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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pollution and cleanup efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution_and_cleanup_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inner_harbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_harbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inner harbor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_harbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_harbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_harbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Outer harbor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_harbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_fill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_fill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Land fill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_fill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harbor_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harbor_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Harbor Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harbor_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lights_and_other_aids_to_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lights_and_other_aids_to_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lights and other aids to navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lights_and_other_aids_to_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boston Harbor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бостанская бухта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бостанская бухта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor_(luuk_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Massachusetts)" title="Boston Harbor (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Boston Harbor (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boston Harbor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostoni_sadamaala" title="Bostoni sadamaala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bostoni sadamaala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boston Harbor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4%ED%95%AD" title="보스턴항 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보스턴항" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boston Harbor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бостонская бухта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бостонская бухта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boston Harbor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бостонська бухта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бостонська бухта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93%E7%81%A3" title="波士頓灣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波士頓灣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q894564#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boston_Harbor&params=42_20_30_N_70_57_58_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°20′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°57′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.34167°N 70.96611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.34167; -70.96611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Estuary and harbor of Massachusetts Bay</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boston Harbor (disambiguation)">Boston Harbor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bostonharbourtopomap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bostonharbourtopomap.png/290px-Bostonharbourtopomap.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bostonharbourtopomap.png/435px-Bostonharbourtopomap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bostonharbourtopomap.png/580px-Bostonharbourtopomap.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Boston Harbor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Boston_Bound_%E2%80%93_Division-_East_%E2%80%93_Seed-_5_(25834522826).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/James_Boston_Bound_%E2%80%93_Division-_East_%E2%80%93_Seed-_5_%2825834522826%29.jpg/290px-James_Boston_Bound_%E2%80%93_Division-_East_%E2%80%93_Seed-_5_%2825834522826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/James_Boston_Bound_%E2%80%93_Division-_East_%E2%80%93_Seed-_5_%2825834522826%29.jpg/435px-James_Boston_Bound_%E2%80%93_Division-_East_%E2%80%93_Seed-_5_%2825834522826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/James_Boston_Bound_%E2%80%93_Division-_East_%E2%80%93_Seed-_5_%2825834522826%29.jpg/580px-James_Boston_Bound_%E2%80%93_Division-_East_%E2%80%93_Seed-_5_%2825834522826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7128" data-file-height="4012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USCGC_James_(WMSL-754)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC James (WMSL-754)">USCGC <i>James</i></a> pulls into Harbor in August 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Boston Harbor</b> is a natural <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay" title="Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, located adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port of Boston</a>, a major shipping facility in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1863_BrigAntelopeInBostonHarbor_byFitzHenryLane_MFABoston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1863_BrigAntelopeInBostonHarbor_byFitzHenryLane_MFABoston.png/220px-1863_BrigAntelopeInBostonHarbor_byFitzHenryLane_MFABoston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1863_BrigAntelopeInBostonHarbor_byFitzHenryLane_MFABoston.png/330px-1863_BrigAntelopeInBostonHarbor_byFitzHenryLane_MFABoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1863_BrigAntelopeInBostonHarbor_byFitzHenryLane_MFABoston.png/440px-1863_BrigAntelopeInBostonHarbor_byFitzHenryLane_MFABoston.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption><i>The Brig Antelope in Boston Harbor</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fitz_Henry_Lane" title="Fitz Henry Lane">Fitz Henry Lane</a>, 1863 (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since its discovery to Europeans by <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> in 1614,<sup id="cite_ref-stark_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stark-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boston Harbor has been an important port in American history. Early on, it was recognized by Europeans as one of the finest natural harbors in the world due to its depth and natural defense from the Atlantic as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands_National_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area">many islands</a> that dot the harbor. It was also favored due to its access to the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neponset_River" title="Neponset River">Neponset River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River" title="Mystic River">Mystic River</a> which made travel from the harbor deeper into Massachusetts far easier.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773, as well as almost continuous building of wharves, piers, and new filled land into the harbor until the 19th century. By 1660, almost all imports came to the greater Boston area and the New England coast through the waters of Boston Harbor. A rapid influx of people transformed Boston into an exploding city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_and_cleanup_efforts">Pollution and cleanup efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pollution and cleanup efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The health of the harbor quickly deteriorated as the population of Boston increased. As early as the late 19th century Boston citizens were advised not to swim in any portion of the Harbor. In the 19th century, two of the first steam sewage stations were built (one in East Boston and one later on Deer Island). With these mandates, the harbor was seeing small improvements, but raw sewage was still continuously pumped into the harbor. In 1919, the Metropolitan District Commission was created to oversee and regulate the quality of harbor water. However, not much improvement was seen and general public awareness of the poor quality of water was very low. In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> was passed in order to help promote increased national water quality. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BosHarbor_DrainWan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BosHarbor_DrainWan.jpg/220px-BosHarbor_DrainWan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BosHarbor_DrainWan.jpg/330px-BosHarbor_DrainWan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BosHarbor_DrainWan.jpg/440px-BosHarbor_DrainWan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Signage on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the mid-1970s organizations within the Boston community have battled for a cleaner Boston Harbor. More recently, the harbor was the site of the $4.5 billion Boston Harbor Project. Failures at the Nut Island <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a> and the companion <a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Deer Island (Massachusetts)">Deer Island</a> plant adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a> had far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> and political effects. <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliform_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal coliform bacteria">Fecal coliform bacteria</a> levels forced frequent swimming prohibitions along the harbor beaches and the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-Spatialand1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spatialand1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Quincy sued the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority" title="Massachusetts Water Resources Authority">Metropolitan District Commission</a> (MDC) and the separate <a href="/wiki/Boston_Water_and_Sewer_Commission" title="Boston Water and Sewer Commission">Boston Water and Sewer Commission</a> in 1982, charging that unchecked systemic pollution of the city's waterfront contributed to the problem. That suit was followed by one by <a href="/wiki/Conservation_Law_Foundation" title="Conservation Law Foundation">Conservation Law Foundation</a> and finally by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>, resulting in the landmark<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> court-ordered<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cleanup of Boston Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-umb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlesrivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlesrivermap.png/220px-Charlesrivermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlesrivermap.png/330px-Charlesrivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlesrivermap.png/440px-Charlesrivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River" title="Mystic River">Mystic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neponset_River" title="Neponset River">Neponset</a> rivers empty into Boston Harbor.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lawsuits forced then-Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> to propose separating the water and sewer treatment divisions from the MDC, resulting in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority" title="Massachusetts Water Resources Authority">Massachusetts Water Resources Authority</a> in 1985. The slow progress of the cleanup became a key theme of the <a href="/wiki/1988_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 U.S. presidential election">1988 U.S. presidential election</a> as <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> defeated Dukakis partly through campaign speeches casting doubt on the governor's environmental record,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Dukakis himself had claimed was better than that of Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court-ordered cleanup continued throughout the next two decades and is still ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-umb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the clean-up projects, the water was so polluted that <a href="/wiki/The_Standells" title="The Standells">The Standells</a> released a song in 1965 called "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Water" title="Dirty Water">Dirty Water</a>" which referred to the sorry state of the Charles River. <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>, who attended <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> from 1977 to 1981, based his second novel, <a href="/wiki/Zodiac_(novel)" title="Zodiac (novel)"><i>Zodiac</i></a>, around pollution of the harbor. </p><p>Since the writing of the song, the water quality in both the Harbor and the Charles River has significantly improved, and the projects have dramatically transformed Boston Harbor from one of the filthiest in the nation to one of the cleanest. Today, Boston Harbor is safe for fishing and for swimming nearly every day, though there are still beach closings after even small rainstorms, caused by bacteria-laden storm water and the occasional combined sewer overflow. </p><p>In 2022, pieces of plastic transmission line used in rock explosives, (known as explosive shock tubing) began washing up on coastal shores of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://currently.att.yahoo.com/news/mysterious-yellow-plastic-strands-cape-095810217.html">[1]</a> This led to an investigation that was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>, it was suspected to have been related to a concluded Boston Harbor dredging project. The outcome was to seek to find methods to prevent future environmental impacts from reoccurring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbor_Walk_in_Boston,_MA_IMG_2814.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harbor_Walk_in_Boston%2C_MA_IMG_2814.JPG/220px-Harbor_Walk_in_Boston%2C_MA_IMG_2814.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harbor_Walk_in_Boston%2C_MA_IMG_2814.JPG/330px-Harbor_Walk_in_Boston%2C_MA_IMG_2814.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harbor_Walk_in_Boston%2C_MA_IMG_2814.JPG/440px-Harbor_Walk_in_Boston%2C_MA_IMG_2814.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A section of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harborwalk" title="Boston Harborwalk">Boston Harborwalk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_Guard_Station_Boston_on_security_patrol_in_Boston_Harbor_(29850519022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coast_Guard_Station_Boston_on_security_patrol_in_Boston_Harbor_%2829850519022%29.jpg/220px-Coast_Guard_Station_Boston_on_security_patrol_in_Boston_Harbor_%2829850519022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coast_Guard_Station_Boston_on_security_patrol_in_Boston_Harbor_%2829850519022%29.jpg/330px-Coast_Guard_Station_Boston_on_security_patrol_in_Boston_Harbor_%2829850519022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coast_Guard_Station_Boston_on_security_patrol_in_Boston_Harbor_%2829850519022%29.jpg/440px-Coast_Guard_Station_Boston_on_security_patrol_in_Boston_Harbor_%2829850519022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Coast Guard escorts an <a href="/wiki/LNG_tanker" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG tanker">LNG tanker</a> in Boston Harbor, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Boston Harbor is a large harbor which constitutes the western extremity of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay" title="Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>. The harbor is sheltered from Massachusetts Bay and the open <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> by a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Deer Island (Massachusetts)">Deer Island</a> to the north, the hooked <a href="/wiki/Nantasket_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantasket Peninsula">Nantasket Peninsula</a> and Point Allerton to the south, and the harbor islands in the middle. The harbor is often described as being split into an inner harbor and an outer harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-glosec_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glosec-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mariner_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariner-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilot_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harbor itself comprises 50 square miles (130 km<sup>2</sup>) with 180 miles (290 km) of shoreline and 34 harbor islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_harbor">Inner harbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inner harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inner harbor was historically the main port of Boston and is still the site of most of its port facilities as well as the Boston waterfront, which has been redeveloped for residential and recreational uses. The inner harbor extends from the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River" title="Mystic River">Mystic River</a>, both of which empty into the harbor, to <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Island (Massachusetts)">Castle Island</a>, the latter now connected by land in 1928 to Boston, where the inner harbor meets the outer harbor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_harbor">Outer harbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outer harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outer harbor stretches to the south and east of the inner harbor. To its landward side, and moving in a <a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">counterclockwise</a> direction, the harbor is made up of the three small bays of <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Bay_(Boston_Harbor)" title="Dorchester Bay (Boston Harbor)">Dorchester Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Bay" title="Quincy Bay">Quincy Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hingham_Bay" title="Hingham Bay">Hingham Bay</a>. To seaward, the two deep water anchorages of President Roads and Nantasket Roads are separated by <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Long Island (Massachusetts)">Long Island</a>. The outer harbor is fed by several rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Neponset_River" title="Neponset River">Neponset River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_Fore_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Weymouth Fore River">Weymouth Fore River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_Back_River" title="Weymouth Back River">Weymouth Back River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weir_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Weir River (Massachusetts)">Weir River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glosec_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glosec-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mariner_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariner-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilot_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dredged deepwater channels stretch from President Roads to the inner harbor, and from Nantasket Roads to the Weymouth Fore River and Hingham Bay via <a href="/wiki/Hull_Gut" title="Hull Gut">Hull Gut</a> and West Gut. Some commercial port facilities are located in the Fore River area, an area which has a history of <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> including the notable <a href="/wiki/Fore_River_Shipyard" title="Fore River Shipyard">Fore River Shipyard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glosec_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glosec-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mariner_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mariner-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilot_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_fill">Land fill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Land fill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1830s, members of the maritime community observed physical decay in the harbor. Islands in the outer harbor were visibly deteriorating and erosion was causing weathered materials and sediment to move from where it was protecting the harbor to where it would do the most harm. Recent shoaling experiences and comparisons with old charts caused observers to insist that the inner harbor was also filling and created widespread anxiety about the destruction of the Boston Harbor. Although the scientific understanding of hydraulics was still in its infancy and there were high degrees of uncertainty regarding the meeting of land and water, scientists and engineers began to describe the Boston Harbor as a series of channels created and maintained by the scouring force of water moving in and out of the harbor, river systems, and tidal reservoirs. This interpretation came to be known as the theory of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_scour" title="Tidal scour">Tidal scour</a>. This understanding of the harbor as a dynamic landscape assuaged concerns some had over the negative impacts of land fill operations of land and real estate developers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the 19th century progressed, the acceleration of urban growth dramatically increased the need for more land. The Ordinance of 1641 extended the property rights of riparian owners from the line of <i>low tide</i> to a maximum distance of 100 <a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">rods</a> (1,600 ft; 500 m) from the line of high tide. Generally, other states drew the line of private property at <i>high tide.</i> However, extending shore lines into bordering bodies of water was not unique to Boston. Chicago built into Lake Michigan, New York extended itself into the Hudson and East rivers, and San Francisco reclaimed sections of its bay. The Boston Harbor's unique geography inspired the law that made land reclamation such a widespread activity in Boston. By the end of the nineteenth century, the city had created more land in two generations than it had in the previous two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harbor_Islands">Harbor Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Harbor Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Island_and_Fort_Warren_in_Boston_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Georges_Island_and_Fort_Warren_in_Boston_Harbor.jpg/220px-Georges_Island_and_Fort_Warren_in_Boston_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Georges_Island_and_Fort_Warren_in_Boston_Harbor.jpg/330px-Georges_Island_and_Fort_Warren_in_Boston_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Georges_Island_and_Fort_Warren_in_Boston_Harbor.jpg/440px-Georges_Island_and_Fort_Warren_in_Boston_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="1813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Georges Island (Massachusetts)">Georges Island</a>, with star-shaped <a href="/wiki/Fort_Warren_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Warren (Massachusetts)">Fort Warren</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boston Harbor contains a considerable number of islands, 34 of which have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands_National_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area">Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area</a> since its establishment in 1996. The following islands exist within the harbor, or just outside it in Massachusetts Bay: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Police_Patrol_Boat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/State_Police_Patrol_Boat.JPG/220px-State_Police_Patrol_Boat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/State_Police_Patrol_Boat.JPG/330px-State_Police_Patrol_Boat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/State_Police_Patrol_Boat.JPG/440px-State_Police_Patrol_Boat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3837" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>State Police inflatable patrols off <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-Boston-Harbor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USA-Boston-Harbor.JPG/220px-USA-Boston-Harbor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USA-Boston-Harbor.JPG/330px-USA-Boston-Harbor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USA-Boston-Harbor.JPG/440px-USA-Boston-Harbor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Former warehouse repurposed as housing and a restaurant, on Commercial Wharf near <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(Boston)" title="Atlantic Avenue (Boston)">Atlantic Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumpkin_Island" title="Bumpkin Island">Bumpkin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Button Island (Massachusetts)">Button Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Calf Island (Massachusetts)">Calf Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Island (Massachusetts)">Castle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Deer Island (Massachusetts)">Deer Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallops_Island" title="Gallops Island">Gallops Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Georges Island (Massachusetts)">Georges Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Grape Island (Massachusetts)">Grape Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Brewster_Island" title="Great Brewster Island">Great Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Green Island (Massachusetts)">Green Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangman_Island" title="Hangman Island">Hangman Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlee_Island" title="Langlee Island">Langlee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brewster_Island" title="Little Brewster Island">Little Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Calf_Island" title="Little Calf Island">Little Calf Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Long Island (Massachusetts)">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovells_Island" title="Lovells Island">Lovells Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Brewster_Island" title="Middle Brewster Island">Middle Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Moon Island (Massachusetts)">Moon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixes_Mate" title="Nixes Mate">Nixes Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Brewster_Island" title="Outer Brewster Island">Outer Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddocks_Island" title="Peddocks Island">Peddocks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Raccoon Island (Massachusetts)">Raccoon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragged_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Ragged Island (Massachusetts)">Ragged Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainsford_Island" title="Rainsford Island">Rainsford Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Sarah Island (Massachusetts)">Sarah Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Rocks_(Massachusetts)" title="Shag Rocks (Massachusetts)">Shag Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Sheep Island (Massachusetts)">Sheep Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Island" title="Slate Island">Slate Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Snake Island (Massachusetts)">Snake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Spectacle Island (Massachusetts)">Spectacle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Spinnaker Island (Massachusetts)">Spinnaker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Graves_(Massachusetts)" title="The Graves (Massachusetts)">The Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Thompson Island (Massachusetts)">Thompson Island</a></li></ul> <p>Two former islands, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Island (Massachusetts)">Castle Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Deer Island (Massachusetts)">Deer Island</a>, still exist in a recognizable form. Castle Island was joined to the mainland by <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, while Deer Island ceased to be an island when the channel which formerly separated it from the mainland was filled in by the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Hurricane_of_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Hurricane of 1938">New England Hurricane of 1938</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nut_Island" title="Nut Island">Nut Island</a> is a small former island in Boston Harbor that was joined by landfill to the <a href="/wiki/Houghs_Neck" title="Houghs Neck">Houghs Neck</a> peninsula in northeastern Quincy by the 1940s so it could be used as the site of a sewage treatment facility.<sup id="cite_ref-levy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other former islands, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Apple Island (Massachusetts)">Apple Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Governors Island (Massachusetts)">Governors Island</a>, have been subsumed into land reclamation for <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a>. </p><p>The Harbor Islands have made up Boston's least populated electoral area, Ward 1, Precinct 15, since 1990, though the <a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">polling place</a> is on the mainland at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Point,_Boston" title="Columbia Point, Boston">Columbia Point</a>. Since 1920, Boston must pass legislation to redistrict. As of 2018, there were two active voters, staff at the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Island_(Massachusetts)#Outward_Bound,_1994-present" title="Thompson Island (Massachusetts)">Thompson Island Outward Bound Educational Center</a>. There were previously registered voters at a recovery center and a homeless shelter on Long Island, but few voted and they have closed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Massachusetts" title="List of islands of Massachusetts">List of islands of Massachusetts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, the <i>Boston Globe</i> reported that Mayor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Menino" title="Thomas Menino">Thomas Menino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> engineer Clifford Goudey were planning a program to use the great tanks on Moon Island as a fish farm or a temporary home for tuna or lobster in an attempt to implement a recirculating <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> system in Boston Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prices of both these fish types vary by season. The plan was to collect and store fish in the tanks and sell the fish at higher prices when they were out of season. Nothing has come of this plan to date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lights_and_other_aids_to_navigation">Lights and other aids to navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lights and other aids to navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Light" title="Boston Light">Boston Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_Light" title="Deer Island Light">Deer Island Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_Rock_Light_(Massachusetts)" title="Egg Rock Light (Massachusetts)">Egg Rock Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Head_Light" title="Long Island Head Light">Long Island Head Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovells_Island_Range_Lights" title="Lovells Island Range Lights">Lovells Island Range Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixes_Mate" title="Nixes Mate">Nixes Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_Island_Range_Lights" title="Spectacle Island Range Lights">Spectacle Island Range Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Graves_Light" title="The Graves Light">The Graves Light</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images">Images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_ca1765_byJohnCarwitham.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""South East View of the Great Town of Boston," by John Carwitham, c. 1765"><img alt=""South East View of the Great Town of Boston," by John Carwitham, c. 1765" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boston_ca1765_byJohnCarwitham.png/334px-Boston_ca1765_byJohnCarwitham.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boston_ca1765_byJohnCarwitham.png/502px-Boston_ca1765_byJohnCarwitham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Boston_ca1765_byJohnCarwitham.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"South East View of the Great Town of Boston," by John Carwitham, c. 1765</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_beacon_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from Beacon Hill, c. 1770s (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington)"><img alt="View from Beacon Hill, c. 1770s (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/View_from_beacon_hill.jpg/487px-View_from_beacon_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/View_from_beacon_hill.jpg/732px-View_from_beacon_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/View_from_beacon_hill.jpg/974px-View_from_beacon_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from Beacon Hill, c. 1770s (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_byNathanielDearborn_MFABoston.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston Harbor, c. 18th century, by Nathaniel Dearborn after Paul Revere (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)"><img alt="Boston Harbor, c. 18th century, by Nathaniel Dearborn after Paul Revere (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boston_byNathanielDearborn_MFABoston.png/389px-Boston_byNathanielDearborn_MFABoston.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boston_byNathanielDearborn_MFABoston.png/584px-Boston_byNathanielDearborn_MFABoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boston_byNathanielDearborn_MFABoston.png/777px-Boston_byNathanielDearborn_MFABoston.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boston Harbor, c. 18th century, by Nathaniel Dearborn after <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1852_BoatRace_BostonHarbor_byAALawrence_MFABoston.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Boat Race, Boston Harbor, by A. A. Lawrence, 1852 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)"><img alt="Boat Race, Boston Harbor, by A. A. Lawrence, 1852 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1852_BoatRace_BostonHarbor_byAALawrence_MFABoston.png/309px-1852_BoatRace_BostonHarbor_byAALawrence_MFABoston.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1852_BoatRace_BostonHarbor_byAALawrence_MFABoston.png/464px-1852_BoatRace_BostonHarbor_byAALawrence_MFABoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1852_BoatRace_BostonHarbor_byAALawrence_MFABoston.png/618px-1852_BoatRace_BostonHarbor_byAALawrence_MFABoston.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boat Race, Boston Harbor, by A. A. Lawrence, 1852 (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Harbor_by_Fitz_Hugh_Lane,_1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston Harbor by Fitz Hugh Lane, 1854"><img alt="Boston Harbor by Fitz Hugh Lane, 1854" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boston_Harbor_by_Fitz_Hugh_Lane%2C_1854.jpg/384px-Boston_Harbor_by_Fitz_Hugh_Lane%2C_1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boston_Harbor_by_Fitz_Hugh_Lane%2C_1854.jpg/577px-Boston_Harbor_by_Fitz_Hugh_Lane%2C_1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boston_Harbor_by_Fitz_Hugh_Lane%2C_1854.jpg/768px-Boston_Harbor_by_Fitz_Hugh_Lane%2C_1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boston Harbor by <a href="/wiki/Fitz_Hugh_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitz Hugh Lane">Fitz Hugh Lane</a>, 1854</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_harbor_and_East_Boston_from_State_St._block,_by_Soule,_John_P.,_1827-1904_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston harbor and East Boston from State Street Block, by John P. Soule, 19th century"><img alt="Boston harbor and East Boston from State Street Block, by John P. Soule, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Boston_harbor_and_East_Boston_from_State_St._block%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_cropped.jpg/221px-Boston_harbor_and_East_Boston_from_State_St._block%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Boston_harbor_and_East_Boston_from_State_St._block%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_cropped.jpg/331px-Boston_harbor_and_East_Boston_from_State_St._block%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Boston_harbor_and_East_Boston_from_State_St._block%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_cropped.jpg/441px-Boston_harbor_and_East_Boston_from_State_St._block%2C_by_Soule%2C_John_P.%2C_1827-1904_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boston harbor and East Boston from <a href="/wiki/State_Street_Block_(Boston)" title="State Street Block (Boston)">State Street Block</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Soule" title="John P. Soule">John P. Soule</a>, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Constitution_downtown_Boston_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="USS Constitution, 2005"><img alt="USS Constitution, 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/USS_Constitution_downtown_Boston_2005.jpg/161px-USS_Constitution_downtown_Boston_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/USS_Constitution_downtown_Boston_2005.jpg/241px-USS_Constitution_downtown_Boston_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/USS_Constitution_downtown_Boston_2005.jpg/321px-USS_Constitution_downtown_Boston_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a>, 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_from_Spectacle_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston's skyline from Spectacle Island"><img alt="Boston's skyline from Spectacle Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Boston_from_Spectacle_Island.jpg/300px-Boston_from_Spectacle_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Boston_from_Spectacle_Island.jpg/451px-Boston_from_Spectacle_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Boston_from_Spectacle_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boston's skyline from <a href="/wiki/Spectacle_Island,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacle Island, Massachusetts">Spectacle Island</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_cruse_terminal_and_Drydock_No._3,_Oct_2019.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Container and cruse terminals and dry dock #3 in 2019"><img alt="Container and cruse terminals and dry dock #3 in 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boston_cruse_terminal_and_Drydock_No._3%2C_Oct_2019.agr.jpg/300px-Boston_cruse_terminal_and_Drydock_No._3%2C_Oct_2019.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boston_cruse_terminal_and_Drydock_No._3%2C_Oct_2019.agr.jpg/451px-Boston_cruse_terminal_and_Drydock_No._3%2C_Oct_2019.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boston_cruse_terminal_and_Drydock_No._3%2C_Oct_2019.agr.jpg/600px-Boston_cruse_terminal_and_Drydock_No._3%2C_Oct_2019.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Container and cruse terminals and dry dock #3 in 2019</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands_National_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area">Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Massachusetts Port Authority">Massachusetts Port Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Harborwalk" title="Boston Harborwalk">Boston Harborwalk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/boha/index.cfm">Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area – Massachusetts. Owned by Madilyn Zabacki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227114422/https://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/boha/index.cfm">Archived</a> December 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. National Park Service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stark-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stark_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStark1901" class="citation book cs1">Stark, James Henry (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvIsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Stark's Antiqve views of ye towne of Boston</i></a>. Morse-Purce Co. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4452192">4452192</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stark%27s+Antiqve+views+of+ye+towne+of+Boston&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Morse-Purce+Co&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4452192&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvIsAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spatialand1991-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spatialand1991_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mwra.com/harbor/enquad/pdf/1991-03.pdf">"A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Boston Harbor Microbiological Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Technical Report No. 91-3</i>. Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. June 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Technical+Report+No.+91-3&rft.atitle=A+Spatial+and+Temporal+Analysis+of+Boston+Harbor+Microbiological+Data&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwra.com%2Fharbor%2Fenquad%2Fpdf%2F1991-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Buonomo, Lo scudo di cartone, Rubbettino, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788849844405" title="Special:BookSources/9788849844405">9788849844405</a>, p. 41, note 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MATTHEW L. WALD, Special to <i>The New York Times</i>. 1986. "JUDGE SETS A TIMETABLE TO CLEAN BOSTON HARBOR." New York Times, The (NY), January 2. 20. NewsBank – Archives, EBSCOhost (accessed December 10, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umb_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-umb_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzone" class="citation web cs1">Mazzone, Hon. A. David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610025225/https://www.lib.umb.edu/node/1620">"Mazzone, Judge A. David : Chamber Papers on the Boston Harbor Clean Up Case, 1985–2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.umb.edu/node/1620">the original</a> on June 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mazzone%2C+Judge+A.+David+%3A+Chamber+Papers+on+the+Boston+Harbor+Clean+Up+Case%2C+1985%E2%80%932005&rft.aulast=Mazzone&rft.aufirst=Hon.+A.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umb.edu%2Fnode%2F1620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FOX BUTTERFIELD, ecial to The New York Times. 1991. "Boston Harbor Cleanup Haunts a New Governor." New York Times, The (NY), April 6. 6. NewsBank – Archives, EBSCOhost (accessed December 10, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterfield1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butterfield1991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1991" class="citation web cs1">Butterfield, Fox (April 6, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/us/boston-harbor-cleanup-haunts-a-new-governor.html">"Boston Harbor cleanup haunts a new governor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Boston+Harbor+cleanup+haunts+a+new+governor&rft.date=1991-04-06&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F06%2Fus%2Fboston-harbor-cleanup-haunts-a-new-governor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mwra.com/02org/html/court.htm">"The Boston Harbor Case"</a>. <i>MWRA Online</i>. Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. June 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2019</span>. <q>MWRA is currently required to submit bi-annual compliance and progress reports through December 2020.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MWRA+Online&rft.atitle=The+Boston+Harbor+Case&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwra.com%2F02org%2Fhtml%2Fcourt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glosec-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glosec_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glosec_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glosec_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/boston.htm">"Boston"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Ffacility%2Fboston.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mariner-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mariner_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mariner_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mariner_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906090619/http://www.mass.gov/czm/coastlines/2003/c6.htm">"Through the Eyes of a Mariner: Touring the Port of Boston"</a>. Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/czm/coastlines/2003/c6.htm">the original</a> on September 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Through+the+Eyes+of+a+Mariner%3A+Touring+the+Port+of+Boston&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Office+of+Coastal+Zone+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Fczm%2Fcoastlines%2F2003%2Fc6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pilot-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pilot_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilot_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilot_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/coastpilot_w.php?book=5">"Boston Harbor and Approaches." <i>Coast Pilot 1 – 43rd Edition, 2015</i></a>. NOAA Office of Coast Survey. Accessed April 25, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2009" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Michael (2009). "What Lies Beneath: Science, Nature, and the Making of Boston Harbor". In Penna, Anthony N.; Wright, Conrad Edick (eds.). <i>Remaking Boston: An Environmental History of the City and its Surroundings</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 33–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Lies+Beneath%3A+Science%2C+Nature%2C+and+the+Making+of+Boston+Harbor&rft.btitle=Remaking+Boston%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+the+City+and+its+Surroundings&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=33-55&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levy-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levy_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2001" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Paul F. (March 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715192339/https://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2001/03/when-good-teams-go-wrong/ar/1">"The Nut Island Effect: When Good Teams Go Wrong"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <b>79</b> (3). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing: 51–9, 163. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11246924">11246924</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2001/03/when-good-teams-go-wrong/ar/1">the original</a> on July 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=The+Nut+Island+Effect%3A+When+Good+Teams+Go+Wrong&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=51-9%2C+163&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11246924&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.harvardbusiness.org%2F2001%2F03%2Fwhen-good-teams-go-wrong%2Far%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwick_III2018" class="citation news cs1">Herwick III, Edgar B. (October 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/2018/10/24/a-quest-to-find-the-last-two-active-voters-in-bostons-phantom-electoral-precinct">"A Quest To Find The Last Two Active Voters In Boston's 'Phantom Electoral Precinct'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>GBH News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GBH+News&rft.atitle=A+Quest+To+Find+The+Last+Two+Active+Voters+In+Boston%27s+%27Phantom+Electoral+Precinct%27&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.aulast=Herwick+III&rft.aufirst=Edgar+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgbh.org%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F2018%2F10%2F24%2Fa-quest-to-find-the-last-two-active-voters-in-bostons-phantom-electoral-precinct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2009" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Andrew (November 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/11/03/boston_election_officials_rethink_the_phantom_precinct/">"Phantom precinct shows city's arcane voting laws"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Phantom+precinct+shows+city%27s+arcane+voting+laws&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2009%2F11%2F03%2Fboston_election_officials_rethink_the_phantom_precinct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anand, Geeta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=Harbor+island+studied+for+fish+farm+Mayor+envisions+raising+flounder%2C+tuna+and+lobsters&s.tab=globe&s.dateRange=&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate">"Harbor island studied for fish farm Mayor envisions raising flounder, tuna and lobsters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411214119/https://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=Harbor+island+studied+for+fish+farm+Mayor+envisions+raising+flounder%2C+tuna+and+lobsters&s.tab=globe&s.dateRange=&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate">Archived</a> April 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Boston Globe, October 13, 1996. Quoting from the article: "The Boston mayor and the MIT engineer were talking fish. With the city's skyline in the distance, they stood beside one of four long trenches on Moon Island that may soon be teeming with lobsters, bluefin tuna and summer flounder. For nearly two years, Mayor Thomas M. Menino and MIT engineer Clifford Goudey have shared a dream. Now they are wedded to a plan. Together, they are trying to turn the century-old sewage trenches on the harbor island into one of the largest fish farms in the country. 'This could be the new industry for the city,' the mayor said. 'We have the ocean, we have the reservoirs for the fish, we have what we need to make this work.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Best, Neil A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/10275/37145526.pdf?sequence=1">"Preliminary Design of a Recirculating Aquaculture System in Boston Harbor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233319/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/10275/37145526.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> June 4, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Masters Thesis, Ocean Engineering, MIT, February 1997. Technical Advisor, Clifford A. Goudey.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jan-11-mn-7136-story.html">"Scientists Test Once-Polluted Harbor’s Crop Potential"</a>, Los Angeles Times, Sunday, January 11, 1998</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_Harbor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boston_Harbor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savetheharbor.org">Save the Harbor / Save the Bay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonharbornow.org">The Boston Harbor Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbormasters.org/charts/13270_1.gif">NOAA Soundings Map of Boston Harbor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/docsearls/sets/72157621870243047/">Flickr.com</a>, Photos, January 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/docsearls/sets/72157622747692657/">Flickr.com</a>, Photos, November 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/docsearls/sets/72157623658715238/">Flickr.com</a>, Photos, February 2010.</li> <li>Dutton, E.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.bpl.org/details_10717/?srch_query=Dutton%2C+E.P.&srch_fields=all&srch_author=on&srch_style=exact&srch_fa=save&srch_ok=Go+Search">Chart of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay with Map of Adjacent Country.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512135239/http://maps.bpl.org/details_10717/?srch_query=Dutton%2C+E.P.&srch_fields=all&srch_author=on&srch_style=exact&srch_fa=save&srch_ok=Go+Search">Archived</a> May 12, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Published 1867. A good map of a proposed build-out of infrastructure into the Boston Harbor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15774coll8/id/187/rec/2">Judge A. David Mazzone chambers papers on the Boston Harbor Cleanup Case, 1985–2005</a>, University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_waterbodies_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coastal</a> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzzards_Bay" title="Buzzards Bay">Buzzards Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_Bay" title="Cape Cod Bay">Cape Cod Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Bay_(Boston_Harbor)" title="Dorchester Bay (Boston Harbor)">Dorchester Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duxbury_Bay_(Massachusetts)" title="Duxbury Bay (Massachusetts)">Duxbury Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingham_Bay" title="Hingham Bay">Hingham Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay" title="Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bay" title="Mount Hope Bay">Mount Hope Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahant_Bay" title="Nahant Bay">Nahant Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Bay" title="Plymouth Bay">Plymouth Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popponesset_Bay" title="Popponesset Bay">Popponesset Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Bay" title="Quincy Bay">Quincy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waquoit_Bay" title="Waquoit Bay">Waquoit Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Sound_North_Entrance_Channel" title="Broad Sound North Entrance Channel">Broad Sound North Entrance Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canapitsit_Channel" title="Canapitsit Channel">Canapitsit Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Point_Channel" title="Fort Point Channel">Fort Point Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocrite_Channel" title="Hypocrite Channel">Hypocrite Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Channel" title="Salem Channel">Salem Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Channel" title="South Channel">South Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Coves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Cove" title="Cat Cove">Cat Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Cove" title="Juniper Cove">Juniper Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Cove" title="Orleans Cove">Orleans Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cove_(Massachusetts)" title="Warren Cove (Massachusetts)">Warren Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_Harbor" title="Barnstable Harbor">Barnstable Harbor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Harbor" title="East Harbor">East Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Harbor" title="Hyannis Harbor">Hyannis Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marblehead_Harbor" title="Marblehead Harbor">Marblehead Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Harbor" title="Plymouth Harbor">Plymouth Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_Bedford" title="Port of New Bedford">Port of New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincetown_Harbor" title="Provincetown Harbor">Provincetown Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Harbor_(Massachusetts)" title="Rock Harbor (Massachusetts)">Rock Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Harbor" title="Salem Harbor">Salem Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annisquam_River" title="Annisquam River">Annisquam River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_River_(Buzzards_Bay)" title="Back River (Buzzards Bay)">Back River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_River_(Massachusetts%E2%80%93New_Hampshire)" title="Blackwater River (Massachusetts–New Hampshire)">Blackwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Bass River (Massachusetts)">Bass River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Hill_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Hill River">Eagle Hill River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_River" title="Egypt River">Egypt River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Fore River (Massachusetts)">Fore River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_River" title="Ipswich River">Ipswich River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_Creek_(Plum_Island_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jericho Creek (Plum Island River)">Jericho Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_River" title="Merrimack River">Merrimack River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Mitchell River (Massachusetts)">Mitchell River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Pond_River" title="Oyster Pond River">Oyster Pond River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quashnet_River" title="Quashnet River">Quashnet River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Island_River" title="Roger Island River">Roger Island River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowley_River" title="Rowley River">Rowley River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skug_River" title="Skug River">Skug River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasquam_River" title="Tiasquam River">Tiasquam River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Weir River (Massachusetts)">Weir River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Sound_(Massachusetts)" title="Broad Sound (Massachusetts)">Broad Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket_Sound" title="Nantucket Sound">Nantucket Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Sound" title="Vineyard Sound">Vineyard Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Straits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quick%27s_Hole" title="Quick's Hole">Quick's Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Hole" title="Robinson's Hole">Robinson's Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_(passage)" title="Woods Hole (passage)">Woods Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massachusetts_Port_Authority" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Template:Massachusetts Port Authority"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Template talk:Massachusetts Port Authority"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts Port Authority"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massachusetts_Port_Authority" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Massachusetts Port Authority">Massachusetts Port Authority</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanscom_Field" title="Hanscom Field">Hanscom Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Regional_Airport" title="Worcester Regional Airport">Worcester Regional Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port of Boston</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_Cruiseport_Boston" title="Flynn Cruiseport Boston">Flynn Cruiseport Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conley_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Conley Terminal">Conley Terminal</a></li> <li>Boston Autoport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Fish_Pier" title="Boston Fish Pier">Boston Fish Pier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Street_Park" title="Bremen Street Park">Bremen Street Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Park_Sailing_Center" title="Piers Park Sailing Center">Piers Park</a></li> <li>South Boston Maritime Park</li> <li>Thomas J. Butler Memorial Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Greenway" class="mw-redirect" title="East Boston Greenway">East Boston Greenway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ed Freni</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Glynn" title="Thomas P. Glynn">Thomas P. Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I._Blute" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I. Blute">Peter I. Blute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Nickinello" title="Lou Nickinello">Lou Nickinello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hanley">Edward Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">Edward J. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Halloran" title="John F. O'Halloran">John F. O'Halloran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Wieland" title="Lisa Wieland">Lisa Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buses and shuttles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Express" title="Logan Express">Logan Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Line_(MBTA)" title="Silver Line (MBTA)">MBTA Silver Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#005A8B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A0CFEB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A0CFEB;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="Template:University of Massachusetts Boston"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="Template talk:University of Massachusetts Boston"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Massachusetts Boston"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston"><span style="color: #FFFFFF">University of Massachusetts Boston</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005A8B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A0CFEB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A0CFEB;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bayside_Expo_Center" title="Bayside Expo Center">Bayside Expo Center</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston Harbor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Bay_(Boston_Harbor)" title="Dorchester Bay (Boston Harbor)">Dorchester Bay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Harborwalk" title="Boston Harborwalk">Boston Harborwalk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calf_Pasture_Pumping_Station_Complex" title="Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex">Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Point,_Boston" title="Columbia Point, Boston">Columbia Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savin_Hill" title="Savin Hill">Savin Hill</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Shores_Reservation" title="Dorchester Shores Reservation">Dorchester Shores Reservation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/JFK/UMass_station" title="JFK/UMass station">JFK/UMass station</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Archives" title="Massachusetts Archives">Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monan_Park" title="Monan Park">Monan Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morrissey_Boulevard" title="Morrissey Boulevard">Morrissey Boulevard</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umb_-_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Umb_-_002.jpg/50px-Umb_-_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Umb_-_002.jpg/75px-Umb_-_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Umb_-_002.jpg/100px-Umb_-_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005A8B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A0CFEB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A0CFEB;;width:1%">Chancellors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Ryan" title="John W. Ryan">John W. Ryan</a> (1965–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Francis L. Broderick (1968–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_L._Golino" title="Carlo L. Golino">Carlo L. Golino</a> (1973–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Claire_Van_Ummersen" title="Claire Van Ummersen">Claire Van Ummersen</a></i> (1978–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Corrigan" title="Robert A. Corrigan">Robert A. Corrigan</a> (1979–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sherry A. Penney (1988–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jean_F._MacCormack" title="Jean F. MacCormack">Jean F. MacCormack</a></i> (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sherry A. Penney (1996–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>David MacKenzie</i> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_M._Gora" title="Jo Ann M. Gora">Jo Ann M. Gora</a> (2001–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J._Keith_Motley" title="J. Keith Motley">J. Keith Motley</a></i> (2004–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Michael F. Collins (2005–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Keith_Motley" title="J. Keith Motley">J. Keith Motley</a> (2007–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(college_president)" title="Barry Mills (college president)">Barry Mills</a></i> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Newman" title="Katherine Newman">Katherine Newman</a></i> (2018–2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Su%C3%A1rez-Orozco" title="Marcelo Suárez-Orozco">Marcelo Suárez-Orozco</a> (2020–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005A8B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A0CFEB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A0CFEB;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boston_State_College" title="Boston State College">Boston State College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack_Graduate_School_of_Policy_and_Global_Studies" title="John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies">John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Quarterly" title="The New England Quarterly">The New England Quarterly</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Park_Square_(Boston)" title="Park Square (Boston)">Park Square</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_of_the_First_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Armory of the First Corps of Cadets">Armory of the First Corps of Cadets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Park_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Park Plaza">Boston Park Plaza</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WUMB-FM" title="WUMB-FM">WUMB-FM</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#005A8B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A0CFEB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A0CFEB;"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates interim chancellor</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q894564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q894564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q894564#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94002605">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532344305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038104">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boston_Harbor&params=42_20_30_N_70_57_58_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°20′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°57′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.34167°N 70.96611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.34167; 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