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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printed_editions_and_textual_accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_editions_and_textual_accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Printed editions and textual accuracy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Printed_editions_and_textual_accuracy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Printed editions and textual accuracy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Printed_editions_and_textual_accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Codes_and_commentators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codes_and_commentators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Codes and commentators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codes_and_commentators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present day subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ethnology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="مشناه توراة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشناه توراة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixn%C3%A9_Tor%C3%A0" title="Mixné Torà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mixné Torà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1ne_Tora" title="Mišne Tora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mišne Tora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishn%C3%A9_Tora" title="Mishné Tora – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mishné Tora" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischne_Tora" title="Mischne Tora – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mischne Tora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishn%C3%A9_Tor%C3%A1" title="Mishné Torá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mishné Torá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%9Dne_Tora" title="Miŝne Tora – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miŝne Tora" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="تورات میشنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورات میشنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishn%C3%A9_Torah" title="Mishné Torah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mishné Torah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mishneh Torah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mishneh Torah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="משנה תורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משנה תורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjnee_Tora" title="Misjnee Tora – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Misjnee Tora" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ミシュネー・トーラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミシュネー・トーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjn%C3%A9_Tor%C3%A1" title="Misjné Torá – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Misjné Torá" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miszne_Tora" title="Miszne Tora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miszne Tora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishn%C3%A9_Tor%C3%A1" title="Mishné Torá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mishné Torá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мишне Тора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мишне Тора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mishneh Torah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%9Fneh_Torah" title="Mişneh Torah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mişneh Torah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мішне Тора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мішне Тора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="משנה תורה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="משנה תורה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Code of Jewish religious law authored by Maimonides</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>, which was also known as <i>Mishneh Torah</i> until the late Middle Ages, or with the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, the first major book of Rabbinic literature.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Mishneh Torah</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#ededed">מִשְׁנֵה תוֹרָה</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maimonides-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Maimonides-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Maimonides (artist's conceptual drawing)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Hebrew</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">1170–1180 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">Fourteen books</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:he:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D" class="extiw" title="s:he:he:משנה תורה לרמב"ם">Mishneh Torah</a></span></span></i> at Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Mishneh Torah</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִשְׁנֵה תוֹרָה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'repetition of the Torah'), also known as <i><b>Sefer Yad ha-Hazaka</b></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספר יד החזקה</span></span>, 'book of the strong hand'), is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal code">code</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i>) authored by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon/Rambam). The <i>Mishneh Torah</i> was compiled between 1170 and 1180 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> (4930 and 4940 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">AM</a>), while Maimonides was living in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>, and is regarded as Maimonides' <i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a></i>. Accordingly, later sources simply refer to the work as "<i>Maimon</i>", "<i>Maimonides</i>", or "<i>RaMBaM</i>", although Maimonides composed other works. </p><p><i>Mishneh Torah</i> consists of fourteen books, subdivided into sections, chapters, and paragraphs. It is the only <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a>-era work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws that are only applicable when the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> is in existence, and remains an important work in Judaism. </p><p>Its title is an appellation originally used for the Biblical book of <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, and its moniker, "Book of the Strong Hand", derives from its subdivision into fourteen books: the numerical value fourteen, when <a href="/wiki/Gematriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gematriya">represented</a> as the Hebrew letters <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yodh</a> (10) and <a href="/wiki/Dalet#Hebrew" title="Dalet">Dalet</a> (4), forms the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yad</i></span> ('hand'). </p><p>Maimonides intended to provide a complete statement of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral Law">Oral Law</a>, so that a person who mastered first the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Written Torah</a> and then the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> would be in no need of any other book. Contemporary reaction was mixed, with a strong and immediate opposition which focused on the absence of sources and the belief that the work appeared to be intended to supersede study of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. Maimonides responded to these criticisms, and the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> endures as an influential work in Jewish religious thought. According to several authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-YadM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YadM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decision may not be rendered in opposition to a view of Maimonides, even where he apparently militated against the sense of a Talmudic passage, for in such cases the presumption was that the words of the Talmud were incorrectly interpreted. Likewise: "One must follow Maimonides, even when the latter opposed his teachers, since he surely knew their views, and if he decided against them, he must have disapproved their interpretation."<sup id="cite_ref-YadM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YadM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mishneh Torah</i> was later adapted for an <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> audience by <a href="/wiki/Meir_HaKohen" title="Meir HaKohen">Meir HaKohen</a> in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Haggahot_Maimuniyyot" title="Haggahot Maimuniyyot">Haggahot Maimuniyyot</a></i>. The work consists of supplemental notes to the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> with the objective of implanting contemporary <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> thought in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, while juxtaposing it to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> halakhic customs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg/250px-Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg/375px-Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg/500px-Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>A page of a medieval Jerusalem Talmud manuscript, from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Maimonides sought brevity and clarity in his <i>Mishneh Torah</i> and, as in his <i>Commentary on the Mishnah</i>, he refrained from detailing his sources, considering it sufficient to name his sources in the preface. He drew upon the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmuds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Halakic_midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakic midrash">halachic Midrashim</a>, principally <a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sifre" title="Sifre">Sifre</a>. </p><p>Later sources include the <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a> (<i>teshuvot</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>. The maxims and decisions of the Geonim are frequently presented with the introductory phrase "The Geonim have decided" or "There is a regulation of the Geonim", while the opinions of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> and Alfasi's pupil Joseph ibn Migash are prefaced by the words "my teachers have decided" (although there is no direct source confirming ibn Migash as Maimonides' teacher). According to Maimonides, the Geonim were considered "unintelligible in our days, and there are but few who are able to comprehend them". There were even times when Maimonides disagreed with what was being taught in the name of the Geonim. </p><p>A number of laws appear to have no source in any of the works mentioned; it is thought that Maimonides deduced them through independent interpretations of the Bible or that they are based on versions of previous Talmudic texts no longer in our hands. Maimonides himself states a few times in his work that he possessed what he considered to be more accurate texts of the Talmud than what most people possessed at his time. The latter has been confirmed to a certain extent by versions of the Talmud preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> as to the reason for what previously were thought to be rulings without any source.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_style">Language and style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Mishneh Torah</i> is written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> had been. As he states in the preface, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> was reluctant to write in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic Aramaic</a>, since it was not widely known.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His previous works had been written in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a>. </p><p>The <i>Mishneh Torah</i> virtually never cites sources or arguments, and confines itself to stating the final decision on the law to be followed in each situation. There is no discussion of Talmudic interpretation or methodology, and the sequence of chapters follows the factual subject matter of the laws rather than the intellectual principle involved. Maimonides was criticized for not including sources by his contemporaries. Maimonides later regretted not adding sources but ultimately did not have time to update his work.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_books_and_sections">The books and sections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The books and sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torah_and_jad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/200px-Torah_and_jad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/300px-Torah_and_jad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Torah_and_jad.jpg/400px-Torah_and_jad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scroll</a></figcaption></figure> <ol><li><i>HaMadda</i> (Knowledge) <ol><li><i>Yesodei ha-Torah</i> (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> ‘Foundations of the Torah’): belief in <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a></li> <li><i>De'ot</i>: general proper behavior</li> <li><i>Talmud Torah</i>: <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><i>Avodah Zarah</i>: the prohibition against <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and foreign worship</li> <li><i>Teshuvah</i>: the law and philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">repentance</a></li></ol></li> <li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tefillin_shel_yad_klaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tefillin_shel_yad_klaf.jpg/200px-Tefillin_shel_yad_klaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tefillin_shel_yad_klaf.jpg/300px-Tefillin_shel_yad_klaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tefillin_shel_yad_klaf.jpg/400px-Tefillin_shel_yad_klaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The single scroll of the arm-<a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a></figcaption></figure> <i>Ahavah</i> (Love [of God]) <ol><li><i>Kri'at Shema</i>: recitation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shema" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shema">the Shema</a></i></li> <li><i>Tefilah</i> and <i>Birkat Kohanim</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly blessing">priestly blessing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></i></li> <li><i>Berachot</i>: blessings</li> <li><i>Milah</i>: circumcision</li> <li><i>Seder Tefilot</i>: order of prayers</li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG/220px-Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG/330px-Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG/440px-Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">sukkah</a> booth</figcaption></figure> <i>Zemanim</i> (Times) <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eruv" title="Eruv">Eruvin</a></i>: a type of Rabbinic device that allows Jews to carry outdoors and walk longer distances on the Sabbath, as well as cook on holidays.</li> <li><i>Shevitat `Asor</i>: laws of <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, except for the Temple service (see <i>Avodat Yom ha-Kippurim</i>, below)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Yom Tov</a></i>: prohibitions on major <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a> that are different from the prohibitions of Sabbath</li> <li><i>Hametz u-Matza</i>: <a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">chametz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzah</a> (i. e., <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>)</li> <li><i>Shofar ve-Lulav ve-Sukkah</i>: <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a> (i. e., <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Palm_frond" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm frond">palm frond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a> (i. e., <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>)</li> <li><i>Shekalim</i>: money collected for the Temple in Jerusalem when it stood</li> <li><i>Kiddush HaChodesh</i>: sanctification of the month</li> <li><i>Taaniyot</i>: fasts</li> <li><i>Hanukah u-Megillah</i>: <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll of Esther">Scroll of Esther</a> (i. e., <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>)</li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg/220px-V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg/330px-V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg/440px-V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a>, a Jewish marriage contract, outlining the duties of the husband</figcaption></figure> <i>Nashim</i> (Women): <ol><li><i>Ishut</i>: laws of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">kiddushin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a></li> <li><i>Geirushin</i>: laws of <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a></li> <li><i>Yibum va-Chalitzah</i>: laws of <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate marriage</a></li> <li><i>Na'arah Betulah</i>: the law of a man who seduces or rapes an unmarried woman</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sotah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotah">Sotah</a></i>: laws concerning a woman suspected of infidelity</li></ol></li> <li><i>Kedushah</i> (Holiness) <ol><li><i>Issurei Biah</i>: forbidden sexual relations, including <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">niddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">intermarriage</a> with non-Jews is forbidden, the laws of conversion to Judaism are also included.</li> <li><i>Ma'akhalot Assurot</i>: laws of forbidden foods (see <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shechitah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shechitah">Shechitah</a></i>: laws of ritual slaughter</li></ol></li> <li><i>Hafla'ah</i> (Separation): <ol><li><i>Shevuot</i>: Person-focused promise or commitment.</li> <li><i>Nedarim</i>: Object-focused dedication or prohibition.</li> <li><i>Nezirot</i>: laws of <a href="/wiki/Nazirites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazirites">Nazirites</a></li> <li><i>Erachin</i>: laws of donations to the temple</li></ol></li> <li><i>Zera'im</i> (Seeds) <ol><li><i>Kilayim</i>: laws of forbidden mixtures</li> <li><i>Aniyim</i>: laws of obligatory gifts to the poor</li> <li><i>Terumot</i>: laws of obligatory gifts to the priests</li> <li><i>Maaser</i>: laws of tithes</li> <li><i>Sheini</i>: laws of secondary tithes</li> <li><i>Bikurim</i>: laws of first fruit offerings</li> <li><i>Shemittah</i>: laws of the sabbatical year</li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a>, as imagined in the <a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <i>Avodah</i> (Divine Service): <ol><li><i>Bet HaBechirah</i>: laws of God's chosen house</li> <li><i>K'lei HaMikdash</i>: laws of the temple utensils and those who serve within</li> <li><i>Bi'at HaMikdash</i>: laws of entry to the sanctuary</li> <li><i>Issurei HaMizbe'ach</i>: laws of entities prohibited to be offered on the altar</li> <li><i>Ma'aseh HaKorbanot</i>: laws of the sacrificial procedures</li> <li><i>Temidim uMusafim</i>: laws of continual and additional offerings</li> <li><i>Pesule HaMukdashim</i>: laws of consecrated entities that have been disqualified</li> <li><i>Avodat Yom HaKippurim</i>: laws of the Yom Kippur service</li> <li><i>Me'ilah</i>: laws of the misappropriation of consecrated property</li></ol></li> <li><i>Korbanot</i> (Offerings) <ol><li><i>Korban Pesach</i>: the Passover offering</li> <li><i>Chagigah</i>: the festival offering</li> <li><i>Bechorot</i>: laws regarding first-born children</li> <li><i>Shegagot</i>: Offerings for Unintentional Transgressions</li> <li><i>Mechussarey Kapparah</i>: Offerings for Those with Incomplete Atonement</li> <li><i>Temurah</i>: Substitution</li></ol></li> <li><i>Taharah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual purity">Ritual Purity</a>) <ol><li><i>Tumat Met</i>: defilement by coming into contact with death</li> <li><i>Para Aduma</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Red_heifer" title="Red heifer">red heifer</a></li> <li><i>Tumat Zara’at</i>: defilement by <a href="/wiki/Tzara%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzara'at">tzara'at</a></li> <li><i>Metamei Mischkaw u-Moschaw</i> tangential defilement</li> <li><i>She'ar Avot haTumot</i> other sources of defilment</li> <li><i>Tumat Ochalin</i>: defilement of foods</li> <li><i>Kelim</i>: vessels</li> <li><i>Mikvaot</i>: laws regarding the <a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">mikvah</a></li></ol></li> <li><i>Sefer Nezikim</i>, also known as <i>Sefer Nezikin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Torts" class="mw-redirect" title="Torts">torts</a>) <ol><li><i>Nizqei Mamon</i>: property damage</li> <li><i>Geneivah</i>: theft</li> <li><i>Gezeilah v'Avidah</i>: robbery and lost property</li> <li><i>Hovel uMaziq</i>: one who injures another</li> <li><i>Rotzeah uShmirat Nefesh</i>: murderers and life preservation</li></ol></li> <li><i>Sefer Kinyan</i> (Acquisition) <ol><li><i>Mechirah</i> sale</li> <li><i>Zechiyah uMatanah</i>: ownerless property and gifts</li> <li><i>Sh’chenim</i>: neighbors</li> <li><i>Shluhin v’Shutafin</i>: agents and partners</li> <li><i>‘Avadim</i>: slaves</li></ol></li> <li><i>Sefer Mishpatim</i> (Civil Laws) <ol><li><i>Schirut</i> rent</li> <li><i>Sheilah uPiqadon</i> borrowing and deposits</li> <li><i>Malveh v'Loveh</i> lenders and borrowers</li> <li><i>To'en v'Nit'an</i> plaintiff and reception</li> <li><i>Nahalot</i> inheritance</li></ol></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanhedrin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/220px-Sanhedrin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/330px-Sanhedrin1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/440px-Sanhedrin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Artist's imagination of the <i>Sanhedrin</i>, from an 1883 encyclopedia</figcaption></figure> <i>Sefer Shoftim</i> (Judges) <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></i></li> <li><i>Edut</i>: testimony</li> <li><i>Mamrim:</i> heretics</li> <li><i>Evel</i>: mourning</li> <li><i>Melachim uMilhamoteyhem</i>: kings and wars</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_laws">Notable laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mishneh Torah contains a widely quoted list of eight levels of charitable donation, where the first level is most preferable, and the eighth the least (see <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_reaction">Contemporary reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics_and_criticism">Critics and criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Critics and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Mishneh Torah</i> was strongly opposed almost as soon as it appeared. Major sources of contention were the absence of sources and the belief that the work appeared to be intended to supersede study of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. Some criticisms appear to have been less rational in nature. Indeed, Maimonides quotes the Talmud in stating that one should study the Talmud for a third of one's study time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most sincere but influential opponent, whose comments are printed parallel to virtually all editions of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, was Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David_of_Posqui%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham ben David of Posquières">Abraham ben David of Posquières</a> (Raavad III, France, 12th century). </p><p>Many critics were especially bitter against the new methods which he had employed, and the very peculiarities which he had regarded as merits in his work failed to please his opponents because they were innovations. Thus they reproached him because he departed from the Talmudic order and introduced a division and arrangement of his own, and because he dared to sometimes decide according to the <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> and the Jerusalem Talmud as against the Babylonian Talmud. </p><p>Especially sharp was the blame heaped upon Maimonides because he neglected to cite his sources; this was considered an evidence of his superciliousness, since it made it difficult, if not absolutely impossible, for scholars to verify his statements, and compelled them to follow his decisions absolutely. Yet, despite all this, Maimonides remained certain that in the future the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> would find great influence and acceptance. This is boldly expressed in a letter to his student Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Yoseph ben ha-rav Yehudah</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And all that I've described to you regarding those who won't accept it [the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>] properly, that is uniquely in my generation. However, in future generations, when jealousy and the lust for power will disappear, all of Israel will subsist [lit. "we be satiated"] on it alone, and will abandon all else besides it without a doubt – except for those who seek something to be involved with all their lives, even though it doesn't achieve a purpose.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maimonides'_response"><span id="Maimonides.27_response"></span>Maimonides' response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maimonides' response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sefer_Ahavah_title_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sefer_Ahavah_title_2.jpg/220px-Sefer_Ahavah_title_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sefer_Ahavah_title_2.jpg/330px-Sefer_Ahavah_title_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sefer_Ahavah_title_2.jpg/440px-Sefer_Ahavah_title_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2959" /></a><figcaption><i>Sefer Ahavah</i>, <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a>, ca 1351, Spain or Southern France</figcaption></figure> <p>Maimonides defended himself. He had not composed this work for glory; he desired only to supply the necessary, but lacking, code, for there was danger lest pupils, weary of the difficult study, might go astray in decisions of practical importance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He noted that it had never been his intention to abolish Talmudic studies altogether, nor had he ever said that there was no need of the "Halakot" of Rabbi Isaac Alfasi, for he himself had lectured to his pupils on the Gemara and, at their request, upon Alfasi's work.<sup id="cite_ref-renamed_from_140_on_20220706184807_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_140_on_20220706184807-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did state that for the masses, there was no need for Talmud study, as the <i>Mishne Torah</i>, along with the written Torah, would suffice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that in-depth study of Talmudic discussions was "a waste of time", for the sole purpose of study was to know how to practice the law.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He said that his omission of his sources was due solely to his desire for brevity, although he regretted that he had not written a supplementary work citing his authorities for those <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakot</a> whose sources were not evident from the context. He would, however, should circumstances permit, atone for this error, however toilsome it might be to write such a supplement.<sup id="cite_ref-renamed_from_140_on_20220706184807_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_140_on_20220706184807-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raavad was forced to acknowledge that the work of Maimonides was a magnificent contribution,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor did he hesitate to praise him and approve his views in many passages, citing and commenting upon the sources. </p><p>Later works (e. g., <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a>'s <i>Kesef Mishné</i>) set out to find sources for Maimonides' decisions, and to resolve any disputes between him and the Raavad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yonah_of_Gerona">Yonah of Gerona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yonah of Gerona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaarei_Teshuvah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shaarei_Teshuvah.png/200px-Shaarei_Teshuvah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shaarei_Teshuvah.png/300px-Shaarei_Teshuvah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shaarei_Teshuvah.png/400px-Shaarei_Teshuvah.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Title page from Sefer <i>Shaarei Teshuvah</i> (1960 pocket edition) by Yonah Gerondi (d.1263), first published in 1505.</figcaption></figure> <p>Special mention should be made of <a href="/wiki/Yonah_of_Gerona" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonah of Gerona">Yonah of Gerona</a>, a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a> (Ramban) who was initially a member of the vocal opponents of the "Yad". He was involved in the burning of a number of copies of the <i>Sefer ha-Madda</i> in the 1240s. Regret followed, when he saw the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> being burnt in Paris in 1244, which he interpreted as a sign from Heaven that he had been mistaken. He set out to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, to ask forgiveness on Maimonides' grave in presence of ten witnesses, but failed to continue to his destination. He composed a classic work on penitence (titled <i>Shaarei Teshuva</i>, "The Gates of Repentance") during his soul-searching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thus the work of Maimonides, notwithstanding the sharp attacks upon it, soon won general recognition as an authority of the first importance for ritual decisions. According to several authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decision may not be rendered in opposition to a view of Maimonides, even though the latter apparently militated against the sense of a Talmudic passage, for in such cases the presumption was that the words of the Talmud were incorrectly interpreted. Likewise: "One must follow Maimonides even when the latter opposed his teachers, since he surely knew their views, and if he decided against them he must have disapproved their interpretation".<sup id="cite_ref-YadM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YadM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even when later authorities, like <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (the <i>Rosh</i>), decided against Maimonides, it became a rule of the <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Oriental Jews</a> to follow the latter, although the European Jews, especially the Ashkenazim, preferred the opinions of the Rosh in such cases. But the hope which Maimonides expressed, that in time to come his work and his alone would be accepted, has been only half fulfilled. His <i>Mishneh Torah</i> is indeed still very popular, but there has been no cessation in the study of other works. </p><p>Ironically, while Maimonides refrained from citing sources out of concern for brevity (or perhaps because he designed his work to be used without studying the Talmud or other sources first), the result has often been the opposite of what he intended. Various commentaries have been written which seek to supply the lacking source documentation, and, indeed, today, the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> is sometimes used as a sort of an index to aid in locating Talmudic passages. In cases where Maimonides' sources, or interpretation thereof, is questionable, the lack of clarity has at times led to lengthy analyses and debates – quite the opposite of the brevity he sought to attain. On the other hand, this only became an issue for students and scholars who studied the <i>Mishneh Torah'</i>s sources. According to Maimonides himself, deducing law from the sources had already become a precarious proposition (for a number of reasons) – even in his own times. This necessarily relates to different subjects – like the influence of the exile, language skills, lack of time, censorship, and alternate versions of the Talmud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printed_editions_and_textual_accuracy">Printed editions and textual accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Printed editions and textual accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time many textual errors and distortions have appeared in the various editions of Maimonides' <i>Mishneh Torah</i>. These inaccuracies are in the text of rulings, in the drawings made by Maimonides, as well as in the division (and thus the numbering) of rulings. </p><p>There are various reasons for these inaccuracies. Some are due to errors in the copying of manuscripts (before the age of printing) or mistakes by typesetters of later editions. Others are due to conscious attempts to "correct" the text, and yet others to Christian censorship (in countries under its control). In addition, Maimonides himself frequently edited the text of his own autograph copy, such that manuscripts copied from his own book did not preserve his later corrections. Thus, the received version may not be the text that Maimonides intended us to read. </p><p>Often the distortions in existing versions prompted questions on the "Mishne Torah" which were solved in many creative and different ways by the scholars throughout the generations; many of these questions don't arise in the first place if the version is corrected based upon reliable manuscripts. </p><p>In order to determine the exact version, scholars use reliable early manuscripts (some of them containing Maimonides' own signature), which are free of both Christian censorship and the changes of later readers who tried to "correct" the text on their own, without manuscript evidence. Since the middle of the 20th century there have been five scientific printings of the book: </p> <ul><li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shabsai_Frankel" title="Shabsai Frankel">Shabsai Frankel</a>'s edition includes critical editions of the "classical" commentators on <i>Mishneh Torah</i> as well as the book itself. However, the actual text of <i>Mishneh Torah</i> in this edition is based heavily on the printed editions, rather than the early manuscripts, whose variant readings are relegated to marginal notes and an apparatus at the end of each volume.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the volumes have been published.</li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>'s edition<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is based mainly on Yemenite manuscripts, and includes an extensive commentary by Qafih that surveys the discussions of the classical commentaries on <i>Mishneh Torah</i> and includes verbatim citation of previous commentaries in their entirety along with Qafih's comments.</li> <li>The <i>Yad Peshutah</i> edition by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Rabinovitch" title="Nahum Rabinovitch">Nahum Rabinovitch</a>, Rosh Yeshivat <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Birkat_Moshe" title="Yeshivat Birkat Moshe">Yeshivat Birkat Moshe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim" title="Ma'ale Adumim">Ma'ale Adumim</a>. This edition is based on a number of manuscripts (different ones are used for the different books, according to their reliability) and includes an original commentary on the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>.</li> <li><i>The Exact Mishneh Torah</i> edition by Rabbi Yitzchak Shelat, also of <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Birkat_Moshe" title="Yeshivat Birkat Moshe">Yeshivat Birkat Moshe</a>, has no commentary. It compares the printed versions to the fixed version. So far, four volumes have been printed; the publisher expects to print two new volumes each year.</li> <li>A one-volume edition (1000 pages), published by <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Or_Vishua" title="Yeshivat Or Vishua">Yeshivat Or Vishua</a> and now in its third edition, reflects all the editions based on reliable manuscripts, accompanied by surrounding indexes but with no commentary. The text was checked again, based mainly on Qafih's edition. It gives variant readings from the other leading editions only in cases where the changes are meaningful. "The Mishne Torah Project" of the yeshiva also plans to publish a multi-volume pocket edition including vowel diacritics and cross-references to other passages and to Maimonides' other works. The pocket version of <i>Sefer Ha-Madda</i> (The Book of Knowledge) is already in print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codes_and_commentators">Codes and commentators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Codes and commentators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_327-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_327-0.jpg/250px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_327-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_327-0.jpg/375px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_327-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_327-0.jpg/500px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e9_327-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Karo's <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Mishneh Torah</i> itself has been the subject of a number of commentaries, the most notable being <i>Magid Mishné</i> by <a href="/wiki/Vidal_de_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidal de Toulouse">Vidal de Toulouse</a>, <i>Migdal Oz</i> by <a href="/wiki/Shem_Tov_ben_Abraham_ibn_Gaon" title="Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon">Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon</a> <i>Kesef Mishné</i> by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a>, <i>Mishné la-Melech</i> by <a href="/wiki/Judah_Rosanes" title="Judah Rosanes">Judah Rosanes</a>, <i>Lechem Mishné</i> by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_de_Boton" title="Abraham de Boton">Abraham de Boton</a>, <i>Rabbi David ben Zimra (Radbaz)</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Haggahot_Maimuniyyot" title="Haggahot Maimuniyyot">Haggahot Maimuniyyot</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Meir_HaKohen" title="Meir HaKohen">Meir HaKohen</a> (which details <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> customs). Most commentators aim to resolve criticisms of the Raavad, and to trace Maimonides' sources to the text of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>. </p><p>Later codes of Jewish law, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Arba'ah Turim</a></i> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a>, draw heavily on Maimonides' work, and in both, whole sections are often quoted verbatim. </p><p>Also there were many attempts down to the present time to force those who follow the rulings of Maimonides to change to the Shulchan Aruch or some other latter work of Minhag/Halakha. In response to this Karo wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Who is he whose heart conspires to approach forcing congregations who practice according to the RaMBaM of blessed memory, to go by any one of the early or latter-day Torah authorities?! ... Is it not a case of a fortiori, that regarding the School of Shammai—that the halakhah does not go according to them—they [the Talmudic Sages] said ‘if [one practices] like the School of Shammai [he may do so, but] according to their leniencies and their stringencies’: The RaMBaM, is the greatest of all the Torah authorities, and all the communities of the Land of Israel and the Arab-controlled lands and the West [North Africa] practice according to his word, and accepted him upon themselves as their Chief Rabbi. Whoever practices according to him with his leniencies and his stringencies, why coerce them to budge from him? And all the more so if also their fathers and forefathers practiced accordingly: for their children are not to turn right or left from the RaMBaM of blessed memory. And even if communities that practice according to the Rosh or other authorities like him became the majority, they cannot coerce the minority of congregations practicing according to the RaMBaM of blessed memory, to practice like they do. And there is no issue here concerning the prohibition against having two courts in the same city [‘lo tithgodedu’], since every congregation should practice according to its original custom…</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study">Study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson2_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chest high portrait of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson wearing a black hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson2_crop.jpg/170px-Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson2_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson2_crop.jpg/255px-Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson2_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson2_crop.jpg/340px-Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson2_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, known as the <i>Lubavitcher Rebbe</i>, studied the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> daily and encouraged other Jews to follow along with him in an annual study cycle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The in-depth study of <i>Mishneh Torah</i> underwent a revival in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian</a> Judaism in the late 19th century. The Lithuanians did not use it as a source book on practical <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, as they followed the Ashkenazi authorities such as <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Aruch_ha-Shulchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruch ha-Shulchan">Aruch ha-Shulchan</a></i>. </p><p>Instead, they used it as a guide to Talmudic interpretation and methodology. Given the fact that the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> entirely omits these topics, this reading seems paradoxical and against the grain. Their method was to compare the Talmudic source material with Maimonides' final decision, in order to reconstruct the rules of interpretation that must have been used to get from one to the other. </p><p>It thus remains an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> curriculum. As regards Talmud study, it is one of the primary works referenced in analyzing the Talmudic text from a legal point of view, as mentioned. It is also a primary text referenced in understanding the <i>Halakha</i> as presented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Arba'ah Turim</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i>; and <i>Mishneh Torah</i> is thus one of the first post-Talmudic sources consulted when investigating a question of Jewish law. See <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Talmud_study" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Talmud study</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Jewish_law" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Jewish law</a>; <a href="/wiki/Halakha#Codes_of_Jewish_law" title="Halakha">Halakha § Codes of Jewish law</a>. </p><p>Prominent recent authorities who have written commentaries on the work include Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Meir_Simcha_of_Dvinsk" title="Meir Simcha of Dvinsk">Meir Simcha of Dvinsk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ohr_Somayach_(book)" title="Ohr Somayach (book)">Ohr Somayach</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soloveitchik" title="Chaim Soloveitchik">Chaim Soloveitchik</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chiddushei_Rabbeinu_Chaim" title="Chiddushei Rabbeinu Chaim">Chiddushei Rabbeinu Chaim</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Isaac_Krasilschikov" title="Yitzchok Isaac Krasilschikov">Yitzchok Isaac Krasilschikov</a> (<i>Tevunah</i>), <a href="/wiki/Isser_Zalman_Meltzer" title="Isser Zalman Meltzer">Isser Zalman Meltzer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Even_HaEzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Even HaEzel">Even HaEzel</a></i>), and, more recently, the <a href="/wiki/Lubavitcher_Rebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubavitcher Rebbe">Lubavitcher Rebbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadran_al_HaRambam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadran al HaRambam">Hadran al HaRambam</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Elazar_Shach" title="Elazar Shach">Elazar Shach</a> (<i>Avi Ezri</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Rabinovitch" title="Nahum Rabinovitch">Nahum Rabinovitch</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yad_Peshuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yad Peshuta (page does not exist)">Yad Peshuta</a></i>), and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Kapach</a>. See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_commentaries_on_Mishneh_Torah" title="List of commentaries on Mishneh Torah">List of commentaries on Mishneh Torah</a> </p><p>Many scholarly speeches (e. g., the traditional Rabbi's speech on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> preceding <a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>) often revolve around a reconciliation between two passages in Maimonides' work. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Rav Soloveitchik's</a> work <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Hacohen_Peli#Friendship_with_Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Pinchas Hacohen Peli"><i>Al haTeshuvah</i></a> discussing <a href="/wiki/Teshuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuva">repentance</a> in the light of Rambam's work, is widely studied and referenced (in Modern Orthodox communities) in the days leading up to <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. </p><p>Today, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a>, participate in one of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Rambam_Study" title="Daily Rambam Study">annual study cycles of <i>Mishneh Torah</i></a> (one or three chapters a day), innovated by the <a href="/wiki/Lubavitcher_Rebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubavitcher Rebbe">Lubavitcher Rebbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, in the spring of 1984. Parallel to the three- or one-chapter(s)-a-day cycle, there is a daily study of the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Hamitzvot" title="Sefer Hamitzvot">Sefer Hamitzvot</a> "Book of the Commandments", also authored by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. </p><p>A popular commentary, <i>Rambam La'Am</i> ('Rambam for the Nation'), was produced in 1971 by Rabbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shmuel_Tanchum_Rubinstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shmuel Tanchum Rubinstein (page does not exist)">Shmuel Tanchum Rubinstein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:שמואל תנחום רובינשטיין">he</a>]</span> (published by <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This 20 volume set is widely used in daily Rambam study, in the Israeli Chabad and <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a> communities. <a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a> produced a similarly positioned commentary, published by <a href="/wiki/Koren_Publishers_Jerusalem" title="Koren Publishers Jerusalem">Koren</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practice">Practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As for <i>halakha l'maaseh</i> (practical application of Jewish law), although the majority of Jews keep Jewish law according to various other Rabbinic codes organized around the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>, an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>, as well as various other individuals, are being attracted to the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> as their choice code of Jewish law by which to live. They may consider it a return to the original ways of their ancestors. </p><p>One individual who contributed to this phenomenon was Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yi%E1%B8%A5yah_Qafi%E1%B8%A5" title="Yiḥyah Qafiḥ">Yiḥyah Qafiḥ</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Dor Daim</a> movement in Yemen. The <i>Mishneh Torah</i> had always been a leading authority in the <a href="/wiki/Baladi-rite_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baladi-rite Prayer">Baladi</a> (local, traditionalist) Yemenite community – as a matter of local custom. Scholarly work in this vein was continued by his grandson, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafi%E1%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Qafiḥ">Yosef Qafiḥ</a> (also spelled Gafah, Qafahh or Kapach). Yosef Qafiḥ is credited with the publication of an almost encyclopedic commentary to the entire <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, including his own insights, set to a text of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> based upon the authoritative, hand-written manuscripts preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Jewish">Yemenite Jewish</a> community. The introduction to his edition of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> is well known in itself as a defense for the keeping of halakha according to the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his lifetime, Yosef Qafiḥ was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Baladi-rite_and_Shami-rite_prayer_books" title="Yemenite Jews">Baladi Yemenite</a> community as a whole, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Dor Daim</a> or strict "Rambamists". After Qafiḥ died, Rabbi Rasson Arusi has largely filled his place as the leading public representative of the Baladi and Rambamist communities. </p><p>Rabbi Rasson Arusi is founder of 'Halikhoth Ahm Yisroel' and Makhon Mishnath haRambam, and head of the marriage department of the Rabbinate of Israel, as well as chief rabbi of city of <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ono" title="Kiryat Ono">Kiryat Ono</a> in Israel. Arusi and the organization Makhon Mishnath haRambam have published several books filled with commentary on various parts and aspects of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> as well as topics related to the Yemenite Jewish community. Besides the works of Qafiḥ and Arusi, there are a number of other commentaries to the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> written by leaders of the Yemenite Jewish community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnology">Ethnology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars specializing in the study of the history and subculture of Judaism in premodern China (Sino-Judaica) have noted this work has surprising similarities with the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a>, descendants of Persian merchants who settled in the Middle Kingdom during the early <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond scriptural similarities, Michael Pollak comments the Jews' Pentateuch was divided into 53 sections according to the Persian style.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also points out: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no proof, to be sure, that Kaifeng Jewry ever had direct access to the works of "the Great Eagle", but it would have had ample time and opportunity to acquire or become acquainted with them well before its reservoir of Jewish learning began to run out. Nor do the Maimonidean leanings of the <i>kehillah</i> contradict the historical evidence that has the Jews arriving in <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> no later than 1126, the year in which <a href="/wiki/Jingkang_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingkang Incident">the Sung fled the city</a>--and nine years before Maimonides was born. In 1163, when the <i>kehillah</i> built the first of its synagogues, Maimonides was only twenty-eight years old, so that it is highly unlikely that even his earliest authoritative teachings could by then have reached China [...] The compliance of their descendants with certain uniquely Maimonidean interpretations implies that the channels of communication between the <i>kehillah</i> and extra-Chinese Jewish centers were still open several generations after its establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The work was being used by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Jews of India</a> during Maimonides' lifetime. In response to a letter from the Rabbis of <a href="/wiki/Lunel,_H%C3%A9rault" title="Lunel, Hérault">Lunel</a>, France requesting him to translate his <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_of_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide of the Perplexed">Guide of the Perplexed</a></i> from Arabic to Hebrew, Maimonides applauded their piety in light of what he viewed as the general stagnation of religiosity throughout the rest of the Jewish world. However, he commented: "Only lately some well-to-do men came forward and purchased three copies of my code [the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>] which they distributed through messengers... Thus, the horizon of these Jews was widened, and the religious life in all communities as far as India revived."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further support for the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> circulating in India comes in the form of a letter sent from <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, Israel, to Italy in 1535. In it, David del Rossi claimed that a Tripolitan Jewish merchant had told him the India town of Shingly (<a href="/wiki/Cranganore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore">Cranganore</a>) had a large Jewish population who dabbled in yearly pepper trade with the Portuguese. As far as their religious life, he wrote they: "only recognize the Code of Maimonides and possessed no other authority or Traditional law."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known English translation of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> was made in 1832 by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hedwig_Bernard" title="Herman Hedwig Bernard">Herman Hedwig Bernard</a>, professor of Hebrew at Cambridge University. Bernard's work is titled <i>The Main Principles of the Creed and Ethics of the Jews Exhibited in Selections from the Yad Hachazakah of Maimonides, with A Literal English Translation, Copious Illustrations from the Talmud, &c.</i>. Bernard's work includes a glossary of words and concepts which appear in the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1888 work <i>Dat Vadin</i> by Rabbi Moses Frankel, published in Odessa, is a <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> summary of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Birnbaum" title="Philip Birnbaum">Philip Birnbaum</a> published an excerpted translation published as <i>Maimonides' Mishneh Torah: Yad Hazakah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yale Judaica Series edition of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> was started in 1949 and is almost complete, except "the Book of Knowledge", which is in progress: </p> <ul><li>Introduction, Isadore Twersky (1982) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02846-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02846-6">0-300-02846-6</a></li> <li>Book 2, <i>The Book of Love</i>, Menachem Kellner (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10348-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10348-4">0-300-10348-4</a></li> <li>Book 3, <i>The Book of Seasons</i>, Solomon Gandz and Hyman Klein (1961) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00322-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00322-6">0-300-00322-6</a></li> <li>Book 3, <i>Treatise 8, The Sanctification of the New Moon</i>, Solomon Gandz, Julian Obermann, Otto Neugebauer (1956) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00476-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00476-1">0-300-00476-1</a></li> <li>Book 4, <i>The Book of Women</i>, Isaac Klein (1972) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01438-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01438-4">0-300-01438-4</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01438-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01438-9">978-0-300-01438-9</a></li> <li>Book 5, <i>The Book of Holiness</i>, Leon Nemoy, Louis I. Rabinowitz, and Philip Grossman (1965) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00846-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00846-5">0-300-00846-5</a></li> <li>Book 6, <i>The Book of Asseverations</i>, B. D. Klein (1962) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00633-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00633-0">0-300-00633-0</a></li> <li>Book 7, <i>The Book of Agriculture</i>, Isaac Klein (1979) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02223-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02223-9">0-300-02223-9</a></li> <li>Book 8, <i>The Book of Temple Service</i>, Mendell Lewittes (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00497-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00497-4">0-300-00497-4</a></li> <li>Book 9, <i>The Book of Offerings</i>, Herbert Danby, (1950) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00398-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00398-6">0-300-00398-6</a></li> <li>Book 10, <i>The Book of Cleanness</i>, Herbert Danby, (1954) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00397-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00397-8">0-300-00397-8</a></li> <li>Book 11, <i>The Book of Torts</i>, Hyman Klein (1954) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00632-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00632-2">0-300-00632-2</a></li> <li>Book 12, <i>The Book of Acquisitions</i>, Isaac Klein (1951) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00631-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00631-4">0-300-00631-4</a></li> <li>Book 13, <i>The Book of Civil Laws</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_J._Rabinowitz" title="Jacob J. Rabinowitz">Jacob J. Rabinowitz</a> (1949) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00845-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00845-7">0-300-00845-7</a></li> <li>Book 14, <i>The Book of Judges</i>, Abraham M. Hershman (1949) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00548-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00548-2">0-300-00548-2</a></li></ul> <p>In 1981 <a href="/wiki/Feldheim_Publishers" title="Feldheim Publishers">Feldheim Publishers</a> published an edition of the first two books based on the Oxford manuscript, with the translation of <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hyamson" title="Moses Hyamson">Moses Hyamson</a>. As the translation was made from the traditional printed texts, it does not always match the Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moznaim Publishing Corporation has published an annotated English translation of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> by Rabbi Eliyahu Touger. This edition is available online on chabad.org <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2006 <a href="/wiki/Mayer_Alter_Horowitz" title="Mayer Alter Horowitz">Mayer Alter Horowitz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Boston (Hasidic dynasty)">Boston Hasidic dynasty</a> announced that The Nesher Hagodol Legacy Foundation had begun a translation "Perush HaMeir" elucidating and explaining the <i>Mishneh Torah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commentaries_on_Mishneh_Torah" title="List of commentaries on Mishneh Torah">List of commentaries on Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li>Hebrew translations of all of Maimonides' Jewish works (as opposed to, e. g., medical) by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih#Published_works" title="Yosef Qafih">Rabbi Yosef Kapach</a>: Rambam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YadM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YadM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YadM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YadM_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yad Mal'akhi", rule 26 and 27, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2011" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Maxine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=Haggahot+Maimuniyyot&pg=PA311"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26q%3DHaggahot%2BMaimuniyyot%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preface to the <i>Mishneh Torah</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinGrossman2011" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&dq=maimonides+regretted+not+adding+sources+mishneh+torah&pg=PA466"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26dq%3Dmaimonides%2Bregretted%2Bnot%2Badding%2Bsources%2Bmishneh%2Btorah%26pg%3DPA466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldenberg, Robert. "Talmud." <i>Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts</i>, edited by Barry W. Holtz, Simon & Schuster, 1984, pp. 129-175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot matanot aniyim ("Laws about Giving to Poor People"), Chapter 10:7–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yad</i>, Hilkhot Talmud Torah 1:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Rabbi Jonathan of Lunel, in which he thanks the latter for certain corrections; Responsa of Maimonides, 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renamed_from_140_on_20220706184807-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-renamed_from_140_on_20220706184807_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renamed_from_140_on_20220706184807_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Responsa, No. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to the <i>Mishne Torah</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Joseph ben Judah</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">note on Kilayim 6:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yad Malakhi" rule 26, pg 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editorial tendencies of this edition have been highlighted and criticized by Rabbi Aharon Qafih (מקורות vol. 2, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001041456/http://www.mrhavakuk.co.il/uploads/dafkal/doc/Mekorot2.pdf#page=8">p. 7-12</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freely viewable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://net-sah.org/product/10770">on the publisher's website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosadharavkook.com/shop/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9D/">רמבם לעם</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://korenpub.co.il/products/rambam-mishneh-torah-sethardcover">"סט משנה תורה לרמב"ם"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A1%D7%98+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkorenpub.co.il%2Fproducts%2Frambam-mishneh-torah-sethardcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206211319/http://www.chayas.com/reintro.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chayas.com/reintro.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chayas.com%2Freintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie, Donald. The Survival of the Chinese Jews; The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. Tʻoung pao, 10. Leiden: Brill, 1972, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollak, Michael. <i>Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries: The Jewish Experience in the Chinese Empire</i>. The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980, p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollak, <i>Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries</i>, pp. 297–298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twersky, Isadore. <i>A Maimonides Reader</i>. Behrman House. Inc., 1972, pp. 481–482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, Nathan and Ellen S. Goldberg. <i>The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India</i>. University of South Carolina Press, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFפרנקל" class="citation web cs1">פרנקל, משה. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/49342">"דת ודין"</a>. <i>www.hebrewbooks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=%D7%93%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F&rft.aulast=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2F49342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum1944" class="citation book cs1">Birnbaum, Philip (1944). <i>Maimonides' Mishneh Torah: Yad Hazakah</i>. Hebrew Pub Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884824373" title="Special:BookSources/0884824373"><bdi>0884824373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%27+Mishneh+Torah%3A+Yad+Hazakah&rft.pub=Hebrew+Pub+Co&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=0884824373&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyamson1981" class="citation book cs1">Hyamson, Moses (1981). <i>The book of adoration (according to the Bodleian (Oxford) codex)</i> (New, corr. ed.). Jerusalem: Feldheim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873060865" title="Special:BookSources/0873060865"><bdi>0873060865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+adoration+%28according+to+the+Bodleian+%28Oxford%29+codex%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.edition=New%2C+corr.&rft.pub=Feldheim&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0873060865&rft.aulast=Hyamson&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougerMaimonides" class="citation web cs1">Touger, Eliyahu; Maimonides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/682956/jewish/Mishneh-Torah.htm">"Mishneh Torah"</a>. Chabad.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mishneh+Torah&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft.aulast=Touger&rft.aufirst=Eliyahu&rft.au=Maimonides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F682956%2Fjewish%2FMishneh-Torah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Horowitz, Mayer Alter Halevi, Rabbi (2006). "English Edition of the Rambam: with Perush HaMeir". <i>The Nesher Hagodol Legacy Foundation Publications</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 32 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nesher+Hagodol+Legacy+Foundation+Publications&rft.atitle=English+Edition+of+the+Rambam%3A+with+Perush+HaMeir&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32+pages&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Mayer+Alter+Halevi%2C+Rabbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMishneh+Torah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishneh_Torah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishneh_Torah" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:Mishneh Torah"> Translation:Mishneh Torah</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alhatorah.org/Commentators:Rambam_Meduyyak/1/en">Introduction to Rambam Meduyak</a> (by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Sheilat" title="Yitzchak Sheilat">Yitzchak Sheilat</a>), an overview of the textual history of Mishneh Torah</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/60f5a5d4-8e17-457a-8280-0e0fdd43a1b6/">Bodleian Library MS. Huntington 80</a> Mishneh Torah (Sefer ha-Madaʻ. Sefer Ahavah), in <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' own handwriting</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/texts/Halakhah/Mishneh%20Torah">Mishneh Torah at sefaria.org, in 2 Hebrew versions 1 German version and several partial English versions as of Apr. 2022</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://net-sah.org/product/10770">Entire Mishneh Torah of Rabbi Qafih's edition freely viewable online</a> (after changing drop-down box selection from פיזי [physical volumes] to דיגיטל [digital].)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app//id481558723?mt=8">Mishneh Torah for the iPhone and iPad</a> – full text in Hebrew; includes list of <i>Mitzvot</i> and the corroborative glosses and the critiques of the Ra’avad.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/682956/jewish/Mishneh-Torah.htm">Mishneh Torah</a> – full text in English, chabad.org/library <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/dailystudy/rambam.asp">Daily Rambam Study – audio classes and text</a> (English/Hebrew)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/0.htm">Full text; MTR version</a> (Hebrew)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kodesh.snunit.k12.il/i/0.htm">Full text (MTR version)</a> (Hebrew)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/e0000.htm">Rambam's Introduction</a> (English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panix.com/~jjbaker/rambam.html">Maimonides Resource Page</a> – links to translations and resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040606123632/http://www.torah.org/learning/halacha-overview/archives.html">Overview of topics</a> from www.torah.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/jewfaq/613.htm">Structure of the 14 Books of <i>Mishneh Torah</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mishnehtorah.org">An online Spanish translation of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509082411/http://www.mishnehtorah.org/">Archived</a> 2021-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=mishne+tora&i=digital-text&ref=nb_sb_noss">Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Edition</a> (Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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