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t[s.lineItemId]=1;return t}}class l{constructor(){this.surveyEngagementLocalStorageKey="clc-survey-engagement"}getBrandSurveyEngagement(){let e=localStorage.getItem(this.surveyEngagementLocalStorageKey);if(null===e)return new d([],[]);let t=JSON.parse(e);return new d(t.lineItemImpressions,t.surveysIdsCompleted)}saveBrandSurveyEngagement(e){let t=JSON.stringify(e);localStorage.setItem(this.surveyEngagementLocalStorageKey,t)}}class c{constructor(){this.surveyRepository=new l}getBrandSurveyEngagement(){return this.surveyRepository.getBrandSurveyEngagement()}recordImpression(e,t){let s=this.getBrandSurveyEngagement();s.addImpression(e,t),this.surveyRepository.saveBrandSurveyEngagement(s)}recordBrandSurveyCompleted(e){let t=this.getBrandSurveyEngagement();t.addBrandSurveyCompleted(e),this.surveyRepository.saveBrandSurveyEngagement(t)}}class g{constructor(t,s){this.googletag=t,this.brandSettings=s,this.brandSlotMap=new Map,this.brandSurveyEngagementService=new c,e.cM("Brand Survey init: 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Details: "+JSON.stringify(s.getSlotElementId())),e.cM("ad - Brand Survey - slot "+s.getSlotElementId()+" is viewable"),this.brandSlotMap.has(s.getSlotElementId())){let t=this.brandSlotMap.get(s.getSlotElementId());e.cM("Brand Survey - brand "+t.brandId+" is viewable"),this.recordImpression(this.brandSlotMap.get(s.getSlotElementId()))}}recordImpression(t){e.cM("ad - Brand Survey - recording impression for brand "+t.brandId),this.brandSurveyEngagementService.recordImpression(t.brandId,t.lineItemId)}findItemWithId(t){return e.cM("brand settings: "+JSON.stringify(this.brandSettings)),this.brandSettings.find(e=>e.lineItemIds.includes(t))||null}}const p="response-brand-survey-submit|",h="request-brand-survey-metadata|",m="record-metric-on-server|",u="request-dsp-tags",f="response-dsp-tags|";class _{static refreshAdIfBrandSurveyIsDuplicated(e,t,s){if(this.alreadyCompletedThisBrandSurvey(t)){var n=document.getElementById(s).closest(".js-zone-container");i.removeMyAd(e,s),n&&n.remove()}}static alreadyCompletedThisBrandSurvey(e){return(new c).getBrandSurveyEngagement().surveysIdsCompleted.includes(e)}}window.cam=new class{constructor(t=null){if(this.gptImported=!1,this.slotsRenderedEvents=[],this.collapsed={},e.cM("constructor"),this.clc_options=s,window.clcGamLoaderOptions)Object.assign(this,window.clcGamLoaderOptions);else if(void 0===this.opt){let e=window.opt;e&&(this.opt=e)}}init(){if(e.cM("init"),void 0===this.opt)throw new Error("opt not set, required by GAM Loader");e.cM("init brand survey service"),this.getUserMetaPromise=this.getUserMeta(),e.cM("setup message handler"),window.addEventListener("message",e=>{this.onmessage(e)})}handleSlotRenderedNoAdReport(){if(googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded",e=>this.applyExtraMarginBottom(e)),Array.isArray(this.slotsRenderedEvents))for(var e=0;e<this.slotsRenderedEvents.length;e++)this.applyExtraMarginBottom(this.slotsRenderedEvents[e])}onmessage(t){let s="omni";if(t.data&&("string"==typeof t.data||t.data instanceof String))if(0===t.data.indexOf("get-omni-")){e.cM("Recevied get-omni message, sending back omni");var n=t.source,a=this.opt.omni,i="string"==typeof a?a:"";n.postMessage([s,i,this.opt.perRequestGuid].join("|"),"*")}else if(0===t.data.indexOf("collapse-")){e.cM("Recevied collapse message, collapse ad iframe"),e.cM(t);for(var r=t.source.window,d=document.getElementsByTagName("IFRAME"),l=0;l<d.length;l++){var g=d[l];if(g.contentWindow==r)return void(0,o.wo)(g.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement)}}else if(0===t.data.indexOf("resize|")){e.cM("Recevied resize message, resize ad iframe"),e.cM(t);let s=this._getFrameByEvent(t),n=t.data.indexOf("|")+1,o=t.data.slice(n),a=parseFloat(o)+.5;e.cM("New iframe height "+a),s.height=a.toString(),s.parentElement.style.height=a.toString()+"px"}else if(0===t.data.indexOf("getmarkup|")){let s=t.data.indexOf("|")+1,n=t.data.slice(s);e.cM("Recevied get markup message: "+n);let o=this._getFrameByEvent(t).closest(".everyonelovesstackoverflow");const a=document.createElement("script");a.dataset.adZoneId=o.id,a.src=n,document.body.appendChild(a)}else if(0===t.data.indexOf("window-location|")){let s=t.data.indexOf("|")+1,n=t.data.slice(s);e.cM("Recevied window location message: "+n),n.startsWith("/")||(n="/"+n),window.open(window.location.protocol+"//"+window.location.host+n,"_blank")}else if(0===t.data.indexOf("request-brand-survey-submit|")){let s=t.data.split("|"),n=s[1],o=s[2],a=s[3],i=JSON.parse(a);e.cM(n),e.cM(o),e.cM(a),e.cM("Received brand survey "+n+" response message: "+o);var v=new FormData;for(var b in i)v.append(b,i[b]);let r=this._getFrameByEvent(t);if(_.alreadyCompletedThisBrandSurvey(+n))return e.cM("Already completed this brand survey. Not submitting duplicate to server."),void r.contentWindow.postMessage("response-brand-survey-submit-duplicate|","*");e.cM("Send the brand survey to the server"),fetch(o,{method:"POST",body:v}).then(e=>e.json()).then(e=>r.contentWindow.postMessage({messageType:p},"*")).catch(e=>r.contentWindow.postMessage({messageType:p},"*"))}else if(0===t.data.indexOf("brand-survey-completed-store|")){let s=t.data.split("|"),n=(s[1],s[2]);if(e.cM("Received brand survey completed store message for survey ID "+n),_.alreadyCompletedThisBrandSurvey(+n))return void e.cM("Already completed this brand survey. Not recording duplicate locally.");e.cM("Record brand survey completion locally"),(new c).recordBrandSurveyCompleted(+n)}else if(0===t.data.indexOf(h)){let s=t.data.split("|"),n=s[1],o=s[2];e.cM("Received message: "+h+" with Brand Survey ID "+o);let a=(new c).getBrandSurveyEngagement().getBrandLineItemImpressions(+n),i=JSON.stringify(a),r=this._getFrameByEvent(t);e.cM("sending impression data: "+i),r.contentWindow.postMessage("response-brand-survey-metadata|"+this.opt.responseHash+"|"+this.opt.perRequestGuid+"|"+i+"|"+this.opt.countryCode+"|"+this.opt.qualtricsSurveyData,"*")}else if(0===t.data.indexOf("refresh-if-duplicate-brand-survey|")){let e=t.data.split("|")[1],s=this.getSlotElementIdByEvent(t);_.refreshAdIfBrandSurveyIsDuplicated(googletag,+e,s)}else if(0===t.data.indexOf(m)){e.cM("Received message: "+m+" with args: "+t.data);let s=t.data.split("|"),n=s[1],o=s[2],a=s[3],i=s[4],r=new FormData;r.append("brandSurveyId",a.toString()),r.append("responseHash",this.opt.responseHash),r.append("perRequestGuid",this.opt.perRequestGuid),r.append("questionNumber",n.toString()),r.append("metricType",i.toString()),fetch(o,{method:"POST",body:r}).then(e=>e.ok).catch(t=>{e.cM("SendMetricToServer: Error sending metric to server: "+t)})}else if(0===t.data.indexOf(u)){e.cM("Received message: "+u+" with args: "+t.data);let s=this._getFrameByEvent(t);if(!this.opt.targeting["so-tag"])return void s.contentWindow.postMessage(f,"*");const n=this.opt.targeting["so-tag"].join(",");e.cM("sending targeting tags: "+n),s.contentWindow.postMessage(f+n,"*")}else e.cM("Received unhandled message")}getSlotElementIdByEvent(e){let t=this._getFrameByEvent(e),s=t.parentElement?.parentElement?.id;return s||""}_getFrameByEvent(e){return Array.from(document.getElementsByTagName("iframe")).filter(t=>t.contentWindow===e.source)[0]}classifyZoneIds(e){const t=e.map(o.Nj).filter(o.yb);return{eligible:t.filter(o.xb).filter(o.pn),ineligible:t.filter(o.xj)}}applyExtraMarginBottom(t){if(t&&t.slot&&!t.isEmpty&&(t.creativeId||t.lineItemId||!t.isEmpty)){var s=t.slot.getSlotElementId();if(s){var o=document.getElementById(s);if(o)if((0,n.eq)(s)){var a=o?.closest(".js-zone-container");a.style.marginBottom="24px",e.cM("Applied extra margin to the bottom of "+s)}else e.cM("Not applying extra margin to the bottom of "+s+": shouldHaveReportButton = false");else e.cM("Not applying extra margin to the bottom of "+s+": resolved invalid adUnit element")}else e.cM("Not applying extra margin to the bottom of element: invalid adUnitElementId")}else e.cM("Not applying extra margin to the bottom of element: invalid SlotRenderEndedEvent")}async load(s=(0,n.kG)()){const r=this.opt.tlb_position===t.Above?["dfp-mlb","dfp-smlb"]:["dfp-mlb","dfp-smlb","dfp-tlb"];if(!this.isGptReady())return e.cM("Initializing..."),this.initGpt(),void googletag.cmd.push(()=>this.load(s));this.opt.adReportEnabled?(e.cM("Ad reporting enabled"),this.adReports=new a.t(googletag,this)):(e.cM("Ad reporting not enabled"),this.handleSlotRenderedNoAdReport()),this.opt.refresh?(e.cM("Ad refresh enabled"),this.adRefresh=new i(googletag,this.opt.refreshInterval)):e.cM("Ad refresh not enabled"),this.opt.brandSurveyEnabled&&(e.cM("Brand Survey enabled"),this.brandSurvey=new g(googletag,this.opt.brandSurveySettings)),e.cM("Attempting to load ads into ids: ",s);const{eligible:d,ineligible:l}=this.classifyZoneIds(s);if(this.initDebugPanel(googletag,d.concat(l)),d.forEach(e=>(0,o.cf)(e)),l.forEach(o.wo),0===d.length)return void e.cM("Found no ad ids on page");e.cM("Eligible ids:",d),this.opt.abd&&this.appendAdblockDetector();var c=googletag.pubads().getSlots();if(c){var p=c.filter(e=>s.indexOf(e.getSlotElementId())>=0);googletag.destroySlots(p)}this.opt.sf&&(googletag.pubads().setForceSafeFrame(!0),googletag.pubads().setSafeFrameConfig({allowOverlayExpansion:!0,allowPushExpansion:!0,sandbox:!0})),e.cM("Targeting consent: Checking...");let h=!1,m=!1;void 0!==this.opt.targeting_consent&&(m=!0,e.cM("Targeting consent: Parameter set"),e.cM("Targeting consent: Consent given? ",this.opt.targeting_consent),h=this.opt.targeting_consent),void 0!==this.opt.personalization_consent&&(e.cM("Personalization consent: Parameter set"),e.cM("Personalization consent: Consent given? ",this.opt.personalization_consent),h=h&&this.opt.personalization_consent),h=h&&m,this.setPrivacySettings(h),this.opt.ll||googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(),cam.sreEvent||(googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded",e=>this.onSlotRendered(e)),cam.sreEvent=!0),await this.setTargeting();var u=d.filter(e=>!this.opt.ll||r.indexOf(e.id)<0),f=d.filter(e=>!!this.opt.ll&&r.indexOf(e.id)>=0);e.cM("Up front ids:",u),e.cM("Lazy loaded ids:",f),u.forEach(t=>{e.cM(`Defining ad for element ${t.id}`),this.defineSlot(t.id,googletag),t.setAttribute("data-dfp-zone","true")}),googletag.enableServices(),u.forEach(t=>{e.cM(`Displaying ad for element ${t.id}`),this.clc_options.dv_enabled?window.onDvtagReady(function(){googletag.display(t.id)}):googletag.cmd.push(()=>googletag.display(t.id))}),this.opt.ll&&(e.cM("Enabling lazy loading for GAM"),googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({fetchMarginPercent:0,renderMarginPercent:0}),e.cM("Setting up lazy loaded ad units"),f.forEach(t=>{e.cM(`Lazy loading - Defining Slot ${t.id}`),this.defineSlot(t.id,googletag)}),f.forEach(t=>{e.cM(`Lazy loading - Displaying ad for element ${t.id}`),this.clc_options.dv_enabled?window.onDvtagReady(function(){googletag.display(t.id)}):googletag.cmd.push(()=>googletag.display(t.id))}))}setPrivacySettings(e){e||googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({nonPersonalizedAds:!0})}async setTargeting(){if(!googletag)throw new Error("googletag not defined");let t=this.opt.targeting;if(!t)throw new Error("Targeting not defined (is "+typeof t+")");Object.keys(t).forEach(s=>{e.cM(`-> targeting - ${s}: ${t[s]}`),googletag.pubads().setTargeting(s,t[s])});let s=!1;if(void 0!==this.opt.targeting_consent&&(s=this.opt.targeting_consent),s){let t=(new c).getBrandSurveyEngagement();if(t.getTotalBrandImpressions().forEach((t,s)=>{e.cM(`-> targeting - BrandImpressions: ${s}: ${t}`),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("brand_"+s.toString()+"_impressions",t.toString())}),t.surveysIdsCompleted.forEach(t=>{e.cM(`-> targeting - SurveysTaken: ${t}`),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("survey_"+t+"_taken","true")}),this.clc_options.tgt_e&&this.getUserMetaPromise){let t=await this.getUserMetaPromise;t&&t.tgt_acct?(e.cM("-> targeting - User Account: "+t.tgt_acct),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user-acct",t.tgt_acct.company_name),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_acct_top",t.tgt_acct.company_name),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_industry",t.tgt_acct.industry),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_employee_count",t.tgt_acct.employee_range)):e.cM("-> targeting - User Account: Not Found"),t&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,"is_high_rep_earner")?(e.cM("-> targeting - High Rep Earner: "+t.is_high_rep_earner),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("IsHighRepEarner",t.is_high_rep_earner?"true":"false")):e.cM("-> targeting - High Rep Earner: not found")}if(localStorage){e.cM('Checking local storage for "jobs-last-clicked" key.');let t=localStorage.getItem("jobs-last-clicked")?"true":"false";e.cM(`-> targeting - jobs_clicked: ${t}`),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jobs_clicked",t)}}}appendAdblockDetector(){const e=document.createElement("div");e.className="adsbox",e.id="clc-abd",e.style.position="absolute",e.style.pointerEvents="none",e.innerHTML="&nbsp;",document.body.appendChild(e)}onSlotRendered(s){try{const i=s.slot.getSlotElementId();let r=[];i||r.push("id=0");const d=document.getElementById(i);if(i&&!d&&r.push("el=0"),0!==r.length)return void this.stalled(r.join("&"));const{path:l,sizes:c,zone:g}=(0,n.Z7)(i,this.clc_options.upo);if(this.collapsed[g]&&s.isEmpty)return e.cM(`No line item for the element #${d.id}... collapsing.`),void(0,o.wo)(d);if(this.slotsRenderedEvents.push(s),s.lineItemId||s.creativeId||!s.isEmpty){e.cM(`Rendered ad for element #${d.id} [line item #${s.lineItemId}]`),e.cM(s);var a=d.parentElement;if(a.classList.contains("js-zone-container")){switch((0,o.cf)(a),i){case"dfp-tlb":this.opt.tlb_position===t.Above?a.classList.add("mb8"):a.classList.add("mt16");break;case"dfp-tag":a.classList.add("mb8");break;case"dfp-msb":a.classList.add("mt16");break;case"dfp-mlb":case"dfp-smlb":case"dfp-bmlb":a.classList.add("my8");break;case"dfp-isb":a.classList.add("mt24");break;case"dfp-m-aq":a.classList.add("my12"),a.classList.add("mx-auto")}(0,o.$Z)(a),(0,o.$Z)(d)}else e.cM(`No ad for element #${d.id}, collapsing`),e.cM(s),(0,o.wo)(d)}}catch(t){e.cM("Exception thrown onSlotRendered"),e.cM(t),this.stalled("e=1")}}stalled(e){(new Image).src=`https://${this.clc_options.h}/stalled.gif?${e}`}defineSlot(t,s){"dfp-isb"===t&&(e.cM("-> targeting - Sidebar: Inline"),s.pubads().setTargeting("Sidebar",["Inline"])),"dfp-tsb"===t&&(e.cM("-> targeting - Sidebar: Right"),s.pubads().setTargeting("Sidebar",["Right"]));const{path:o,sizes:a,zone:i}=(0,n.Z7)(t,this.clc_options.upo);e.cM(`Defining slot for ${t}: ${o}, sizes: ${JSON.stringify(a)}`),s.defineSlot(o,a,t).addService(s.pubads())}importGptLibrary(){this.gptImported||(this.gptImported=!0,void 0===this.opt.targeting_consent||this.opt.targeting_consent?(0,o.Gx)("https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"):(0,o.Gx)("https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js"))}importDvLibrary(){this.clc_options.dv_enabled&&(e.cM("Adding DoubleVerify library"),(0,o.Gx)("https://pub.doubleverify.com/dvtag/21569774/DV1289064/pub.js"),e.cM("Adding DoubleVerify onDvtagReady handler"),window.onDvtagReady=function(t,s=750){e.cM("DoubleVerify onDvtagReady called"),window.dvtag=window.dvtag||{},dvtag.cmd=dvtag.cmd||[];const n={callback:t,timeout:s,timestamp:(new Date).getTime()};dvtag.cmd.push(function(){dvtag.queueAdRequest(n)}),setTimeout(function(){const e=n.callback;n.callback=null,e&&e()},s)})}isGptReady(){return"undefined"!=typeof googletag&&!!googletag.apiReady}initGpt(){"undefined"==typeof googletag&&(window.googletag={cmd:(0,o.QZ)(()=>{this.importGptLibrary(),this.importDvLibrary()})})}getUserMeta(){if(this.opt.allowAccountTargetingForThisRequest&&this.clc_options.tgt_e&&this.clc_options.tgt_p>0){if(e.cM("Targeting enabled."),this.clc_options.tgt_p<100){e.cM("Targeting rate limit enabled. 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