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Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96: Difference between revisions - Engineering and Technology History Wiki

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Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96: Difference between revisions</h1> <!-- tagline; usually goes something like "From WikiName" primary purpose of this seems to be for printing to identify the source of the content --> <div id="siteSub" class="siteSub">From ETHW</div><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump jump-to-nav">Jump to:<a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="bodyContent"> <!-- body text --> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96&amp;oldid=145988" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96">Revision as of 17:46, 27 January 2016</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96&amp;action=edit&amp;oldid=145988" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96">view source</a>)</span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Administrator4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Administrator4 (page does not exist)"><bdi>Administrator4</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Administrator4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Administrator4 (page does not exist)">talk</a> | <a href="/Special:Contributions/Administrator4" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Administrator4">contribs</a>)</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment">(Administrator4 moved page <a href="/Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose">Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose</a> to <a href="/Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96">Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96</a>)</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=145988" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96" id="differences-prevlink">← Older edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96&amp;oldid=184713" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96">Revision as of 16:56, 26 April 2021</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96&amp;action=edit&amp;oldid=184713" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96">view source</a>)</span> </strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/User:Nbrewer" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Nbrewer"><bdi>Nbrewer</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/User_talk:Nbrewer" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Nbrewer">talk</a> | <a href="/Special:Contributions/Nbrewer" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Nbrewer">contribs</a>)</span> </div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milestones:First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=184713" title="Milestones:First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96" id="differences-nextlink">Newer edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Milestone box</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Milestone box</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|StartYear=1894</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Date Dedicated=2012<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/</ins>09<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/</ins>15</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|EndYear=1896</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|Date Dedicated=2012<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>09<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>15</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|Dedication=128</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|Dedication=128</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|Location=Kolkata, India</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|Location=Kolkata, India</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l8">Line 8:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|IEEE sections=Kolkata</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|IEEE sections=Kolkata</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|Summary=Main corridor of the A.J.C. Bose Auditorium in the Main Building of Presidency College, Kolkata, India. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, in 1895, first demonstrated at Presidency College, Calcutta, India, transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves at 60 GHz, over a distance of 23 meters, through two intervening walls by remotely ringing a bell and detonating gunpowder. For his communication system, Bose developed entire millimeter-wave components such as: a spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn antenna and cylindrical diffraction grating.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|Summary=Main corridor of the A.J.C. Bose Auditorium in the Main Building of Presidency College, Kolkata, India. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, in 1895, first demonstrated at Presidency College, Calcutta, India, transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves at 60 GHz, over a distance of 23 meters, through two intervening walls by remotely ringing a bell and detonating gunpowder. For his communication system, Bose developed entire millimeter-wave components such as: a spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn antenna and cylindrical diffraction grating.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange">|StartYear=1894</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange">|EndYear=1896</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|Abstract=Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, in 1895, first demonstrated at Presidency College, Calcutta, India, transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves at 60 GHz, over a distance of 23 meters, through two intervening walls by remotely ringing a bell and detonating gunpowder. For his communication system, Bose developed entire millimeter-wave components such as: a spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn antenna and cylindrical diffraction grating.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|Abstract=Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, in 1895, first demonstrated at Presidency College, Calcutta, India, transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves at 60 GHz, over a distance of 23 meters, through two intervening walls by remotely ringing a bell and detonating gunpowder. For his communication system, Bose developed entire millimeter-wave components such as: a spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn antenna and cylindrical diffraction grating.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange">|Special citation=No</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96  ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96  ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29">Line 29:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 29:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>2. Dipak L. Sengupta and Tapan K. Sarkar, &quot;Centennial of the Semiconductor Diode Detector,&quot; ''Proceedings of the IEEE'' 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 235.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>2. Dipak L. Sengupta and Tapan K. Sarkar, &quot;Centennial of the Semiconductor Diode Detector,&quot; ''Proceedings of the IEEE'' 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 235.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>3. Jagadis Chunder Bose, &quot;Detector for Electrical Disturbances Patent,&quot; ''Proceedings of the IEEE'' 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 229.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>3. Jagadis Chunder Bose, &quot;Detector for Electrical Disturbances Patent,&quot; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[reprint] </ins>''Proceedings of the IEEE'' 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 229.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>4. Jagadis Chunder Bose, &quot;On the Selective Conductivity Exhibited by Certain Polarising Substances&quot; [reprint], ''Proceedings of the IEEE'' 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 225.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>4. Jagadis Chunder Bose, &quot;On the Selective Conductivity Exhibited by Certain Polarising Substances&quot; [reprint], ''Proceedings of the IEEE'' 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 225.</div></td></tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 16:56, 26 April 2021</h2> <div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="milestone-box" class="infobox well pull-right" style="max-width: 350px; margin-left: 1em;"> <div id="milestone-list"> <dl><dt>Date Dedicated</dt> <dd>2012/09/15</dd> <dt>Dedication #</dt> <dd>128</dd> <dt>Location</dt> <dd>Kolkata, India</dd> <dt>IEEE Regions</dt> <dd><a href="/IEEE_Region_10_(Asia_%26_Pacific)_History" title="IEEE Region 10 (Asia &amp; Pacific) History">10</a></dd> <dt>IEEE sections</dt> <dd><a href="/IEEE_Kolkata_Section_History" title="IEEE Kolkata Section History">Kolkata</a></dd> <dt>Achievement date range</dt> <dd>1894-1896</dd></dl> </div> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#References_and_Further_Reading"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">References and Further Reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Letter_from_the_site_owner_giving_permission_to_place_IEEE_milestone_plaque_on_the_property"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Letter from the site owner giving permission to place IEEE milestone plaque on the property</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Map"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Map</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span id="First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose.2C_1894-96"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose,_1894-96">First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96</span></h2> <p><i>Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, in 1895, first demonstrated at Presidency College, Calcutta, India, transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves at 60 GHz, over a distance of 23 meters, through two intervening walls by remotely ringing a bell and detonating gunpowder. For his communication system, Bose developed entire millimeter-wave components such as: a spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn antenna and cylindrical diffraction grating.</i> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:230px;"><a href="/File:J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/f/fd/J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg/228px-J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/fd/J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg/342px-J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/fd/J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg/456px-J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:J_C_Bose_at_the_Royal_Institution_London_1897.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>J.C. Bose at Royal Institution of London 1897</div></div></div> <p><br /> In 1895, Jagadish Chandra Bose first demonstrated in Presidency College, Calcutta, India, transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves at 60 GHz, over 23 meters distance, through two intervening walls by remotely ringing a bell and detonating some gunpowder. For his communication system, Bose pioneered in development of entire millimeter-wave components like a spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn antenna, and cylindrical diffraction grating. This is the first millimeter-wave communication system in the world, developed more than 100 years ago. This is the oldest Milestone achievement from the Asian continent. </p><p>For his communication system, Bose pioneered development of a host of millimeter-wave components that included a spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn antenna, and cylindrical diffraction grating. Bose chose quasi-optical, millimeter-wave frequency range.The wavelengths he used ranged from 2.5 cm to 5 mm. The reason for the choice of millimeter wave by Sir J.C. Bose was primarily due to the advantage of studies of quasi-optical properties of the radio waves within his laboratory of limited size, that was available to him at the Presidency College. However, the components and systems developed by Sir J.C. Bose, initially at millimeter wave and subsequently at microwave, were outstanding discoveries made more than 100 years ago, in Calcutta, India, most of which are now being used, in a modernized form for Earth/space links and remote sensing. </p><p><i>The plaque may be viewed in the main corridor of the A.J.C. Bose Auditorium in the Main Building of Presidency College, Kolkata, India</i> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References_and_Further_Reading">References and Further Reading</span></h2> <p>1. D.T. Emerson, <i>The Work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 Years of MM-Wave Research</i>, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html). </p><p>2. Dipak L. Sengupta and Tapan K. Sarkar, "Centennial of the Semiconductor Diode Detector," <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i> 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 235. </p><p>3. Jagadis Chunder Bose, "Detector for Electrical Disturbances Patent," [reprint] <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i> 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 229. </p><p>4. Jagadis Chunder Bose, "On the Selective Conductivity Exhibited by Certain Polarising Substances" [reprint], <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i> 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 225. </p><p>5. Jagadis Chunder Bose, "On a Self-Recovering Coherer and the Study of the Cohering Action of Different Metals" [reprint], <i>Proceedings of the IEEE 86, No. 1 (January 1998), p. 244.</i> </p><p>6. Photograph from Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose, Birth Centenary, 1858-1958. Calcutta: published by the Birth Centenary Committee, printed by P. C. Ray, November 1958. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Letter_from_the_site_owner_giving_permission_to_place_IEEE_milestone_plaque_on_the_property">Letter from the site owner giving permission to place IEEE milestone plaque on the property</span></h2> <p><a href="/w/images/5/50/2009-05_Milestone-Nomination_CONSENT_LETTER-_First_Millimeter-wave_Communication_Experiments_by_J.C._Bose%2C_1894-96.pdf" class="internal" title="2009-05 Milestone-Nomination CONSENT LETTER- First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96.pdf">Bose Milestone Support Letter</a> </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Map">Map</span></h2> <div id="map_leaflet_1" style="width: auto; height: 250px; background-color: #eeeeee; overflow: hidden;" class="maps-map maps-leaflet"><div class="maps-loading-message">Loading map...</div><div style="display:none" class="mapdata">{"minzoom":false,"maxzoom":false,"mappingservice":"leaflet","width":"auto","height":"250px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"zoom":10,"defzoom":14,"layers":["OpenStreetMap"],"image 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