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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Enoch_Brown_school_massacre&params=39.8246_N_77.7559_W_type:event_globe:earth_region:US-PA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°49′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°45′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.8246°N 77.7559°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.8246; -77.7559</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1764 massacre in Pennsylvania, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Enoch Brown" redirects here. For the college football player, see <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Brown_(American_football)" title="Enoch Brown (American football)">Enoch Brown (American football)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Enoch massacre" redirects here. For the mass shooting that occurred in 2023, see <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_the_Haight_family" title="Killing of the Haight family">Killing of the Haight family</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Enoch Brown school massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Enoch_Brown_mem_FrankCo_PA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Enoch_Brown_mem_FrankCo_PA.JPG/220px-Enoch_Brown_mem_FrankCo_PA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Enoch_Brown_mem_FrankCo_PA.JPG/330px-Enoch_Brown_mem_FrankCo_PA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Enoch_Brown_mem_FrankCo_PA.JPG/440px-Enoch_Brown_mem_FrankCo_PA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Memorial erected in 1885, near <a href="/wiki/Greencastle,_Pennsylvania" title="Greencastle, Pennsylvania">Greencastle, Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Greencastle,_Pennsylvania" title="Greencastle, Pennsylvania">Greencastle, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 26, 1764<span class="noprint">; 260 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1764-07-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Students and staff at Enoch Brown school</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/School_shootings_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="School shootings in the United States">School shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bludgeoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Bludgeoning">bludgeoning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">4 <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware Lenapes</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pontiac&#039;s_War917" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" title="Template:Campaignbox Pontiac's Rebellion"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pontiac's Rebellion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pontiac's Rebellion"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pontiac&#039;s_War917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Detroit" title="Siege of Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pelee" title="Battle of Point Pelee">Point Pelee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Siege of Fort Pitt">Fort Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Run" title="Battle of Bloody Run">Bloody Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run" title="Battle of Bushy Run">Bushy Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Devil%27s_Hole" title="Battle of Devil's Hole">Devil's Hole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enoch Brown's school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>On July 26, 1764, four <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware (Lenape)</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> entered a settlers' log schoolhouse in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> and killed the schoolmaster, <b>Enoch Brown</b>, and ten students. One other student named Archie McCullough was wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Richard Middleton described the massacre<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "one of the most notorious incidents" of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton171_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack">Attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Brown_school_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 26, 1764, four <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware (Lenape)</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> entered a settlers' log schoolhouse in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin County, Pennsylvania">Franklin County</a>, near the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Greencastle,_Pennsylvania" title="Greencastle, Pennsylvania">Greencastle</a>. Inside were the schoolmaster, Enoch Brown, and a number of young students. Brown pleaded with the warriors to spare the children; nonetheless, he was shot, beaten with a club and <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalped</a>, and warriors then clubbed and scalped the children. Brown and ten children were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton171_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dixon223_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon223-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scalped child, Archie McCullough, survived his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon223_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon223-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Middleton171_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A child survivor recounted "Two old Indians and a young Indian rushed up to the door soon after the opening of the morning session. The master, surmising their objective, prayed them only to take his life and spare the children, but all were brutally knocked in the head with an Indian maul and scalped."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A day earlier, the warriors had encountered a pregnant woman, identified as Susan King Cunningham, on the road. She was beaten to death, scalped, and the baby was cut out of her body.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon223_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon223-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the warriors returned to their village on the <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_River" title="Muskingum River">Muskingum River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> and showed the scalps, an elder Delaware chief rebuked them as cowards for attacking children.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon223_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon223-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John McCullough, a settler who had been held prisoner by the Delaware since 1756,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later described the return of the raiding party in his <a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">captivity narrative</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I saw the Indians when they returned home with the scalps; some of the old Indians were very much displeased at them for killing so many children, especially <i>Neep-paugh'-whese</i>, or Night Walker, an old chief, or half king,—he ascribed it to cowardice, which was the greatest affront he could offer them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Brown_school_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authorities captured some of the Lenape warriors who were believed to be responsible for the massacre. The Lenape warriors were later sentenced to death and executed by hanging for their role in the massacre. Incidents such as these prompted the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a>, with the approval of Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(governor)" title="John Penn (governor)">John Penn</a>, to reintroduce the scalp <a href="/wiki/Bounty_(reward)" title="Bounty (reward)">bounty</a> system previously used during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon223_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon223-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlers could collect $134 for the scalp of an enemy American Indian male above the age of ten; the bounty for women was set at $50.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settlers buried Enoch Brown and the schoolchildren in a common grave.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, the grave was excavated to confirm the location of the bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, the area was named Enoch Brown Park and a memorial was erected over the gravesite.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Brown_school_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States_(before_2000)" title="List of school shootings in the United States (before 2000)">List of school shootings in the United States (before 2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="List of school shootings in the United States (2000–present)">List of school shootings in the United States (2000–present)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Brown_school_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDixon2005" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UeaN0-Ra64oC"><i>Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3656-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3656-1"><bdi>0-8061-3656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Come+to+Peace+Again%3A+Pontiac%27s+Uprising+and+the+Fate+of+the+British+Empire+in+North+America&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8061-3656-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeaN0-Ra64oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Brown+school+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2007" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kHxdXe4CZ8C"><i>Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97914-6"><bdi>978-0-415-97914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontiac%27s+War%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Course%2C+and+Consequences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97914-6&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kHxdXe4CZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Brown+school+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloh2015" class="citation book cs1">McCulloh, Rodney (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamppostbooks.com/the-scalping-of-archie-mccullough/"><i>The Scalping of Archie McCullough:The True Story of the Sole Survivor of the Enoch Brown Massacre</i></a>. Lagoda,IN: Lamp-post Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-67680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-329-67680-0"><bdi>978-1-329-67680-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scalping+of+Archie+McCullough%3AThe+True+Story+of+the+Sole+Survivor+of+the+Enoch+Brown+Massacre&rft.place=Lagoda%2CIN&rft.pub=Lamp-post+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-329-67680-0&rft.aulast=McCulloh&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamppostbooks.com%2Fthe-scalping-of-archie-mccullough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Brown+school+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Brown_school_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nthfmemorial.org/enoch-brown-incident/">"Enoch Brown Incident"</a>. <i>National Teachers Hall of Fame</i>. May 13, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233331/https://nthfmemorial.org/enoch-brown-incident/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Teachers+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Enoch+Brown+Incident&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnthfmemorial.org%2Fenoch-brown-incident%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Brown+school+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Variations on the name in sources include the "Enoch Brown massacre" and the "Enoch Brown Indian massacre". Dixon calls it the "Enoch Brown Schoolhouse Massacre" (p. 223).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middleton171-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton171_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton171_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton171_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middleton, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon223-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon223_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon223_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon223_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon223_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon223_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHand" class="citation news cs1">Hand, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newbernsj.com/news/20180406/first-school-shooting-was-in-1764">"The first school shooting was in 1764"</a>. <i>New Bern Sun Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233518/http://www.newbernsj.com/news/20180406/first-school-shooting-was-in-1764">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Bern+Sun+Journal&rft.atitle=The+first+school+shooting+was+in+1764&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newbernsj.com%2Fnews%2F20180406%2Ffirst-school-shooting-was-in-1764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Brown+school+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archibald Loudon, <i>A Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Outrages Committed by the Indians in Their Wars with the White People</i> (New York, 1808; reprinted 1888), volume 1, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, pp. 223–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerald" class="citation news cs1">Herald, Zach Glenn/The Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therecordherald.com/article/20140728/news/140729870">"July 1764 Enoch Brown schoolhouse massacre commemorated"</a>. <i>Waynesboro Record Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930033603/http://www.therecordherald.com/article/20140728/news/140729870">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waynesboro+Record+Herald&rft.atitle=July+1764+Enoch+Brown+schoolhouse+massacre+commemorated&rft.aulast=Herald&rft.aufirst=Zach+Glenn%2FThe+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therecordherald.com%2Farticle%2F20140728%2Fnews%2F140729870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Brown+school+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRupp,_Israel_Daniel1846" class="citation web cs1">Rupp, Israel Daniel (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqw4h-9Cc1wC&pg=PA150">"The History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford and Adams"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Topography+of+Dauphin%2C+Cumberland%2C+Franklin%2C+Bedford+and+Adams&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Rupp%2C+Israel+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqw4h-9Cc1wC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Brown+school+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, p. 318</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Enoch_Brown_school_massacre&params=39.8246_N_77.7559_W_type:event_globe:earth_region:US-PA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°49′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°45′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.8246°N 77.7559°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.8246; 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