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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "//www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="//www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title>Exodus 1:14 and made their lives bitter with hard labor in brick and mortar, and with all kinds of work in the fields. Every service they imposed was harsh.</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://biblehub.com/exodus/1-14.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/new9.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://biblehub.com/visuals/19/02_Exo_01_14.jpg" /><meta property="og:title" content="Exodus 1:14 - Oppression by a New King" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Bible Hub" /><meta property="og:description" content="and made their lives bitter with hard labor in brick and mortar, and with all kinds of work in the fields. 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They were ruthless in all their demands. <a href="/esv/exodus/1.htm">English Standard Version</a> and made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and brick, and in all kinds of work in the field. In all their work they ruthlessly made them work as slaves. <a href="/bsb/exodus/1.htm">Berean Standard Bible</a> and made their lives bitter with hard labor in brick and mortar, and with all kinds of work in the fields. Every service they imposed was harsh. <a href="/kjv/exodus/1.htm">King James Bible</a> And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour. <a href="/nkjv/exodus/1.htm">New King James Version</a> And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage—in mortar, in brick, and in all manner of service in the field. All their service in which they made them serve was with rigor. <a href="/nasb_/exodus/1.htm">New American Standard Bible</a> and they made their lives bitter with hard labor in mortar and bricks and at all kinds of labor in the field, all their labors which they violently had them perform as slaves. <a href="/nasb/exodus/1.htm">NASB 1995</a> and they made their lives bitter with hard labor in mortar and bricks and at all kinds of labor in the field, all their labors which they rigorously imposed on them. <a href="/nasb77/exodus/1.htm">NASB 1977 </a> and they made their lives bitter with hard labor in mortar and bricks and at all kinds of labor in the field, all their labors which they rigorously imposed on them. <a href="/lsb/exodus/1.htm">Legacy Standard Bible </a> and they made their lives bitter with hard slave labor in mortar and bricks and in all kinds of slave labor in the field, all their slave labor which they brutally compelled them to do. <a href="/amp/exodus/1.htm">Amplified Bible</a> They made their lives bitter with hard labor in mortar, brick, and all kinds of field work. All their labor was harsh and severe. <a href="/csb/exodus/1.htm">Christian Standard Bible</a> and made their lives bitter with difficult labor in brick and mortar and in all kinds of fieldwork. They ruthlessly imposed all this work on them. <a href="/hcsb/exodus/1.htm">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a> and made their lives bitter with difficult labor in brick and mortar and in all kinds of fieldwork. They ruthlessly imposed all this work on them. <a href="/asv/exodus/1.htm">American Standard Version</a> and they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field, all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigor. <a href="/cev/exodus/1.htm">Contemporary English Version</a> that their lives were miserable. The Egyptians were cruel to the people of Israel and forced them to make bricks and to mix mortar and to work in the fields. <a href="/erv/exodus/1.htm">English Revised Version</a> and they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field, all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigour. <a href="/gwt/exodus/1.htm">GOD'S WORD® Translation</a> They made their lives bitter with back-breaking work in mortar and bricks and every kind of work in the fields. All the jobs the Egyptians gave them were brutally hard. <a href="/isv/exodus/1.htm">International Standard Version</a> making their lives bitter through hard labor with mortar, bricks, and all kinds of outdoor labor. They ruthlessly imposed all this work on them. <a href="/msb/exodus/1.htm">Majority Standard Bible</a> and made their lives bitter with hard labor in brick and mortar, and with all kinds of work in the fields. Every service they imposed was harsh. <a href="/net/exodus/1.htm">NET Bible</a> They made their lives bitter by hard service with mortar and bricks and by all kinds of service in the fields. Every kind of service the Israelites were required to give was rigorous. <a href="/nheb/exodus/1.htm">New Heart English Bible</a> and they made their lives bitter with hard labor, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of labor in the field, all their labors which they ruthlessly made them do. <a href="/wbt/exodus/1.htm">Webster's Bible Translation</a> And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in mortar, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service in which they made them serve, was with rigor. <a href="/web/exodus/1.htm">World English Bible</a> and they made their lives bitter with hard service in mortar and in brick, and in all kinds of service in the field, all their service, in which they ruthlessly made them serve. <div class="vheading2">Literal Translations</div><a href="/lsv/exodus/1.htm">Literal Standard Version</a> and make their lives bitter in hard service, in clay, and in brick, and in every [kind] of service in the field; all their service in which they have served [is] with rigor. <a href="/ylt/exodus/1.htm">Young's Literal Translation</a> and make their lives bitter in hard service, in clay, and in brick, and in every kind of service in the field; all their service in which they have served is with rigour. <a href="/slt/exodus/1.htm">Smith's Literal Translation</a> And they will embitter their lives by hard work in clay, and in bricks, and in all work in the field: all their work in which they made them serve by oppression.<div class="vheading2">Catholic Translations</div><a href="/drb/exodus/1.htm">Douay-Rheims Bible</a> And they made their life bitter with hard works in clay, and brick, and with all manner of service, wherewith they were overcharged in the works of the earth. <a href="/cpdv/exodus/1.htm">Catholic Public Domain Version</a> And they led their life directly into bitterness, with hard work in clay and brick, and with all kinds of servitude, so that they were being overwhelmed with the works of the land. <a href="/nabre/exodus/1.htm">New American Bible</a> making life bitter for them with hard labor, at mortar and brick and all kinds of field work—cruelly oppressed in all their labor. <a href="/nrsvce/exodus/1.htm">New Revised Standard Version</a> and made their lives bitter with hard service in mortar and brick and in every kind of field labor. They were ruthless in all the tasks that they imposed on them.<div class="vheading2">Translations from Aramaic</div><a href="/lamsa/exodus/1.htm">Lamsa Bible</a> And they made their lives bitter with hard labor, in mortar and in bricks and in all manner of work in the field; all their service wherein they made them serve was with rigor. <a href="/hpbt/exodus/1.htm">Peshitta Holy Bible Translated</a> And they were making their lives bitter with hard labor in clay and in bricks and in every work of the field, all the servitude that they were serving for them with hardship.<div class="vheading2">OT Translations</div><a href="/jps/exodus/1.htm">JPS Tanakh 1917</a> And they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field; in all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigour. <a href="/sep/exodus/1.htm">Brenton Septuagint Translation</a> And they embittered their life by hard labours, in the clay and in brick-making, and all the works in the plains, according to all the works, wherein they caused them to serve with violence. <a href="/parallel/exodus/1-14.htm">Additional Translations ...</a></div></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="audio" id="audio"></a><div class="vheadingv">Audio Bible</div><iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kVae3PiKqhs?start=86" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="vheadingv">Context</div><a href="/bsb/exodus/1.htm">Oppression by a New King</a> …13They worked the Israelites ruthlessly 14<a href="/hebrew/2416.htm" title="2416: ḥay·yê·hem (N-mpc:: 3mp) -- Alive, raw, fresh, strong, life. From chayah; alive; hence, raw; fresh, strong; also life, whether literally or figuratively.">and made their lives</a> <a href="/hebrew/4843.htm" title="4843: way·mā·rə·rū (Conj-w:: V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3mp) -- To be bitter. A primitive root; properly, to trickle; but used only as a denominative from mar; to be bitter.">bitter</a> <a href="/hebrew/853.htm" title="853: ’eṯ- (DirObjM) -- Apparent contracted from 'owth in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self."></a> <a href="/hebrew/7186.htm" title="7186: qā·šāh (Adj-fs) -- Hard, severe. From qashah; severe.">with hard</a> <a href="/hebrew/5656.htm" title="5656: ba·‘ă·ḇō·ḏāh (Prep-b:: N-fs) -- Labor, service. Or mabowdah; from abad; work of any kind.">labor</a> <a href="/hebrew/3843.htm" title="3843: ū·ḇil·ḇê·nîm (Conj-w, Prep-b:: N-fp) -- Brick, tile. From laban; a brick.">in brick</a> <a href="/hebrew/2563.htm" title="2563: bə·ḥō·mer (Prep-b:: N-ms) -- From chamar; properly, a bubbling up, i.e. Of water, a wave; of earth, mire or clay; also a heap; hence, a chomer or dry measure.">and mortar,</a> <a href="/hebrew/3605.htm" title="3605: ū·ḇə·ḵāl (Conj-w, Prep-b:: N-msc) -- The whole, all. Or kowl; from kalal; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every.">and with all kinds</a> <a href="/hebrew/5656.htm" title="5656: ‘ă·ḇō·ḏāh (N-fs) -- Labor, service. Or mabowdah; from abad; work of any kind.">of work</a> <a href="/hebrew/7704.htm" title="7704: baś·śā·ḏeh (Prep-b, Art:: N-ms) -- Field, land. Or saday; from an unused root meaning to spread out; a field.">in the fields.</a> <a href="/hebrew/853.htm" title="853: ’êṯ (DirObjM) -- Apparent contracted from 'owth in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self."></a> <a href="/hebrew/3605.htm" title="3605: kāl- (N-msc) -- The whole, all. Or kowl; from kalal; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every.">Every</a> <a href="/hebrew/5656.htm" title="5656: ‘ă·ḇō·ḏā·ṯām (N-fsc:: 3mp) -- Labor, service. Or mabowdah; from abad; work of any kind.">service</a> <a href="/hebrew/834.htm" title="834: ’ă·šer- (Pro-r) -- Who, which, that. A primitive relative pronoun; who, which, what, that; also when, where, how, because, in order that, etc."></a> <a href="/hebrew/5647.htm" title="5647: ‘ā·ḇə·ḏū (V-Qal-Perf-3cp) -- To work, serve. A primitive root; to work; by implication, to serve, till, enslave, etc.">they imposed</a> <a href="/hebrew/ḇā·hem (Prep:: 3mp) -- "></a> <a href="/hebrew/6531.htm" title="6531: bə·p̄ā·reḵ (Prep-b:: N-ms) -- Harshness, severity. From an unused root meaning to break apart; fracture, i.e. Severity.">was harsh.</a> 15Then the king of Egypt said to the Hebrew midwives, whose names were Shiphrah and Puah,…<div class="cred"><a href="//berean.bible">Berean Standard Bible</a> · <a href="//berean.bible/downloads.htm">Download</a></div> <a name="crossref" id="crossref"></a><div class="vheading">Cross References</div><div id="crf"><a href="/exodus/2-23.htm">Exodus 2:23-25</a> After a long time, the king of Egypt died. The Israelites groaned and cried out under their burden of slavery, and their cry for deliverance from bondage ascended to God. / So God heard their groaning, and He remembered His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. / God saw the Israelites and took notice. <a href="/exodus/5-6.htm">Exodus 5:6-9</a> That same day Pharaoh commanded the taskmasters of the people and their foremen: / “You shall no longer supply the people with straw for making bricks. They must go and gather their own straw. / But require of them the same quota of bricks as before; do not reduce it. For they are lazy; that is why they are crying out, ‘Let us go and sacrifice to our God.’ ... <a href="/exodus/6-5.htm">Exodus 6:5-6</a> Furthermore, I have heard the groaning of the Israelites, whom the Egyptians are enslaving, and I have remembered My covenant. / Therefore tell the Israelites: ‘I am the LORD, and I will bring you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians and deliver you from their bondage. I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with mighty acts of judgment. <a href="/deuteronomy/26-6.htm">Deuteronomy 26:6-7</a> But the Egyptians mistreated us and afflicted us, putting us to hard labor. / So we called out to the LORD, the God of our fathers; and the LORD heard our voice and saw our affliction, toil, and oppression. <a href="/psalms/81-6.htm">Psalm 81:6-7</a> “I relieved his shoulder of the burden; his hands were freed from the basket. / You called out in distress, and I rescued you; I answered you from the cloud of thunder; I tested you at the waters of Meribah. Selah <a href="/psalms/105-25.htm">Psalm 105:25</a> whose hearts He turned to hate His people, to conspire against His servants. <a href="/psalms/107-10.htm">Psalm 107:10-12</a> Some sat in darkness and in the shadow of death, prisoners in affliction and chains, / because they rebelled against the words of God and despised the counsel of the Most High. / He humbled their hearts with hard labor; they stumbled, and there was no one to help. <a href="/isaiah/14-3.htm">Isaiah 14:3-4</a> On the day that the LORD gives you rest from your pain and torment, and from the hard labor into which you were forced, / you will sing this song of contempt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has ceased, and how his fury has ended! <a href="/isaiah/30-12.htm">Isaiah 30:12-14</a> Therefore this is what the Holy One of Israel says: “Because you have rejected this message, trusting in oppression and relying on deceit, / this iniquity of yours is like a breach about to fail, a bulge in a high wall, whose collapse will come suddenly—in an instant! / It will break in pieces like a potter’s jar, shattered so that no fragment can be found. Not a shard will be found in the dust large enough to scoop the coals from a hearth or to skim the water from a cistern.” <a href="/jeremiah/50-33.htm">Jeremiah 50:33-34</a> This is what the LORD of Hosts says: “The sons of Israel are oppressed, and the sons of Judah as well. All their captors hold them fast, refusing to release them. / Their Redeemer is strong; the LORD of Hosts is His name. He will fervently plead their case so that He may bring rest to the earth, but turmoil to those who live in Babylon. <a href="/ezekiel/34-27.htm">Ezekiel 34:27</a> The trees of the field will give their fruit, and the land will yield its produce; My flock will be secure in their land. Then they will know that I am the LORD, when I have broken the bars of their yoke and delivered them from the hands that enslaved them. <a href="/acts/7-19.htm">Acts 7:19</a> He exploited our people and oppressed our fathers, forcing them to abandon their infants so they would die. <a href="/acts/7-34.htm">Acts 7:34</a> I have indeed seen the oppression of My people in Egypt. I have heard their groaning and have come down to deliver them. Now come, I will send you back to Egypt.’ <a href="/romans/8-22.htm">Romans 8:22</a> We know that the whole creation has been groaning together in the pains of childbirth until the present time. <a href="/2_corinthians/1-8.htm">2 Corinthians 1:8-10</a> We do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of the hardships we encountered in the province of Asia. We were under a burden far beyond our ability to endure, so that we despaired even of life. / Indeed, we felt we were under the sentence of death, in order that we would not trust in ourselves, but in God, who raises the dead. / He has delivered us from such a deadly peril, and He will deliver us. In Him we have placed our hope that He will yet again deliver us,</div> <a name="tsk" id="tsk"><div class="vheading">Treasury of Scripture</div>And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in mortar, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigor.their lives.<a href="/exodus/2-23.htm">Exodus 2:23</a> And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up unto God by reason of the bondage.<a href="/exodus/6-9.htm">Exodus 6:9</a> And Moses spake so unto the children of Israel: but they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage.<a href="/genesis/15-13.htm">Genesis 15:13</a> And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years;in mortar.<a href="/psalms/68-13.htm">Psalm 68:13</a> Though ye have lien among the pots, yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold.<a href="/psalms/81-6.htm">Psalm 81:6</a> I removed his shoulder from the burden: his hands were delivered from the pots.<a href="/nahum/3-14.htm">Nahum 3:14</a> Draw thee waters for the siege, fortify thy strong holds: go into clay, and tread the morter, make strong the brickkiln.was with rigour.<a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Exodus 1:13</a> And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour:<a href="/exodus/5-7.htm">Exodus 5:7-21</a> Ye shall no more give the people straw to make brick, as heretofore: let them go and gather straw for themselves… <a href="/exodus/20-2.htm">Exodus 20:2</a> I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.<div class="vheading">Jump to Previous</div><a href="/genesis/49-7.htm">Bitter</a> <a href="/genesis/47-25.htm">Bondage</a> <a href="/genesis/11-3.htm">Brick</a> <a href="/genesis/11-3.htm">Bricks</a> <a href="/revelation/2-27.htm">Clay</a> <a href="/galatians/3-15.htm">Conditions</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Egyptians</a> <a href="/colossians/3-19.htm">Embittered</a> <a href="/genesis/50-13.htm">Field</a> <a href="/genesis/47-24.htm">Fields</a> <a href="/exodus/1-11.htm">Hard</a> <a href="/2_timothy/2-9.htm">Hardest</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Harshness</a> <a href="/hebrews/9-10.htm">Imposed</a> <a href="/genesis/50-21.htm">Kind</a> <a href="/genesis/40-17.htm">Kinds</a> <a href="/genesis/50-22.htm">Life</a> <a href="/genesis/47-25.htm">Lives</a> <a href="/genesis/50-3.htm">Making</a> <a href="/genesis/45-23.htm">Manner</a> <a href="/genesis/11-3.htm">Mortar</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Rigor</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Rigorously</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Rigour</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Ruthlessly</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Serve</a> <a href="/genesis/50-2.htm">Service</a> <a href="/genesis/40-17.htm">Sorts</a> <a href="/genesis/43-2.htm">Used</a> <a href="/genesis/37-1.htm">Wherein</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Work</a><div class="vheading2">Jump to Next</div><a href="/exodus/12-8.htm">Bitter</a> <a href="/exodus/2-23.htm">Bondage</a> <a href="/exodus/5-7.htm">Brick</a> <a href="/exodus/5-7.htm">Bricks</a> <a href="/exodus/16-29.htm">Clay</a> <a href="/leviticus/15-31.htm">Conditions</a> <a href="/exodus/3-8.htm">Egyptians</a> <a href="/1_samuel/22-2.htm">Embittered</a> <a href="/exodus/9-3.htm">Field</a> <a href="/exodus/8-13.htm">Fields</a> <a href="/exodus/2-11.htm">Hard</a> <a href="/2_samuel/11-15.htm">Hardest</a> <a href="/leviticus/25-43.htm">Harshness</a> <a href="/exodus/21-30.htm">Imposed</a> <a href="/exodus/1-20.htm">Kind</a> <a href="/exodus/31-3.htm">Kinds</a> <a href="/exodus/4-19.htm">Life</a> <a href="/exodus/3-22.htm">Lives</a> <a href="/exodus/5-7.htm">Making</a> <a href="/exodus/7-11.htm">Manner</a> <a href="/leviticus/14-41.htm">Mortar</a> <a href="/leviticus/25-43.htm">Rigor</a> <a href="/exodus/1-13.htm">Rigorously</a> <a href="/leviticus/25-43.htm">Rigour</a> <a href="/leviticus/25-43.htm">Ruthlessly</a> <a href="/exodus/1-16.htm">Serve</a> <a href="/exodus/5-9.htm">Service</a> <a href="/exodus/31-4.htm">Sorts</a> <a href="/exodus/12-10.htm">Used</a> <a href="/exodus/6-4.htm">Wherein</a> <a href="/exodus/2-11.htm">Work</a><div class="vheading2">Exodus 1</div>1. <a href="/exodus/1-1.htm">The children of Israel, after Joseph's death, increase.</a> 8. <a href="/exodus/1-8.htm">The more they are oppressed by a new king, the more they multiply.</a> 15. <a href="/exodus/1-15.htm">The godliness of the midwives in saving the male children alive.</a> 22. <a href="/exodus/1-22.htm">Pharaoh commands the male children to be cast into the river</a> </div></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script> <script id="b817b7107f1d4a7997da1b3c33457e03"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=cb0edd8b-b416-47eb-8c6d-3cc96561f7e8&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-2'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-0' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-3'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-1' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div>  <div align="center" id='div-gpt-ad-1531425649696-0'> </div> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:200px;height:200px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3753401421161123" data-ad-slot="3592799687"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </td></tr></table></div></div></div><div id="combox"><div class="padcom"><a name="study" id="study"></a><div class="vheading"><table width="100%"><tr><td width="99%" valign="top"><a href="/study/exodus/1.htm">Study Bible</a></td><td width="1%" valign="top"><a href="/study/exodus/" title="Book Summary and Study">Book ◦</a> <a href="/study/chapters/exodus/1.htm" title="Chapter summary and Study">Chapter </a></tr></table></div>and made their lives bitter with hard labor The Israelites' lives were made bitter by the Egyptians, reflecting the fulfillment of God's prophecy to Abraham in <a href="/genesis/15-13.htm">Genesis 15:13</a>, where God foretold that his descendants would be enslaved and oppressed. The bitterness symbolizes the severe oppression and suffering they endured, which is a recurring theme in the Bible, highlighting the trials faced by God's people. This bitterness also foreshadows the bitterness of sin and the need for deliverance, pointing to the ultimate deliverance through Christ.in brick and mortar The use of brick and mortar indicates the type of labor the Israelites were subjected to, which aligns with archaeological findings in Egypt showing the use of mud bricks in construction during this period. This labor was not only physically demanding but also degrading, as it was typically assigned to slaves. The mention of brick and mortar connects to the construction of store cities like Pithom and Rameses, as mentioned earlier in <a href="/exodus/1-11.htm">Exodus 1:11</a>, emphasizing the scale and intensity of their forced labor.and with all kinds of work in the fields The phrase expands the scope of their labor beyond construction to include agricultural work, which was essential for Egypt's economy. This reflects the comprehensive nature of their servitude, as they were exploited in various sectors. The agricultural labor also ties into the broader biblical narrative of toil and hardship resulting from the Fall in <a href="/genesis/3-17.htm">Genesis 3:17-19</a>, underscoring the theme of human suffering under sin.Every service they imposed was harsh The harshness of the service imposed on the Israelites underscores the cruelty of their Egyptian taskmasters. This harshness is a key element in the narrative, setting the stage for God's intervention and the eventual Exodus. It highlights the need for divine deliverance and justice, themes that resonate throughout Scripture. The severity of their oppression also serves as a backdrop for understanding God's compassion and the significance of His covenant with Israel, which is ultimately fulfilled in the New Covenant through Jesus Christ.<div class="vheading2">Persons / Places / Events</div>1. <a href="/topical/i/israelites.htm">Israelites</a> The descendants of Jacob, also known as the children of Israel, who were living in Egypt and subjected to harsh slavery. 2. <a href="/topical/e/egyptians.htm">Egyptians</a> The people of Egypt, under the rule of Pharaoh, who enslaved the Israelites and imposed severe labor upon them. 3. <a href="/topical/p/pharaoh.htm">Pharaoh</a> The king of Egypt who ordered the enslavement of the Israelites due to fear of their growing numbers and potential power. 4. <a href="/topical/e/egypt.htm">Egypt</a> The land where the Israelites were living as foreigners and where they were subjected to slavery. 5. <a href="/topical/l/labor_in_brick_and_mortar.htm">Labor in Brick and Mortar</a> The specific type of work the Israelites were forced to do, which involved making bricks and constructing buildings, symbolizing the harshness of their servitude.<div class="vheading2">Teaching Points</div><a href="/topical/t/the_reality_of_oppression.htm">The Reality of Oppression</a> The Israelites' experience in Egypt is a stark reminder of the reality of oppression and the suffering it brings. It calls us to be aware of and compassionate towards those who are oppressed today. <a href="/topical/g/god's_faithfulness_in_trials.htm">God's Faithfulness in Trials</a> Despite the harsh conditions, the Israelites' story is part of a larger narrative of God's faithfulness and His plan for deliverance. We can trust in God's promises even in difficult times. <a href="/topical/t/the_power_of_crying_out_to_god.htm">The Power of Crying Out to God</a> The Israelites' cries for help were heard by God, reminding us of the importance and power of prayer in times of distress. <a href="/topical/t/the_danger_of_fear_and_control.htm">The Danger of Fear and Control</a> Pharaoh's actions were driven by fear of the Israelites' growth. This teaches us about the destructive nature of fear and the desire to control others. <a href="/topical/t/the_call_to_justice.htm">The Call to Justice</a> As Christians, we are called to stand against injustice and work towards the liberation of those who are oppressed, following the example of God's deliverance of Israel.<div class="vheading2">Lists and Questions</div><a href="/top10/lessons_from_exodus_1.htm">Top 10 Lessons from Exodus 1</a> <a href="/q/what's_the_purpose_of_a_seder.htm">What is the purpose of a Passover Seder?</a> <a href="/q/which_bitter_herbs_are_in_the_bible.htm">What are the bitter herbs mentioned in the Bible?</a> <a href="/q/how_to_reconcile_exodus_1's_lack_of_evidence.htm">Exodus 1 in general - How do we reconcile the apparent lack of extra-biblical evidence or records that confirm both the massive presence of Hebrews and the oppression described?</a> <a href="/q/evidence_of_israelites_building_pithom_rameses.htm">Exodus 1:11 - Where is the archaeological or historical record for Israelites constructing entire cities such as Pithom and Rameses under forced labor?</a><a name="commentary" id="commentary"></a><div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/ellicott/exodus/1.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a></div>(14) In morter and in brick.--It has been questioned whether the Egyptians used brick as a material for building. No doubt temples, palaces, and pyramids were ordinarily of stone; but the employment of brick for walls, fortresses, and houses, especially in the Delta, is well attested. (See the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund for July, 1880, pp. 137, 139, 143, &c.) Pyramids, too, were sometimes of brick (Herod. ii. 136). The manufacture of bricks by foreigners, employed (like the Israelites) as public slaves, is represented by the kings upon their monuments.All manner of service in the field.--Josephus speaks of their being employed to dig canals (Ant. Jud. ii. 9, ? 1), and there is a trace in <a href="/deuteronomy/11-10.htm" title="For the land, where you go in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt, from from where you came out, where you sowed your seed, and watered it with your foot, as a garden of herbs:">Deuteronomy 11:10</a> of other labours connected with irrigation having been devolved on them. Such labours, under the hot sun of Egypt, are exhausting and dangerous to health.And all their service . . . was with rigour. Rather, besides all their other service, which they made them serve with rigour.<div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/pulpit/exodus/1.htm">Pulpit Commentary</a></div>Verse 14. - They made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter and in brick. While stone was the material chiefly employed by the Egyptians for their grand edifices, temples, palaces, treasuries, and the like, brick was also made use of to a large extent for inferior buildings, for tombs, dwelling-houses, walls of towns, forts, enclosures of temples, etc. There are examples of its employment in pyramids (Herod. 2:136; Vyse, 'Pyramids of Gizeh,' vol. 3. pp. 57-71); but only at a time long anterior to the nineteenth and even to the eighteenth dynasty. If the Pharaoh of the present passage was Seti I., the bricks made may have been destined in the main for that great wall which he commenced, but did not live to complete, between Pelusium and Heliopolis, which was to secure his eastern frontier (Birch, 'Egypt from the Earliest Times,' p. 125). All manner of labour in the field. The Israelitish colony was originally employed to a large extent in tending the royal flocks and herds (<a href="/genesis/47-6.htm">Genesis 47:6</a>). At a later date many of them were engaged in agricultural operations (<a href="/deuteronomy/11-10.htm">Deuteronomy 11:10</a>). These, in Egypt, are in some respects light, e.g. preparing the land and ploughing, whence the remark of Herodotus (2:14); but in other respects exceedingly heavy. There is no country where care and labour are so constantly needed during the whole of the year. The inundation necessitates extreme watchfulness, to save cattle, to prevent the houses and the farmyards from being inundated, and the embankments from being washed away. The cultivation is continuous throughout the whole of the year; and success depends upon a system of irrigation that requires constant labour and unremitting attention. If the "labour in the field" included, as Josephus supposed (1.s.c.), the cutting of canals, their lives would indeed have been "made bitter." There is no such exhausting toil as that of working under the hot Egyptian sun, with the feet in water, in an open cutting, where there can be no shade, and scarcely a breath of air, from sunrise to sunset, as forced labourers are generally required in do. Me-hemet Ali lost 20,000 labourers out of 150,000 in the construction of the Alexandrian Canal towards the middle of the present century. CHAPTER 1:15-22 <a href="/commentaries/exodus/1-14.htm">Parallel Commentaries ...</a> <a name="lexicon" id="lexicon"></a><div class="vheading">Hebrew</div>and made their lives חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם (ḥay·yê·hem) Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_2416.htm">Strong's 2416: </a> Alive, raw, fresh, strong, life bitter וַיְמָרְר֨וּ (way·mā·rə·rū) Conjunctive waw | Verb - Piel - Consecutive imperfect - third person masculine plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_4843.htm">Strong's 4843: </a> To be, bitter with hard קָשָׁ֗ה (qā·šāh) Adjective - feminine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_7186.htm">Strong's 7186: </a> Hard, severe labor בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה (ba·‘ă·ḇō·ḏāh) Preposition-b | Noun - feminine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_5656.htm">Strong's 5656: </a> Work of any kind in brick וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים (ū·ḇil·ḇê·nîm) Conjunctive waw, Preposition-b | Noun - feminine plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3843.htm">Strong's 3843: </a> Brick, tile and mortar, בְּחֹ֙מֶר֙ (bə·ḥō·mer) Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_2563.htm">Strong's 2563: </a> A bubbling up, of water, a wave, of earth, mire, clay, a heap, a chomer, dry measure and with all kinds וּבְכָל־ (ū·ḇə·ḵāl) Conjunctive waw, Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular construct <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3605.htm">Strong's 3605: </a> The whole, all, any, every of work עֲבֹדָ֖ה (‘ă·ḇō·ḏāh) Noun - feminine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_5656.htm">Strong's 5656: </a> Work of any kind in the fields. בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה (baś·śā·ḏeh) Preposition-b, Article | Noun - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_7704.htm">Strong's 7704: </a> Field, land Every כָּל־ (kāl-) Noun - masculine singular construct <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3605.htm">Strong's 3605: </a> The whole, all, any, every service עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם (‘ă·ḇō·ḏā·ṯām) Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_5656.htm">Strong's 5656: </a> Work of any kind they imposed עָבְד֥וּ (‘ā·ḇə·ḏū) Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person common plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_5647.htm">Strong's 5647: </a> To work, to serve, till, enslave was harsh. בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ (bə·p̄ā·reḵ) Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_6531.htm">Strong's 6531: </a> Harshness, severity <div class="vheading">Links</div><a href="/niv/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 NIV</a> <a href="/nlt/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 NLT</a> <a href="/esv/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 ESV</a> <a href="/nasb/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 NASB</a> <a href="/kjv/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 KJV</a> <a href="//bibleapps.com/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 BibleApps.com</a> <a href="//bibliaparalela.com/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 Biblia Paralela</a> <a href="//holybible.com.cn/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 Chinese Bible</a> <a href="//saintebible.com/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 French Bible</a> <a href="/catholic/exodus/1-14.htm">Exodus 1:14 Catholic Bible</a> <a href="/exodus/1-14.htm">OT Law: Exodus 1:14 And they made their lives bitter (Exo. Ex) </a></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="left"><a href="/exodus/1-13.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="Exodus 1:13"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="Exodus 1:13" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/exodus/1-15.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="Exodus 1:15"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="Exodus 1:15" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="bot"><iframe width="100%" height="1500" scrolling="no" src="/botmenubhnew2.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></td></tr></table></div></body></html>