakasikal" title="Avakasikal">Avakasikal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Passing_Shadows" title="The Book of Passing Shadows">Ayussinte Pusthakam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balyakalasakhi" title="Balyakalasakhi">Balyakalasakhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barsa_(novel)" title="Barsa (novel)">Barsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemmeen_(novel)" title="Chemmeen (novel)">Chemmeen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheviyorkkuka!_Anthimakahalam" title="Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam">Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Mischief" title="God's Mischief">Daivathinte Vikrithikal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Gadhakal" title="Delhi Gadhakal">Delhi Gadhakal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enmakaje_(novel)" title="Enmakaje (novel)">Enmakaje</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ente_Katha" title="Ente Katha">Ente Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ente_Thankam" title="Ente Thankam">Ente Thankam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Itty_Cora" title="Francis Itty Cora">Francis Itty Cora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurusagaram" title="Gurusagaram">Gurusagaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulekha_(novel)" title="Indulekha (novel)">Indulekha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaalam_(novel)" title="Kaalam (novel)">Kaalam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayar" title="Kayar">Kayar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kesavan%27s_Lamentations" title="Kesavan's Lamentations">Kesavante Vilapangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khasakkinte_Itihasam" title="Khasakkinte Itihasam">Khasakkinte Itihasam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kocharethi" title="Kocharethi">Kocharethi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kundalatha" title="Kundalatha">Kundalatha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manju_(novel)" title="Manju (novel)">Manju (novel)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manushyanu_Oru_Aamukham" title="Manushyanu Oru Aamukham">Manushyanu Oru Aamukham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maranathinte_Nizhalil" title="Maranathinte Nizhalil">Maranathinte Nizhalil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marthandavarma_(novel)" title="Marthandavarma (novel)">Marthandavarma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathilukal" title="Mathilukal">Mathilukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(Surendran_novel)" title="Maya (Surendran novel)">Maya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayyazhippuzhayude_Theerangalil" title="Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil">Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucheettukalikkarante_Makal" title="Mucheettukalikkarante Makal">Mucheettukalikkarante Makal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Days" title="Jasmine Days">Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthassi_(novel)" title="Muthassi (novel)">Muthassi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naadan_Premam" title="Naadan Premam">Naadan Premam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalukettu_(novel)" title="Naalukettu (novel)">Naalukettu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakshathrangale_Kaaval" title="Nakshathrangale Kaaval">Nakshathrangale Kaaval</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu" title="Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu">Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odayil_Ninnu" title="Odayil Ninnu">Odayil Ninnu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ormayude_Arakal" title="Ormayude Arakal">Ormayude Arakal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oru_Desathinte_Katha" title="Oru Desathinte Katha">Oru Desathinte Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oru_Sankeerthanam_Pole" title="Oru Sankeerthanam Pole">Oru Sankeerthanam Pole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oru_Theruvinte_Katha" title="Oru Theruvinte Katha">Oru Theruvinte Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Othappu" title="Othappu">Othappu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleri_Manikyam:_Oru_Pathirakolapathakathinte_Katha_(novel)" title="Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (novel)">Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pathummayude_Aadu" title="Pathummayude Aadu">Pathummayude Aadu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peruvazhiyambalam_(novel)" title="Peruvazhiyambalam (novel)">Peruvazhiyambalam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponni_(novel)" title="Ponni (novel)">Ponni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravasam" title="Pravasam">Pravasam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Premalekhanam" title="Premalekhanam">Premalekhanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randamoozham" title="Randamoozham">Randamoozham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randidangazhi" title="Randidangazhi">Randidangazhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rathinirvedam_(novel)" title="Rathinirvedam (novel)">Rathinirvedam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarada_(novel)" title="Sarada (novel)">Sarada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabdangal" title="Shabdangal">Shabdangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smarakasilakal" title="Smarakasilakal">Smarakasilakal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Paranja_Katha" title="Sufi Paranja Katha">Sufi Paranja Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sundarikalum_Sundaranmarum" title="Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum">Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thottiyude_Makan" title="Thottiyude Makan">Thottiyude Makan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ummachu" title="Ummachu">Ummachu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasanavikriti" title="Vasanavikriti">Vasanavikriti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasanthathile_Poomarangal" title="Vasanthathile Poomarangal">Vasanthathile Poomarangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verukal" title="Verukal">Verukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viddikalude_Swargam" title="Viddikalude Swargam">Viddikalude Swargam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visappu" title="Visappu">Visappu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakshi_(novel)" title="Yakshi (novel)">Yakshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanthram" title="Yanthram">Yanthram</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aithihyamala" title="Aithihyamala">Aithihyamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabetum_grandonico-malabaricum_sive_samscrudonicum" title="Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum">Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Panineeyam" title="Kerala Panineeyam">Kerala Panineeyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam" title="Nātyakalpadrumam">Nātyakalpadrumam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvavijnanakosam" title="Sarvavijnanakosam">Sarvavijnanakosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_of_Encyclopaedic_Publications" title="State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications">State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswasahityavijnanakosam" title="Viswasahityavijnanakosam">Viswasahityavijnanakosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuktibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Yuktibhāṣā">Yuktibhāṣā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmopadesa_%C5%9Aatakam" title="Atmopadesa Śatakam">Atmopadesa Śatakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiva_Da%C5%9Baka%E1%B9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiva Daśakaṁ">Daiva Daśakaṁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanappana" title="Jnanappana">Jnanappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omanathinkal_Kidavo" title="Omanathinkal Kidavo">Omanathinkal Kidavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarakoythu" title="Makarakoythu">Makarakoythu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthen_Pana" title="Puthen Pana">Puthen Pana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanan_(play_in_verse)" title="Ramanan (play in verse)"><i>Ramanan</i> (play in verse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(poem)" title="Rani (poem)">Rani (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam" title="Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam">Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnuneeli_Sandesam" title="Unnuneeli Sandesam">Unnuneeli Sandesam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchelavritham_Vanchippattu" title="Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu">Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagatha" title="Krishnagatha">Krishnagatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assorted articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Arabi Malayalam script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakara" title="Chakara">Chakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_poetry" title="Malayalam poetry">Malayalam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi_Yearbook" title="Mathrubhumi Yearbook">Mathrubhumi Yearbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_copper_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish copper plate">Jewish copper plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayalam script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_triumvirate_poets" title="Malayalam triumvirate poets">Malayalam triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila dialect">Mappila dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozhi_(transliteration)" title="Mozhi (transliteration)">Mozhi (transliteration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandy_Malayalam" title="Pandy Malayalam">Pandy Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Romanisation of Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/26px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/34px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_conlang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/19px-Design_conlang.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/29px-Design_conlang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/38px-Design_conlang.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Constructed languages</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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Malayalam-language text">Articles containing Malayalam-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tamil-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tamil-language text">Articles containing Tamil-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2020">Articles with dead external links from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Malayalam_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Malayalam Wikipedia">Articles needing translation from Malayalam Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Malayalam_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Malayalam IPA">Pages with Malayalam IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from 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