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Testament accounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_New_Testament_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts_of_the_Apostles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Acts of the Apostles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_the_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_the_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Differences between the accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_the_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theological implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_explanations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_explanations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative explanations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_explanations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Catholic commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Popular usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Feast day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تحول بولس إلى المسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحول بولس إلى المسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Зварот апостала Паўла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зварот апостала Паўла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversi%C3%B3_de_Pau" title="Conversió de Pau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conversió de Pau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskuserlebnis" title="Damaskuserlebnis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Damaskuserlebnis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo" title="Conversión de San Pablo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conversión de San Pablo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konverti%C4%9Do_de_Pa%C5%ADlo" title="Konvertiĝo de Paŭlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konvertiĝo de Paŭlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_de_Paul" title="Conversion de Paul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conversion de Paul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%94%EC%9A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%98_%ED%9A%8C%EC%8B%AC" title="사도 바울로의 회심 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사도 바울로의 회심" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra%C4%87enje_svetog_Pavla" title="Obraćenje svetog Pavla – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obraćenje svetog Pavla" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertobatan_Rasul_Paulus" title="Pertobatan Rasul Paulus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertobatan Rasul Paulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversione_di_Paolo" title="Conversione di Paolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conversione di Paolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_megt%C3%A9r%C3%A9se" title="Pál megtérése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pál megtérése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%81%AE%E6%94%B9%E5%AE%97" title="聖パウロの改宗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖パウロの改宗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convers%C3%A3o_do_ap%C3%B3stolo_Paulo" title="Conversão do apóstolo Paulo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conversão do apóstolo Paulo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Путь в Дамаск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Путь в Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95" title="การกลับใจของเปาโลอัครทูต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกลับใจของเปาโลอัครทูต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Event recounted in the New Testament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical event. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Conversion of Saint Paul (disambiguation)">The Conversion of Saint Paul (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_conversion_de_Saint_Paul_Giordano_Nancy_3018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/La_conversion_de_Saint_Paul_Giordano_Nancy_3018.jpg/220px-La_conversion_de_Saint_Paul_Giordano_Nancy_3018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/La_conversion_de_Saint_Paul_Giordano_Nancy_3018.jpg/330px-La_conversion_de_Saint_Paul_Giordano_Nancy_3018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/La_conversion_de_Saint_Paul_Giordano_Nancy_3018.jpg/440px-La_conversion_de_Saint_Paul_Giordano_Nancy_3018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><i>The Conversion of Saint Paul</i>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a>, 1690, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Nancy" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy">Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul-Caravaggio_(c._1600-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul-Caravaggio_%28c._1600-1%29.jpg/220px-The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul-Caravaggio_%28c._1600-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul-Caravaggio_%28c._1600-1%29.jpg/330px-The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul-Caravaggio_%28c._1600-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul-Caravaggio_%28c._1600-1%29.jpg/440px-The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul-Caravaggio_%28c._1600-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10335" data-file-height="12900" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Caravaggio)" title="The Conversion of Saint Paul (Caravaggio)">The Conversion of Saint Paul</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, 1600</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>conversion of Paul the Apostle</b> (also the Pauline conversion, Damascene conversion, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christophany" title="Christophany">Christophany</a> and <b>Paul's transformation on the road to Damascus</b>) was, according to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, an event in the life of Saul/<a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> that led him to cease persecuting <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a> and to become a follower of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_New_Testament_accounts">The New Testament accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The New Testament accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul's conversion experience is discussed in both the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. According to both sources, Saul/Paul was not a follower of Jesus and did not know him before his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>. The narrative of the Book of Acts suggests Paul's conversion occurred 4–7 years after the crucifixion of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accounts of Paul's conversion experience describe it as miraculous, supernatural, or otherwise revelatory in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_conversion">Before conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before his conversion, Paul was known as Saul and was "a Pharisee of <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>", who "<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">intensely persecuted</a>" the followers of Jesus. Paul describes his life before conversion in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism, how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it. I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people and was extremely zealous for the traditions of my fathers.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Galatians 1:13–14, <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Paul also discusses his pre-conversion life in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a>, 3:4–6,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his participation in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen#The_stoning_of_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">stoning of Stephen</a> is described in Acts 7:57–8:3.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_conversione_di_saulo,_1542-45,_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Michelangelo%2C_conversione_di_saulo%2C_1542-45%2C_02.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%2C_conversione_di_saulo%2C_1542-45%2C_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Michelangelo%2C_conversione_di_saulo%2C_1542-45%2C_02.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%2C_conversione_di_saulo%2C_1542-45%2C_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Michelangelo%2C_conversione_di_saulo%2C_1542-45%2C_02.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%2C_conversione_di_saulo%2C_1542-45%2C_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2788" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Fresco in the Vatican <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, 1542-45.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Pauline epistles, the description of Paul's conversion experience is brief. The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> 9:1<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 15:3–8<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes Paul as <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection appearances of Jesus">having seen the risen Christ</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas, and then to the Twelve. After that, he appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters at the same time, most of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep. Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles, and last of all he appeared to me also, as to one abnormally born.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1 Corinthians 15:3–8, NIV<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8_Seattle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8_Seattle.JPG/220px-Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8_Seattle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8_Seattle.JPG/330px-Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8_Seattle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8_Seattle.JPG/440px-Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8_Seattle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4452" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>14th-century <a href="/wiki/Predella" title="Predella">predella</a> panel by <a href="/wiki/Luca_di_Tomm%C3%A8" title="Luca di Tommè">Luca di Tommè</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a> also describes Paul's experience of revelation. In verse 1 the NIV translation mentions "revelations from the Lord", but other translations, including the NRSV, translate that phrase as "revelations of the Lord". The passage begins with Paul seeming to speak about another person, but very quickly he makes it clear he is speaking of himself. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is necessary to boast; nothing is to be gained by it, but I will go on to visions and revelations of the Lord. I know a person in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven—whether in the body or out of the body I do not know; God knows. And I know that such a person—whether in the body or out of the body I do not know; God knows— was caught up into Paradise and heard things that are not to be told, that no mortal is permitted to repeat. On behalf of such a one I will boast, but on my own behalf I will not boast, except of my weaknesses. But if I wish to boast, I will not be a fool, for I will be speaking the truth. But I refrain from it, so that no one may think better of me than what is seen in me or heard from me, even considering the exceptional character of the revelations. Therefore, to keep me from being too elated, a thorn was given me in the flesh, a messenger of Satan to torment me, to keep me from being too elated.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>2 Corinthians 12:1-7, NRSV<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> <a href="/wiki/Galatians_1" title="Galatians 1">chapter 1</a> also describes his conversion as a divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, with Jesus appearing to Paul. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that the gospel I preached is not of human origin. I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it; rather, I received it by revelation from Jesus Christ. For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism, how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it. [...] But when God, who set me apart from my mother's womb and called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son in me so that I might preach him among the Gentiles, my immediate response was not to consult any human being.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Galatians 1:11–16, NIV<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts_of_the_Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acts of the Apostles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> discusses Paul's conversion experience at three different points in the text, in far more detail than in the accounts in Paul's letters. The Book of Acts says that Paul was on his way from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> to Syrian <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> with a mandate issued by the <a href="/wiki/Kohen_ha-Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen ha-Gadol">High Priest</a> to seek out and arrest followers of Jesus, with the intention of returning them to Jerusalem as prisoners for questioning and possible execution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journey is interrupted when Paul sees a blinding light, and communicates directly with a divine voice. </p><p>Acts 9 tells the story as a <a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">third-person narrative</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As he neared Damascus on his journey, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. He fell to the ground and heard a voice say to him, "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" </p><p>"Who are you, Lord?" Saul asked. </p><p>"I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting," he replied. "Now get up and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do." </p><p> The men traveling with Saul stood there speechless; they heard the sound but did not see anyone. Paul got up from the ground, but when he opened his eyes he could see nothing. So they led him by the hand into Damascus. For three days he was blind, and did not eat or drink anything.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Acts 9:3–9, NIV<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananias_restoring_the_sight_of_st_paul_(34663925).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ananias_restoring_the_sight_of_st_paul_%2834663925%29.jpg/220px-Ananias_restoring_the_sight_of_st_paul_%2834663925%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ananias_restoring_the_sight_of_st_paul_%2834663925%29.jpg/330px-Ananias_restoring_the_sight_of_st_paul_%2834663925%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ananias_restoring_the_sight_of_st_paul_%2834663925%29.jpg/440px-Ananias_restoring_the_sight_of_st_paul_%2834663925%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption><i>Ananias Restoring the Sight of St. Paul</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1631</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The account continues with a description of <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias of Damascus</a> receiving a divine revelation instructing him to visit Saul at the house of Judas on the <a href="/wiki/Street_Called_Straight" class="mw-redirect" title="Street Called Straight">Street Called Straight</a> and there <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">lay hands</a> on him to restore his sight (the house of Judas is traditionally believed to have been near the west end of the street).<sup id="cite_ref-JohnPhillips_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnPhillips-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ananias is initially reluctant, having heard about Saul's persecution, but obeys the divine command: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then Ananias went to the house and entered it. Placing his hands on Saul, he said, "Brother Saul, the Lord—Jesus, who appeared to you on the road as you were coming here—has sent me so that you may see again and be filled with the Holy Spirit." Immediately, something like scales fell from Saul's eyes, and he could see again. He got up and was baptized, and after taking some food, he regained his strength.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Acts 9:13–19, NIV<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai_Bodarevsky_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nikolai_Bodarevsky_001.jpg/220px-Nikolai_Bodarevsky_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nikolai_Bodarevsky_001.jpg/330px-Nikolai_Bodarevsky_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nikolai_Bodarevsky_001.jpg/440px-Nikolai_Bodarevsky_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Paul on trial before <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa</a> (Acts 26), as pictured by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bodarevsky" title="Nikolai Bodarevsky">Nikolai Bodarevsky</a>, 1875.</figcaption></figure> <p>Acts' second telling of Paul's conversion occurs in a speech Paul gives when he is arrested in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul addresses the crowd and tells them of his conversion, with a description essentially the same as that in Acts 9, but with slight differences. For example, Acts 9:7<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that Paul's companions did not see who he was speaking to, while Acts 22:9<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates that they did share in seeing the light (see also <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul#Differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Paul">Differences between the accounts</a>, below). The speech is clearly tailored for its Jewish audience, with stress being placed in Acts 22:12<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Ananias's good reputation among Jews in Damascus, rather than on his Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-CKB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acts' third discussion of Paul's conversion occurs when Paul addresses <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">King Agrippa</a>, defending himself against the accusations of <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a> that have been made against him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This account is briefer than the others. The speech here is again tailored for its audience, emphasizing what a Roman ruler would understand: the need to obey a heavenly vision,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reassuring Agrippa that Christians were not a secret society.<sup id="cite_ref-CHT_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHT-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_the_accounts"><span class="anchor" id="Differences"></span> Differences between the accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differences between the accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A contradiction in the details of the account of Paul's revelatory vision given in Acts has been the subject of some debate.<sup id="cite_ref-BenW_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenW-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:7&version=nrsv">Acts 9:7</a> states that Paul's travelling companions heard the voice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:9&version=nrsv">Acts 22:9</a> states that they did not. Traditional readings and modern biblical scholarship both see a discrepancy between these passages, but some modern conservative evangelical commentators argue that the discrepancy can be explained. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Longenecker" title="Richard Longenecker">Richard Longenecker</a> argues that first century readers might have understood the two passages to mean that everybody heard the sound of the voice, but "only Paul understood the articulated words".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate revolves around two Greek words. The noun φωνή (<i>phōnē</i> - a source of English words such as "telephone", "phonic", and "phoneme") translates as "voice, utterance, report, faculty of speech, the call of an animal", but also as "sound" when referring poetically to an inanimate object;<sup id="cite_ref-LS1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the normal Greek word for an inarticulate sound is ψόφος (<i>psophos</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verb ἀκούω (<i>akouō</i> - a source of English words such as "acoustics"), which usually means "hear", has the secondary meaning of "understand", which is how most translations render it in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2014:2&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 14:2</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-LS2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this meaning is so rare that the main English-to-Greek dictionaries do not list ἀκούω among the possible translations of "understand".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolving the discrepancy involves translating φωνή and ἀκούω in Acts 9:7 as "sound" and "hear" respectively, but translating the same words in Acts 22:9 as "voice" and "understand".<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> (NRSV), which is commonly the preferred translation of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholars">biblical scholars</a> and used in the most influential publications in the field,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renders the two texts as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The men who were traveling with him stood speechless because they heard the voice but saw no one. (Acts 9:7)<br />Now those who were with me saw the light but did not hear the voice of the one who was speaking to me. (Acts 22:9) </p></blockquote> <p>Most traditional translations including the English <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (KJV),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther's</a> <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">German translation</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are similar, translating the key words identically in each of the parallel texts, and thus not disguising the contradiction. However, since the 1970s, some versions have attempted a harmonizing translation, including the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> (NIV), which reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The men traveling with Saul stood there speechless; they heard the sound but did not see anyone. (Acts 9:7)<br />My companions saw the light, but they did not understand the voice of him who was speaking to me. (Acts 22:9) </p></blockquote> <p>Likewise the <a href="/wiki/NET_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="NET Bible">NET Bible</a> and others. By translating φωνή and ἀκούω differently in each case, the contradiction is disguised.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who support harmonizing readings sometimes point out that in Acts 9:7, ἀκούω appears in a <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> construction with a <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (ἀκούοντες μὲν τῆς φωνῆς), and in Acts 22:9 as a <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> object (φωνὴν οὐκ ἤκουσαν). Nigel Turner suggests the use of the accusative indicates hearing with understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-NTurner_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTurner-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More commonly, proponents of this view have asserted that the genitive is used when a person is heard, the accusative for a thing, which goes in the same direction but yields a far weaker argument.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Testament scholars <a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">F.F. Bruce</a> find this argument based on case inconclusive and caution against using it.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace gathers all examples of ἀκούω with each construction in the New Testament and finds that there are more exceptions to the supposed rule than examples of it. He concludes: "regardless of how one works through the accounts of Paul’s conversion, an appeal to different cases probably ought not to form any part of the solution."<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_implications">Theological implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theological implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Speckaert_-_Conversion_of_St_Paul_on_the_Road_to_Damascus_-_WGA21655.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hans_Speckaert_-_Conversion_of_St_Paul_on_the_Road_to_Damascus_-_WGA21655.jpg/220px-Hans_Speckaert_-_Conversion_of_St_Paul_on_the_Road_to_Damascus_-_WGA21655.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hans_Speckaert_-_Conversion_of_St_Paul_on_the_Road_to_Damascus_-_WGA21655.jpg/330px-Hans_Speckaert_-_Conversion_of_St_Paul_on_the_Road_to_Damascus_-_WGA21655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hans_Speckaert_-_Conversion_of_St_Paul_on_the_Road_to_Damascus_-_WGA21655.jpg/440px-Hans_Speckaert_-_Conversion_of_St_Paul_on_the_Road_to_Damascus_-_WGA21655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_Speckaert" title="Hans Speckaert">Hans Speckaert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whereas Protestants saw the conversion as a demonstration of <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> Catholics saw it as a demonstration of, or at least a metaphor for, the power of <a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preaching</a>, which received a strong new emphasis after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of Paul, in spite of his attempts to completely eradicate Christianity, is seen as evidence of the power of Divine <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">Grace</a>, with "no fall so deep that grace cannot descend to it"<sup id="cite_ref-Lange_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "no height so lofty that grace cannot lift the sinner to it."<sup id="cite_ref-Lange_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also demonstrates "God's power to use everything, even the hostile persecutor, to achieve the divine purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence to suggest that Paul arrived on the road to Damascus already with a single, solid, coherent scheme that could form the framework of his mature theology. Instead, the conversion, and the associated understanding of the significance of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of the crucified Jesus</a>, caused him to rethink from the ground up everything he had ever believed in, from his own identity to his understanding of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> and who God really was.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transforming effect of Paul's conversion influenced the clear antithesis he saw "between righteousness based on the law,"<sup id="cite_ref-rfdGWH_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfdGWH-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he had sought in his former life; and "righteousness based on the death of Christ,"<sup id="cite_ref-rfdGWH_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfdGWH-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he describes, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfdGWH_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfdGWH-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on Paul's testimony in <a href="/wiki/Galatians_1" title="Galatians 1">Galatians 1</a> and the accounts in Acts (<a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">Acts 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">26</a>), where it is specifically mentioned that Paul was tasked to be a witness to the Gentiles, it could be interpreted that what happened on the road to Damascus was not just a conversion from first-century Judaism to a faith centred on Jesus Christ, but also a commissioning of Paul as an Apostle to the Gentiles—although in Paul's mind they both amounted to the same thing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_explanations">Alternative explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alternative explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Elsheimer_-_Die_Bekehrung_des_Paulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Adam_Elsheimer_-_Die_Bekehrung_des_Paulus.jpg/220px-Adam_Elsheimer_-_Die_Bekehrung_des_Paulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Adam_Elsheimer_-_Die_Bekehrung_des_Paulus.jpg/330px-Adam_Elsheimer_-_Die_Bekehrung_des_Paulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Adam_Elsheimer_-_Die_Bekehrung_des_Paulus.jpg/440px-Adam_Elsheimer_-_Die_Bekehrung_des_Paulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5066" data-file-height="3982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adam_Elsheimer" title="Adam Elsheimer">Adam Elsheimer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Acts of the Apostles says that Paul's conversion experience was an encounter with the resurrected Christ. Alternative explanations have been proposed, including <a href="/wiki/Heat_illness" title="Heat illness">sun stroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">seizure</a>. In 1987, D. Landsborough published an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Neurology,_Neurosurgery,_and_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry">Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Landsborough_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landsborough-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he stated that Paul's conversion experience, with the bright light, loss of normal bodily posture, a message of strong religious content, and his subsequent blindness, suggested "an attack of <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>, perhaps ending in a convulsion ... The blindness which followed may have been <a href="/wiki/Postictal_state" title="Postictal state">post-ictal</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Landsborough_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landsborough-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This conclusion was challenged in the same journal by James R. Brorson and Kathleen Brewer,<sup id="cite_ref-Brorson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brorson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who stated that this hypothesis failed to explain why Paul's companions heard a voice (Acts 9:7), saw a light,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or fell to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Paul's blindness remitted in sudden fashion, rather than the gradual resolution typical of post-ictal states, and no mention is made of epileptic <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a>; indeed such convulsions may, in Paul's time, have been interpreted as a sign of demonic influence, unlikely in someone accepted as a religious leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Brorson_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brorson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 paper in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Neuropsychiatry_and_Clinical_Neurosciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences">Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences</a></i> suggested that Paul’s conversion experience might be understood as involving psychogenic events. This occurring in the overall context of Paul’s other auditory and visual experiences that the authors propose may have been caused by <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorder</a> associated <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> spectrum symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_commentary">Catholic commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catholic commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Justus_Knecht" title="Justus Knecht">Justus Knecht</a> comments on <i>the power of divine grace</i> in Paul's conversion: </p> <blockquote> <p>Our Blessed Lord prevented Saul with His grace, enlightened his understanding, moved his heart, and prepared his will to do all that was commanded him. In the very midst of his sinful career grace called to Saul to stop, and changed his heart so completely that the bitter enemy of Jesus Christ was transformed into an apostle, all aglow with love; and the persecutor of the Christian faith became its indefatigable defender and advocate. Thus St. Paul was able to say of himself: "By the grace of God I am what I am; and His grace in me hath not been void, but I have laboured more abundantly than they all: yet not I, but the grace of God with me" (1 Cor. 15:10)."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> sees Paul's conversion as an example of <i>a sudden grace of God,</i> writing in his<i> <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiae">Summa Theologiae</a></i>: </p> <blockquote> <p>Since a man cannot prepare himself for grace unless God prevent and move him to good, it is of no account whether anyone arrive at perfect preparation instantaneously, or step by step. For it is written (Ecclus. 11:23): "It is easy in the eyes of God on a sudden to make the poor man rich." Now it sometimes happens that God moves a man to good, but not perfect good, and this preparation precedes grace. But He sometimes moves him suddenly and perfectly to good, and man receives grace suddenly, according to Jn. 6:45: "Every one that hath heard of the Father, and hath learned, cometh to Me." And thus it happened to Paul, since, suddenly when he was in the midst of sin, his heart was perfectly moved by God to hear, to learn, to come; and hence he received grace suddenly.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> on 25 January 2024, dated a pastoral letter on the liturgical feast day of the conversion of St Paul, ahead of world mission sunday on 20 October 2024, ahead of the jubilee year of 2025 calling the faithful to be prayerful pilgrims of hope.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metanoia_(theology)" title="Metanoia (theology)">Metanoia (theology)</a> is also a closely studied word linked to the ascetical journey of conversion - well illustrated by St Paul's Damascus moment. An early linguistic scholar that wrestled with matters of asectics and translation from Greek was <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Jerome">St Jerome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject was not common in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval art</a>, only usually being painted as one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Predella" title="Predella">predella</a> scenes of his life below an <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpiece</a> dedicated to the saint. From the Renaissance it gradually became popular as a subject for larger paintings. Apart from the religious significance, the subject allowed the artist to include landscape elements, a crowd of figures and horses. The drama of the event especially appealed to <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> painters. It was sometimes paired with the handing of the Keys to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, although in the Vatican <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a> Michelangelo paired it with Peter's <i>Crucifixion</i> in the 1540s, perhaps in a change to the original plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Stinger_1998_p._55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stinger_1998_p.-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of Paul has been depicted by many artists, including <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Camilo" title="Francisco Camilo">Francisco Camilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sante_Peranda" title="Sante Peranda">Sante Peranda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_de_Fr%C3%ADas_y_Escalante" title="Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante">Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s fresco <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saul_(Michelangelo)" title="The Conversion of Saul (Michelangelo)">The Conversion of Saul</a></i> is in the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Palace">Vatican Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Renaissance Italian master <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> painted two works depicting the event: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Caravaggio)" title="The Conversion of Saint Paul (Caravaggio)">The Conversion of Saint Paul</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus" title="Conversion on the Way to Damascus">Conversion on the Way to Damascus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> also produced several works on the theme.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of the many depictions show Paul, and often several of his companions, travelling the Damascus Road on horseback, Paul most often on a white horse. This is not mentioned in the biblical accounts (which do not say how he travelled), and certainly makes for a more dramatic composition. The horses are usually shown as disturbed by the sudden appearance of the vision, and have often fallen to the ground themselves. It may also reflect how people of the various periods expected a person of Paul's importance to travel a distance of 135 miles (or 218 km). Perhaps first appearing in the 14th century, Paul's horse appears in the most important depictions from the 15th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(c._1562-95)_-_Francisco_Jo%C3%A3o_(Igreja_Matriz_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_em_Pavia,_Mora).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Conversão de São Paulo (c. 1562-95) - Francisco João (Igreja Matriz de São Paulo em Pavia, Mora)"><img alt="Conversão de São Paulo (c. 1562-95) - Francisco João (Igreja Matriz de São Paulo em Pavia, Mora)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28c._1562-95%29_-_Francisco_Jo%C3%A3o_%28Igreja_Matriz_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_em_Pavia%2C_Mora%29.png/110px-Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28c._1562-95%29_-_Francisco_Jo%C3%A3o_%28Igreja_Matriz_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_em_Pavia%2C_Mora%29.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28c._1562-95%29_-_Francisco_Jo%C3%A3o_%28Igreja_Matriz_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_em_Pavia%2C_Mora%29.png/165px-Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28c._1562-95%29_-_Francisco_Jo%C3%A3o_%28Igreja_Matriz_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_em_Pavia%2C_Mora%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28c._1562-95%29_-_Francisco_Jo%C3%A3o_%28Igreja_Matriz_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_em_Pavia%2C_Mora%29.png/220px-Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28c._1562-95%29_-_Francisco_Jo%C3%A3o_%28Igreja_Matriz_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_em_Pavia%2C_Mora%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Conversão de São Paulo (c. 1562-95) - Francisco João (Igreja Matriz de São Paulo em Pavia, Mora)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiavone_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schiavone 2"><img alt="Schiavone 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schiavone_2.jpg/120px-Schiavone_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schiavone_2.jpg/180px-Schiavone_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schiavone_2.jpg/240px-Schiavone_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schiavone 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Trinity_Altar-_Conversion_of_St._Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trinity Altar- Conversion of St. Paul"><img alt="The Trinity Altar- Conversion of St. Paul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Trinity_Altar-_Conversion_of_St._Paul.jpg/98px-The_Trinity_Altar-_Conversion_of_St._Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Trinity_Altar-_Conversion_of_St._Paul.jpg/148px-The_Trinity_Altar-_Conversion_of_St._Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Trinity_Altar-_Conversion_of_St._Paul.jpg/197px-The_Trinity_Altar-_Conversion_of_St._Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Trinity Altar- Conversion of St. Paul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversi%C3%B3n_de_Saulo_(Reni).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Conversión de Saulo (Reni)"><img alt="Conversión de Saulo (Reni)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_Saulo_%28Reni%29.jpg/87px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_Saulo_%28Reni%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_Saulo_%28Reni%29.jpg/131px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_Saulo_%28Reni%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_Saulo_%28Reni%29.jpg/175px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_Saulo_%28Reni%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Conversión de Saulo (Reni)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A1rdenas_-_Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_20140710.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cárdenas - Conversión de San Pablo 20140710"><img alt="Cárdenas - Conversión de San Pablo 20140710" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/C%C3%A1rdenas_-_Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_20140710.jpg/62px-C%C3%A1rdenas_-_Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_20140710.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/C%C3%A1rdenas_-_Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_20140710.jpg/93px-C%C3%A1rdenas_-_Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_20140710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/C%C3%A1rdenas_-_Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_20140710.jpg/124px-C%C3%A1rdenas_-_Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_20140710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cárdenas - Conversión de San Pablo 20140710</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escalante_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escalante 001"><img alt="Escalante 001" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Escalante_001.jpg/120px-Escalante_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Escalante_001.jpg/180px-Escalante_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Escalante_001.jpg/240px-Escalante_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Escalante 001</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C3%ADptico_da_Descida_da_Cruz_(c._1540-1545)_-_Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst_(closed).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tríptico da Descida da Cruz (c. 1540-1545) - Pieter Coecke van Aelst (closed)"><img alt="Tríptico da Descida da Cruz (c. 1540-1545) - Pieter Coecke van Aelst (closed)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tr%C3%ADptico_da_Descida_da_Cruz_%28c._1540-1545%29_-_Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst_%28closed%29.png/83px-Tr%C3%ADptico_da_Descida_da_Cruz_%28c._1540-1545%29_-_Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst_%28closed%29.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tr%C3%ADptico_da_Descida_da_Cruz_%28c._1540-1545%29_-_Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst_%28closed%29.png/125px-Tr%C3%ADptico_da_Descida_da_Cruz_%28c._1540-1545%29_-_Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst_%28closed%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tr%C3%ADptico_da_Descida_da_Cruz_%28c._1540-1545%29_-_Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst_%28closed%29.png/166px-Tr%C3%ADptico_da_Descida_da_Cruz_%28c._1540-1545%29_-_Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst_%28closed%29.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tríptico da Descida da Cruz (c. 1540-1545) - Pieter Coecke van Aelst (closed)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_(c.1600-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Conversion on the Way to Damascus, Caravaggio (c.1600-1)"><img alt="Conversion on the Way to Damascus, Caravaggio (c.1600-1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/91px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/137px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/183px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6711" data-file-height="8817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus" title="Conversion on the Way to Damascus">Conversion on the Way to Damascus</a></i>, Caravaggio (c.1600-1) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_conversi%C3%B3n_de_san_Pablo_(Murillo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_conversi%C3%B3n_de_san_Pablo_%28Murillo%29.jpg/220px-La_conversi%C3%B3n_de_san_Pablo_%28Murillo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_conversi%C3%B3n_de_san_Pablo_%28Murillo%29.jpg/330px-La_conversi%C3%B3n_de_san_Pablo_%28Murillo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_conversi%C3%B3n_de_san_Pablo_%28Murillo%29.jpg/440px-La_conversi%C3%B3n_de_san_Pablo_%28Murillo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chapter seventeen of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>'s 1952 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a></i> includes a literary device related to the Saul to Paul conversion: "'You start Saul, and end up Paul,' my grandfather had often said. 'When you're a youngun, you Saul, but let life whup your head a bit and you starts to trying to be Paul – though you still Sauls around on the side.'" </p><p>Paul's conversion is the subject of the medieval play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Digby_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul" title="The Digby Conversion of Saint Paul">The Digby Conversion of Saint Paul</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conversion of Paul is the main term of argument of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy</a>'s oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/St._Paul_(oratorio)" title="St. Paul (oratorio)">Paulus</a></i> (St. Paul), MWV A 14 / Op. 36] (1833–36). It is also subject of the <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> <i>Saule, Saule, quid me persequeris</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a> (1535–1596). It is also the focus of an eight part mixed choir <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> piece (The Conversion of Saul) composed by <a href="/wiki/Z._Randall_Stroope" title="Z. Randall Stroope">Z. Randall Stroope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_usage">Popular usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popular usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarsellino_-_The_Fall_of_Saint_Paul_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Scarsellino_-_The_Fall_of_Saint_Paul_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Scarsellino_-_The_Fall_of_Saint_Paul_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Scarsellino_-_The_Fall_of_Saint_Paul_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Scarsellino_-_The_Fall_of_Saint_Paul_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Scarsellino_-_The_Fall_of_Saint_Paul_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Scarsellino_-_The_Fall_of_Saint_Paul_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2979" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scarsellino" title="Scarsellino">Scarsellino</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the conversion of Paul comes the <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorical reference</a> to the “Road to Damascus”, meaning a sudden or radical conversion of thought or a change of heart or mind, even in matters outside of a Christian context. For example, Australian politician <a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a> was described as having been “on his own road to Damascus” after pledging increased mental health funding,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a New Zealand drug dealer turned police officer was likewise described as taking “the first step on the road to Damascus.”<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10656229_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10656229-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, the book <i>The Road to Damascus</i> is based on a sudden political conversion of a self-aware tank, Unit SOL-0045, “Sonny,” a <a href="/wiki/Bolo_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolo tank">Mark XX Bolo</a>, on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "<a href="/wiki/-30-_(The_Wire)" title="-30- (The Wire)">-30-</a>", the finale episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wire" title="The Wire">The Wire</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilson_(The_Wire)" title="Norman Wilson (The Wire)">Norman Wilson</a> tells Mayor <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Carcetti" title="Tommy Carcetti">Tommy Carcetti</a> the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McNulty" title="Jimmy McNulty">Jimmy McNulty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lester_Freamon" title="Lester Freamon">Lester Freamon</a> “serial killer” hoax is the mayor's "road to Damascus" moment and likens the detectives' fabrication of a serial killer, which allows them to successfully fund and achieve their actual investigative goals, to Carcetti’s adoption of popular campaign platforms he doesn't really care about in order to achieve his actual political agenda. Parallels can also be drawn to the compromises and decisions made by other entities who have taken shortcuts or otherwise “juked” the data to achieve their ends, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s managing editors in their pursuit of a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Episode 3, Season 4 of <i><a href="/wiki/Downton_Abbey" title="Downton Abbey">Downton Abbey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Downton_Abbey_characters" title="List of Downton Abbey characters">Lady Grantham</a> referred to Lord Grantham’s change of heart towards his daughter Edith’s boyfriend as a “Damascene Conversion”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feast_day"><span class="anchor" id="Feast"></span> Feast day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Feast day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo,_de_Palma_el_Joven_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_de_Palma_el_Joven_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/220px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_de_Palma_el_Joven_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_de_Palma_el_Joven_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/330px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_de_Palma_el_Joven_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_de_Palma_el_Joven_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/440px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_de_Palma_el_Joven_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palma_Giovane" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma Giovane">Palma Giovane</a>, Museo del Prado</figcaption></figure> <p>The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul the Apostle commemorates this event, and is celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a> on 25 January. This feast is celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches, and concludes the <a href="/wiki/Week_of_Prayer_for_Christian_Unity" title="Week of Prayer for Christian Unity">Week of Prayer for Christian Unity</a>, an yearly international <a href="/wiki/Christian_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian ecumenism">Christian ecumenical</a> event that began in 1908, which is an <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgy)" title="Octave (liturgy)">octave</a> or eight-day observance beginning 18 January (observed in Anglican and Lutheran tradition as the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a>, and in the pre-<a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> Catholic calendar as the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a> at Rome).<sup id="cite_ref-Tristam_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tristam-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural England, the day once functioned like <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a> does in the modern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Supposed prophecies ranged from fine days predicting good harvests, to clouds and mists signifying pestilence and war in the coming months.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collect</a> of the day in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> is: </p> <dl><dd>O God, who taught the whole world</dd> <dd>through the preaching of the blessed Apostle Paul,</dd> <dd>draw us, we pray, nearer to you</dd> <dd>through the example of him whose conversion we celebrate today,</dd> <dd>and so make us witnesses to your truth in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>On Paul's conversion</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">Acts 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">Acts 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">Acts 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">Split of early Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>On the Feast day</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">General Roman Calendar of 1954</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (W.B.Eerdmans))</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6"><bdi>0-8028-3781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+A-D+%28International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia+%28W.B.Eerdmans%29%29&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8028-3781-6&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2002" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Paul (2002). <i>Jesus, the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times</i>. InterVarsity Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8"><bdi>0-8308-2699-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Rise+of+Early+Christianity%3A+A+History+of+New+Testament+Times&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8308-2699-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Niswonger1993" class="citation book cs1">L. Niswonger, Richard (1993). <i>New Testament History</i>. Zondervan Publishing Company. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9"><bdi>0-310-31201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+History&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Zondervan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-310-31201-9&rft.aulast=L.+Niswonger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%201:13–14">Galatians 1:13–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:4–6&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:4–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:57–8:3&version=nrsv">Acts 7:57–8:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%209:1&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 9:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:3–8&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:3–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:3–8">1 Corinthians 15:3–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2012:1–7&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 12:1–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%201:11–16">Galatians 1:11–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:2&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 9:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%209:3–9">Acts of the Apostles 9:3–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnPhillips-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JohnPhillips_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Phillips, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FozDQzGHxmsC&pg=PA179">Exploring Acts: An expository commentary</a></i>, Kregel Academic, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-3490-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-3490-4">0-8254-3490-4</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%209:13–19">Acts of the Apostles 9:13–19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:6–21&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 22:6–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:7&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 9:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:9&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 22:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:12&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 22:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CKB-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CKB_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. K. Barrett, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AL4J6aSXmAC&pg=PA1029">A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles: Introduction and commentary on Acts XV-XXVIII</a></i>, Continuum, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08395-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08395-0">0-567-08395-0</a>, pp. 1029–1031.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2026:12–18&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 26:12–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2026:19&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 26:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHT-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHT_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles H. Talbert, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHzAXTKWqswC&pg=PA208">Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles</a></i>, Smyth & Helwys, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57312-277-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57312-277-7">1-57312-277-7</a>, pp 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2026:26&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 26:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenW-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BenW_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2P7zSnM9BjMC&pg=PA312">The Acts of the Apostles: A socio-rhetorical commentary</a></i>, Eerdmans, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4501-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4501-0">0-8028-4501-0</a>, pp. 312–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Longenecker" title="Richard Longenecker">Richard N. Longenecker</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4w8JpkgEKGUC&pg=PA32">The Ministry and Message of Paul</a></i>, Zondervan, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-28341-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-28341-8">0-310-28341-8</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, R. C. H. Lenski, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRAmAoqSH-wC&pg=PA356">Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles 1–14, Volume 1</a></i>, 1944 (reprinted 2008 by Augsburg Fortress, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8066-8075-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8066-8075-X">0-8066-8075-X</a>), p. 356; or the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u41BFygTk7IC&pg=PA32">Ignatius Catholic study Bible</a></i> on Acts 9:7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1940). "φωνή". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfwnh%2F"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AE&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dfwnh%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/sqldbs/WOODHOUSE/woodhouse.py?&pagenumber=796&qtype=page">"Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary p. 796"</a>. <i>University of Chicago Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Library&rft.atitle=Woodhouse%27s+English-Greek+Dictionary+p.+796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartflsrv03.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fefts%2Fsqldbs%2FWOODHOUSE%2Fwoodhouse.py%3F%26pagenumber%3D796%26qtype%3Dpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1940). "ἀκούω". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29kou%2Fw"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%80%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%89&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Da%2529kou%252Fw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/sqldbs/WOODHOUSE/woodhouse.py?&pagenumber=913&qtype=page">"Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary p. 913"</a>. <i>University of Chicago Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Library&rft.atitle=Woodhouse%27s+English-Greek+Dictionary+p.+913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartflsrv03.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fefts%2Fsqldbs%2FWOODHOUSE%2Fwoodhouse.py%3F%26pagenumber%3D913%26qtype%3Dpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlqoTVsk2wcC&pg=PA133">Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament</a></i>, Zondervan, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-21895-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-21895-0">0-310-21895-0</a>, p. 313-314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven2015" class="citation web cs1">Given, Mark D. (13 Feb 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012024005/http://courses.missouristate.edu/markgiven/rel102/bt.htm">"A Discussion of Bible Translations and Biblical Scholarship"</a>. <i>Missouri State University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.missouristate.edu/markgiven/rel102/bt.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Sep</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missouri+State+University&rft.atitle=A+Discussion+of+Bible+Translations+and+Biblical+Scholarship&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.missouristate.edu%2Fmarkgiven%2Frel102%2Fbt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9%3A7&version=AKJV">Acts 9:7</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+22%3A9&version=AKJV">Acts 22:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9%3A7&version=VULGATE">Acts 9:7</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+22%3A9&version=VULGATE">Acts 22:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9%3A7&version=LUTH1545">Acts 9:7</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+22%3A9&version=LUTH1545">Acts 22:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTurner-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NTurner_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Turner, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZaS56aEkjgC&pg=PA87">Grammatical Insights Into the New Testament</a></i>, Continuum, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08198-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08198-2">0-567-08198-2</a>, pp. 87–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Wenham, <i>The Elements of New Testament Greek</i>, Cambridge, 1991, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Weir Smyth and Gordon M. Messing, <i>Greek Grammar</i>, 2nd ed., Harvard University Press, 1956, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36250-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36250-0">0-674-36250-0</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Frederick Fyvie Bruce</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2lN0ibbLOHEC&pg=PA236">The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary</a></i>, 2nd ed, Eerdmans, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0966-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0966-9">0-8028-0966-9</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leone, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lange-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Lange" title="Johann Peter Lange">Johann Peter Lange</a> (ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scripturecommen08languoft/page/24">A commentary on the Holy Scriptures: critical, doctrinal, and homiletical, Volume 8</a></i>, Scribner, 1868, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Marie Hiesberger, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DX7O38l4bfsC&pg=PA341">The Catholic Bible, Personal Study Edition: New American Bible</a></i>, Oxford University Press US, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-528926-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-528926-9">0-19-528926-9</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2015" class="citation book cs1">Wright, N.T. (2015). <i>The Paul Debate</i>. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paul+Debate&rft.place=Waco%2C+Texas&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfdGWH-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfdGWH_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfdGWH_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfdGWH_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Walter Hansen, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJXHWQPeUEQC&pg=PA213">Paul's Conversion and His Ethic of Freedom in Galatians</a>," in <i>The Road from Damascus: The impact of Paul's conversion on his life, thought, and ministry</i>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Longenecker" title="Richard Longenecker">Richard N. Longenecker</a> (ed.), Eerdmans, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4191-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4191-0">0-8028-4191-0</a>, pp. 213–37 (quotes on p. 214).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2008" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2008). "Paul's Conversion: A Light to Twentieth Century Disputes". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newperspectiveon00dunn"><i>The New Perspective on Paul</i></a></span>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newperspectiveon00dunn/page/n353">347</a>–365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802845627" title="Special:BookSources/9780802845627"><bdi>9780802845627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+Conversion%3A+A+Light+to+Twentieth+Century+Disputes&rft.btitle=The+New+Perspective+on+Paul&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=347-365&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802845627&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewperspectiveon00dunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landsborough-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landsborough_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landsborough_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsborough1987" class="citation journal cs1">Landsborough, D. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1032067">"St Paul and temporal lobe epilepsy"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</i>. <b>50</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">659–</span>664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.50.6.659">10.1136/jnnp.50.6.659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1032067">1032067</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3302109">3302109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=St+Paul+and+temporal+lobe+epilepsy&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E664&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1032067%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3302109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.50.6.659&rft.aulast=Landsborough&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1032067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brorson-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brorson_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brorson_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrorsonBrewer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Brorson, J. R.; Brewer, K. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033172">"St Paul and temporal lobe epilepsy"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</i>. <b>51</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">886–</span>887. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.51.6.886">10.1136/jnnp.51.6.886</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033172">1033172</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3042917">3042917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=St+Paul+and+temporal+lobe+epilepsy&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E886-%3C%2Fspan%3E887&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1033172%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3042917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.51.6.886&rft.aulast=Brorson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Brewer%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1033172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:9&version=nrsv">Acts 22:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2026:14&version=nrsv">Acts 26:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayCunninghamPrice2012" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, ED.; Cunningham, MG; Price, BH. (2012). "The role of psychotic disorders in religious history considered". <i>J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">410–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.neuropsych.11090214">10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11090214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23224447">23224447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Neuropsychiatry+Clin+Neurosci&rft.atitle=The+role+of+psychotic+disorders+in+religious+history+considered&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E410-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.neuropsych.11090214&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23224447&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=ED.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+MG&rft.au=Price%2C+BH.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Knecht" title="Justus Knecht">Knecht, Friedrich Justus</a> (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/XC. The Conversion of Saul (about A. D. 37)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/XC._The_Conversion_of_Saul_(about_A._D._37)">"XC. The Conversion of Saul (about A. D. 37)" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XC.+The+Conversion+of+Saul+%28about+A.+D.+37%29&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1265" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas</a> (1265). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Summa Theologiae/First Part of the Second Part/Question 112"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/First_Part_of_the_Second_Part/Question_112">"First Part of the Second Part (Question 112)" </a></span>. <i>Summa Theologica</i>. Benzinger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Part+of+the+Second+Part+%28Question+112%29&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologica&rft.pub=Benzinger+Brothers&rft.date=1265&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/missions/documents/20240125-giornata-missionaria.html">"Message for World Mission Day 2024 | Francis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+for+World+Mission+Day+2024+%26%23124%3B+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fmessages%2Fmissions%2Fdocuments%2F20240125-giornata-missionaria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stinger_1998_p.-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stinger_1998_p._55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStinger1998" class="citation book cs1">Stinger, Charles (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uQYq9uMoOsC&pg=PA189"><i>The Renaissance in Rome</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33491-6"><bdi>978-0-253-33491-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961876727">961876727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+in+Rome&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961876727&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33491-6&rft.aulast=Stinger&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uQYq9uMoOsC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leone lists a number of works</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gosudarstvennyĭ Ėrmitazh, <i>Peter Paul Rubens, a touch of brilliance: oil sketches and related works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Courtauld Institute Gallery</i>, Prestel, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leone, p. 195 onwards; Cuneo, 73, goes further: "almost all" works from 1500-1549 contain horses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/30/2941457.htm">Mental health experts praise Abbott's spending pledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>, Thu Jul 1, 2010 12:04am AEST, accessed 3 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_Herald_10656229-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10656229_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage,_Jared2010" class="citation web cs1">Savage, Jared (3 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10656229">"Drug dealer hired as police officer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Drug+dealer+hired+as+police+officer&rft.date=2010-07-03&rft.au=Savage%2C+Jared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10656229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baen.com/the-road-to-damascus.html">"The Road to Damascus by John Ringo and Linda Evans – WebScription Ebook"</a>. <i>www.baen.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.baen.com&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Damascus+by+John+Ringo+and+Linda+Evans+%E2%80%93+WebScription+Ebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baen.com%2Fthe-road-to-damascus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranich,_Darren2018" class="citation news cs1">Franich, Darren (March 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/tv/2018/03/09/the-wire-finale-10-year-anniversary-essay/">"The bitter resonance of The Wire's fake news plotline, a decade later"</a>. <i>EW</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EW&rft.atitle=The+bitter+resonance+of+The+Wire%27s+fake+news+plotline%2C+a+decade+later&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.au=Franich%2C+Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Ftv%2F2018%2F03%2F09%2Fthe-wire-finale-10-year-anniversary-essay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobias,_Scott2008" class="citation news cs1">Tobias, Scott (March 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/the-wire-30-1798204008">"The Wire: '-30-"</a>. <i>AV Club</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AV+Club&rft.atitle=The+Wire%3A+%27-30-&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft.au=Tobias%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Fthe-wire-30-1798204008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSepinwall,_Alan2008" class="citation news cs1">Sepinwall, Alan (March 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nj.com/alltv/2008/03/sepinwall_on_tv_the_wire_ends.html">"Sepinwall on TV: 'The Wire' ends"</a>. <i>Star-Ledger</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-Ledger&rft.atitle=Sepinwall+on+TV%3A+%27The+Wire%27+ends&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft.au=Sepinwall%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nj.com%2Falltv%2F2008%2F03%2Fsepinwall_on_tv_the_wire_ends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_Andrew2008" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Andrew (March 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/the-wire-mondays-season-5-ep-10-30/">"The Wire Recap: Season 5, Episode 10, '-30-'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Slant</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slant&rft.atitle=The+Wire+Recap%3A+Season+5%2C+Episode+10%2C+%27-30-%27&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slantmagazine.com%2Ftv%2Fthe-wire-mondays-season-5-ep-10-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tristam-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tristam_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Exciting holiness: collects and readings for the festivals</i> by B. Tristam <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85311-479-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85311-479-0">1-85311-479-0</a> Canterbury Press 2003 pages 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Folklore Myths and Legends of Britain</i> (2 ed.). Great Britain: Reader's Digest Association Ltd. 1977. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780276000393" title="Special:BookSources/9780276000393"><bdi>9780276000393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+Myths+and+Legends+of+Britain&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest+Association+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780276000393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Missal</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuneo2020" class="citation book cs1">Cuneo, Pia F. (2020). "Ch. 3 High Noon on the Road to Damascus: A Reformation Showdown and the Role of Horses in Lucas Cranach the Younger's Conversion of Paul (1549)". In Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer; Victoria Christman (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=el75DwAAQBAJ"><i>Cultural Shifts and Ritual Transformations in Reformation Europe</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004436022_005">10.1163/9789004436022_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004436022" title="Special:BookSources/9789004436022"><bdi>9789004436022</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225353963">225353963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+3+High+Noon+on+the+Road+to+Damascus%3A+A+Reformation+Showdown+and+the+Role+of+Horses+in+Lucas+Cranach+the+Younger%E2%80%99s+Conversion+of+Paul+%281549%29&rft.btitle=Cultural+Shifts+and+Ritual+Transformations+in+Reformation+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225353963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004436022_005&rft.isbn=9789004436022&rft.aulast=Cuneo&rft.aufirst=Pia+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Del75DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeone2003" class="citation book cs1">Leone, Massimo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7hL2FEWTk4C&pg=PT195"><i>Religious Conversion and Identity: The Semiotic Analysis of Texts</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134402465" title="Special:BookSources/9781134402465"><bdi>9781134402465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Conversion+and+Identity%3A+The+Semiotic+Analysis+of+Texts&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134402465&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7hL2FEWTk4C%26pg%3DPT195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuldner1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Guldner, Benedict (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Conversion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Conversion">"Conversion" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conversion&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Guldner&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/XC. The Conversion of Saul (about A. D. 37)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/XC._The_Conversion_of_Saul_(about_A._D._37)">"The Conversion of Saul (about A. D. 37)" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Conversion+of+Saul+%28about+A.+D.+37%29&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Longenecker" title="Richard Longenecker">Richard N. Longenecker</a> (ed.), <i>The Road from Damascus: The impact of Paul's conversion on his life, thought, and ministry</i>, Eerdmans, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4191-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4191-0">0-8028-4191-0</a>, 253 pages.</li> <li>Thomas Martone, <i>The theme of the conversion of Paul in Italian paintings from the early Christian period to the high Renaissance</i>, Garland Pub., 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6882-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6882-3">0-8240-6882-3</a>, 254 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsborough1987" class="citation cs2">Landsborough, D. (1987), "St Paul and temporal lobe epilepsy", <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry</i>, <b>50</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">659–</span>664, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.50.6.659">10.1136/jnnp.50.6.659</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1032067">1032067</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3302109">3302109</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery+%26+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=St+Paul+and+temporal+lobe+epilepsy&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E664&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1032067%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3302109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.50.6.659&rft.aulast=Landsborough&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversion+of+Paul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Acts 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_19" title="Acts 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_20" title="Acts 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_23" title="Acts 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_24" title="Acts 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_25" title="Acts 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_27" title="Acts 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_28" title="Acts 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conversion of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Peter's vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Peter's liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning_at_Ephesus" title="Book burning at Ephesus">Book burning at Ephesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias (High Priest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Bar-jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary mother of John Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon the Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullus" title="Tertullus">Tertullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Libertines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles">Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel%27s_principle" title="Gamaliel's principle">Gamaliel's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_8" title="Papyrus 8">Papyrus 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_29" title="Papyrus 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_33" title="Papyrus 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_38" title="Papyrus 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_48" title="Papyrus 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_50" title="Papyrus 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_56" title="Papyrus 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_57" title="Papyrus 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_91" title="Papyrus 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_112" title="Papyrus 112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_127" title="Papyrus 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Laudianus" title="Codex Laudianus">Codex Laudianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mutinensis" title="Codex Mutinensis">Codex Mutinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_095" title="Uncial 095">Uncial 095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_096" title="Uncial 096">096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_097" title="Uncial 097">097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0120" title="Uncial 0120">0120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0140" title="Uncial 0140">0140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0165" title="Uncial 0165">0165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0175" title="Uncial 0175">0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0189" title="Uncial 0189">0189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0236" title="Uncial 0236">0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0244" title="Uncial 0244">0244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0294" title="Uncial 0294">0294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0304" title="Uncial 0304">0304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1kovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Gršković's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Gršković's fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihanovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Mihanović's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Mihanović's fragment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A.D._(miniseries)" title="A.D. (miniseries)">A.D.</a></i> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Acts" title="The Visual Bible: Acts">The Visual Bible: Acts</a></i> (1994 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apostles" title="Template:Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apostles" title="Template talk:Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apostles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata596" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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