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Berlyn - Wikipedia

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id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&amp;returnto=Berlyn" title="U word aangemoedig om &#039;n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li 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Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&amp;returnto=Berlyn" title="U word aangemoedig om &#039;n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&amp;returnto=Berlyn" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie_en_klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie_en_klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie en klimaat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografie_en_klimaat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geografie en klimaat subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografie_en_klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ligging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ligging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wêreldfabriek_Berlyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wêreldfabriek_Berlyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wêreldfabriek Berlyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wêreldfabriek_Berlyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigting_en_Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigting_en_Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stigting en Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigting_en_Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vroeë_moderne_tyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_moderne_tyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Vroeë moderne tyd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_moderne_tyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pruisiese_koningstad_(1701–1786)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pruisiese_koningstad_(1701–1786)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pruisiese koningstad (1701–1786)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pruisiese_koningstad_(1701–1786)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_19de_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_19de_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Die 19de eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_19de_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_vroeë_20ste_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_vroeë_20ste_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Die vroeë 20ste eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_vroeë_20ste_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektropolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektropolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Elektropolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektropolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_skathuise_van_Berlyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_skathuise_van_Berlyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Die skathuise van Berlyn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_skathuise_van_Berlyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perslandskap_in_die_Weimarrepubliek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perslandskap_in_die_Weimarrepubliek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Perslandskap in die Weimarrepubliek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perslandskap_in_die_Weimarrepubliek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlyn_in_die_Derde_Ryk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlyn_in_die_Derde_Ryk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Berlyn in die Derde Ryk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlyn_in_die_Derde_Ryk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlyn_ná_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlyn_ná_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Berlyn ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlyn_ná_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Demografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russiese_immigrasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russiese_immigrasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Russiese immigrasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russiese_immigrasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dialek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomiese basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politiek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Politiek subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federale_hoofstad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federale_hoofstad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Federale hoofstad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federale_hoofstad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deelstaatregering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deelstaatregering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Deelstaatregering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deelstaatregering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onderwysstelsel_en_wetenskapsbedryf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onderwysstelsel_en_wetenskapsbedryf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Onderwysstelsel en wetenskapsbedryf</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Onderwysstelsel_en_wetenskapsbedryf-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Onderwysstelsel en wetenskapsbedryf subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Onderwysstelsel_en_wetenskapsbedryf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primêre_en_sekondêre_onderwys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primêre_en_sekondêre_onderwys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primêre en sekondêre onderwys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primêre_en_sekondêre_onderwys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tersiêre_onderwys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tersiêre_onderwys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tersiêre onderwys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tersiêre_onderwys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblioteke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblioteke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Biblioteke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblioteke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navorsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navorsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Navorsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navorsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Openbare_vervoer_en_lughawens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Openbare_vervoer_en_lughawens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Openbare vervoer en lughawens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Openbare_vervoer_en_lughawens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Openbare vervoer en lughawens subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Openbare_vervoer_en_lughawens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiese_ontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiese_ontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historiese ontwikkeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiese_ontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_huidige_openbare_vervoernetwerk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_huidige_openbare_vervoernetwerk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Die huidige openbare vervoernetwerk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_huidige_openbare_vervoernetwerk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internasionale_uitstallings_en_feeste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internasionale_uitstallings_en_feeste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Internasionale uitstallings en feeste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internasionale_uitstallings_en_feeste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parades_en_Karnaval_van_kulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parades_en_Karnaval_van_kulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Parades en Karnaval van kulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parades_en_Karnaval_van_kulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toerisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toerisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Toerisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toerisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Besienswaardighede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Besienswaardighede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Besienswaardighede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Besienswaardighede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kookkuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kookkuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Kookkuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kookkuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuns_en_kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuns_en_kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Kuns en kultuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kuns_en_kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kuns en kultuur subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kuns_en_kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filmkuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmkuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Filmkuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmkuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konserthuise_en_teaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konserthuise_en_teaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Konserthuise en teaters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konserthuise_en_teaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susterstede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susterstede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Susterstede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susterstede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Berlyn</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na &#039;n artikel in &#039;n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 263 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-263" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">263 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95" title="በርሊን – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በርሊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برلين – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܒܪܠܝܢ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܠܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برلين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="برلين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيرلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="برلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9rlin" title="Bérlin – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bérlin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C4%ABns" title="Berlīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Berlīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Берлін – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бэрлін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэрлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%A8n" title="Berlèn – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Berlèn" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বার্লিন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্লিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="པེར་ལིན། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པེར་ལིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ik-l%C3%ACng" title="Báik-lìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báik-lìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بەرلین – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinu" title="Berlinu – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Berlinu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ABno" title="Berlëno – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Berlëno" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Бєрлинъ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Бєрлинъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barli%C5%84" title="Barliń – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Barliń" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Βερολίνο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βερολίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%AE%E1%B9%85" title="Berlîṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Berlîṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlino" title="Berlino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Berlino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliin" title="Berliin – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Berliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="برلین – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliini" title="Berliini – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berliini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliin" title="Berliin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Berliin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belini" title="Belini – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Belini" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8rlin" title="Bèrlin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bèrlin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin/s%C3%B6" title="Berlin/sö – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Berlin/sö" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berlyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirl%C3%ADn" title="Beirlín – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beirlín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="柏林" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="બર્લિન – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બર્લિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berleen" title="Berleen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Berleen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelelina" title="Pelelina – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pelelina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ברלין – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8len" title="Bèlen – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bèlen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բեռլին – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պերլին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պերլին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Ibanees" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlino" title="Berlino – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berlino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%95%90%E1%93%96%E1%93%90" title="ᐱᕐᓖᓐ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᕐᓖᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ベルリン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerlin" title="Boerlin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Boerlin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/berlin" title="berlin – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="berlin" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბერლინი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერლინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%9Br%C9%A9l%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Pɛrɩlɛɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɛrɩlɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="ប៊ែរឡាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៊ែរឡាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬರ್ಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%B0" title="베를린 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베를린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%94%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%90%D9%86" title="بٔرلِن – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بٔرلِن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%AEn" title="Berlîn – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berlîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berolinum" title="Berolinum – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Berolinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlien" title="Berlien – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Berlien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ເບີລິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເບີລິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlynas" title="Berlynas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berlynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlins" title="Berlins – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Berlins" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C4%ABne" title="Berlīne – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Berlīne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear%C4%ABni" title="Pearīni – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pearīni" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബെർലിൻ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘာလင်မြို့ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာလင်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Берлин ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Берлин ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="برلین – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برلین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlino" title="Berlino – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Berlino" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlien" title="Berlien – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Berlien" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlijn" title="Berlijn – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berlijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8rl%C3%AEn" title="Bèrlîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bèrlîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9%C3%ADt%C5%82%CA%BCin%C3%AD_An%C3%AD%C3%ADkaadii" title="Tséítłʼiní Anííkaadii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tséítłʼiní Anííkaadii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barliin" title="Barliin – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Barliin" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਰਲਿਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86" title="برلن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برلن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Βερολίνον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βερολίνον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برلين – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برلين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlim" title="Berlim – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Berlim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berline" title="Berline – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Berline" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Берлін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Берлін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बर्लिन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बर्लिन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinu" title="Berlinu – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Berlinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlinu" title="Birlinu – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Birlinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86" title="برلن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برلن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="බර්ලින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බර්ලින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perelini" title="Perelini – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Perelini" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baarliin" title="Baarliin – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baarliin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlini" title="Berlini – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Berlini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9rlin" title="Bérlin – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bérlin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெர்லின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்லின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బెర్లిన్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెర్లిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Berlín" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เบอร์ลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์ลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95" title="በርሊን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="በርሊን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93lini" title="Pēlini – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pēlini" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9B%C9%9Blin" title="Bɛɛlin – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bɛɛlin" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Tahities" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahities" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Берлин – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Берлин" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9rlin" title="Bérlin – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Bérlin" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Берлін – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берлін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86" title="برلن – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برلن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Berlyn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柏林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Berlin" title="I-Berlin – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Berlin" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბერლინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერლინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בערלין – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בערלין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Berlin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlijn" title="Berlijn – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Berlijn" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柏林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="柏林" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek-l%C3%AEm" title="Pek-lîm – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pek-lîm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柏林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBerlini" title="IBerlini – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBerlini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q64#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Berlyn" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berlyn"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berlyn"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Berlyn" title="&#039;n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Berlyn" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="&#039;n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;oldid=2695825" title="&#039;n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Berlyn&amp;id=2695825&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerlyn"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerlyn"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Berlyn"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li 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Vir ander gebruike, sien <a href="/wiki/Berlyn_(dubbelsinnig)" class="mw-disambig" title="Berlyn (dubbelsinnig)">Berlyn (dubbelsinnig)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <table align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="color: #000000; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;"> <p><b>Berlyn</b><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_Montage_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Berlin_Montage_4.jpg/280px-Berlin_Montage_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Berlin_Montage_4.jpg/420px-Berlin_Montage_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Berlin_Montage_4.jpg/560px-Berlin_Montage_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999"> <td><b>Kaart</b> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><b>Wapen</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:white"> <td rowspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Locator_map_Berlin_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Locator_map_Berlin_in_Germany.svg/180px-Locator_map_Berlin_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Locator_map_Berlin_in_Germany.svg/270px-Locator_map_Berlin_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Locator_map_Berlin_in_Germany.svg/360px-Locator_map_Berlin_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:DEU_Berlin_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/75px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/113px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/150px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"><b>Vlag</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/90px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/135px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/180px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b><a href="/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">Deelstaat</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Berlyn </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b>Koördinate</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berlyn&amp;language=af&amp;params=52_31_N_13_24_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto&#39;s, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">52°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°24′O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto&#39;s, en ander data vir hierdie plek">52.517°N 13.400°O</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">52.517; 13.400</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b>Administratiewe verdeling</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">12 stadsdistrikte </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b>Stigting</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">1237 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b>Stadstatus</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">1240 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b>Oppervlakte:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Totaal </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">891,12 <a href="/wiki/Vierkante_kilometer" title="Vierkante kilometer">vk km</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;<b>Hoogte bo seevlak</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">29,9–115&#160;m<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;<b>Bevolking:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Totaal (31 Desember 2020) </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">3&#160;769&#160;962<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Bevolkingsdigtheid </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">4&#160;108/vk km </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Metropolitaanse gebied </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">6&#160;210&#160;574<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;<b>Tydsone</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +1 (MET) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;- <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +2 (MEST) </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;<b>Klimaat</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Tipe </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">Gematigde klimaat </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">8,9&#160;°C </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Gem. temp. Januarie/Julie </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">−0,6 / 18,5&#160;°C </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;- Gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslae </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">581 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>&#160;<b>Burgemeester</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">Kai Wegner (<a href="/wiki/Christelik-Demokratiese_Unie" title="Christelik-Demokratiese Unie">CDU</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td>&#160;<b>Amptelike webwerf</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/"><i>berlin.de</i></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Berlyn</b> (<a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>: <i>Berlin</i>, [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn], <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/De-Berlin.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Berlin.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:De-Berlin.ogg" title="Lêer:De-Berlin.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>) is die <a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">hoofstad</a> van <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> en is die grootste stad in dié land wat sowel oppervlakte as bevolking betref. Die stad het 'n bevolking van 3,77 miljoen van binne die stadsgrense en sowat 6,2 miljoen in die metropolitaanse gebied wat onder meer <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> insluit. Die getal buitelandse inwoners het op 31 Desember 2020 789&#160;076 beloop (oftewel 20,9 persent van die land se totale bevolking). Die grootste <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russiessprekende</a> gemeenskappe word hier in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> aangetref. Berlyn is tans die grootste stad in die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a> met een van die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede. Administratief bestaan Berlyn tans uit twaalf distrikte wat verder verdeel word in 96 stadsdele. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Die_westelike_middestad_van_Berlyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/43/Die_westelike_middestad_van_Berlyn.jpg/220px-Die_westelike_middestad_van_Berlyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/43/Die_westelike_middestad_van_Berlyn.jpg/330px-Die_westelike_middestad_van_Berlyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/4/43/Die_westelike_middestad_van_Berlyn.jpg/440px-Die_westelike_middestad_van_Berlyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Die westelike middestad van Berlyn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cityscape_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cityscape_Berlin.jpg/220px-Cityscape_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cityscape_Berlin.jpg/330px-Cityscape_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cityscape_Berlin.jpg/440px-Cityscape_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Die oostelike middestad van Berlyn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Krumme_Lanke_B-Zehlendorf_06-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Krumme_Lanke_B-Zehlendorf_06-2017.jpg/220px-Krumme_Lanke_B-Zehlendorf_06-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Krumme_Lanke_B-Zehlendorf_06-2017.jpg/330px-Krumme_Lanke_B-Zehlendorf_06-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Krumme_Lanke_B-Zehlendorf_06-2017.jpg/440px-Krumme_Lanke_B-Zehlendorf_06-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5082" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption>Die stadsgebied word omring deur bosse en mere: Krumme Lanke in die distrik Steglitz-Zehlendorf in die suidweste van Berlyn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:M%C3%BCggelturm-06-Panorama_Nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/M%C3%BCggelturm-06-Panorama_Nord.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCggelturm-06-Panorama_Nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/M%C3%BCggelturm-06-Panorama_Nord.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCggelturm-06-Panorama_Nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/M%C3%BCggelturm-06-Panorama_Nord.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCggelturm-06-Panorama_Nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8759" data-file-height="3852" /></a><figcaption>Die meer Müggelsee in die distrik Köpenick, Suidoos-Berlyn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Grunewald_Tower_Havel_view_Sep12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grunewald_Tower_Havel_view_Sep12.jpg/220px-Grunewald_Tower_Havel_view_Sep12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grunewald_Tower_Havel_view_Sep12.jpg/330px-Grunewald_Tower_Havel_view_Sep12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grunewald_Tower_Havel_view_Sep12.jpg/440px-Grunewald_Tower_Havel_view_Sep12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="2455" /></a><figcaption>Grunewald in die westelike distrik Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf met seilbote op die Havel</figcaption></figure> <p>Berlyn is in die noordooste van Duitsland geleë en word in sy geheel omring deur die deelstaat <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. Die stad het in die verloop van sy geskiedenis meermale as die hoofstad van Duitse state soos die <a href="/wiki/Keurvorstedom_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Keurvorstedom Brandenburg">Keurvorstedom Brandenburg</a> (1417 tot 1618), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg-Pruise&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandenburg-Pruise (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brandenburg-Pruise</a> (1618 tot 1701), die <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_Pruise" title="Koninkryk Pruise">Koninkryk Pruise</a> (1701 tot 1918), die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Keiserryk" title="Duitse Keiserryk">Duitse Keiserryk</a> (1871 tot 1918), die <a href="/wiki/Republiek_van_Weimar" title="Republiek van Weimar">Republiek van Weimar</a> (1918/1919 tot 1933), <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi-Duitsland</a> (1933 tot 1945) en die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Demokratiese_Republiek" title="Duitse Demokratiese Republiek">Duitse Demokratiese Republiek</a> (DDR, 1949 tot 1990) gedien. Met die ontbinding van die ou provinsie, Pruise, deur die geallieerde magte in 1947, het Berlyn 'n afsonderlike deelstaat geword. </p><p>Ná die hereniging van die twee Duitse state op 3 Oktober 1990 het Berlyn sy ou funksie as hoofstad van die hele Duitsland herwin en dien sedert 1999 ook weer as regerings- en parlementsetel. Hoewel die stad sy vroeëre rol as ekonomiese en finansiële spilpunt van Duitsland lankal kwytgeraak en aan Wes-Duitse metropole soos <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> afgestaan het, is dit as regeringsetel van Europa se voorste ekonomie een van die invloedrykste hoofstede van die Europese Unie en het veral, danksy sy ryk kulturele erfenis, tot een van die gewildste toeristebestemmings in Europa ontwikkel. Saam met die val van die <a href="/wiki/Ystergordyn" title="Ystergordyn">Ystergordyn</a> het Berlyn ook sy tradisionele rol as Europese vervoerspilpunt hervat. </p><p>Berlyn se aanspraak op wêreldstadstatus is in Duitsland nie onomstrede nie,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> maar sy kulturele en politieke lewe, sy medialandskap en wetenskapsbedryf is nogtans van wêreldformaat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Die stad se sportgebeurtenisse, tersiêre onderwys- en navorsingsinstellings, museums, boukuns, feeste, naglewe en veelvuldige leefstyle geniet wêreldfaam.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teen die begin van die 21ste eeu het Berlyn in 'n trekpleister vir jong entrepreneurs, kreatiewes en immigrante ontwikkel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berlyn is die enigste Duitse stad wat drie <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>-<a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">wêrelderfenisgebiede</a> huisves: Paleise en tuine van Potsdam en Berlyn (1990, saam met Potsdam<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), die Museumsinsel (1999<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) en Modernistiese Woonbuurte in Berlyn (2008<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Etimologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die stadsnaam van Berlyn, wat in die Hoog-Middeleeue gestig is, het sy oorsprong in die Oud-<a href="/wiki/Polabies" title="Polabies">Polabiese</a> woord <i>Birlin</i> of <i>Berlin</i> wat "plek in 'n moerasagtige gebied" beteken. In die stadsdeel Neu-Hohenschönhausen is daar 'n meer met die naam Berl. Die naam bestaan uit die Oud-Polabiese <i>birl-</i>, <i>berl-</i> "moeras", "vlei" en die <a href="/wiki/Slawiese_tale" title="Slawiese tale">Slawiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Agtervoegsel" title="Agtervoegsel">agtervoegsel</a> vir plekname <i>-in</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Die verwysing in dokumente met 'n artikel (<i>der Berlin</i>, "die Berlyn") dui op 'n veldnaam wat deur die stadstigters oorgeneem is.<sup id="cite_ref-donb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cobbers14_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobbers14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Soos al die Duitse plekname met 'n Slawiese oorsprong in Noordoos-Sentraal-Europa wat op <i>-in</i> eindig (<a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eutin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Templin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kostrzyn nad Odrą (bladsy bestaan nie)">Küstrin</a>, ens.) word ook Berlyn op die laaste <a href="/wiki/Lettergreep" title="Lettergreep">lettergreep</a> beklemtoon. </p><p>Die naam <i>Kölln</i> is glo oorgeneem van die stad <a href="/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen">Köln</a> langs die <a href="/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn">Ryn</a> wat sy oorsprong het in <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> <i>colonia</i> en "geplante stad in 'n verowerde gebied", "kolonie" beteken. 'n Ontlening van 'n Oud-Polabiese naam <i>*kol’no</i> wat afgelei is van <i>kol</i>, "paal", kan egter nie uitgesluit word nie.<sup id="cite_ref-donb_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die stadsnaam Berlyn is nóg aan die beweerde stadstigter, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_I_van_Brandenburg" title="Albrecht I van Brandenburg">Albrecht die Beer</a>, nóg van die Berlynse wapendier ontleen. Dit is egter 'n "sprekende wapen" wat die stadsnaam in 'n Duitse vertolking probeer daarstel. Aldus is die wapendier van die stadsnaam ontleen, nie andersom nie.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Berlyn se twaalf distrikte het vyf 'n naam met 'n Slawiese oorsprong: Pankow, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Treptow-Köpenick en Spandau. Van Berlyn se 96 stadsdele dra 22 'n naam met 'n Slawiese oorsprong: Altglienicke, Alt-Treptow, Britz, Buch, Buckow, Gatow, Karow, Kladow, Köpenick, Lankwitz, Lübars, Malchow, Marzahn, Pankow, Prenzlauer Berg, Rudow, Schmöckwitz, Spandau, Stadtrandsiedlung Malchow, Steglitz, Tegel en Zehlendorf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie_en_klimaat">Geografie en klimaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geografie en klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Geografie en klimaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligging">Ligging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Ligging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ligging"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_relief_location_map-names.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berlin_relief_location_map-names.png/220px-Berlin_relief_location_map-names.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berlin_relief_location_map-names.png/330px-Berlin_relief_location_map-names.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berlin_relief_location_map-names.png/440px-Berlin_relief_location_map-names.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption>Topografiese kaart van Berlyn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_Subdivisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Berlin_Subdivisions.svg/220px-Berlin_Subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Berlin_Subdivisions.svg/330px-Berlin_Subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Berlin_Subdivisions.svg/440px-Berlin_Subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Berlyn se 12 stadsdistrikte</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesministerium_des_Innern_(Spreeblick).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bundesministerium_des_Innern_%28Spreeblick%29.jpg/220px-Bundesministerium_des_Innern_%28Spreeblick%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bundesministerium_des_Innern_%28Spreeblick%29.jpg/330px-Bundesministerium_des_Innern_%28Spreeblick%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bundesministerium_des_Innern_%28Spreeblick%29.jpg/440px-Bundesministerium_des_Innern_%28Spreeblick%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Departement van Buitelandse Sake aan die oewer van die Spreerivier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg/220px-Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg/330px-Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg/440px-Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Die stadsdeel Schmöckwitz in die suidooste van Berlyn</figcaption></figure> <p>As 'n deelstaat van die Federale Republiek van Duitsland vorm Berlyn 'n <a href="/wiki/Enklawe" title="Enklawe">enklawe</a> in die deelstaat Brandenburg. Die Duitse hoofstad beslaan 'n totale oppervlakte van sowat 891 vierkante kilometer (waarvan 22,9 persent bosgebiede en 6,6 persent water) en is sodoende een van die beduidendste metropolitaanse gebiede van Duitsland asook een van die grootste stede ter wêreld. Die digbevolkte stadskern word omring deur 'n voorstadgordel met 'n landelike karakter. Groot mere soos die Havel (wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Havel" title="Havel">gelyknamige rivier</a> gevorm word), Wannsee en Müggelsee maak deel uit van die stadsgebied. Die grootste wydte van die stadsgebied beloop 45, die grootste lengte 38 kilometer. Berlyn is een van die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede van Duitsland. </p><p>Die stadsentrum is tussen die platos van <a href="/wiki/Barnim" title="Barnim">Barnim</a> en <a href="/wiki/Teltow_(landskap)" title="Teltow (landskap)">Teltow</a> in 'n landskap geleë wat gedurende die laaste koueperiode van die Ystydperk, die sogenaamde Weichsel-ystydperk, deur 'n gletserrivier gevorm is. Sowat 20&#160;000 jaar gelede was die stadsgebied nog deur ysmassas bedek wat vanuit die <a href="/wiki/Skandinawiese_Skiereiland" title="Skandinawiese Skiereiland">Skandinawiese Skiereiland</a> tot by Sentraal-Europa gestrek en 'n dikte van enkele honderd meter bereik het. Saam met die afsmelting van die <a href="/wiki/Gletser" title="Gletser">gletser</a> sowat 18&#160;000 jaar gelede het die sogenaamde Berlynse <i>Urstromtal</i> ontstaan, 'n magtige glasiale riviervallei. </p><p>Die historiese stadsentrum is by die nouste punt van hierdie riviervallei geleë. Die Spreerivier vloei in 'n oos-westelike rigting deur die vallei. In die mees westelike stadsdistrik Spandau mond die Spreerivier in die Havel uit, 'n rivier wat in die weste van Berlyn in noord-suidelike rigting vloei. Die Havel se rivierloop was oorspronklik 'n glasiale rivierbed en lyk op sommige plekke soos 'n meerlandskap met die Tegelse Meer (Duits: <i>Tegeler See</i>) en die <i>Große Wannsee</i> as sy grootste mere. </p><p>Groot dele van Berlyn is buite die glasiale riviervallei op die Barnim- en Teltowplato geleë wat in die noorde en suide aan die vallei grens en hoofsaaklik uit grondmorenes bestaan. Die administratiewe distrik Spandau strek sowel oor 'n gedeelte van die riviervallei asook oor die sogenaamde Nauense Plaat wes van Berlyn. </p><p>Die hoogste heuwels in Berlyn is die Groot Müggelberg (115,4 meter bo <a href="/wiki/Seevlak" title="Seevlak">seevlak</a>) in die distrik Treptow-Köpenick, die Teufelsberg ('n rommelhoop wat uit die bouvalle van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> ontstaan het, 114,7 meter hoog) in die distrik Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf en die Ahrensfelder Berge (112,1 meter hoog) in die landskapspark Wuhletal in die distrik Marzahn-Hellersdorf. Die Havelmere is die laagste punte van die stadsgebied op 32 meter bo seevlak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Klimaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berlyn is in 'n oorgangsgebied tussen die gematigde en kontinentale sone geleë waar die klimaat geleidelik kontinentale trekke begin aanneem; in die vroeë 21ste eeu was somers gereeld droog en warm, terwyl in die wintermaande dikwels gematigde temperature aangeteken is. Die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur in Berlyn-Dahlem is 9,5&#160;°C, met 'n gemiddelde jaarlikse reënval van 591&#160;mm. </p><p>Die wind waai in die Duitse hoofstad meestal uit die noord- en suidweste (en hier veral in die wintermaande teen hoër snelhede) sodat vars en skoon seelug ooswaarts beweeg, of uit die suidooste en ooste. Die laasgenoemde windrigtings word hoofsaaklik as gevolg van hoëdrukstelsels gemeet wat, afhangende van die seisoen, baie koue of baie warm lugmassas laat instroom. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14" style="background-color:#eeeeee; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Weergegewens vir Berlyn</span> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th>Maand </th> <th title="Januarie" style="width:3em">Jan </th> <th title="Februarie" style="width:3em">Feb </th> <th title="Maart" style="width:3em">Mar </th> <th title="April" style="width:3em">Apr </th> <th title="Mei" style="width:3em">Mei </th> <th title="Junie" style="width:3em">Jun </th> <th title="Julie" style="width:3em">Jul </th> <th title="Augustus" style="width:3em">Aug </th> <th title="September" style="width:3em">Sep </th> <th title="Oktober" style="width:3em">Okt </th> <th title="November" style="width:3em">Nov </th> <th title="Desember" style="width:3em">Des </th> <th style="width:4em; border-left-width:medium;">Jaar </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee; white-space:nowrap;">Hoogste maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">25,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF2000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">30,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF0000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">33,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">36,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">37,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">37,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF0000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">34,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF4000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">27,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15,7 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">37,8 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">21,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,4 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">13,36 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde temperatuur (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">14,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">17,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">14,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,0 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">9,73 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−1,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−1,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">12,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">14,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">14,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">6,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−0,4 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">5,88 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Laagste minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0060FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−21,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0020FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">−26,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #00A0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−16,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #80FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−6,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−2,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−0,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #40E0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−9,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #00A0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−16,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0060FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−20,2 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #0020FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">−26,0 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" height="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Neerslag (mm) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">42,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #B4C8FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">33,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">40,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #B4C8FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">37,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">53,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">68,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">55,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">58,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">45,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #B4C8FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">37,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">43,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">55,3 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background-color: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">570,7 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Reëndae (<a href="/wiki/Dag" title="Dag">d</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #3C50FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">11,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;; border-left-width:medium;"><b>101,2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%; background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"><i>Bron: Wêreldmeteorologieseorganisasie (UN),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> HKO<sup id="cite_ref-HKO_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKO-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wêreldfabriek_Berlyn"><span id="W.C3.AAreldfabriek_Berlyn"></span>Wêreldfabriek Berlyn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Wêreldfabriek Berlyn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Wêreldfabriek Berlyn"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlingo_komunikazio_dorrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Berlingo_komunikazio_dorrea.jpg/220px-Berlingo_komunikazio_dorrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Berlingo_komunikazio_dorrea.jpg/330px-Berlingo_komunikazio_dorrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Berlingo_komunikazio_dorrea.jpg/440px-Berlingo_komunikazio_dorrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Berlyn – wêreldfabriek en eksperimenteerruimte</figcaption></figure> <p>Berlyn se geskiedenis verskil opvallend van dié van ander groot Europese metropole soos <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Londen en <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a> – dit is relatief kort en vol breuklyne. Sy ontwikkeling is eerder baseer op 'n verbreking van tradisies as op die hou daarby. Dit het steeds weer 'n skielike draai geneem waarby die stad heeltemal herstruktureer is. </p><p>In 1871 is Berlyn tot hoofstad van 'n vinnig groeiende nywerheidsland verhef – die Duitse Keiserryk wat ná die oorwinning oor Frankryk in die <a href="/wiki/Frans-Pruisiese_Oorlog" class="mw-redirect" title="Frans-Pruisiese Oorlog">Frans-Pruisiese Oorlog</a> 'n ongekende ekonomiese opswaai beleef het. Dié groeifase het met die wêreldresessie van 1873 skielik tot stilstand gekom. </p><p>Voor en ná die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a> was Berlyn 'n laboratorium van die moderne tyd en sy tegnologiese, ekonomiese, kulturele en sosiale omwentelinge – "'n sirkelende wêreldfabriek", soos die digteres <a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a> Berlyn genoem het. Vir Karl Scheffler was die stad, soos hy reeds in 1910 opgemerk het, verdoem "om steeds te word en nooit te wees nie".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Nasionaalsosialistiese magsoorname in 1933 het alle dinamiese ontwikkelinge stopgesit en Berlyn as hoofstad van 'n fascistiese diktatuur in isolasie gedompel. Adolf Hitler se gigantomaniese plan om dit in 'n "Germania wêreldhoofstad" om te skep is nooit verwesenlik nie. Die stad is tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog deur bomaanvalle verwoes, deur geallieerde magte beset en dekades lank in twee helftes verdeel. </p><p>Ná die Duitse hereniging was die verwagtinge eufories. Grootskaalse en omstrede bouprojekte is verwesenlik, die Duitse regering het teruggekeer na sy ou setel. Berlyn is aan die begin van die 21ste eeu vol kontraste, vraagstukke en uitdagings. Dit is steeds een van die armehuise van Duitsland, in vergelyking met welvarende metropole in Wes-Duitsland. Nogtans het dit sy rol as intellektuele, kulturele en sosiale eksperimenteerruimte in die hart van Europa hervat. Dit is die politieke magsentrum van Duitsland, 'n toeristemagneet, die poort na Oos-Europa en die kulturele en etniese smeltkroes van die nuwe Berlynse Republiek.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigting_en_Middeleeue">Stigting en Middeleeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Stigting en Middeleeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Stigting en Middeleeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_Dusableau_1737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Berlin_Dusableau_1737.jpg/220px-Berlin_Dusableau_1737.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Berlin_Dusableau_1737.jpg/330px-Berlin_Dusableau_1737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Berlin_Dusableau_1737.jpg/440px-Berlin_Dusableau_1737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Stadsplan van Berlyn deur Abraham Guibert Dusableau (1737, wys nie in noordelike rigting nie)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die stadsnaam <i>Berlin</i> is nie van die woord <i>beer</i> afgelei soos die huidige stadswapen suggereer nie. Die etimologiese wortel is vermoedelik die Slawiese terme <i>br’lo</i> of <i>berlo</i> wat as "moeras" en "nat plek" vertaal kan word.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 'n Alternatiewe vertaling is "droë plek in 'n moerasgebied". Opvallend dat naas die klemtoon, wat anders as gewoonlik in Duits op die laaste sillabe val, daar ook die gebruik van 'n bepaalde lidwoord in historiese tekste (<i>der Berlin</i>) en die uitgang <i>-in</i> is, wat dikwels in Slawiese plekname voorkom.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die huidige stadsdele Spandau en Köpenick het as <a href="/wiki/Slawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slawe">Slawiese</a> nedersettings reeds voor die stigting van <a href="/wiki/Mark_Brandenburg" title="Mark Brandenburg">Mark Brandenburg</a> in 1157 deur die Askaniër <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_I_van_Brandenburg" title="Albrecht I van Brandenburg">Albrecht I</a>, genoem Albrecht die Beer, bestaan. </p><p>Die dubbelstad Berlyn-Cölln, wat teen ongeveer 1200 nog uit twee vissersdorpies bestaan het, het oorspronklik aan die noordelike oewer en op 'n eiland van die Spree-rivier ontstaan. 'n Oorkonde, wat in 1237 deur die biskop van Brandenburg uitgereik is, behels die oudste verwysing na Berlyn se susterstad, Cölln.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 'n Ander dokument uit die jaar 1244 bevat die oudste verwysing na Berlyn. In 1307 het die twee nedersettings 'n gemeenskaplike raadsaal gekry. </p><p>Teen 1400 was die inwonertal ongeveer 8&#160;000. Frederik I is in 1415 as keurvors van die Mark Brandenburg ingehuldig en het tot 1440 geregeer. Lede van die Huis Hohenzollern het tot 1918 as heersers in Berlyn geregeer – aanvanklik as markgrawe van Brandenburg, daarna as konings van Pruise en uiteindelik as Duitse keisers. Die politieke veranderings is nie altyd deur die plaaslike bevolking verwelkom nie, soos toe Berlyners in 1448 teen die bou van 'n nuwe <a href="/wiki/Kasteel" title="Kasteel">kasteel</a> vir keurvors Frederik II in opstand gekom. Die rebellie was egter nie suksesvol nie en in die proses het die bevolking baie van sy politieke en ekonomiese voorregte ingeboet. Die stad was in die 15de eeu lid van die <a href="/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse">Hanse</a>-gemeenskap van stede, maar moes sy lidmaatskap in 1451 opsê nadat Berlyn die regeringsetel van die Brandenburgse markgrawe en keurvorste geword het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_moderne_tyd"><span id="Vroe.C3.AB_moderne_tyd"></span>Vroeë moderne tyd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroeë moderne tyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vroeë moderne tyd"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dom_Berlin_abends_(jha).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dom_Berlin_abends_%28jha%29.jpg/220px-Dom_Berlin_abends_%28jha%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dom_Berlin_abends_%28jha%29.jpg/330px-Dom_Berlin_abends_%28jha%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dom_Berlin_abends_%28jha%29.jpg/440px-Dom_Berlin_abends_%28jha%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>'n Aanduitsig op die <a href="/wiki/Berlynse_Domkerk" title="Berlynse Domkerk">Berlynse Domkerk</a> (<i>Berliner Dom</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Weltzeituhr_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Weltzeituhr_bei_Nacht.jpg/170px-Weltzeituhr_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Weltzeituhr_bei_Nacht.jpg/255px-Weltzeituhr_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Weltzeituhr_bei_Nacht.jpg/340px-Weltzeituhr_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Alexanderplatz</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1539 het Berlyn die <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">Protestantse</a> belydenis aanvaar. Die <a href="/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog" title="Dertigjarige Oorlog">Dertigjarige Oorlog</a>, wat in die tydperk tussen 1618 en 1648 groot dele van Duitsland verwoes het, het ook vir Berlyn rampspoedige gevolge gehad. Die stad het sowat die helfte van sy inwoners verloor. Frederik Willem, wat as die Groot Keurvors bekend staan, het vanaf die jaar 1640 geregeer. Berlyn het destyds 6&#160;000 inwoners gehad, en die vors het besluit om hierdie getal deur middel van 'n beleid van verdraagsaamheid en immigrasie te verhoog. In 1641 is Berlyn met nuwe voorstede soos Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt en Friedrichstadt vergroot. Barokgeboue soos die <i>Berlynse Slot</i> en die <i>Zeughaus</i> dateer uit hierdie tydperk. </p><p>Vyftig Joodse gesinne uit <a href="/wiki/Oostenryk" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a> het in 1671 'n nuwe tuiste in die stad gevind. Met die <a href="/wiki/Edik_van_Potsdam" title="Edik van Potsdam">Edik van Potsdam</a> het Friedrich Wilhelm in 1685 Franse <a href="/wiki/Hugenote" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugenote">Hugenote</a> uitgenooi om hulle in Berlyn en Brandenburg te vestig. Meer as 15&#160;000 Franse immigrante het na die gebied gestroom, waarvan 6&#160;000 na Berlyn. Teen die jaar 1700 het die Franse inwoners 'n vyfde van die Berlynse bevolking verteenwoordig en 'n groot invloed op die kulturele lewe van die stad uitgeoefen. Groot groepe immigrante het daarnaas uit gebiede soos <a href="/wiki/Boheme" title="Boheme">Boheme</a>, Pole en <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> gekom. In 1709 was daar reeds 57&#160;000 inwoners. </p><p>Die stad het tot die belangrikste ekonomiese en kulturele sentrum van Pruise ontwikkel. Tydens koning <a href="/wiki/Frederik_II_van_Pruise" title="Frederik II van Pruise">Frederik die Grote</a> se regeringstyd het die inwonertal 100&#160;000 oorskry. Berlyn is in 1760 tydelik deur 'n <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Russiese</a> leër beset, en tussen 1806 en 1808 deur <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Franse</a> magte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pruisiese_koningstad_(1701–1786)"><span id="Pruisiese_koningstad_.281701.E2.80.931786.29"></span>Pruisiese koningstad (1701–1786)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Pruisiese koningstad (1701–1786)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Pruisiese koningstad (1701–1786)"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die laaste dekades van die 18de eeu is Berlyn onder die aantreklikste stede in Europa gereken – ongeag die feit dat sy natuurlike omgewing deur landskapsvorme oorheers word wat nie noodwendig met natuurskoon verbind word nie. In sy werk <i>Charakteristik von Berlin. Stimme eines Kosmopoliten in der Wüsten</i>, wat tussen 1784 en 1788 in Berlyn en Leipzig gepubliseer is, gee die publisis, dramatikus en lirikus August Julius Friedrich Knüppeln (1757–1840) 'n nugtere beskrywing van die stad se ligging: </p> <table cellpadding="10" style="border-collapse:collapse; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ) border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cquote1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cquote1.svg/20px-Cquote1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cquote1.svg/30px-Cquote1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cquote1.svg/40px-Cquote1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>In einer durch die Natur verwahrlosten Gegend, wo Sandhügel sich thürmen und dürre Landflächen den Wanderer ermüden, erhebt sich die Stadt Berlin.</i><br /><i>(Die stad Berlyn is in 'n streek geleë wat deur die natuur verwaarloos is, waar sandheuwels hoog opgehoop is en barre landskappe die stapper gou moeg laat word)</i>.<br /> </td> <td valign="bottom"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cquote2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cquote2.svg/20px-Cquote2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cquote2.svg/30px-Cquote2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cquote2.svg/40px-Cquote2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_19de_eeu">Die 19de eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 19de eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Die 19de eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hinterh%C3%B6fe_Kastanienallee_12,_Berlin,_2007-06-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hinterh%C3%B6fe_Kastanienallee_12%2C_Berlin%2C_2007-06-09.jpg/220px-Hinterh%C3%B6fe_Kastanienallee_12%2C_Berlin%2C_2007-06-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hinterh%C3%B6fe_Kastanienallee_12%2C_Berlin%2C_2007-06-09.jpg/330px-Hinterh%C3%B6fe_Kastanienallee_12%2C_Berlin%2C_2007-06-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hinterh%C3%B6fe_Kastanienallee_12%2C_Berlin%2C_2007-06-09.jpg/440px-Hinterh%C3%B6fe_Kastanienallee_12%2C_Berlin%2C_2007-06-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Laerinkomstegroepe is in oorbevolkte woonstelkomplekse, sogenaamde <i>Mietskasernen</i>, gehuisves wat dikwels uit meerdere binnehowe bestaan het</figcaption></figure> <p>Ná die Pruisiese nederlaag in die oorlog teen die Franse keiser <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> en die besetting van Berlyn deur Franse troepe het die administratiewe hervormings van Stein en Hardenberg in 1809 'n nuwe tydperk van munisipale selfregering ingelui. In 1810 is die universiteit gestig wat vervolgens die geestelike en sedelike vernuwing van <a href="/wiki/Pruise" title="Pruise">Pruise</a> sou bevorder. Die beroemde argitek <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a> (1781–1841) het 'n aantal geboue in die styl van die klassisisme geskep. Berlyn was die middelpunt van die Pruisiese Revolusie van 1848 wat met die neerlaag van die demokrate geëindig het. </p><p>Die stad het vinnig gegroei gedurende die 19de eeu en het in 1871 die hoofstad van die Duitse Ryk geword. Ná die Pruisiese oorwinning in die oorlog teen Frankryk (1870–1871) moes die Franse regering oorlogskadevergoeding aan die Duitse Ryk betaal. 'n Tyd van ekonomiese opswaai en groeiende welvaart het begin: Berlyn was nou een van die belangrikste stede van die wêreld en die grootste nywerheidsentrum van Europa. Talle kulturele geboue soos die <a href="/wiki/Pergamonmuseum" title="Pergamonmuseum">Pergamonmuseum</a>, die Pruisiese Staatsbiblioteek (tans <a href="/wiki/Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin" title="Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin">Staatsbiblioteek te Berlyn</a>), die Kaiser-Friedrich-museum, Schiller-teater en Staatsopera is in hierdie periode opgerig. Honderdduisende arbeiders en hulle gesinne is egter nouliks deur die ekonomiese opswaai geraak en het in groot armoede geleef. </p><p>Uiteindelik het die ekonomie na 'n depressie oorgeswaai wat tot 1890 voortgeduur het. Berlyn het nogtans 'n magneet vir innovatiewe ondernemings uit die elektriese en chemiese bedrywe gebly, terwyl die bevolking tot 1,9 miljoen gestyg het – 'n ongekende demografiese groei wat groot beleggings in die stedelike infrastruktuur, behuising, vervoer en onderwys geverg het. </p><p>Werkersgesinne en ander laeinkomstegroepe is in grootskaalse meerverdieping-woonstelkomplekse in die binnestad gehuisves. Ná hierdie woonstelgeboue, wat beskikbare grond maksimaal benut het en uit een of meer binnehowe, met 'n gebou aan die voorkant, syvleuels, dwarsgeboue en 'n gebou aan die agterkant asook 'n stalgebou of <a href="/wiki/Werkswinkel" title="Werkswinkel">werkswinkel</a> in een van die binnehowe bestaan het, is in die volksmond as <i>Mietskasernen</i> ("huurkasernes") verwys. Hierdie enkelvormige woonkomplekse is in die Duitse Keiserryk met uiters lae woonstandaard en sosiale ellende vereenselwig. Woonstelle was dikwels donker, swak belug en oorbevolk, met buitetoilette wat huurders met ander huisbewoners moes deel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_vroeë_20ste_eeu"><span id="Die_vroe.C3.AB_20ste_eeu"></span>Die vroeë 20ste eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Die vroeë 20ste eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Die vroeë 20ste eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Emperor_Wilhelm%27s_Memorial_Church_(Berlin,_Germany).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emperor_Wilhelm%27s_Memorial_Church_%28Berlin%2C_Germany%29.jpg/220px-Emperor_Wilhelm%27s_Memorial_Church_%28Berlin%2C_Germany%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emperor_Wilhelm%27s_Memorial_Church_%28Berlin%2C_Germany%29.jpg/330px-Emperor_Wilhelm%27s_Memorial_Church_%28Berlin%2C_Germany%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emperor_Wilhelm%27s_Memorial_Church_%28Berlin%2C_Germany%29.jpg/440px-Emperor_Wilhelm%27s_Memorial_Church_%28Berlin%2C_Germany%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="3392" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche</i> omtrent 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Erster_Spreestrand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Erster_Spreestrand.JPG/220px-Erster_Spreestrand.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Erster_Spreestrand.JPG/330px-Erster_Spreestrand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Erster_Spreestrand.JPG/440px-Erster_Spreestrand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Kunsmatige strande langs die Spree-rivier is gewilde ontspanningsplekke gedurende warm somerdae</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_1929-Kraftwerk_Klingenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Berlin_1929-Kraftwerk_Klingenberg.jpg/220px-Berlin_1929-Kraftwerk_Klingenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Berlin_1929-Kraftwerk_Klingenberg.jpg/330px-Berlin_1929-Kraftwerk_Klingenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Berlin_1929-Kraftwerk_Klingenberg.jpg/440px-Berlin_1929-Kraftwerk_Klingenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Klingenberg-kragsentrale in 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Reeds in die vroeë 20ste eeu het Berlyn se inwonertal die tweemiljoen-kerf verbygesteek. Die bevolkingsamestelling het die stad se aantreklikheid vir binne- en buitelandse migrante weerspieël – in 1905 was slegs 800&#160;000 bewoners gebore Berlyners.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As gevolg van die verlore Eerste Wêreldoorlog het keiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_van_Duitsland" title="Wilhelm II van Duitsland">Wilhelm II</a> in 1918 afstand van die troon geneem, en in Berlyn is die Duitse Republiek uitgeroep. Die jare 1918 en 1919 was gekenmerk deur rewolusionêre onluste, die opkoms van ekstremistiese politieke bewegings soos die kommunistiese spartakiste en ander groepe, wat gereeld in straatgevegte met die polisie en politieke opponente verwikkel was. Regse soldate het die arbeiderleiers <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> en Karl Liebknecht vermoor. </p><p>Die huidige Berlyn is in 1920 geskep toe verskillende stede, dorpe en plase by die stad Berlyn ingelyf is. Berlyn het sommer oornag die tweede grootste stad van Europa geword. </p><p>Dit was ook die begin van die dekade, wat as die "Goue Twintigerjare" bekend staan. Na die ontberings van die oorlogsjare het die mense oorgeborrel van lewenslus. Digters, joernaliste, kunstenaars en wetenskaplikes uit die binne- en buiteland het na Berlyn gestroom. Dit was die hoofstad van die natuurwetenskappe, tegniek en kultuur, nie net vir die Duitstalige lande nie, maar ook vir groot dele van Europa. In die jare tussen 1924 en 1929 was Berlyn daarnaas ook die Europese hoofstad van die naglewe en vermaak. Teen die einde van die twintigerjare was daar 49 teaters, drie operateaters, drie variëté-teaters en drie revueteaters. Sowat 1&#160;000 uitgewers het 2&#160;000 tydskrifte en 40 <a href="/wiki/Koerant" title="Koerant">koerante</a> gepubliseer. Danksy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Reinhardt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Reinhardt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Max Reinhardt</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> het die toneelkuns sy bloeitydperk beleef. Tegelykertyd het die publiek ontslae geraak van die ou morele beperkings. Daar was ook geen taboe meer nie. Ontblote danseresse, lasterlike vermaak, dobbelry, pornografiese kabaretskoue het die naglewe van die stad oorheers. Die tyd was ook ryp vir nuwe kunsvorms soos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadaisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadaisme (bladsy bestaan nie)">dadaisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme">surrealisme</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Dansverslaafdes was mal oor die nuwe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tango&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tango (bladsy bestaan nie)">tango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston" class="mw-disambig" title="Charleston">charleston</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumba (bladsy bestaan nie)">rumba</a>-danse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektropolis">Elektropolis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Elektropolis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Elektropolis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die 1920's is goeie vordering gemaak met die elektrifisering van Berlyn wat oorspronklik in 1880 begin is.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Die eerste elektriese toetsaanleg in <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe" title="Friedrichstraße">Friedrichstraße</a> het vanaf 1883 'n plaaslike koffiehuis, <i>Café Bauer</i>, en enkele winkels op die hoek van Friedrichstraße en Unter den Linden van elektrisiteit voorsien. Terwyl in 1914 nog net vyf persent van alle huishoudings toegang tot elektrisiteit gehad het, was dit in 1925 reeds 25 persent. Teen die einde van die dekade het dié persentasie nog eens verdubbel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nonnendammallee,_Reisstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin-Siemensstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nonnendammallee%2C_Reisstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin-Siemensstadt.jpg/220px-Nonnendammallee%2C_Reisstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin-Siemensstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nonnendammallee%2C_Reisstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin-Siemensstadt.jpg/330px-Nonnendammallee%2C_Reisstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin-Siemensstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nonnendammallee%2C_Reisstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin-Siemensstadt.jpg/440px-Nonnendammallee%2C_Reisstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin-Siemensstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Nonnendamm-Nord, 'n behuisingsprojek vir <i>Siemens</i>-werkers in Siemensstadt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Siemensturm_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Siemensturm_01.jpg/220px-Siemensturm_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Siemensturm_01.jpg/330px-Siemensturm_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Siemensturm_01.jpg/440px-Siemensturm_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>Siemens-toring in Siemensstadt</figcaption></figure> <p>Veral moderne vervoergeriewe soos moltreine en geëlekrifiseerde pendelaarstreine, nywerhede en handel het die vraag na krag in Berlyn skerp laat styg. In 1923 is 'n munisipale elektrisiteitsverskaffer, <i>Bewag</i>, gestig wat hom met die uitbou van die plaaslike kragnet besig gehou het. In dié jaar is slegs sowat 'n derde van alle elektrisiteit, wat in die hoofstad verbruik is, plaaslik opgewek, die res is deur middel van kraglyne uit ander landsdele na Berlyn vervoer. </p><p>Die prentjie het ingrypend verander toe in 1926, ná 'n boutyd van slegs vyftien maande, Berlyn se eerste groot kragsentrale, <i>Kraftwerk Klingenberg</i>, in bedryf gestel is – destyds die grootste en modernste aanleg van sy soort in Europa. Sy warm water is gebruik om die kweekhuise van Berlyn se sentrale groente- en vrugtemark te verwarm. Die kragsentrale met sy moderne staalgeraamte is deur Walter Klingenberg en Werner Issel ontwerp en vernoem na Georg Klingenberg, die ingenieur wat die planne vir Berlyn se kragnet ontwikkel het en een jaar voor die opening van die kragsentrale oorlede is. Die kragsentrale is intussen omgebou en gemoderniseer en lewer steeds krag en warmte vir Berlynse huishoudings. 'n Tweede groot kragsentrale is in 1930 in die weste van die stad voltooi. In 1955 is dit na die na-oorlogse regerende burgemeester van Berlyn, Ernst Reuter, vernoem. Die elektrisiteitsverbruik van Berlyn se openbare vervoeronderneming BVG – destyds die derde grootste onderneming in Duitsland en die grootste munisipale maatskappy in die hele Europa – was in 1929 reeds groter as dié van die hele stad <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van besondere argitektoniese belang is die meer as veertig Bewag-substasies wat tussen 1924 en 1931 volgens ontwerpe van die argitek Hans Heinrich Müller as rooi baksteengeboue van hoë gehalte ontstaan het. Ondanks hul sobere eenvoud is die buitevoorkoms van die substasies aan historiese bouvorme soos katedrale, kloosters of kastele ontleen wat van hulle geheimsinnige bakens temidde van 'n moderne stadlandskap gemaak het. Ook ekspressionistiese invloede is waarneembaar. Die substasie Buchhändlerhof van 1928 is in die 1990's omgeskep tot 'n tegnomusiek-diskoteek wat as <i><a href="/wiki/E-Werk" title="E-Werk">E-Werk</a></i> bekendgestaan het. </p><p>Die elektrotegniese bedryf het in die 1920's tot Berlyn se vernaamste werkgewer gegroei. Die twee grootste ondernemings in dié bedryf, <i>AEG</i> en <i>Siemens</i>, het gesamentlik meer as 100&#160;000 werknemers in diens gehad. In die weste van Charlottenburg, destyds nog 'n selfstandige stad, het in 1898 met Siemensstadt die eerste moderne <i>elektropolis</i> ontstaan – 'n uitgestrekte fabrieksterrein met stasie, kantoorgeboue en aangrensende woonbuurte vir werkers. Hier het tussen 1926 en 1928 die eerste moderne industriële wolkekrabber in Europa, die sogenaamde <i>Schaltwerkhochhaus</i>, volgens planne van die argitek Hans Hertlein met elf verdiepings en fabrieksale met 'n lengte van 175 meter ontstaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_skathuise_van_Berlyn">Die skathuise van Berlyn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Die skathuise van Berlyn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Die skathuise van Berlyn"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:2010_10_17_Berlin_Behala_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_DSCI0859_k.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2010_10_17_Berlin_Behala_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_DSCI0859_k.JPG/220px-2010_10_17_Berlin_Behala_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_DSCI0859_k.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2010_10_17_Berlin_Behala_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_DSCI0859_k.JPG/330px-2010_10_17_Berlin_Behala_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_DSCI0859_k.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2010_10_17_Berlin_Behala_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_DSCI0859_k.JPG/440px-2010_10_17_Berlin_Behala_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude_DSCI0859_k.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Behala-hoofgebou, Westhafen</figcaption></figure> <p>Om die Viermiljoenestad in die 1920's van die benodigde kos vir sy inwoners asook brandstowwe en onverwerkte goedere vir sy nywerhede te voorsien, was nóg 'n logistiese uitdaging. In dié tyd was daar nog geen uitgebreide vragmotornetwerk nie sodat byna die hele goederevervoer deur die spoor- en waterweë gehanteer is. Omstreeks 1920 het jaarliks 13&#160;000 skepe Berlyn se binnehawens aangedoen. Die nuwe hoofhawe Westhafen – destyds een van die modernste binnehawens in Duitsland – is in 1923 amptelik ingewy en in die volgende jare van 'n derde bekken voorsien. </p><p>Sy kenmerkende kantoorgeboue en stoorhuise met fyn ontwerpte fasades van donker ysterklinkerstene en mosselkalk, skilddakke en sokkels van helder graniet het volgens planne van die argitek Richard Wolffenstein ontstaan. Die hoofkantoorgebou se kloktoring het tegelykertyd as watertoring vir die hawelokomotiewe gedien. 'n Nuutgestigte munisipale onderneming, <i>Behala</i>, het Berlyn se hawens begin bestuur en stoorgeriewe verhuur. Die bekendste huurder was die motorreus <i><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motormaatskappy" title="Ford Motormaatskappy">Ford</a></i> wat hier tussen 1926 en 1931 motors vir die Duitse mark gemonteer het waarvoor onderdele per skip uit <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> ingevoer is. </p><p>Die voormalige graanstoorhuis is steeds een van die indrukwekkendste geboue op die haweterrein. In die 1920's kon hier tot vyftig ton graan per uur gehanteer word. Sy stoorplek was groot genoeg vir 25&#160;000 ton broodgraan – wat gelykgestaan het aan die hoofstad se halfmaandelikse verbruik. Tans word hier die dagbladversamelings van Berlyn se Staatsbiblioteek bewaar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perslandskap_in_die_Weimarrepubliek">Perslandskap in die Weimarrepubliek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Perslandskap in die Weimarrepubliek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Perslandskap in die Weimarrepubliek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:09055109_Berlin_Tempelhof,_Mariendorfer_Damm_1-3_006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/09055109_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_Mariendorfer_Damm_1-3_006.JPG/220px-09055109_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_Mariendorfer_Damm_1-3_006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/09055109_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_Mariendorfer_Damm_1-3_006.JPG/330px-09055109_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_Mariendorfer_Damm_1-3_006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/09055109_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_Mariendorfer_Damm_1-3_006.JPG/440px-09055109_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_Mariendorfer_Damm_1-3_006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Ullstein</i>-drukkery in Berlyn-Tempelhof het tussen 1925 en 1927 volgens planne van Eugen Schmohl ontstaan</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Berlynse perslandskap in die Weimarrepubliek – in die periode tussen 1919 en 1933 het meer as eenhonderd <a href="/wiki/Koerant" title="Koerant">dagblaaie</a> in die Duitse hoofstad verskyn – is veral gekenmerk deur die politieke teenstellings tussen aanhangers en teenstanders van die na-oorlogse demokratiese bedeling. Die dagblaaie van twee uitgewerye, <i>Mosse</i> (met die gesiene <i>Berliner Tageblatt</i>) en <i>Ullstein</i> (<i>Berliner Morgenpost</i> – destyds die dagblad met die hoogste sirkulasie, en <i>Vossische Zeitung</i>), was die invloedrykste ondersteuners van die demokratiese regeringstelsel, terwyl die nasionaal-konserwatiewe media-entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a> met sy Scherl-uitgewery anti-demokratiese opvattings in dagblaaie soos <i>Der Tag</i> en <i>Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger</i> gepubliseer het.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Nasionaalsosialistiese pers het voor <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> se magsoorname in 1933 nog geen noemenswaardige rol gespeel nie, alhoewel die NS-beweging met <i>Der Angriff</i>, 'n dagblad wat in 1927 deur die Berlynse NS-<i>Gauleiter</i> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> in die lewe geroep is, al vroeg sy politieke agitasie begin bedryf het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlyn_in_die_Derde_Ryk">Berlyn in die Derde Ryk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Berlyn in die Derde Ryk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Berlyn in die Derde Ryk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11,_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11%2C_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11%2C_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11%2C_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11%2C_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11%2C_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11%2C_Macht%C3%BCbernahme_Hitlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Skare juig Adolf Hitler ná sy magsoorname op 30 Januarie 1933 in Berlyn toe</figcaption></figure> <p>In die dertigerjare het Berlyn die rekord van 4,3 miljoen inwoners bereik. Met die magsoorname deur die Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitse Werkersparty onder Adolf Hitler op 30 Januarie 1933 het Berlyn die hoofstad van die "Derde Ryk" geword, en later is planne gesmee waarvolgens Berlyn as die nuwe "Wêreldhoofstad Germania" met reusagtige nuwe gebouekomplekse in die klassieke Romeinse boustyl herbou sou word. Die Nasionaal-Sosialiste het die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1936" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 1936">Olimpiese Somerspele 1936</a> in Berlyn doelbewus vir hulle propaganda misbruik, maar anti-Joodse geweldpleging ná die moord op 'n Duitse diplomaat in <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a> het reeds twee jaar later menselewens geëis, terwyl baie Joodse winkels en ander eiendomme vernietig is. Die Joodse Gemeente van Berlyn met oorspronklik 160&#160;000 lede voor 1933 is stelselmatig vernietig, en duisende Berlynse <a href="/wiki/Jode" title="Jode">Jode</a> is ná die pogrome van 1938 in hegtenis geneem en na die konsentrasiekamp Sachsenhausen gedeporteer. Die laaste lede van die gemeente is in Februarie 1943 na verdelgingskampe soos Auschwitz gedeporteer. </p><p>Tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog is 'n groot deel van die stadsentrum in 363 lugaanvalle deur geallieerde <a href="/wiki/Bomwerper" title="Bomwerper">bomwerpers</a> vernietig, waarin 50&#160;000 mense hulle lewens verloor het. Meer as een miljoen mense het tydens die oorlog uit die stad gevlug. Russiese troepe het die stad verower en van 25 April tot 2 Mei 1945 beset. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlyn_ná_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"><span id="Berlyn_n.C3.A1_die_Tweede_W.C3.AAreldoorlog"></span>Berlyn ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Berlyn ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Berlyn ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_Eiermann_Memorial_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berlin_Eiermann_Memorial_Church.JPG/220px-Berlin_Eiermann_Memorial_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berlin_Eiermann_Memorial_Church.JPG/330px-Berlin_Eiermann_Memorial_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berlin_Eiermann_Memorial_Church.JPG/440px-Berlin_Eiermann_Memorial_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Die bouval van die <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche</i> is tans 'n oorlogsmonument. Die nuwe kerkgebou is deur <a href="/wiki/Egon_Eiermann" title="Egon Eiermann">Egon Eiermann</a> ontwerp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:View_Berlin_TV_Tower_Jan2015_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/View_Berlin_TV_Tower_Jan2015_img1.jpg/220px-View_Berlin_TV_Tower_Jan2015_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/View_Berlin_TV_Tower_Jan2015_img1.jpg/330px-View_Berlin_TV_Tower_Jan2015_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/View_Berlin_TV_Tower_Jan2015_img1.jpg/440px-View_Berlin_TV_Tower_Jan2015_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4803" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption>Die "Rooi Raadsaal" (<a href="/wiki/Rotes_Rathaus" title="Rotes Rathaus">Rotes Rathaus</a>) dien as die regeringsgebou van die deelstaat Berlyn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Frankfurter_Tor_Berlin_abends.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Frankfurter_Tor_Berlin_abends.jpg/220px-Frankfurter_Tor_Berlin_abends.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Frankfurter_Tor_Berlin_abends.jpg/330px-Frankfurter_Tor_Berlin_abends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Frankfurter_Tor_Berlin_abends.jpg/440px-Frankfurter_Tor_Berlin_abends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Die Frankfurter Tor ("Frankfurtse Poort") in die aandskemer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_204-007,_Berlin,_Soldatin_als_Verkehrspolizistin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_204-007%2C_Berlin%2C_Soldatin_als_Verkehrspolizistin.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_204-007%2C_Berlin%2C_Soldatin_als_Verkehrspolizistin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_204-007%2C_Berlin%2C_Soldatin_als_Verkehrspolizistin.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_204-007%2C_Berlin%2C_Soldatin_als_Verkehrspolizistin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_204-007%2C_Berlin%2C_Soldatin_als_Verkehrspolizistin.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_204-007%2C_Berlin%2C_Soldatin_als_Verkehrspolizistin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>1945: 'n Vroulike Sowjet-soldaat reël die verkeer op 'n Berlynse straat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus,_Westseite,_Frontalansicht,_Berlin-Mitte,_151223,_ako.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus%2C_Westseite%2C_Frontalansicht%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg/220px-Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus%2C_Westseite%2C_Frontalansicht%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus%2C_Westseite%2C_Frontalansicht%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg/330px-Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus%2C_Westseite%2C_Frontalansicht%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus%2C_Westseite%2C_Frontalansicht%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg/440px-Paul-L%C3%B6be-Haus%2C_Westseite%2C_Frontalansicht%2C_Berlin-Mitte%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="4501" /></a><figcaption>Die parlementskompleks in die stadsdeel Mitte: Paul-Löbe-Haus, wesaansig</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Schloss-Charlottenburg,_Nordseite_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Schloss-Charlottenburg%2C_Nordseite_bei_Nacht.jpg/220px-Schloss-Charlottenburg%2C_Nordseite_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Schloss-Charlottenburg%2C_Nordseite_bei_Nacht.jpg/330px-Schloss-Charlottenburg%2C_Nordseite_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Schloss-Charlottenburg%2C_Nordseite_bei_Nacht.jpg/440px-Schloss-Charlottenburg%2C_Nordseite_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg-kasteel" title="Charlottenburg-kasteel">Kasteel Charlottenburg</a> – nagaansig van die noordfasade</figcaption></figure> <p>Groot dele van Berlyn se middestad was ná die Duitse <a href="/wiki/Kapitulasie" title="Kapitulasie">kapitulasie</a> 'n puinhoop waarin die oorblywende bevolking van 2,8 miljoen hul stryd om oorlewing begin het. Meer as 600&#160;000 woonstelle en driekwart van alle nywerhede was vernietig, water-, gas- en elektrisiteitsvoorsiening onderbroke.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kort ná die oorlog het die Sowjet-Russiese stadskommandant Bersarin in Mei 1945 die eerste na-oorlogse regering van Berlyn, die <i>Magistrat</i> onder leiding van <a href="/wiki/Burgemeester" title="Burgemeester">burgemeester</a> Arthur Werner benoem. Getroue kommunistiese kaders, wat hul politieke opleiding in Moskou ontvang het, soos die sogenaamde <i>Gruppe Ulbricht</i>, is deur die Sowjet-besettingsmag ingespan om invloed op die politieke lewe in die Duitse hoofstad uit te oefen. In Junie van dieselfde jaar is die eerste anti-fascistiese partye toegelaat. Die nuwe vakbond <i>FDGB</i> het van begin af onder kommunistiese invloed gestaan sodat onafhanklike vakbondleiers in 1948 hul eie vakbond afgestig het. </p><p>Na die verowering van die stad deur die Rooi Leër en die onvoorwaardelike oorgawe van die <i>Wehrmacht</i> op 8 Mei 1945, is Berlyn volgens die Londense protokolle in vier sektore verdeel. Dit het die sektore van Amerika, Brittanje, Frankryk en die Sowjetunie geskep. In administratiewe opsig is Berlyn ná die oorlog in vier sektore opgedeel wat aanvanklik deur 'n gemeenskaplike Geallieerde Kommandantuur geregeer is. Die Amerikaanse, Franse en Britse sektore (<a href="/wiki/Wes-Berlyn" title="Wes-Berlyn">Wes-Berlyn</a>) was van 1949 tot 1989 'n <i>Bundesland</i> (deelstaat) van die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland met 'n besondere statuut, terwyl die Russiese sektor (<a href="/wiki/Oos-Berlyn" title="Oos-Berlyn">Oos-Berlyn</a>) die hoofstad van die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek geword het. </p><p>Die Russe het probeer om die ekonomie van Wes-Berlyn in 1948 deur 'n blokkade lam te lê, maar geallieerde magte – waaronder ook <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrikaners</a> – het met die <a href="/wiki/Berlynse_Lugbrug" title="Berlynse Lugbrug">"Lugbrug"-operasie</a> gereageer waarin kos, steenkool en ander goedere vanuit Wes-Duitsland ingevlieg is. </p><p>In 1961 is die twee helftes deur 'n betonmuur – die <a href="/wiki/Berlynse_Muur" title="Berlynse Muur">Berlynse Muur</a> – geskei om 'n einde te maak aan die reuse stroom Oos-Duitse vlugtelinge wat beter lewensomstandighede in die Weste gesoek het. 'n Wêreldkrisis was die gevolg, en die Russiese regering het geëis dat Wes-Berlyn tot 'n "vrye stad" verklaar moet word, 'n voorstel wat deur die westelike geallieerdes summier verwerp is. Ná die bou van die muur het die politieke en ekonomiese situasie in Oos-Berlyn gestabiliseer: Die historiese oostelike stadsentrum met die Alexanderplatz is teen die einde van die sestigerjare vergroot en van 'n reeks moderne geboue voorsien, wat Oos-Berlyn se rol as "sosialistiese" hoofstad van die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek sou bevestig. Duisende nuwe woonstelle is aan die oostelike stadgrens opgerig. In 1971 is 'n ooreenkoms gesluit wat Wes-Duitse toegang tot Wes-Berlyn verseker het. </p><p>Berlyn het in die middelpunt van die studentebeweging van die sestigerjare gestaan. Die regse pers, wat veral deur die uitgewer Axel Springer verteenwoordig is, het geprobeer om die bevolking deur haatspraak teen die studente op te stook. Tydens 'n betoging teen die besoek van die Sjah van Iran is die student Benno Ohnesorg, 'n verklaarde pasifis, op 2 Junie 1967 sonder enige rede deur 'n polisieman in die kop geskiet en gedood. Die voorval het tot die radikalisering van 'n deel van die studentebeweging gelei, wat onder meer as <a href="/wiki/Rote_Armee_Fraktion" title="Rote Armee Fraktion">Rote Armee Fraktion</a> (RAF, gestig deur Ulrike Meinhof en Andreas Baader) 'n gewapende stryd teen die staat en sy verteenwoordigers begin voer het. </p><p>Ná die hereniging van Wes- en Oos-Berlyn in 1990 het die Duitse parlement besluit om van Berlyn weer die regeringsetel van Duitsland te maak. Nuwe regeringsgeboue het in die stadsentrum ontstaan, ministeries en ambassades het van die Wes-Duitse regeringsetel <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> na die nuwe hoofstad begin verhuis. </p><p>Berlyn is vandag 'n aparte deelstaat van die Bondsrepubliek <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>. Een van die erfenisse van meer as veertig jaar se politieke skeiding is die dubbele infrastruktuur wat in Oos- en Wes-Berlyn geskep is – die stad beskik nou byvoorbeeld oor twee sentrale besigheidsdistrikte (Kurfürstendamm en Mitte/Friedrichstraße), drie operateaters, twee planetariums (<i>Insulaner-Sternwarte</i> en <i>Zeiss-Großplanetarium</i>) en twee dieretuine (<i>Zoologischer Garten</i> en <i>Tierpark Friedrichsfelde</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Demografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_population2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Berlin_population2.svg/220px-Berlin_population2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Berlin_population2.svg/330px-Berlin_population2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Berlin_population2.svg/440px-Berlin_population2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Berlyn se bevolkingsgroei tussen 1880 en 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-012.jpg/220px-Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-012.jpg/330px-Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-012.jpg/440px-Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>'n Lugfoto van Berlyn se stadsentrum</figcaption></figure> <p>Van die 3,4 miljoen inwoners in 2015 was 52,9 persent vroue en 48,8 persent mans. 5 persent van die inwoners was jonger as 6 jaar; 10,4 persent was tussen 6 en 18 jaar oud; 41,4 persent was in die ouderdomsgroep tussen 18 en 45 jaar; 26,6 persent was in die ouderdomsgroep 45–65; en 16,6 persent was ouer as 65 jaar. </p><p>In 2013 was daar 35&#160;038 lewende geboortes en 32&#160;792 sterfgevalle. 169&#160;466 mense het hulle in Berlyn gevestig, terwyl 127&#160;574 inwoners na ander stede en lande verhuis het.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Die grootste geloofsgroepe volgens amptelike gegewens was in 2008: 676&#160;000 (19,7 persent) Lutherane, 318&#160;000 (9,3 persent) <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katolieke</a>, 248&#160;000 (7,2 persent) <a href="/wiki/Moslem" title="Moslem">Moslems</a>, 90&#160;000 ander Christelike kerke, 12&#160;000 Jode, 6&#160;500 <a href="/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Boeddhiste</a>; 60 persent ongebonde. </p><p>Op 31 Desember 2013 het die getal buitelandse inwoners 538&#160;729 beloop, van wie 99&#160;558 <a href="/wiki/Turke" title="Turke">Turke</a>, 51&#160;084 <a href="/wiki/Pole_(volk)" title="Pole (volk)">Pole</a>, 22&#160;693 <a href="/wiki/Italianers" title="Italianers">Italianers</a>, 19&#160;137 <a href="/wiki/Serwi%C3%ABrs" title="Serwiërs">Serwiërs</a>, 18&#160;982 <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a>, 18&#160;352 <a href="/wiki/Bulgare" title="Bulgare">Bulgare</a>, 12&#160;600 Amerikaners, 16&#160;806 <a href="/wiki/Franse" title="Franse">Franse</a>, 13&#160;231 <a href="/wiki/Spanjaarde" title="Spanjaarde">Spanjaarde</a> en 12&#160;512 Britte was. Die aantal Suid-Afrikaners in Berlyn het in 2010 386 beloop.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Daar is vermoedelik sowat 200&#160;000 onwettige immigrante. 41,5 persent van die buitelanders in Berlyn is werkloos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russiese_immigrasie">Russiese immigrasie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Russiese immigrasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Russiese immigrasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Botschaft_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration_Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_63_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Botschaft_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration_Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_63_008.jpg/220px-Botschaft_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration_Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_63_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Botschaft_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration_Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_63_008.jpg/330px-Botschaft_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration_Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_63_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Botschaft_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration_Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_63_008.jpg/440px-Botschaft_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration_Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_63_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Ingang tot die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ambassade_in_Berlyn" title="Russiese Ambassade in Berlyn">Ambassade van die Russiese Federasie</a>, Unter den Linden 63–65</figcaption></figure> <p>Die getal Berlyners van Russiese afkoms beloop intussen meer as 100&#160;000 sodat 'n volledige Russiessprekende infrastruktuur met sewe Russiese dagblaaie en tydskrifte (waaronder <i>Russkij Berlin</i>, 'n streeksuitgawe van <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaja_Germanija" title="Russkaja Germanija">Russkaja Germanija</a></i>, 'n Russiese weekblad vir Duitsland en Europa), 'n radiostasie (<i>Radio Russkij Berlin</i>), supermarkte met ingevoerde en Duits-vervaardigde Russiese kos en drank, media soos boeke en DVD's, 'n Russiese biblioteek, apteek, Russiessprekende advokate, restaurante, nagklubs, diskoteke, kroeë en ander instellings ontstaan het. </p><p>Groter konsentrasies Russiessprekende inwoners word in die oostelike stadsdistrikte aangetref. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialek">Dialek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Dialek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dialek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg/220px-View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg/330px-View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg/440px-View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>'n Uitsig oor die oostelike stadsentrum</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Berlynse dialek (Duits: <i>Berlinisch</i> of <i>Berlinerisch</i>) word oor die algemeen as 'n variant van die Middelduitse Berlyn-Brandenburgse dialekte beskou wat in Berlyn en sy omgewing gepraat word en wendings en segswyses behels wat net in Berlyn voorkom. In taalkundige opsig word na die Berlynse dialek as 'n sogenaamde metrolek verwys – 'n stedelike mengdialek wat nie van plaaslike oorsprong is nie, maar op basis van Hoogduits ontstaan het met groot invloed van verskillende oorspronklike dialekte. Die huidige Brandenburgse dialek is 'n variant van die Berlynse metrolek. </p><p>Oorspronklik (tot ongeveer 1800) was <a href="/wiki/Nederduits" title="Nederduits">Nederduits</a> die omgangstaal van die Berlynse bevolking. In 'n groot deel van die voorstede het die inwoners net soos in die omliggende Brandenburg nog tot in die 20ste eeu Nederduitse dialekte gebesig. Hulle is as gevolg van die verstedelikingsproses van die voorstadgordel en die taalkundige invloed van Berlyn as <a href="/wiki/Metropool" title="Metropool">metropool</a> grotendeels deur Middelduitse dialekte of 'n Berlyns-beïnvloede Standaardduitse streektaal verdring en word vandag nog nouliks gepraat. </p><p>Danksy die immigrasie van 'n groot verskeidenheid bevolkingsgroepe het die Berlynse dialek 'n groot aantal woorde en wendings uit ander tale en dialekte soos <a href="/wiki/Vlaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlaams">Vlaams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jiddisj" title="Jiddisj">Jiddisj</a> oorgeneem. Die dialek was in die geskiedenis hoofsaaklik die omgangstaal van die gewone mense, terwyl opgeleides en welgesteldes steeds moeite gedoen het om suiwer Hoogduits te praat. Baie mense, wat hulle in die stad gevestig het, het in hul omgangstaal wél elemente van die plaaslike dialek oorgeneem, tog is sy bestendige gebruik meestal as "proletaries" of "onvanpas" beskou. </p><p>In die DDR het hierdie sienswyse gedeeltelik verander sodat ook opgeleide inwoners die dialek begin besig het. Gevolglik word die dialek deesdae hoofsaaklik in die oostelike stadsdele, die tradisionele werkersbuurte van Wes-Berlyn en in die omgewing van Berlyn gepraat. Die plaaslike omgangstaal is danksy die vestiging van nuwe immigrante ook vandag nog aan voortgesette veranderings onderworpe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiese_basis">Ekonomiese basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese basis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ekonomiese basis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Blick_vom_Berliner_Funkturm_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blick_vom_Berliner_Funkturm_27.jpg/220px-Blick_vom_Berliner_Funkturm_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blick_vom_Berliner_Funkturm_27.jpg/330px-Blick_vom_Berliner_Funkturm_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blick_vom_Berliner_Funkturm_27.jpg/440px-Blick_vom_Berliner_Funkturm_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Die Teufelsberg ("Duiwelsberg"), die hoogste heuwelpiek in die stadsgebied, is kunsmatig uit die puinhope van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog opgehoop. Die foto wys die vroeëre Amerikaanse radarstasie wat op die piek opgerig is om kommunikasie in Oosbloklande te monitor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SonyCenterAtNight.jpg/170px-SonyCenterAtNight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SonyCenterAtNight.jpg/255px-SonyCenterAtNight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SonyCenterAtNight.jpg/340px-SonyCenterAtNight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>Die Sony Center spog met luukse woonstelle, rolprentteaters, <a href="/wiki/Restourant" class="mw-redirect" title="Restourant">restourante</a> en die <i>Deutsches Filmmuseum</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Sedert die einde van die 19de eeu was Berlyn die grootste nywerheidstad in Europa. Die verwoestings van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog en die gevolge van die verdeling het ná 1945 tot die verskuiwing van baie nywerhede na Wes-Duitsland gelei. 'n Groot deel van Wes-Berlyn se nywerhede is ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog, toe die stad as 'n kapitalistiese eiland in die hart van die DDR bestaan het, deur staatssubsidies aangemoedig om in die stad te bly. </p><p>As hoofstad en toonvenster van die sosialistiese Duitsland het <a href="/wiki/Oos-Berlyn" title="Oos-Berlyn">Oos-Berlyn</a> in die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek steeds voorrang bo ander stede en streke geniet wat die verskaffing van gebruiksgoedere en huisvesting betref het. </p><p>Terwyl vandag nog groot inheemse farmaseutiese ondernemings soos <i>Bayer-Schering</i> en <i>Berlin Chemie</i> hulle hoofkwartiere en aanlegte in Berlyn het, het die tersiêre sektor in die laat 20ste eeu sterk groei getoon en verteenwoordig tans meer as 80 persent van die Berlynse ondernemings. Tegelykertyd het die stad sy rol as die nywerheidsentrum van Europa intussen kwytgeraak en beskik tans nog net oor 'n beperkte industriële basis. Terwyl daar in Duitsland sowat 70 nywerheidswerkers per 1&#160;000 inwoners getel word, het hierdie getal in Berlyn tot sowat 30 gedaal. </p><p>Die bruto binnelandse produk het in 2013 109,2 miljard € (1429,45 miljard ZAR) of 30&#160;642&#160;€ (401&#160;424 ZAR) per capita beloop.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berlyn het enkele jare lank die laagste ekonomiese groeikoers van alle Duitse <i>Bundesländer</i> getoon, en die werkloosheidsyfer was in Maart 2015 met 11 persent nog duidelik bo die gemiddelde syfer vir Duitsland.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As gevolg van die herenigingsproses is daar 'n massiewe skuldlas opgehoop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politiek">Politiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Politiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Politiek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As regeringsetel van Europa se voorste ekonomie word Berlyn onder die belangrikste sentrums van Europese politiek gereken.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Duitse vakbonde, stigtings, ekonomiese verenigings en belangegroepe het hul hoofkwartiere in die stad om inspraak in besluitnemingsprosesse in parlement en regering te verkry. Staatsbesoeke en onthale op verskillende politieke vlakke dra, net soos staatsplegtighede en belangrike feesvieringe, by tot die veelvuldige jaarlikse politieke kalender van Berlyn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federale_hoofstad">Federale hoofstad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Federale hoofstad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Federale hoofstad"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/220px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/330px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/440px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8347" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption>Die Berlynse <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(gebou)" title="Reichstag (gebou)">Reichstag</a>, setel van die Duitse parlement (Bundestag)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundeskanzleramt,_Weihnachtsbaum,_Blaue_Stunde,_Berlin,_151223,_ako.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundeskanzleramt%2C_Weihnachtsbaum%2C_Blaue_Stunde%2C_Berlin%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg/220px-Bundeskanzleramt%2C_Weihnachtsbaum%2C_Blaue_Stunde%2C_Berlin%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundeskanzleramt%2C_Weihnachtsbaum%2C_Blaue_Stunde%2C_Berlin%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg/330px-Bundeskanzleramt%2C_Weihnachtsbaum%2C_Blaue_Stunde%2C_Berlin%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundeskanzleramt%2C_Weihnachtsbaum%2C_Blaue_Stunde%2C_Berlin%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg/440px-Bundeskanzleramt%2C_Weihnachtsbaum%2C_Blaue_Stunde%2C_Berlin%2C_151223%2C_ako.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Bundeskanzleramt</i> huisves die kantoor van die bondskanselier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesrat-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesrat-A.jpg/220px-Bundesrat-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesrat-A.jpg/330px-Bundesrat-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesrat-A.jpg/440px-Bundesrat-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Die vroeëre Pruisiese Hoërhuis huisves tans die Federale Raad</figcaption></figure> <p>Ná die Duitse hereniging het die afgevaardigdes van die Duitse parlement, die <i>Bundestag</i>, in 1991 ten gunste van Berlyn as setel van die Duitse parlement en regering gestem. Die stad het reeds met die toetreding van die ses deelstate van die voormalige Duitse Demokratiese Republiek tot die Federale Republiek van Duitsland die status van "federale hoofstad" gehad. </p><p>Sedert 1994 het ook die federale president van Duitsland sy hoofkantoor en ampswoning in die Berlynse Bellevue-kasteel. In 1999 het die meeste regeringsinstellings vanaf Bonn na Berlyn verskuif. Die ou parlementsgebou van die Duitse Keiserryk en Duitse Ryk, die <i>Reichstag</i>, is van 'n glaskoepel voorsien wat oop staan vir besoekers en gemoderniseer om die nuwe federale parlement te huisves, terwyl die Federale Raad (<i>Bundesrat</i>), waarin die sestien deelstate verteenwoordig word, in die vroeëre Pruisiese parlement, die Pruisiese Here- of Hoërhuis, ingetrek het. </p><p>Die federale departemente is óf in bestaande geboue gehuisves óf het in nuut opgerigte kantoorgeboue ingetrek. Die nuwe kantoorgebou van die Duitse kanselier (<i>Bundeskanzleramt</i>) is in 2001 deur die destydse kanselier <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> amptelik ingewy. Agt van die huidige veertien federale departemente het hul setels in Berlyn, waaronder die Departement van Buitelandse Sake wat in die Detlev-Rohwedder-huis (vroeër Ryksdepartement van Lugvaart) gehuisves word, terwyl ses tans in die sogenaamde Federale Kwartier van die vroeëre (Wes-Duitse) federale hoofstad Bonn gesetel is. Alle federale departemente, insluitende dié in Berlyn, het 'n tweede setel in die ander stad. Eers vanaf 2008 was 'n meerderheid van die personeel van federale departemente, sowat 9&#160;000 van altesaam 17&#160;000 amptenare en ander medewerkers, in Berlyn werksaam.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die ambassades van 158 state het hulle setels tans in Berlyn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deelstaatregering">Deelstaatregering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Deelstaatregering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Deelstaatregering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:2023-04-27_Sitzung_des_Abgeordnetenhauses_von_Berlin_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2023-04-27_Sitzung_des_Abgeordnetenhauses_von_Berlin_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93110.jpg/170px-2023-04-27_Sitzung_des_Abgeordnetenhauses_von_Berlin_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93110.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2023-04-27_Sitzung_des_Abgeordnetenhauses_von_Berlin_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93110.jpg/255px-2023-04-27_Sitzung_des_Abgeordnetenhauses_von_Berlin_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2023-04-27_Sitzung_des_Abgeordnetenhauses_von_Berlin_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93110.jpg/340px-2023-04-27_Sitzung_des_Abgeordnetenhauses_von_Berlin_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Die regerende burgemeester (premier van die deelstaat Berlyn) Kai Wegner (<a href="/wiki/Christelik-Demokratiese_Unie" title="Christelik-Demokratiese Unie">CDU</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Abgeordnetenhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abgeordnetenhaus.jpg/220px-Abgeordnetenhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abgeordnetenhaus.jpg/330px-Abgeordnetenhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abgeordnetenhaus.jpg/440px-Abgeordnetenhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Die Berlynse deelstaatparlement in die distrik Mitte</figcaption></figure> <p>In die tydperk tussen 1808 en 1935 en tussen 1945 en 1948 is Berlyn deur 'n magistraat onder leiding van 'n burgemeester geadministreer. In die tyd tussen 1935 en 1945 het die Nasionaalsosialistiese bewind alle demokratiese munisipale strukture afgeskaf en is munisipaliteite in die Duitse Ryk regstreeks deur die <a href="/wiki/Nasionaal-Sosialistiese_Duitse_Arbeidersparty" title="Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitse Arbeidersparty">Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitse Arbeidersparty</a> (NSDAP) bestuur. Vanaf 1948 tot die hereniging van Berlyn en Duitsland in 1990 is Oos-Berlyn as hoofstad van die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek deur 'n magistraat bestuur, terwyl Wes-Berlyn deur 'n senaat geregeer is wat as deelstaatregering gefungeer het. </p><p>Berlyn het eers met die Duitse hereniging die status van 'n Duitse deelstaat gekry. Alhoewel Berlyn volgens die Berlynse grondwet van 1950 en die (Wes-Duitse) grondwet van 1949 formeel as deelstaat van die Federale Republiek van Duitsland bestaan het, was hierdie reëling weens die geallieerde status van Berlyn volkeregtelik voor 1990 nog ongeldig. Wes-Berlyn het de facto vanaf 1949 deel uitgemaak van die (Wes-Duitse) Federale Republiek van Duitsland – met enkele beperkings. So is byvoorbeeld besondere identikeitskaarte aan Wes-Berlynse burgers uitgereik en was jong mans hier, anders as in Wes-Duitsland, nie aan nasionale diensplig onderworpe nie. Verwysings na Oos-Berlyn was in albei grondwette suiwer fiktief. </p><p>Die huidige deelstaat Berlyn behels die Berlynse stadsgebied. Die deelstaatparlement van Berlyn (<i>Abgeordnetenhaus</i>) word elke vyf jaar deur die bevolking gekies. Tussen 2002 en 2011 het 'n koalisie van <i>SPD</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sosiaal-Demokratiese_Party" title="Sosiaal-Demokratiese Party">Sosiaal-Demokratiese Party van Duitsland</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Die_Linke" title="Die Linke">Die Linke</a> die regering (<i>Senat</i>) gevorm, en van 2016 tot 2023 die Sosiaal-Demokrate in koalisie met die Linke en <a href="/wiki/Alliansie_90/Die_Groenes" title="Alliansie 90/Die Groenes">Bündnis 90/Die Grünen</a>. Sedert 2023 regeer die <a href="/wiki/Christelik-Demokratiese_Unie" title="Christelik-Demokratiese Unie">Christelik-Demokratiese Unie</a> in koalisie met die Sosiaal-Demokrate. Die regerende burgemeester (<i>Regierender Bürgermeister</i>) is Kai Wegner (CDU). Net soos in die twee ander Duitse stadstate – Hamburg en Bremen – is die amp van regerende burgemeester vergelykbaar met dié van 'n eerste minister in ander deelstate. </p><p><b>Setels in die parlement (<i>Abgeordnetenhaus</i>)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Party</th> <th>2023</th> <th>2021</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2001</th> <th>1999 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:SPD-Logo_2022_(rot).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SPD-Logo_2022_%28rot%29.svg/30px-SPD-Logo_2022_%28rot%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SPD-Logo_2022_%28rot%29.svg/45px-SPD-Logo_2022_%28rot%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SPD-Logo_2022_%28rot%29.svg/60px-SPD-Logo_2022_%28rot%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sosiaal-Demokratiese_Party" title="Sosiaal-Demokratiese Party">SPD</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>36</td> <td>38</td> <td>47</td> <td>53</td> <td>44</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cdu-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cdu-logo.svg/30px-Cdu-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cdu-logo.svg/45px-Cdu-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cdu-logo.svg/60px-Cdu-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christelik-Demokratiese_Unie" title="Christelik-Demokratiese Unie">CDU</a></td> <td>52</td> <td>30</td> <td>31</td> <td>39</td> <td>37</td> <td>35</td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:B%C3%BCndnis_90_-_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/B%C3%BCndnis_90_-_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_Logo.svg/30px-B%C3%BCndnis_90_-_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/B%C3%BCndnis_90_-_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_Logo.svg/45px-B%C3%BCndnis_90_-_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/B%C3%BCndnis_90_-_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_Logo.svg/60px-B%C3%BCndnis_90_-_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alliansie_90/Die_Groenes" title="Alliansie 90/Die Groenes">Bündnis 90/Die Grünen</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>32</td> <td>27</td> <td>29</td> <td>23</td> <td>14</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Die_Linke_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Die_Linke_logo.svg/40px-Die_Linke_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Die_Linke_logo.svg/60px-Die_Linke_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Die_Linke_logo.svg/80px-Die_Linke_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Die_Linke" title="Die Linke">Die Linke</a></td> <td>22</td> <td>24</td> <td>27</td> <td>19</td> <td>23</td> <td>33</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg/30px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg/45px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg/60px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="112" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vrye_Demokratiese_Party" title="Vrye Demokratiese Party">FDP</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>13</td> <td>15</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:AfD_Logo_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AfD_Logo_2021.svg/40px-AfD_Logo_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AfD_Logo_2021.svg/60px-AfD_Logo_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AfD_Logo_2021.svg/80px-AfD_Logo_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_f%C3%BCr_Deutschland" title="Alternative für Deutschland">AfD</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>13</td> <td>25</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Totaal</b></td> <td><b>159</b></td> <td><b>147</b></td> <td><b>160</b></td> <td><b>149</b></td> <td><b>149</b></td> <td><b>141</b></td> <td><b>169</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onderwysstelsel_en_wetenskapsbedryf">Onderwysstelsel en wetenskapsbedryf</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Onderwysstelsel en wetenskapsbedryf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Onderwysstelsel en wetenskapsbedryf"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primêre_en_sekondêre_onderwys"><span id="Prim.C3.AAre_en_sekond.C3.AAre_onderwys"></span>Primêre en sekondêre onderwys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Primêre en sekondêre onderwys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Primêre en sekondêre onderwys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pankow_Goerschstr_Gymnasium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pankow_Goerschstr_Gymnasium.jpg/220px-Pankow_Goerschstr_Gymnasium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pankow_Goerschstr_Gymnasium.jpg/330px-Pankow_Goerschstr_Gymnasium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pankow_Goerschstr_Gymnasium.jpg/440px-Pankow_Goerschstr_Gymnasium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Ossietzky-gimnasium in die stadsdistrik Pankow, ontwerp in die Neorenaissance-boustyl (1909–1910)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Onderwys" title="Onderwys">Onderwys</a> val in Duitsland onder die jurisdiksie van die deelstate. So het Berlyn sy eie drievlak-onderwysstelsel met primêre (skooljaar een tot ses) en sedert 2010 tweeledige sekondêre skole met sogenaamde geïntegreerde sekondêre skole en gimnasiums (skooljaar sewe tot twaalf). Die laasgenoemdes se onderrig dien ter voorbereiding van akademiese studies by tersiêre instellings as derde vlak van die onderwysstelsel. </p><p>In Februarie 2004 het die deelstaatparlement 'n nuwe skoolwet aanvaar waarvolgens skoolplig op die ouderdom van 5½ jaar begin, persvryheid vir skoolkoerante gewaarborg word en die maksimale skoollewe vir leerders in gimnasiums van dertien tot twaalf jaar verkort is. Leerders kan in graad 10 hul skooleindeksamen aflê en 'n sertifikaat verwerf waarmee hulle vir verdere beroepsopleiding kwalifiseer. Gimnasiums bied dieselfde eksamen aan. Leerders in gimnasiums kan ná 'n verdere twee jaar van onderwys hul matriekeksamen (Duits: <i>Abitur</i>) aflê. Verpligte vakke hiervoor is Duits, Wiskunde en vreemde tale. In dertien gimnasiums is 'n toetsprogram begin waarvolgens die eindeksamen reeds in graad elf aangebied word. </p><p>Berlin beskik met die sogenaamde Europaschule oor 'n unieke tweetalige skoolprogram, wat die kurrikulum sowel op laer- asook op hoërskoolvlak in Duits en 'n vreemde taal aanbied. 29 skole in die meeste van Berlyn se nege distrikte bied onderwys in altesame 29 vreemde tale aan. Die bekendste tweetalige skole is die <i>John-F.-Kennedy-Schule</i>, 'n tweetalige Duits-Amerikaanse hoërskool in Zehlendorf, en die Franse Hoërskool (<i>Französisches Gymnasium</i>) wat oorspronklik in 1689 vir Hugenote-kinders opgerig is en tans tweetalige Duits-Franse onderwys aanbied. Skoliere kan sowel die Duitse asook die Amerikaanse en Franse matriekeksamen aflê. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tersiêre_onderwys"><span id="Tersi.C3.AAre_onderwys"></span>Tersiêre onderwys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Tersiêre onderwys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tersiêre onderwys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin-Mitte_Humboldt-Uni_05-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Berlin-Mitte_Humboldt-Uni_05-2014.jpg/220px-Berlin-Mitte_Humboldt-Uni_05-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Berlin-Mitte_Humboldt-Uni_05-2014.jpg/330px-Berlin-Mitte_Humboldt-Uni_05-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Berlin-Mitte_Humboldt-Uni_05-2014.jpg/440px-Berlin-Mitte_Humboldt-Uni_05-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="2540" /></a><figcaption>Die hoofgebou van die Humboldt-universiteit</figcaption></figure> <p>Vier universiteite en 'n aantal <i>Hochschulen</i> (tegnikons, Engels amptelik <i>Universities of Applied Sciences</i>) — waaronder die <i>Freie Universität Berlin</i>, <i>Technische Universität</i>, <i>Humboldt-Universität</i>, <i>Universität der Künste</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Wirtschaft_und_Recht_Berlin" title="Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin">Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht (Berlin School of Economics and Law, HWR)</a></i>, <i>Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin</i> en <i>Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft (HTW)</i> — het altesaam 160&#160;100 studente (wintersemester 2012//13<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblioteke">Biblioteke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Biblioteke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Biblioteke"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:StabiMitte_2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StabiMitte_2a.jpg/220px-StabiMitte_2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StabiMitte_2a.jpg/330px-StabiMitte_2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StabiMitte_2a.jpg/440px-StabiMitte_2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Die Staatsbiblioteek te Berlyn se tweede gebou in Unter den Linden, Mitte, is die historiese setel van die Pruisiese Staatsbiblioteek en het vroeër die Oos-Berlynse Duitse Staatsbiblioteek Berlyn gehuisves. Die foto wys die binneplein met sy fontein. Die gebou het tussen 1903 en 1914 volgens 'n ontwerp van die argitek Ernst Eberhard von Ihne (1848–1917) ontstaan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin_Potsdamer_Strasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin_Potsdamer_Strasse.jpg/220px-Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin_Potsdamer_Strasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin_Potsdamer_Strasse.jpg/330px-Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin_Potsdamer_Strasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin_Potsdamer_Strasse.jpg/440px-Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin_Potsdamer_Strasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5352" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Die moderne gebou van die Staatsbiblioteek te Berlyn in Potsdamer Straße, distrik Mitte, is in 1978 voltooi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:2016_Charite_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2016_Charite_Hospital.jpg/220px-2016_Charite_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2016_Charite_Hospital.jpg/330px-2016_Charite_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2016_Charite_Hospital.jpg/440px-2016_Charite_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Die hoofgebou van die <i>Charité</i>, die grootste universiteitshospitaal in Europa</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Staatsbiblioteek te Berlyn (<i>Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin</i>), wat in 1661 as Keurvorstelike Biblioteek gestig is, is die grootste wetenskaplike universele biblioteek in die Duitse taalgebied asook een van die vernaamste instellings van sy soort in Europa met meer as tien miljoen gedrukte media wat in twee gebouekomplekse in die distrik Mitte bewaar word. Die Staatsbiblioteek maak deel uit van die Stigting Pruisiese Kultuurbesit en word deur die federale en die deelstaatregerings gesamentlik befonds. </p><p>As keurvorstelike en later – vanaf 1701 – koninklike privaatbiblioteek is die versameling aanvanklik, alhoewel dit toeganklik vir die publiek was, volgens die persoonlike voorkeure van Brandenburgse en Pruisiese heersers saamgestel. Eers vanaf 1810 het dit 'n onafhanklike instelling geword wat deur die Pruisiese Staatsadministrasie in noue samewerking met die nuutgestigte Universiteit van Berlyn bestuur is en in die volgende dekades tot die vernaamste biblioteek in Pruise gegroei het. In die tydperk tussen 1885 en die dertigerjare van die 20ste eeu het die biblioteek, wat sedert 1918 amptelik as Pruisiese Staatsbiblioteek bedryf is, tot een van die voorste instellings ter wêreld ontwikkel.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die diktatoriale Nasionaalsosialistiese bewind en die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het groot verliese vir die biblioteek meegebring, en deur die verdeling in 'n Oos- en 'n Wes-Berlynse afdeling is verdere skade berokken. Die biblioteek se ontwikkeling is sodoende byna 'n halfeeu lank belemmer. Die biblioteek is tans steeds besig om sy versamelings te herstel en sy dienste te moderniseer. </p><p>Ander belangrike wetenskaplike biblioteke in Berlyn sluit die universiteitsbiblioteke van die Vrye Universiteit en die Humboldt-universiteit asook die sentrale biblioteek van die Tegniese Universiteit en die Universiteit van Kunste in. Die Amerika-Gedenkbiblioteek is ná die einde van die Sowjet-Russiese Berlynblokkade in 1948 deur die Verenigde State aan die Wes-Berlynse bevolking geskenk en maak tans deel uit van die Sentrale en Deelstaatbiblioteek van Berlyn. </p><p>Die Berlynse Kunsbiblioteek van die Staatsmuseums te Berlyn word met sy versameling van 400&#160;000 boekdele oor die Europese kunsgeskiedenis vanaf die laat-antieke tydperk tot die huidige tyd en sowat 1&#160;400 internasionale kunstydskrifte onder die vernaamste kunswetenskaplike biblioteke in Duitsland gereken. </p><p>Die gedesentraliseerde verskaffing van biblioteekdienste aan die Berlynse leserspubliek staan sentraal in die spesiale program <i>Bibliotheken im Stadtteil (BIST)</i> wat tussen 2007 en 2015 deurgevoer is.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navorsing">Navorsing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Navorsing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Navorsing"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met sy groot verskeidenheid tersiêre onderwys- en navorsingsinstellings het van Berlyn in die vroeë 21ste eeu die sentrum van navorsing in Duitsland gemaak.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Navorsingsaktiwiteite in die Duitse hoofstad word jaarliks met sowat 1,8 miljard € se openbare fondse befonds, en meer as 13 persent van alle wetenskaplike patente, wat in Duitsland aangemeld word, kom uit Berlyn. </p><p>'n Sewentigtal nie-universitêre navorsingsinstellings, wat deur die staat befonds word, het meer as 60&#160;000 personeel as dosente, navorsers en ander medewerkers in diens. Groot nasionale navorsingsorganisasies soos die <i>Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft</i>, <i>Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft</i>, <i>Leibniz-Gemeinschaft</i> en <i>Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</i> bedryf institute in Berlyn, net soos 'n aantal federale departemente met altesaam agt navorsingsinstitute. Die meeste wetenskaplike instellings is in die stadsdele Buch, Charlottenburg, Dahlem, Mitte en Adlershof saamgetrek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Openbare_vervoer_en_lughawens">Openbare vervoer en lughawens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Wysig afdeling: Openbare vervoer en lughawens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Openbare vervoer en lughawens"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiese_ontwikkeling">Historiese ontwikkeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Wysig afdeling: Historiese ontwikkeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Historiese ontwikkeling"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mk_Berlin_Tram_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mk_Berlin_Tram_1.jpg/220px-Mk_Berlin_Tram_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mk_Berlin_Tram_1.jpg/330px-Mk_Berlin_Tram_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mk_Berlin_Tram_1.jpg/440px-Mk_Berlin_Tram_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>'n Historiese perdetrem van 1885</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0716-500-003,_Berlin,_erste_Kraftdroschke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0716-500-003%2C_Berlin%2C_erste_Kraftdroschke.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0716-500-003%2C_Berlin%2C_erste_Kraftdroschke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0716-500-003%2C_Berlin%2C_erste_Kraftdroschke.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0716-500-003%2C_Berlin%2C_erste_Kraftdroschke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0716-500-003%2C_Berlin%2C_erste_Kraftdroschke.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0716-500-003%2C_Berlin%2C_erste_Kraftdroschke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>1905: Een van die eerste huurmotors vervoer passasiers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berliner_Ringbahn1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berliner_Ringbahn1877.jpg/220px-Berliner_Ringbahn1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berliner_Ringbahn1877.jpg/330px-Berliner_Ringbahn1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berliner_Ringbahn1877.jpg/440px-Berliner_Ringbahn1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Die Berlynse <i>Ringbahn</i> in 1885</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Clp_20070602_275_959-5_Twh_Erkner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Clp_20070602_275_959-5_Twh_Erkner.jpg/220px-Clp_20070602_275_959-5_Twh_Erkner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Clp_20070602_275_959-5_Twh_Erkner.jpg/330px-Clp_20070602_275_959-5_Twh_Erkner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Clp_20070602_275_959-5_Twh_Erkner.jpg/440px-Clp_20070602_275_959-5_Twh_Erkner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>'n Elektriese stadstrein uit die 1920's</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Karte_Berlin_U-Bahn_S-Bahn_Sansculotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Karte_Berlin_U-Bahn_S-Bahn_Sansculotte.jpg/220px-Karte_Berlin_U-Bahn_S-Bahn_Sansculotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Karte_Berlin_U-Bahn_S-Bahn_Sansculotte.jpg/330px-Karte_Berlin_U-Bahn_S-Bahn_Sansculotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Karte_Berlin_U-Bahn_S-Bahn_Sansculotte.jpg/440px-Karte_Berlin_U-Bahn_S-Bahn_Sansculotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Berlyn se moltrein- en stadstreinnetwerk in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Toe Berlyners hul werkplekke nog uitsluitlik per voet of per perdevoertuig kon bereik, moes hul woonplekke binne kort afstand daarvan geleë wees. So was die vinnig groeiende bevolking in die 19de eeu binne die bestaande stadsgrense en rondom fabrieke saamgetrek. Nywerhede was op hulle beurt aangewese op nabygeleë water- en spoorweë. Die steeds toenemende industrialisering het 'n gekoördineerde openbare vervoernetwerk vereis. </p><p>Berlyn se eerste spoorweglyn na Potsdam is op 29 Oktober 1838 ingewy. Die uitbou van Pruise se vervoerstelsel het sentraal gestaan by die stigting van nuwe aandelemaatskappye en banke, en Berlyn het vinnig tot die middelpunt van dié stelsel ontwikkel. Die uitgebreide spoorwegnetwerk was aanvanklik nie op pendelaars gemik nie: nog omstreeks 1860 het treine slegs 'n aantal voorstede aan die rand van die huidige stadsgebied met die middestad verbind, soos byvoorbeeld Zehlendorf, Spandau, Köpenick, <a href="/wiki/Bernau_bei_Berlin" title="Bernau bei Berlin">Bernau</a> of Trebbin. In 1874 het die nuwe <i>Wannseebahn</i>-spoorlyn die stadsentrum met die suidwestelike voorstede verbind en die bou van huise tien of twintig kilometer buite die middestad vir Berlyners aantreklik gemaak. </p><p>In ander nuwe stadsdele soos Westend het die ontwikkeling van openbare vervoergeriewe nie tred gehou met die uitbreiding van woongebiede nie en sodoende verdere groei voorlopig belemmer. Die nuwe treine was immers vinniger en geriefliker as perde-omnibusse. Die laasgenoemde voertuie was vanaf 1865 twee dekades lank die belangrikste openbare vervoermiddel in die stadsgebied en aangrensende voorstede. Die perde-omnibusnetwerk is in die laat 1880's deur stoomtrems aangevul wat die middestad met voorstede suid-wes van Berlyn verbind het. </p><p>Maar eers met die voltooiing van die sogenaamde <i>Ringbahn</i> (sirkellyn) het treine as openbare vervoermiddel aantreklik geword. Die sirkellyn het Berlyn se bestaande treinstasies met mekaar verbind en goederevervoer vergemaklik. Die oostelike deel van die sirkellyn is in 1871, die westelike in 1877 in bedryf gestel. Vir die binnestedelike treinlyne moes viadukte gebou word. Die uitbou van verbindings na die voorstede het tot in die 1890's voortgeduur. Met nuwe bekostigbare tariewe vir pendelaars het treine vanaf 1891 'n massavervoermiddel vir Berlyners geword. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stoomlokomotief" title="Stoomlokomotief">Stoomlokomotiewe</a> het byna vier dekades lank stoom en roet in die stadsgebied uitgeblaas voordat sirkel-, stads- en pendelaarstreine omstreeks 1930 geleidelik deur elektriese lokomotiewe getrek is. Op binnestedelike lyne is perde en stoomlokomotiewe al dekades vroeër deur elektriese trems (vanaf 1881) en moltreine (vanaf 1902) vervang. Die eerste elektriese stadstreine (<i>S-Bahn</i>) het vanaf 1924 tussen Bernau en Berlyn gery. </p><p>Die openbare vervoerstelsel het kort voor die eeuwisseling 'n effektiewe mededinger gekry. In 1892 het die eerste privaat motor sy verskyning in Berlyn gemaak. Reeds ses jaar later is die eerste motorwedren in die stad gehou. Keiser Wilhelm II, wat daarvan gehou het om in een van sy chauffeur-gedrewe motors op die <i>Unter den Linden</i>-boulevard of na Potsdam te ry, het in 1905 die eerste internasionale motorskou geopen. Kort daarna is die Keiserlike Motorklub (<i>Kaiserlicher Automobil-Club</i>) gestig. </p><p>Motorvoertuie het as huurmotors vanaf 1899 met perdewaens meegeding, en in 1905 is die eerste motorbusse in bedryf gestel. Die laaste perdebus is in 1920 uitgefaseer. </p><p>Die uitgebreide openbare vervoerstelsel, wat tot in die omgewing van Berlyn gestrek en ook nuwe waterweë soos die Teltowkanaal ingesluit het, het die ongekende groei van Berlyn, moderne stadsbeplanning en die skepping van goeie en ordelike woon- en werkomstandighede eers moontlik gemaak. Nuwe nywerhede kon sodoende oral in die stadsgebied en in die voorstede gevestig word. Tussen 1890 en 1900 is 'n radius van tussen 30 en 50&#160;km om die middestad deur industrialisering geraak. Ondernemings soos <i>Siemens</i> en <i>Borsig</i> het nuwe fabrieke in die noordelike voorstede laat oprig, en tegelykertyd het nuwe werkerswoonbuurte soos Tegel-Borsigwalde en Siemensstadt ontstaan. Nuwe nywerheidsgebiede het ook in die suide langs die Teltowkanaal en die <i>Dresdner Bahn</i>-spoorweglyn naby Teltow, Tempelhof, Mariendorf, Marienfelde, <a href="/wiki/Britz" title="Britz">Britz</a> en Johannisthal begin uitbrei. </p><p>Berlyners was vry om hul woon- en werkplekke ook in buitewyke of voorstede te soek. Hoe groter afstande tussen woon- en werkplek geword het, des te sneller het die lewe vir Berlyners geword. Uitdrukkings soos <i>Berliner Tempo</i> het na die nuwe haastige lewensritme begin verwys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_huidige_openbare_vervoernetwerk">Die huidige openbare vervoernetwerk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Wysig afdeling: Die huidige openbare vervoernetwerk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Die huidige openbare vervoernetwerk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gekamoefleerde_moltreiningang_in_Friedrichstrasse,_Berlyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/0/0f/Gekamoefleerde_moltreiningang_in_Friedrichstrasse%2C_Berlyn.jpg/220px-Gekamoefleerde_moltreiningang_in_Friedrichstrasse%2C_Berlyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/0/0f/Gekamoefleerde_moltreiningang_in_Friedrichstrasse%2C_Berlyn.jpg/330px-Gekamoefleerde_moltreiningang_in_Friedrichstrasse%2C_Berlyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/0/0f/Gekamoefleerde_moltreiningang_in_Friedrichstrasse%2C_Berlyn.jpg/440px-Gekamoefleerde_moltreiningang_in_Friedrichstrasse%2C_Berlyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>'n "Gekamoefleerde" moltreiningang tydens boubedrywighede in <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe" title="Friedrichstraße">Friedrichstraße</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:BVG_KT4D_mod.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BVG_KT4D_mod.JPG/220px-BVG_KT4D_mod.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BVG_KT4D_mod.JPG/330px-BVG_KT4D_mod.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BVG_KT4D_mod.JPG/440px-BVG_KT4D_mod.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>'n Trem op die Alexanderplein</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sonnenuntergang_hinter_dem_Berliner_Hauptbahnhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sonnenuntergang_hinter_dem_Berliner_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/220px-Sonnenuntergang_hinter_dem_Berliner_Hauptbahnhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sonnenuntergang_hinter_dem_Berliner_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/330px-Sonnenuntergang_hinter_dem_Berliner_Hauptbahnhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sonnenuntergang_hinter_dem_Berliner_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/440px-Sonnenuntergang_hinter_dem_Berliner_Hauptbahnhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Die hoofstasie <i>Berlin-Hauptbahnhof</i> teen sononder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Motel_One,_Berlyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/a6/Motel_One%2C_Berlyn.jpg/220px-Motel_One%2C_Berlyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/a6/Motel_One%2C_Berlyn.jpg/330px-Motel_One%2C_Berlyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/a6/Motel_One%2C_Berlyn.jpg/440px-Motel_One%2C_Berlyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><i>Motel One</i> in Leipziger Straße</figcaption></figure> <p>Berlyn beskik oor 5&#160;334 kilometer se openbare strate en 1,44 miljoen geregistreerde voertuie. Moltreine, S-Bahn-treine (stadstreine), trems, busse, nagbusse en snelbusse (X- en metrobusse) dek die hele stadsgebied met 2&#160;286 kilometer se linies. Daar is ook fietspaaie dwarsoor die stad. Die internasionale lughawens is <a href="/wiki/Berlyn-Brandenburg_Internasionale_Lughawe" title="Berlyn-Brandenburg Internasionale Lughawe">Berlyn-Brandenburg Internasionale Lughawe</a> in die suidooste, wat op 31 Oktober 2020 amptelik geopen is en as 'n gemeenskaplike lughawe vir die deelstate Berlyn en Brandenburg dien. Die belangrikste internasionale lughawe in Duitsland is egter <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a></i>. </p><p>Tot op 8 November 2020 het <i>Berlin-Tegel Otto Lilienthal</i> in die noordweste as Berlyn saam met <i>Berlin-Schönefeld</i> as Berlyn se twee internasionale lughawens gedien, totdat die nuwe lughawe Berlyn-Brandenburg Internasionale Lughawe geopen is. Albei lughawens het 37,4 miljoen passasiers in 2018 hanteer.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Derde internasionale lughawe, <a href="/wiki/Tempelhof-lughawe" title="Tempelhof-lughawe"><i>Berlin Tempelhof</i></a>, was in die middestad geleë, maar is om ekonomiese en veiligheidsredes op 30 Oktober 2008 gesluit. Die lughawe is in sy laaste jare nog oorwegend deur kleiner stralers aangedoen en was veral gemik op sakereisigers. Met 'n oppervlak van 450 hektaar en 'n hoofgebou wat oor 'n lengte van 1,2 kilometer strek en 300&#160;000 vierkante meter beslaan was Tempelhof vroeër die grootste lughawe ter wêreld en het ook met die grootste gebou gepronk. Toe die lughawe in 1936 in bedryf gestel is, is dit jaarliks deur sowat 200&#160;000 passasiers gebruik, terwyl dit uiteindelik op 'n jaarlikse aantal van sowat ses miljoen reisigers gemik was. Die lughawe is grotendeels in sy oorspronklike vorm bewaar en is vanweë sy baanbrekende konsep deur die Britse argitek Norman Foster "die moeder van alle moderne lughawens" genoem.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Weens die verwagte snelle groei van Berlyn ná die Duitse hereniging in 1990 is daar aanvanklik beplan om die terrein vir die oprigting van 40&#160;000 nuwe woonstelle, wat 120&#160;000 bewoners sou huisves, te gebruik. Berlyn se bevolkingsgroei was egter aansienlik laer, en die oorspronklike planne is intussen duidelik afgeskaal. Nuwe woonstelle gaan waarskynlik net aan die rand van die vliegveld opgerig word. </p><p>Die nuwe <i>Berliner Hauptbahnhof</i> (Berlynse hoofstasie) is op 26 Mei 2006 feestelik ingewy. Die stasie, wat volgens die Duitse Spoorweë <i>Deutsche Bundesbahn</i> die modernste ter wêreld is, is deur die Letties-gebore Duitse argitek Meinhard von Gerkan ontwerp en teen 'n koste van sowat 700 miljoen Euro opgerig. Die stasie verbind die tradisionele treinstasie-argitektuur met moderne konsepte en sal daagliks sowat 1&#160;100 treine en 300&#160;000 passasiers hanteer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internasionale_uitstallings_en_feeste">Internasionale uitstallings en feeste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Wysig afdeling: Internasionale uitstallings en feeste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Internasionale uitstallings en feeste"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlinale2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Berlinale2007.jpg/220px-Berlinale2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Berlinale2007.jpg/330px-Berlinale2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Berlinale2007.jpg/440px-Berlinale2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption><i>Berlinale</i>-filmfees</figcaption></figure> <p>Belangrike uitstallings waaraan ook Suid-Afrika deelneem is die <i><a href="/wiki/Internationale_Gr%C3%BCne_Woche_Berlin" title="Internationale Grüne Woche Berlin">Internationale Grüne Woche Berlin</a></i> ('n landbouskou vir voeding, land- en tuinbou; dit word jaarliks in Januarie gehou) en die <b>Internationale Tourismusbörse</b> (reis- en toerisme-ekspo, jaarliks in Maart). Naas die <i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a></i> (CES) in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde State">Verenigde State</a>) is die <b>Internationale Funkausstellung</b> die grootste uitstalling van elektroniese verbruikersware (soos televisie en hoëtroustelle) wat vanaf 2005 jaarliks plaasvind en – anders as sy Amerikaanse eweknie – oop staan vir privaatbesoekers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Februarie" title="Februarie">Februarie</a> is die maand van die jaarlikse <i><a href="/wiki/Berlinale" title="Berlinale">Berlinale</a></i>, die internasionale filmfees van Berlyn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parades_en_Karnaval_van_kulture">Parades en Karnaval van kulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Wysig afdeling: Parades en Karnaval van kulture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Parades en Karnaval van kulture"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carnival_of_cultures_Berlin_2005_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Carnival_of_cultures_Berlin_2005_c.jpg/220px-Carnival_of_cultures_Berlin_2005_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Carnival_of_cultures_Berlin_2005_c.jpg/330px-Carnival_of_cultures_Berlin_2005_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Carnival_of_cultures_Berlin_2005_c.jpg/440px-Carnival_of_cultures_Berlin_2005_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Die jaarlikse Karnaval van kulture vind sy hoogtepunt in 'n vrolike en kleurryke feesoptog</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Holocaust_Memorial_-_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Holocaust_Memorial_-_Berlin.jpg/220px-Holocaust_Memorial_-_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Holocaust_Memorial_-_Berlin.jpg/330px-Holocaust_Memorial_-_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Holocaust_Memorial_-_Berlin.jpg/440px-Holocaust_Memorial_-_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Monument_vir_die_vermoorde_Jode_van_Europa" title="Monument vir die vermoorde Jode van Europa">Holocaust-monument</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Die <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a></i>, wat in die jare negentig nog as 'n klein straatfees gehou is, het in sy hoogty meer as een miljoen jongmense gelok. Die reuse partytjie van dans en tegnomusiek het in Julie 2006 vir die laaste keer in Berlyn plaasgevind. In 2004 en 2005 is dit weens 'n gebrek aan fondse en borge gekanselleer, en <a href="/wiki/Essen,_Duitsland" title="Essen, Duitsland">Essen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> en <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> het in 2007, 2008 en 2010 as nuwe gasheerstede opgetree.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die ander bekende feeste is die <i>Karneval der Kulturen</i>, 'n kleurryke fees met meer as 4&#160;000 groepe en dansers van dwarsoor die wêreld, wat gedurende Pinkster plaasvind, en die <i>Christopher Street Day-parade</i> wat deur Berlyn se gay en lesbiese gemeenskap jaarliks in <a href="/wiki/Junie" title="Junie">Junie</a> georganiseer word en gereeld meer as 'n halfmiljoen toeskouers lok. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toerisme">Toerisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Wysig afdeling: Toerisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Toerisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Breitscheidplatz_November_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Breitscheidplatz_November_2013.jpg/220px-Breitscheidplatz_November_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Breitscheidplatz_November_2013.jpg/330px-Breitscheidplatz_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Breitscheidplatz_November_2013.jpg/440px-Breitscheidplatz_November_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5261" data-file-height="3758" /></a><figcaption>Kersmark op Breitscheid-plein, met die <i>Zoofenster</i>-hotel in die agtergrond</figcaption></figure> <p>Berlyn het vanaf die laat 20ste eeu tot een van die gewildste reisbestemmings in Europa ontwikkel. 16,1 persent van alle internasionale toeriste, wat 'n besoek aan Duitsland bring, kies die hoofstad as hul reisbestemming. In 2013 is altesaam 11,32 miljoen besoekers geregistreer – 'n styging van 4,4 persent teenoor die vorige jaar. Die aantal oornagtings het selfs met 8,2 persent gestyg tot meer as 26,9 miljoen.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tans bied 786 hotelle en ander verblyfondernemings 132&#160;600 hotelbeddens aan waarvan 'n gemiddeld van 56,4 persent bespreek is. Daar is ook vyf kampeerterreine binne die stadsgebied. Berlyn se verblyfondernemings en restaurante het in 2013 altesaam meer as 90&#160;000 werknemers in diens gehad en beroepsopleiding vir byna 5&#160;000 jongmense verskaf. </p><p>Die Duitse hoofstad raak ook toenemend gewild by kongresgangers. In 2013 is 126&#160;200 kongresse van een of meer dae met 10,6 miljoen deelnemers in Berlyn gehou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Besienswaardighede">Besienswaardighede</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Wysig afdeling: Besienswaardighede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Besienswaardighede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_Deutscher_Dom_Apel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Berlin_Deutscher_Dom_Apel.jpg/220px-Berlin_Deutscher_Dom_Apel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Berlin_Deutscher_Dom_Apel.jpg/330px-Berlin_Deutscher_Dom_Apel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Berlin_Deutscher_Dom_Apel.jpg/440px-Berlin_Deutscher_Dom_Apel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption><i>Deutscher Dom</i> vanaf die <a href="/wiki/Gendarmenmarkt" title="Gendarmenmarkt">Gendarmenmarkt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PotsdamerPlatz_Vogelperspektive_2004_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PotsdamerPlatz_Vogelperspektive_2004_1.jpg/220px-PotsdamerPlatz_Vogelperspektive_2004_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PotsdamerPlatz_Vogelperspektive_2004_1.jpg/330px-PotsdamerPlatz_Vogelperspektive_2004_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PotsdamerPlatz_Vogelperspektive_2004_1.jpg/440px-PotsdamerPlatz_Vogelperspektive_2004_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Potsdamer Platz</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_-_view_from_Fernsehturm_to_Alexanderplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Berlin_-_view_from_Fernsehturm_to_Alexanderplatz.jpg/220px-Berlin_-_view_from_Fernsehturm_to_Alexanderplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Berlin_-_view_from_Fernsehturm_to_Alexanderplatz.jpg/330px-Berlin_-_view_from_Fernsehturm_to_Alexanderplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Berlin_-_view_from_Fernsehturm_to_Alexanderplatz.jpg/440px-Berlin_-_view_from_Fernsehturm_to_Alexanderplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Die Alexanderplatz, soos gesien vanaf die televisietoring, met die afdelingswinkel <i>Kaufhof</i> en die <i>Park Inn</i>-hotel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke_mit_U-Bahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke_mit_U-Bahn.jpg/220px-Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke_mit_U-Bahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke_mit_U-Bahn.jpg/330px-Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke_mit_U-Bahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke_mit_U-Bahn.jpg/440px-Oberbaumbr%C3%BCcke_mit_U-Bahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3865" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Berlyn-Treptow: 'n Bogrondse moltreinlyn ry oor die Oberbaum-brug</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Le_Sony_Center_et_la_Philharmonie_(Berlin)_(9620372847).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Le_Sony_Center_et_la_Philharmonie_%28Berlin%29_%289620372847%29.jpg/220px-Le_Sony_Center_et_la_Philharmonie_%28Berlin%29_%289620372847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Le_Sony_Center_et_la_Philharmonie_%28Berlin%29_%289620372847%29.jpg/330px-Le_Sony_Center_et_la_Philharmonie_%28Berlin%29_%289620372847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Le_Sony_Center_et_la_Philharmonie_%28Berlin%29_%289620372847%29.jpg/440px-Le_Sony_Center_et_la_Philharmonie_%28Berlin%29_%289620372847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Die dak van die Sony Center is 'n simboliese namaaksel van die Japanse berg <a href="/wiki/Foedji" title="Foedji">Foedji</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Neue_Nationalgalerie_Berlin_2004-02-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Neue_Nationalgalerie_Berlin_2004-02-21.jpg/220px-Neue_Nationalgalerie_Berlin_2004-02-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Neue_Nationalgalerie_Berlin_2004-02-21.jpg/330px-Neue_Nationalgalerie_Berlin_2004-02-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Neue_Nationalgalerie_Berlin_2004-02-21.jpg/440px-Neue_Nationalgalerie_Berlin_2004-02-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Neue Nationalgalerie</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Schwanenwerder_Bootshaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schwanenwerder_Bootshaus.jpg/220px-Schwanenwerder_Bootshaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schwanenwerder_Bootshaus.jpg/330px-Schwanenwerder_Bootshaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schwanenwerder_Bootshaus.jpg/440px-Schwanenwerder_Bootshaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Boothuis op die skiereiland Schwanenwerder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlyn,_Frankfurter_Allee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/c/c6/Berlyn%2C_Frankfurter_Allee.jpg/220px-Berlyn%2C_Frankfurter_Allee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/c/c6/Berlyn%2C_Frankfurter_Allee.jpg/330px-Berlyn%2C_Frankfurter_Allee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/c/c6/Berlyn%2C_Frankfurter_Allee.jpg/440px-Berlyn%2C_Frankfurter_Allee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allee" title="Frankfurter Allee">Frankfurter Allee</a> in die aandskemer</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Die <b>Kurfürstendamm</b> met sy luukse winkels en die pragstraat <b>Unter den Linden</b> met talle historiese geboue is die belangrikste strate vir die besoeker.</li> <li>Die <b>KaDeWe</b> (Kaufhaus des Westens) in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauentzienstrasse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauentzienstrasse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tauentzienstrasse</a> is die grootste afdelingswinkel op die Europese vasteland, en sy boonste verdieping bied kos en drank van dwarsoor die wêreld vir die fynproewer.</li> <li>Argitekte van dwarsoor die wêreld het na die hereniging van Oos- en Wes-Berlyn begin om die nuwe Berlyn te skep. Die ou <b>Potsdamer</b> en <b><a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Platz" title="Leipziger Platz">Leipziger Platz</a></b> wat gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog verwoes is, het nou herrys met die <b>Sony-Center</b> as sy besige middelpunt. Sy imposante dak lyk soos 'n klein weergawe van die heilige berg <a href="/wiki/Foedji" title="Foedji">Foedji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Die <b>Beisheim-Center</b> is soos die Sony Center 'n klein stadsbuurt naby die Potsdamer Platz, en sy torings is in die styl van die New Yorkse Art Déco ontwerp. Die sentrum spog met twee vyfster-hotelle, die <i>Marriott</i> en <i>The Ritz-Carlton</i>. 'n Reusagtige muurskulptuur met sowat 28&#160;000 ligdiodes verfraai en verlig die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atrium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atrium (bladsy bestaan nie)">ontvangsaal</a> van die Marriott-hotel. Die <b>Leipziger Platz</b> het nou weer die vorm van 'n <a href="/wiki/Agthoek" title="Agthoek">agthoek</a>. Voor die Tweede Wêreldoorlog was dit die adres van een van die grootste afdelingswinkels, maar intussen is daar nuwe, moderne geboue soos die <b>Kanada-Haus</b>, die nuwe ambassade van <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>. Die ambassade, wat deel uitmaak van die Oktagon-gebouekompleks, spog met 'n daktuin wat die loop van die McKenzie-rivier versinnebeeld. Dit is die eerste diplomatieke gebou van die Noord-Amerikaanse land in <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>, wat Kanada teen 'n koste van sowat 50 miljoen Euro laat oprig. Kalksteen uit die provinsie van <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> en hout uit die provinsies van <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(provinsie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec (provinsie)">Québec</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> is as boumateriaal ingevoer. 'n Winkeldeurgang en 'n mediasentrum, wat inligting oor Kanada ter beskikking stel, is deel van die ambassade (Leipziger Platz 17).</li> <li>Die historiese stadsentrum van <b>Mitte</b> lok met sy <b>Museumsinsel</b> (eiland met verskillende museums, sedert 1999 Unesco-wêrelderfenisgebied, hier word die beroemde <b>Pergamon-altaar</b> getoon), die <b><a href="/wiki/Gendarmenmarkt" title="Gendarmenmarkt">Gendarmenmarkt</a></b> met die <b>Deutscher</b> en <b>Französischer Dom</b> (Duitse en Franse Katedraal, laasgenoemde bied vanuit sy koepel 'n uitsig oor die hele stad), die <b><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(gebou)" title="Reichstag (gebou)">Reichstag</a></b> en die <b><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgse_Poort" title="Brandenburgse Poort">Brandenburgse Poort</a></b> (<i>Brandenburger Tor</i>). Die <b>Ou Stadsaal</b> van Berlyn (<b><a href="/wiki/Rotes_Rathaus" title="Rotes Rathaus">Rotes Rathaus</a></b>) is die setel van die Berlynse Senaat. Die <b>Ou Stadhuis</b> (<b>Altes Stadthaus</b>) naby die Raadsaal is tussen 1902 en 1911 deur die argitek Ludwig Hoffmann opgerig. Van 1950 van 1990 dien die gebou as setel van die Raad van Ministers (Ministerrat) van die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek, en hier is in 1990 die Verdrag oor die Duitse Hereniging geformuleer. Die standbeeld van die Romeinse geluksgodin Fortuna op die koepel van die Stadhuis-toring, wat in 1951 verdwyn het en vermoedelik ingesmelt is, word in 2004 as deel van die historiese rekonstruksie van die gebou weer aangebring. Die figuur van sowat 3 meter is deur 'n plaaslike mesenas geborg. Die Stadhuis dien vandag as 'n stedelike administrasiegebou. Moderne argitektuur sluit die <b>Neue Nationalgalerie</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Staatsbibliothek_zu_Berlin" title="Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin">Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin</a></b>, <b>Philharmonie</b> (hier speel die <b>Berliner Philharmoniker</b>) en die <b><a href="/wiki/Televisietoring_van_Berlyn" title="Televisietoring van Berlyn">Televisietoring</a></b> op die <b>Alexanderplatz</b> in.</li> <li>Die <b>Alexanderplatz</b> is 'n uitgestrekte plein in die oostelike middestad, Dit was oorspronklik 'n veemark en is ter ere van die Russiese tsaar Alexander I, wat destyds 'n amptelike besoek aan Berlyn afgelê het, op 25 Oktober 1806 hernoem. Met die opening van die groot treinstasie en 'n nabygeleë mark het dit teen die laat 19de eeu tot een van Berlyn se kommersiële sentrums ontwikkel. In die 1920's was dit saam met die <b>Potsdamer Platz</b> ook die sentrum van Berlyn se polsende naglewe, en het die inspirasie vir Alfred Döblin se beroemde roman Berlin Alexanderplatz gelewer, wat in 1929 vrygestel is, en twee latere verfilmings in 1931 en 1980. Die plein self is verskeie kere herbou, waarby die belangrikste argitektoniese veranderings in die 1960's plaasgevind het, toe die plein as deel van die herontwikkeling van die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek se hoofstadsentrum aansienlik vergroot is. Destyds is 'n aantal bekende geboue soos die Berlynse televisietoring (die tweede hoogste gebou in Europa), die <i>Hotel Stadt Berlin</i> (tans die <i>Park Inn</i>-hotel) en die Wêreldtydklok (<i>Weltzeituhr</i>), 'n roterende installasie wat die verskillende tydsones van die wêreld en die presiese tyd in ander stede wys, opgerig. Ná die Duitse hereniging is talle geboue gerestoureer, terwyl 'n aantal nuwe wolkekrabbers beplan word. Nogtans het die plein sy tipiese Sosialistiese karakter van die 1960's bewaar.</li> <li>Die <b>Televisietoring</b> is na 'n boutyd van 53 maande op 3 Oktober 1969 ingewy. Met 368 meter is dit die hoogste gebou in Duitsland en die vierde hoogste in Europa. Vyf hysbakke neem besoekers in 40 sekondes na die uitkykplek (203 meter bo-oor die grond) en die roterende restourant. Die kenmerkende silwerkoeël van die toring is deur die bekende DDR-argitek Herrmann Henselmann ontwerp en simboliseer die eerste mensgemaakte satelliet, die Sowjetse <i>Spoetnik</i>. Die antennes en satellietskottels, wat op vyf verdiepings aangebring is, saai onder meer die digitale televisie- en radioprogramme volgens die DVB-T-standaard uit, terwyl ander deur ambassades gebruik word.</li> <li>In die ou <b>Diplomatebuurt</b> is monumentale geboue uit die Nazi-era soos die <b>Italiaanse</b> en <b>Japanse ambassades</b> herstel; <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrikaanse_Ambassade_in_Berlyn" title="Suid-Afrikaanse Ambassade in Berlyn">Suid-Afrika se missie</a> het 'n nuwe gebou in die gebied opgerig.</li> <li>Die nuwe <b><a href="/wiki/Monument_vir_die_vermoorde_Jode_van_Europa" title="Monument vir die vermoorde Jode van Europa">Monument vir die vermoorde Jode van Europa</a> (Holocaust-monument)</b> van die Amerikaanse argitek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Eisenman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Eisenman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Peter Eisenman</a>, wat uit duisende steles bestaan, herinner aan die ses miljoen Joodse burgers van verskillende Europese lande wat in die konsentrasiekampe vermoor is. Sowat 'n derde van die Joodse bevolking van <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> was in 1933 in Berlyn woonagtig. Die besluit om Joodse burgers te vermoor is op 20 Januarie 1942 in die berugte <b>Wannseevilla</b> geneem wat vandag ook 'n gedenkplaas is (<b>Steglitz-Zehlendorf</b>). Danksy immigrasie uit <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> het die Joodse gemeente van Berlyn weer gegroei; naas die moderne Huis van die Joodse Gemeente van Berlyn met sy uitstekende restourant is die herstelde Ou <a href="/wiki/Sinagoge" title="Sinagoge">Sinagoge</a> in die Oosterse styl met sy goue dak een van die groot besienswaardighede.</li> <li>Die <b><a href="/wiki/Berlynse_Domkerk" title="Berlynse Domkerk">Berlynse Domkerk</a></b> met die grafkelder van die <a href="/wiki/Huis_van_Hohenzollern" title="Huis van Hohenzollern">Huis van Hohenzollern</a>.</li> <li>Die <b>Humboldt-Forum</b> in die herboude <a href="/wiki/Berlynse_kasteel" title="Berlynse kasteel">Berlynse kasteel</a> met 'n biblioteek en versamelings van die <i>Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz</i>.</li> <li>Die <b>Botaniese Tuin</b> (Botanischer Garten) bestaan al meer as 300 jaar en is op een na die grootste wêreldwyd met 'n oppervlakte van meer as 43 hektaar en spog met 22&#160;000 plantespesies (Königin-Luise-Strasse 6–8, <b>Steglitz-Zehlendorf</b>).</li> <li>Die <b>Zoologischer Garten Berlin</b> (Berlynse Dieretuin) in 1844, verbonde aan die <b>Aquarium Berlin</b> is geleë in die westelike deel van die stad. (Hardenbergplatz 8 en Budapester Stasse 32)</li> <li>Die <b>Tierpark Berlin</b> in 1954 geopen in die oostelike deel van die stad. Met 'n oppervlakte van 160 hektaar en 10.000 diere lewe in ongeveer 1.000 spesies. (Lichtenberg-Friedrichsfelde, Am Tierpark 125)</li> <li>Die <b>Zeiss-Planetarium</b> in <b>Treptow</b> beskik oor die langste refraktor-teleskoop ter wêreld.</li> <li>Die <b><a href="/wiki/Museumdorp_D%C3%BCppel" title="Museumdorp Düppel">Museumsdorf Düppel</a></b> in die buitewyk <a href="/wiki/Dahlem" title="Dahlem">Dahlem</a> is 'n namaaksel van die Middeleeuse dorpie wat omtrent 1170 in die gebied gestig word. Aan die begin van die jare sewentig word die nedersetting, wat oorspronklik uit 16 plase bestaan, heropgerig. Die museum vertoon ou plaasdiere en -plante, wat hier weer geteel word, en tradisionele ambagte soos die Middeleeuse skoenmakery en pottebakkery.</li> <li>Die <b>Hamburger Bahnhof</b> is die oudste stasie in Berlyn en dien na sy renovasie as 'n museum vir moderne kuns. Kunswerke van onder meer <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> en <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a> is hier te sien. Saans word die gebou met blou lig bestraal (<b>Mitte</b>, Invalidenstrasse 50).</li> <li>Die <b>Grosser Wasserspeicher</b> is 'n ou viskoelkamer wat vandag vir klankinstallasies gebruik word. Besoekers bereik die binneste van die toring via spiraalvormige wandelgange en kan 'n buitengewone mengsel van klank en kleure geniet (Belforter Strasse).</li> <li>Die <b>Pfaueninsel</b> (Poumannetjieseiland) in die Havelmeer is as 'n soort kunsmatige <a href="/wiki/Arkadi%C3%AB" title="Arkadië">Arkadië</a> vir die Pruisiese prinsesse ontwerp. Daar is talle argitektoniese besonderhede wat 'n mens op sy speurtog kan ontdek. 'n Reusagtige <i>volière</i> (voëlpark) met eksotiese voëls en natuurlik poumannetjies bekoor voëlliefhebbers. Op die eiland mag nie gerook word nie, en ook motors word nie toegelaat nie. Die Pfaueninsel is in 1990 met kastele in Berlyn en Potsdam as Unesco-wêrelderfenisgebied gelys.</li> <li><b>Schwanenwerder</b> lê soos die Pfaueninsel in die Havelmeer, in die weste van die stad. Die nyweraar Wilhelm Wessel koop die skiereiland in 1882 en laat dit in 'n pragtige landskaptuin omskep. Voor die Eerste Wêreldoorlog is die skiereiland 'n gewilde woonplek vir die rykste burgers van die stad. Na 1933 word baie Joodse eienaars gedwing om hul villa's teen 'n lae prys aan prominente lede van die Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Party te verkoop, waaronder die Minister van Propaganda, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, en die argitek <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kladow" title="Kladow">Kladow</a></b> en <b>Gatow</b> is voormalige boeredorpe aan die westelike oewer van die Havelmeer. Teen die jaar 1900 begin welgestelde burgers hier met die oprigting van 'n aantal somerhuise. Natuurreservate langs die meer, baie klein baaie, parke en statige landhuise oorheers die gebied. Die <b>Alte Dorfkirche Gatow</b> (Ou Dorpskerk van Gatow) is een van die oudste geboue in die gebied en ontstaan vanaf die veertiende eeu; die skildery oor die altaar dateer uit die tydperk omtrent 1495 en is deur die Neurenbergse meester Michael Wolgemut geskilder.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kookkuns">Kookkuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Wysig afdeling: Kookkuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kookkuns"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die gewildste geregte is moontlik die beroemde Berlynse <a href="/wiki/Kerriewors" title="Kerriewors">kerriewors</a> en die Turkse döner ('n met vleis en groente gevulde brood), wat albei by straatstalletjies verkoop word. Nietemin is daar ook sowat 6&#160;000 restourante, waarvan die helfte tradisionele Duitse <a href="/wiki/Kookkuns" title="Kookkuns">kookkuns</a> bied. Byna alle lande het 'n restourant met hulle spesialiteite in die stad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kuns_en_kultuur">Kuns en kultuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Wysig afdeling: Kuns en kultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kuns en kultuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filmkuns">Filmkuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Wysig afdeling: Filmkuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Filmkuns"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin_-_Marmorsaal_im_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin_-_Marmorsaal_im_Zoo.jpg/220px-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin_-_Marmorsaal_im_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin_-_Marmorsaal_im_Zoo.jpg/330px-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin_-_Marmorsaal_im_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin_-_Marmorsaal_im_Zoo.jpg/440px-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin_-_Marmorsaal_im_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>Die premières van belangrike rolprente is onder meer in hierdie marmersaal-bioskoop digby Berlyn se dieretuin <i>Zoologischer Garten</i> gehou</figcaption></figure> <p>Kuns en sakewêreld het in die vroeë 20ste eeu 'n vrugbare verbintenis gehad waaruit 'n florerende rolprentbedryf ontstaan het. Gedurende die 1920's, wat algemeen as die goue tydperk van Duitse filmkuns beskou word, was Berlyn saam met <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg" title="Babelsberg">Potsdam-Babelsberg</a> danksy die grootste ateljees in Europa en eersterangse moderne toerusting die spilpunt van 'n bedryf waar rolprentmakers ongekende vryheid geniet het. </p><p>Hier het filmwerke ontstaan waarin ekspressionistiese stomfilmakteurs hul rolle temidde van kunsvolle coulisses met gesofistikeerde beligting vertolk het. Die plaaslike filmbedryf het ook gedurende die Nazi-bewind nog gefloreer, alhoewel baie regisseurs en sterre na <a href="/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a> geëmigreer het. </p><p>Ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het Berlyn met die <i>Berlinale</i> sy eie filmfees gevestig waartydens een van die mees prestigieuse pryse in die filmwêreld, die <a href="/wiki/Goue_Beer" title="Goue Beer">Goue Beer</a>, toegeken word. Plaaslike rolprentmakers het hulle naas komedies op films toegespits waarin Berlyn en sy besondere geskiedenis sentraal staan. <i>The Grand Budapest Hotel</i>, 'n komedie wat as Brits-Duitse koproduksie ontstaan het, het in Februarie 2015 vier <a href="/wiki/Oscar" title="Oscar">Oscars</a> ingepalm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konserthuise_en_teaters">Konserthuise en teaters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Wysig afdeling: Konserthuise en teaters" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Konserthuise en teaters"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Philharmonie_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Philharmonie_1a.jpg/220px-Philharmonie_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Philharmonie_1a.jpg/330px-Philharmonie_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Philharmonie_1a.jpg/440px-Philharmonie_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Berliner Philharmonie</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Konzerthaus_Gendarmenmarkt_apel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Konzerthaus_Gendarmenmarkt_apel.JPG/220px-Konzerthaus_Gendarmenmarkt_apel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Konzerthaus_Gendarmenmarkt_apel.JPG/330px-Konzerthaus_Gendarmenmarkt_apel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Konzerthaus_Gendarmenmarkt_apel.JPG/440px-Konzerthaus_Gendarmenmarkt_apel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Konzerthaus am Gendarmenmarkt</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Akira Ikeda Gallery</b> (kunsgalery): Hierdie galery met filiale in Japan en die Verenigde State toon van die beste kunstenaars (Prenzlauer Berg, Schönhauser Allee 176).</li> <li><b>Berliner Philharmonie</b> (konsertsaal): Die tuiste van die <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Philharmoniker" title="Berliner Philharmoniker">Berliner Philharmoniker</a> (voorheen bekend as die Berlynse Filharmoniese Orkes) het 2&#160;400 sitplekke in die Philharmonie en 1&#160;200 in die kamermusieksaal. Onder leiding van <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Sir Simon Rattle</a> (chef-dirigent van die Berlynse Philharmoniese orkes). (Tiergarten, Herbert-von-Karajan-Strasse 1).</li> <li><b>Camera Work</b> (fotogalery): Die werk van die beste modefotograwe word hier getoon (Charlottenburg, Kantstrasse 149).</li> <li><b>Deutsche Oper Berlin</b> (operahuis): Opera in die weste van Berlyn onder leiding van Donald Runnicles (Musiekdirekteur-Generaal) en Kirsten Harms (Direkteur, Regisseur): (Charlottenburg, Bismarckstrasse 35).</li> <li><b>Komische Oper</b> (operahuis): Geopen in 1947 is dit die kleinste operahuis van Berlyn. Onder leiding van Andreas Homoki (Direkteur): (Mitte, Behrenstrasse 55–57).</li> <li><b>Konzerthaus am Gendarmenmarkt</b> (konsertsaal): 'n Statige ou gebou van 1821 op die mooiste plein van die stad (Mitte, Gendarmenmarkt).</li> <li><b>Staatsoper Unter den Linden</b> (operahuis): Die oudste van Berlyn se drie operahuise wat in 1742 geopen is. Onder leiding van <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (Musiekdirekteur-Generaal, Vladimir Malakhov (Direkteur Ballet) en Jürgen Flimm (Regisseur, Direkteur): (Mitte, Unter den Linden 7).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Saison 2010/2011 in <b>Schiller-Theater</b> (Charlottenburg, Bismarckstr. 110)</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Theater des Westens</b>: Musicals (Charlottenburg, Kantstr.12)</li> <li><b>Musical-Theater Berlin</b>: Musicals (Mitte, Marlene-Dietrich-Platz 1)</li> <li><b>Neuköllner Oper</b>: Musicals (Neukölln, Karl-Marx-Straße 131)</li> <li><b>Konzertsaal der Universität der Künste</b>: Recitals (Charlottenburg, Hardenberg-/Fasanenstrasse)</li> <li><b>Haus der Berliner Festspiele</b>: Musiek-Feeste, Festivals (Wilmersdorf, Schaperstr. 24)</li> <li><b>Waldbühne</b>: Ope lug konserte (Charlottenburg, Glockenturmstr. 1)</li> <li><b>Friedrichstadt-Palast</b>: Musiek, Show, Danz. Geskik vir internasionale gaste (Mitte, Friedrichstr. 107)</li> <li><b>Wintergarten</b> (varieté): Van die beste internasionale kunstenaars tree hier op (Tiergarten, Potsdamer Strasse 96)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Wysig afdeling: Museums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Museums"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Naturkundemuseum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin.jpg/220px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin.jpg/330px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin.jpg/440px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Museum für Naturkunde</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pergamonmuseum_Babylon_Ischtar-Tor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pergamonmuseum_Babylon_Ischtar-Tor.jpg/220px-Pergamonmuseum_Babylon_Ischtar-Tor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pergamonmuseum_Babylon_Ischtar-Tor.jpg/330px-Pergamonmuseum_Babylon_Ischtar-Tor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pergamonmuseum_Babylon_Ischtar-Tor.jpg/440px-Pergamonmuseum_Babylon_Ischtar-Tor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Die Ishtarpoort in die <a href="/wiki/Pergamonmuseum" title="Pergamonmuseum">Pergamonmuseum</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Ägyptisches Museum (Neues Museum)</b>: Hier word onder meer die <a href="/wiki/Buuste_van_Nofretete" class="mw-redirect" title="Buuste van Nofretete">buuste van koningin Nofretete</a> vertoon.</li> <li><b>Alliiertenmuseum</b>: Die geskiedenis van die Geallieerde Magte in Berlyn (Dahlem, Clayallee 135).</li> <li><b>Alte Nationalgalerie</b>: Skilderkuns uit die 19de eeu – romantiek, klassissisme, biedermeierstyl, impressionisme (Mitte, Bodestrasse 1–3).</li> <li><b>Altes Museum</b>: Klassieke Griekse, Etruskiese en Romeinse kuns, in die styl van die Pantheon in Rome gebou (Mitte, Am Lustgarten).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus-Archiv</a> – Museum für Gestaltung</b>: Die Bauhaus-styl en -argitektuur kan hier bewonder word. Die Bauhaus-winkel in die museum verkoop artikels wat in die Bauhaus-styl ontwerp is (Tiergarten, Klingelhöferstrasse 14).</li> <li>Die <b><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6han-Museum" title="Bröhan-Museum">Bröhan-Museum</a></b> fokus op internasionale beeldende kuns en kunshandwerk uit drie kunstydperke: Jugendstil, Art Déco en Funksionalisme – kunsstrominge wat tussen 1889 en 1939 gefloreer het (Charlottenburg, Schlossstraße 1a).</li> <li>'n Pragtige klein villa huisves die <b>Brücke-Museum</b>, wat oor 'n unieke versameling kunswerke uit die tydperk van die Duitse ekspressionisme beskik (Grunewald, Bussardsteig 9).</li> <li><b>Deutsches Historisches Museum</b>: Duitse geskiedenis (Mitte, Unter den Linden 3).</li> <li><b>Deutsches Technikmuseum</b>: Een van die grootste tegniese museums van die wêreld (Kreuzberg, Trebbiner Strasse 9).</li> <li><b>Ethnologisches Museum</b>: 'n Half miljoen voorwerpe van dwarsoor die wêreld word hier getoon (Dahlem, Arnimallee 27).</li> <li><b>Filmmuseum</b>: Die tentoonstelling se klem val op die verhouding tussen Duitsland, Berlyn en Hollywood, die Duitse rolprentkuns van die dertiger- en veertigerjare, Marlene Dietrich (die beroemde Duitse aktrise wat in Berlyn gebore is) en spesiale rolprenteffekte ( Tiergarten, Potsdamer Strasse 2).</li> <li><b>Forschungs- und Gedenkstätte Normannenstrasse</b>: Die geskiedenis van die Duitse Demokratiese Republiek van 1949–1989 en die geheimdiens <i>Staatssicherheit</i> kan hier in sy voormalige hoofkwartier bestudeer word (Lichtenberg, Normannenstrasse 22).</li> <li><b>Jüdisches Museum</b>: Een van die uitstekende voorbeelde van die Nuwe Berlyn se argitektuur is die <a href="/wiki/Joodse_Museum_in_Berlyn" title="Joodse Museum in Berlyn">Joodse Museum</a>. Die gebou van Daniel Libeskind lyk soos 'n Dawidster wat gebars het. Binnenshuis is dit 'n soort doolhof met talle leë kamers wat die Joodse lewe, wat verdwyn het, simboliseer (Kreuzberg, Lindenstrasse 9–14).</li> <li><b>Kupferstichkabinett</b>: 35&#160;000 tekeninge en sowat 400&#160;000 prente van die middeleeue tot by vandag (Tiergarten, Matthäikirchplatz 8).</li> <li><b>Museum für Naturkunde</b>: Die natuurkundemuseum beslaan sowat 6&#160;000&#160;m² en behoort tot 'n klein aantaal museums wêreldwyd wat met 'n versameling van meer as 25 miljoen voorwerpe kan spog, waaronder geraamtes van dinosaurusse en meteoriete (Mitte, Invalidenstrasse 43).</li> <li><b>Neue Nationalgalerie</b>: Die gebou van staal en glas huisves moderne skilderye en beeldhoukuns (Tiergarten, Potsdamer Strasse 50).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pergamonmuseum" title="Pergamonmuseum">Pergamonmuseum</a></b>: Die Pergamonaltaar uit die tweede eeu v.C., die Ishtarpoort en die markpoort van Milet word hier getoon (Mitte, Am Kupfergraben).</li> <li>Die <b>Sammlung Berggruen</b> vertoon kunswerke van Picasso, Miró en <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a>. Heinz Berggruen, 'n bekende kunsversamelaar, is 'n persoonlike vriend van Pablo Picasso en koop 'n aantal van sy vroeë werke (Schlossstrasse 1).</li> <li><b>Schwules Museum</b>: Die enigste museum wêreldwyd wat gay-liefde, -vriendskap, -seks, VIGS en die onderdrukking tydens die Nazi-heerskappy behandel (Kreuzberg, Mehringdamm 61)</li> <li><b>Zille-Museum</b>: Heinrich Zille het sowat 'n eeu gelede die lewe in Berlyn se arbeidersbuurte in sy tekeninge vasgevang (Mitte, Probststrasse 11).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Wysig afdeling: Sport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sport"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Berlin_Olympiastadion_aussen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berlin_Olympiastadion_aussen.jpg/220px-Berlin_Olympiastadion_aussen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berlin_Olympiastadion_aussen.jpg/330px-Berlin_Olympiastadion_aussen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berlin_Olympiastadion_aussen.jpg/440px-Berlin_Olympiastadion_aussen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Olympiastadion</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Olympiastadion_Berlin_Sep-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Olympiastadion_Berlin_Sep-2015.jpg/220px-Olympiastadion_Berlin_Sep-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Olympiastadion_Berlin_Sep-2015.jpg/330px-Olympiastadion_Berlin_Sep-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Olympiastadion_Berlin_Sep-2015.jpg/440px-Olympiastadion_Berlin_Sep-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>'n Uitsig oor die <i>Olympiastadion</i> in September 2015</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Olympia-Stadion</b> (74&#160;200 sitplekke). Dit was een van die gasheerstadions tydens beide die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_1974" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974</a> en <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2006" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006</a>.</li> <li><b>Stadion An der Alten Försterei</b> (19&#160;000 sitplekke)</li> <li><b>Max-Schmeling-Halle</b> (11&#160;900 sitplekke)</li> <li><b>Mercedes-Benz Arena</b> (17&#160;000 sitplekke)</li> <li><b>Olympia-Schwimmstadion</b> (7&#160;600 sitplekke)</li> <li><b>Schwimm- und Sprunghalle im Europasportpark</b> (4&#160;000 sitplekke)</li> <li><b>Trabrennbahn Karlshost</b></li> <li><b>Trabrennbahn Mariendorf</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Susterstede">Susterstede</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" title="Wysig afdeling: Susterstede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Susterstede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a>, sedert 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Vlag van Frankryk"><img alt="Vlag van Frankryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a>, sedert 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Vlag van Spanje"><img alt="Vlag van Spanje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a>, sedert 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Vlag van Turkye"><img alt="Vlag van Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel">Istanboel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>, sedert 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warskou" title="Warskou">Warskou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a>, sedert 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Vlag van Hongarye"><img alt="Vlag van Hongarye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Boedapest" title="Boedapest">Boedapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a>, sedert 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van België"><img alt="Vlag van België" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel">Brussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a>, sedert 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Vlag van Meksiko"><img alt="Vlag van Meksiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Meksikostad" title="Meksikostad">Meksikostad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a>, sedert 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oesbekistan" title="Vlag van Oesbekistan"><img alt="Vlag van Oesbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tasjkent" title="Tasjkent">Tasjkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesbekistan" title="Oesbekistan">Oesbekistan</a>, sedert 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">China</a>, sedert 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Indonesië"><img alt="Vlag van Indonesië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Djakarta" title="Djakarta">Djakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a>, sedert 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Vlag van Japan"><img alt="Vlag van Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, sedert 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentini%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Argentinië"><img alt="Vlag van Argentinië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentini%C3%AB" title="Argentinië">Argentinië</a>, sedert 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Tsjeggië"><img alt="Vlag van Tsjeggië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Praag" title="Praag">Praag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Tsjeggië">Tsjeggië</a>, sedert 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a>, sedert 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Namibië"><img alt="Vlag van Namibië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië">Namibië</a>, sedert 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Vlag van Oekraïne"><img alt="Vlag van Oekraïne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a>, sedert 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Voormalige susterstede (ná die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_inval_in_Oekra%C3%AFne_sedert_2022" title="Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022">Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022</a> beëindig): </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, sedert 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_46-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=43" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/248-2021">"Flächenerhebung 2020 in Berlin – Berlin und seine Bezirke"</a>. Statistik Berlin Brandenburg. 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Junie</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fl%C3%A4chenerhebung+2020+in+Berlin+%E2%80%93+Berlin+und+seine+Bezirke&amp;rft.pub=Statistik+Berlin+Brandenburg&amp;rft.date=2021-09-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de%2F248-2021&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/Jahrbuch/jb2008/BE_00_GeographischeundmeteorologischeAngaben.pdf">statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904232608/https://download.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/fa93e3bd19a2e885/a5ecfb2fff6a/SB_A01-05-00_2020h02_BE.pdf">"Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner im Land Berlin am 31. Dezember 2020 – Fortgeschriebene Bevölkerungszahlen vom 31. Dezember 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistik Berlin Brandenburg. 31 Desember 2020. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/fa93e3bd19a2e885/a5ecfb2fff6a/SB_A01-05-00_2020h02_BE.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 4 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Einwohnerinnen+und+Einwohner+im+Land+Berlin+am+31.+Dezember+2020+%E2%80%93+Fortgeschriebene+Bev%C3%B6lkerungszahlen+vom+31.+Dezember+2020&amp;rft.pub=Statistik+Berlin+Brandenburg&amp;rft.date=2020-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de%2Ffa93e3bd19a2e885%2Fa5ecfb2fff6a%2FSB_A01-05-00_2020h02_BE.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203102442/https://download.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/e777c9de0eef4cf7/0aa0c479531c/SB_A01-07-00_2021m10_BE.pdf">"Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Bevölkerungsstand in Berlin Oktober 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistik Berlin Brandenburg. 31 Desember 2020. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/e777c9de0eef4cf7/0aa0c479531c/SB_A01-07-00_2021m10_BE.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 3 Februarie 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">3 Februarie</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsentwicklung+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand+in+Berlin+Oktober+2021&amp;rft.pub=Statistik+Berlin+Brandenburg&amp;rft.date=2020-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de%2Fe777c9de0eef4cf7%2F0aa0c479531c%2FSB_A01-07-00_2021m10_BE.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203102503/https://download.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/9a2df95b927c0ab4/58a46f2e18df/SB_A01-07-00_2021m10_BB.pdf">"Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Bevölkerungsstand in Brandenburg Oktober 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistik Berlin Brandenburg. 31 Desember 2020. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/9a2df95b927c0ab4/58a46f2e18df/SB_A01-07-00_2021m10_BB.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 3 Februarie 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">3 Februarie</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsentwicklung+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand+in+Brandenburg+Oktober+2021&amp;rft.pub=Statistik+Berlin+Brandenburg&amp;rft.date=2020-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de%2F9a2df95b927c0ab4%2F58a46f2e18df%2FSB_A01-07-00_2021m10_BB.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/berlin-ist-und-war-keine-weltstadt-kommentar-a-1025221.html"><i>Spiegel Online – Berliner Ambitionen: Die eingebildete Weltstadt. Besoek op 25 Mei 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2011_English.pdf"><i>Global Power City Index 2011</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/04/10/cities.dominate.world/?hpt=C2"><i>CNN: Cities that rule the world – and those on the rise</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb146.html#t5"><i>GaWC Research Bulletin 146: Leading World Cities: Empirical Evaluations of Urban Nodes in Multiple Networks. Besoek op 25 Mei 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/185587/london-crowned-as-sportbusiness-2012-ultimate-sports-city"><i>sportsbusiness.com: London crowned as SportBusiness’ 2012 Ultimate Sports City. Besoek op 25 Mei 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/06/entertainment/et-berlinart6"><i>Los Angeles Times, 6 Julie 2007: A wild art scene now stays within the lines</i>. Besoek op 25 Mei 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/532">"Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427133357/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/532">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Palaces+and+Parks+of+Potsdam+and+Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Unesco&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F532&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896">"Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007072125/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">7 Oktober</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Museumsinsel+%28Museum+Island%29%2C+Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Unesco&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F896&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1239">"Berlin Modernism Housing Estates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020175311/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1239">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Oktober</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Berlin+Modernism+Housing+Estates&amp;rft.pub=Unesco&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1239&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDieter_Berger1999" class="citation book cs1">Dieter Berger (1999). <i>Geographische Namen in Deutschland</i>. Bibliographisches Institut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-411-06252-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-411-06252-2"><bdi>978-3-411-06252-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Geographische+Namen+in+Deutschland&amp;rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-411-06252-2&amp;rft.au=Dieter+Berger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-donb_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-donb_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_de_Gruyter2012" class="citation book cs1">Walter de Gruyter (2012). <i>Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch</i>. Berlyn/Boston: Manfred Niemeyer. p.&#160;60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-11-018908-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-11-018908-7"><bdi>978-3-11-018908-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsches+Ortsnamenbuch&amp;rft.place=Berlyn%2FBoston&amp;rft.pages=60&amp;rft.pub=Manfred+Niemeyer&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-018908-7&amp;rft.au=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobbers14-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cobbers14_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFArnt_Cobbers2008" class="citation book cs1">Arnt Cobbers (2008). <i>Kleine Berlin-Geschichte. Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart</i> (2de&#160;uitg.). Berlyn: Jaron Verlag. p.&#160;14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-89773-142-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-89773-142-4"><bdi>978-3-89773-142-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kleine+Berlin-Geschichte.+Vom+Mittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart&amp;rft.place=Berlyn&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.edition=2de&amp;rft.pub=Jaron+Verlag&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-89773-142-4&amp;rft.au=Arnt+Cobbers&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Schwenk2007" class="citation web cs1">Herbert Schwenk (1 Julie 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101214238/http://www.luise-berlin.de/historie/topographie/woher_schw.htm">"Zur Herkunft der Namen der Doppelstadt „Berlin" und „Cölln"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luise-berlin.de/historie/topographie/woher_schw.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 1 Januarie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Januarie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Zur+Herkunft+der+Namen+der+Doppelstadt+%E2%80%9EBerlin%E2%80%9C+und+%E2%80%9EC%C3%B6lln%E2%80%9C&amp;rft.pub=Luisenst%C3%A4dtischer+Bildungsverein&amp;rft.date=2007-07-01&amp;rft.au=Herbert+Schwenk&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luise-berlin.de%2Fhistorie%2Ftopographie%2Fwoher_schw.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00059.htm">"World Weather Information Service – Berlin"</a>. Worldweather.wmo.int. 5 Oktober 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426063848/http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00059.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Worldweather.wmo.int&amp;rft.date=2006-10-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F016%2Fc00059.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HKO-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HKO_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119204000/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/ger_pl/berlin_e.htm">"Climatological Normals of Berlin"</a>. Hongkong Observatorium. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/ger_pl/berlin_e.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 19 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Climatological+Normals+of+Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Hongkong+Observatorium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Fwxinfo%2Fclimat%2Fworld%2Feng%2Feurope%2Fger_pl%2Fberlin_e.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm">"Berliner Extremwerte"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606191249/https://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Junie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 Junie</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Berliner+Extremwerte&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-extremwerte.com%2FBerliner-Extremwerte.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Matthias Harder &amp; Almut Hille (reds.): <i>Weltfabrik Berlin. Eine Metropole als Sujet der Literatur</i>. Würzburg: Königshausen &amp; Neumann 2006, bl. 7 en 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Harder &amp; Hille (2006), bl. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Wolfgang H. Fritze: <i>Gründungsstadt Berlin. Die Anfänge von Berlin-Cölln als Forschungsproblem</i>. Kleine Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin, H. 5. Bewerking, redaksie en nawoord: Winfried Schich. Potsdam: Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg 2000, bl. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Arnt Cobbers: <i>Kleine Berlin-Geschichte. Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart</i>. Tweede hersiene uitgawe. Berlin: Jaron 2008, bl. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Heinrich Gottfried Gengler: <i>Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter</i>. Erlangen 1863. Aanlyn beskikbaar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=NdkcAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA181,">bl. 181–196</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Edelgard Abenstein en Jeannine Fiedler: <i>Berlin. Kunst &amp; Architektur</i>. Potsdam: h.f. ullmann 2009, bl. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Michael Bienert en Elke Linda Buchholz: <i>Die Zwanziger Jahre in Berlin. Ein Wegweiser durch die Stadt</i>. Tweede hersiene uitgawe. Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag 2006, bl. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Annemarie Lange: <i>Berlin in der Weimarer Republik</i>. Berlin (DDR): Dietz Verlag 1987, bl. 608</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/2013/themenjahr-open-air/stadtmarkierungen/06-rudi-dutschke-strasse-presse-und-medien/die-presselandschaft-vor-und-nach-1933/"><i>www.berlin.de: Die Presselandschaft vor und nach 1933. Besoek op 25 Februarie 2015</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424192700/http://www.berlin.de/2013/themenjahr-open-air/stadtmarkierungen/06-rudi-dutschke-strasse-presse-und-medien/die-presselandschaft-vor-und-nach-1933/">Geargiveer</a> 24 April 2016 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Hermann Kinder en Werner Hilgemann: <i>dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte. Boekdeel II: Von der Französischen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart</i>. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag 1980, bl. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/Jahrbuch/jb2014/JB_201401_BE.pdf"><i>www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de: Jaarboek 2014. Besoek op 25 Mei 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/in-berlin-ist-ein-stueck-suedafrika/1879676.html"><i>www.tagesspiegel.de: In Berlin ist ein Stück Südafrika, 9 Julie 2010</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-bw.de/VolkswPreise/Indikatoren/VW_wirtschaftskraft.asp"><i>www.statistik-bw.de: Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner (Wirtschaftskraft). Besoek op 22 April 2015</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232537/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VolkswPreise/Indikatoren/VW_wirtschaftskraft.asp">Geargiveer</a> 1 Julie 2014 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/"><i>de.statista.com: Werkloosheidsyfers in Duitsland volgens deelstate. Besoek op 22 April 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/all-roads-lead-to-berlin/article4365075/"><i>theglobeandmail.com, 23 Junie 2012: All roads lead to Berlin. Besoek op 25 Mei 2015</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825130140/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/all-roads-lead-to-berlin/article4365075/">Geargiveer</a> 25 Augustus 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/20-jahre-regierungsumzug-rutschbahn-auf-die-rheinische-art-1654576.html"><i>Frankfurter Allgemeine, 20 Junie 2011: 20 Jahre Regierungsumzug – Rutschbahn auf die rheinische Art. Besoek op 26 Mei 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/zahlenfakten/index.de.html"><i>www.berlin.de: Zahlen und Fakten. Besoek op 12 Maart 2014</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108160558/http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/zahlenfakten/index.de.html">Geargiveer</a> 8 Januarie 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174001/http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/geschichte"><i>Geskiedenis van die Staatsbiblioteek. Besoek op 26 Mei 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotheksportal.de/nc/themen/foerderdatenbank/foerderprogramme.html?tx_3pcknbdbvdb_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=645"><i>www.bibliotheksportal.de: Bibliotheken im Stadtteil (BIST) (2007–2015). Besoek op 26 Mei 2015</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130217034024/http://www.bibliotheksportal.de/nc/themen/foerderdatenbank/foerderprogramme.html?tx_3pcknbdbvdb_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=645">Geargiveer</a> 17 Februarie 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/wissen/diverses/forschung-berlin-vor-muenchen-forschungsstaerkste-deutsche-region_aid_758042.html"><i>Focus Online, 24 Mei 2015: Berlin vor München forschungsstärkste Region. Besoek op 27 Mei 2015</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924225615/http://www.focus.de/wissen/diverses/forschung-berlin-vor-muenchen-forschungsstaerkste-deutsche-region_aid_758042.html">Geargiveer</a> 24 September 2015 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aerobuzz.de/luftverkehr-news/berliner-airports-schafften-2018-neuen-passagierrekord/"><i>www.aerobuzz.de, 15 Januarie 2019: Berliner Airports schafften 2018 neuen Passagierrekord. Besoek op 17 September 2019</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbb-online.de/_/doku/beitrag_jsp/key=6250755.html">Heimliche Wahrzeichen – der Flughafen Berlin Tempelhof</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200751/http://www.rbb-online.de/_/doku/beitrag_jsp/key=6250755.html">Geargiveer</a> 27 September 2007 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdr.de/themen/panorama/2/love_parade/070516.jhtml">wdr.de Panorama: Die "Love Parade" kommt ins Ruhrgebiet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dehoga-berlin.de/daten-a-fakten.html">DEHOGA Berlin – Daten und Fakten. Besoek op 31 Desember 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susterstede-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-0">46,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-1">46,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-2">46,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-3">46,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-4">46,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-5">46,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-6">46,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-7">46,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-8">46,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-9">46,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-10">46,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-11">46,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-12">46,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-13">46,13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-14">46,14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-15">46,15</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-16">46,16</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_46-17">46,17</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/politik/senatskanzlei/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/">"Städtepartnerschaften"</a>. Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Mei</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften&amp;rft.pub=Berlin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin.de%2Frbmskzl%2Fpolitik%2Fsenatskanzlei%2Finternationales%2Fstaedtepartnerschaften%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=44" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlyn&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Wikiwebtuistes</dt></dl> <hr /> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berlin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Berlin">Berlyn</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Berlyn" class="extiw" title="wikt:Berlyn">Berlyn</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Berlin">Berlyn</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Amptelike webtuistes</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/">Die amptelike webwerf van die Duitse hoofstad</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ensiklopediese inligting</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Berlin">"Berlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Mei</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBerlin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ABerlyn" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Suid-Afrikaanse webtuistes</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Afrikaans">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">af</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suid-afrika.de/">'n Afrikaanse werf oor Berlyn</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suedafrika.org/">Ambassade van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Afrikaanse literatuur oor Berlyn</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hennie_Aucamp" title="Hennie Aucamp">Hennie Aucamp</a>: <i>Koffer in Berlyn: Essays oor kabinet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>: Protea Boekhuis 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Schoeman" title="Karel Schoeman">Karel Schoeman</a>: <i>Deelstad: ’n Boek oor Berlyn</i>. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis 2013</li></ul> <dl><dt>Russiese immigrasie en infrastruktuur</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vu3zOqNH73A"><i>youtube.com: Russische Parallelwelt in Berlin</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlin.de/kultur-und-tickets/tipps/multikulti/russisches-berlin/"><i>berlin.de: Russisches Berlin</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024213906/https://www.berlin.de/kultur-und-tickets/tipps/multikulti/russisches-berlin/">Geargiveer</a> 24 Oktober 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncOUtAotQXM"><i>YouTube.com: SPIEGEL dokumentêr oor die Russiese supermark Rossija: Charlottengrad – 400 Quadratmeter Russland (1)</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wDHOclJkSc"><i>Charlottengrad – 400 Quadratmeter Russland (2)</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kuns en kultuur</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klauskramer.de/Schiff/Staedte/Berlin/Berlin1_top.html"><i>Berlin – das preußische Venedig 1810 bis 1898 (Archiv Klaus Kramer)</i></a></li></ul> <table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em; margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#ccccff; width:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland" title="Deelstate van Duitsland">Deelstate van Duitsland</a></th> <th><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 100%;" colspan="2"> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Bavaria_(lozengy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Beiere" title="Beiere">Beiere</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berlyn</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Bremen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vrye_Hansestad_Bremen" title="Vrye Hansestad Bremen">Bremen</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Voorpommere" title="Mecklenburg-Voorpommere">Mecklenburg-Voorpommere</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nedersakse" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noordryn-Wesfale" title="Noordryn-Wesfale">Noordryn-Wesfale</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rynland-Palts" title="Rynland-Palts">Rynland-Palts</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Saarland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sakse" title="Sakse">Sakse</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sakse-Anhalt" title="Sakse-Anhalt">Sakse-Anhalt</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/20px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/30px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/40px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sleeswyk-Holstein" title="Sleeswyk-Holstein">Sleeswyk-Holstein</a> | <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a><br /><br /><b>Voormalige deelstate</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_(1891%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> | <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wes-Berlyn" title="Wes-Berlyn">Wes-Berlyn</a> (<i>de facto</i>) | <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/20px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/30px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/40px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> | <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hoofstede_in_Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Europa"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Hoofstede_in_Europa" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Hoofstede in Europa"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Europa&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hoofstede_in_Europa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">onafhanklike lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a> • <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bakoe" title="Bakoe">Bakoe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belgrado" title="Belgrado">Belgrado</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berlyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boedapest" title="Boedapest">Boedapest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boekarest" title="Boekarest">Boekarest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel">Brussel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerewan" title="Jerewan">Jerewan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lissabon" title="Lissabon">Lissabon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_(stad)" title="Luxemburg (stad)">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Praag" title="Praag">Praag</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reykjavik" title="Reykjavik">Reykjavik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Marino_(stad)" title="San Marino (stad)">San Marino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vatikaanstad" title="Vatikaanstad">Vatikaanstad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Warskou" title="Warskou">Warskou</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wene" title="Wene">Wene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Nicosia" title="Noord-Nicosia">Lefkoşa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loehansk" title="Loehansk">Loehansk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_(Man)" title="Douglas (Man)">Douglas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Episkopi" title="Episkopi">Episkopi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Olonkinbyen" title="Olonkinbyen">Olonkinbyen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a> • <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoofstede van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Asië">Asië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofstede_in_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Hoofstede in Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005728-8">4005728-8</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006583">006583</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000113648293">0000 0001 1364 8293</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79034972">n79034972</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c9ac1239-e832-41bc-9930-e252a1fd1105">c9ac1239-e832-41bc-9930-e252a1fd1105</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044845">10044845</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629194">00629194</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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