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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Проблем за демаркация – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Проблем за демаркация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="সীমানির্ধারণী সমস্যা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সীমানির্ধারণী সমস্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_de_la_demarcaci%C3%B3" title="Problema de la demarcació – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Problema de la demarcació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probl%C3%A9m_demarkace" title="Problém demarkace – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Problém demarkace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarkationsproblemet" title="Demarkationsproblemet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demarkationsproblemet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgrenzungsproblem" title="Abgrenzungsproblem – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abgrenzungsproblem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Πρόβλημα οριοθέτησης ή διαχωρισμού – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόβλημα οριοθέτησης ή διαχωρισμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Demarcation problem" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_de_la_demarcaci%C3%B3n" title="Problema de la demarcación – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Problema de la demarcación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarkatsiooniprobleem" title="Demarkatsiooniprobleem – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Demarkatsiooniprobleem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarkazioaren_arazoa" title="Demarkazioaren arazoa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Demarkazioaren arazoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مسئله مرزبندی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسئله مرزبندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarkaatio-ongelma" title="Demarkaatio-ongelma – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Demarkaatio-ongelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_de_la_d%C3%A9marcation" title="Problème de la démarcation – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Problème de la démarcation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_da_demarcaci%C3%B3n" title="Problema da demarcación – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Problema da demarcación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D" title="בעיית התיחום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעיית התיחום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सीमा-निर्धारण समस्या – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीमा-निर्धारण समस्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afm%C3%B6rkunarvandinn" title="Afmörkunarvandinn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afmörkunarvandinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_della_demarcazione" title="Problema della demarcazione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Problema della demarcazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C_(%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="線引き問題 (科学哲学) – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="線引き問題 (科学哲学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%ED%9A%8D%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C" title="구획문제 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구획문제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Проблем на разграничување – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Проблем на разграничување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcatiecriterium" title="Demarcatiecriterium – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Demarcatiecriterium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarkasjonslinje_(vitenskapsteori)" title="Demarkasjonslinje (vitenskapsteori) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demarkasjonslinje (vitenskapsteori)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਦੇਹੀ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਦੇਹੀ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_demarkacji" title="Problem demarkacji – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Problem demarkacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87" title="د پولو د ټاکلو ستونزه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پولو د ټاکلو ستونزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_da_demarca%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Problema da demarcação – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Problema da demarcação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_demarca%C8%9Biei" title="Problema demarcației – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Problema demarcației" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Проблема демаркации – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проблема демаркации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarkationsproblemet" title="Demarkationsproblemet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demarkationsproblemet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Проблема демаркації – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проблема демаркації" 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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox" style="max-width:300px;float:right;padding:0 0.4em;border:1px solid #aaa;margin:0 0 0.4em 0.4em"><div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:0.5em 0;margin:0.5em 0;font-size:120%">畫界問題</div><table style="text-align:left;word-break:break-word;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;font-size:90%"><caption style="background-color:#f5f5f5;font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.2em">问题类型</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row">上级分类</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="问题">问题</a>、哲学问题 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316757#P279" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">作品主题</th><td>区别 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316757#P921" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">研究学科</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科學哲學</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316757#P2579" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">特性</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">可证伪性</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316757#P1552" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 划界问题（英語：demarcation problem）是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a>中的重要问题，研究如何区分<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>与非科学（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学">文学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a>等其他<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">非科学人文领域</a>）的划界标准。<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laudan1983-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lakatos1999-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a>称其为科学哲学的核心问题。 20世纪初<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>者发展出的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%81%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="证实主义（页面不存在）">证实主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/verificationism" class="extiw" title="en:verificationism">verificationism</a>）理论认为可证实性是区分科学与形而上学的标准。他们认为一个陈述只有在经验中得到证实，才是有意义的、是科学的。<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a>则提出了与可证实性相对的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">可证伪性</a>，认为是否可被经验证伪才是判断科学与否的标准。<a href="#cite_note-sep-pseudo-science-6">[6]</a>此外，他认为这是一个划界标准，而非逻辑实证主义中的意义标准。 此后，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·库恩">托马斯·库恩</a>在其代表作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="科学革命的结构">科学革命的结构</a>》中提出的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="范式转移">范式转移</a>理论，则将科学发展分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="常规科学（页面不存在）">常规科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/normal_science" class="extiw" title="en:normal science">normal science</a>）与非常规科学。他指出在常规科学时期科学共同体在已有的一套范式中从事解难题活动，是区分科学与其他领域的标准。<a href="#cite_note-sep-pseudo-science-6">[6]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E9%9B%B7" title="拉卡托什·伊姆雷">拉卡托什·伊姆雷</a>则批判地继承了被其称为“朴素证伪主义”的波普尔思想，同时借鉴了库恩范式理论，从而发展出了精致证伪主义的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BA%B2%E9%A2%86" title="研究纲领">研究纲领</a>方法论，提出将研究纲领是进步的还是退步的作为划界标准。与逻辑实证主义与波普尔证伪主义不同，库恩与拉卡托什的科学划界标准都是历史的与相对的。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%B6%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7" title="保罗·费耶阿本德">保罗·费耶阿本德</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%B8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉里·劳丹（页面不存在）">拉里·劳丹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Laudan" class="extiw" title="en:Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a>）等科学哲学家则主张消解划界问题。费耶阿本德就认为不应该划分科学与非科学<a href="#cite_note-Taylor1996-7">[7]</a>，劳丹则认为划分问题是个虚假的问题，这样的标准是无法找到的。<a href="#cite_note-Laudan1983-2">[2]</a> 除此之外，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%BD%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="保罗·萨伽德">保罗·萨伽德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E6%A0%BC" title="马里奥·邦格">马里奥·邦格</a>等则分别提出了多元的划界标准。与科学哲学传统中单一的划界标准不同，他们各自都给出了一组若干条评判标准来区别科学与非科学。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋">註釋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：註釋">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Resnik, David B. A pragmatic approach to the demarcation problem. Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 2000, 31 (2): 249–267. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-3681%2800%2900004-2">doi:10.1016/S0039-3681(00)00004-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.atitle=A+pragmatic+approach+to+the+demarcation+problem&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.aulast=Resnik&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Studies+In+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+A&rft.pages=249-267&rft.volume=31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-3681%2800%2900004-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Laudan1983-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laudan1983_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laudan1983_2-1">2.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFLaudan1983" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Laudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Laudan（页面不存在）">Laudan, Larry</a>, The Demise of the Demarcation Problem, Cohen, R.S.; Laudan, L. (编), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEvprSJzv2MC&pg=PA111">Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Adolf Grünbaum</a>, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 76, Dordrecht: D. Reidel: 111–127, 1983 [2016-12-04], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-277-1533-5" title="Special:网络书源/90-277-1533-5">ISBN 90-277-1533-5</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035350/https://books.google.com/books?id=AEvprSJzv2MC&pg=PA111">存档</a>于2020-08-02）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.atitle=The+Demise+of+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.aulast=Laudan&rft.btitle=Physics%2C+Philosophy+and+Psychoanalysis%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Adolf+Gr%C3%BCnbaum&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=90-277-1533-5&rft.pages=111-127&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=D.+Reidel&rft.series=Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEvprSJzv2MC%26pg%3DPA111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lakatos1999-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Lakatos1999_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lakatos, I.; Feyerabend, P.; Motterlini, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osMnuvLZvPoC&pg=PA20">For and Against Method: Including Lakatos's Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend Correspondence</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1999: 20 [2016-12-04]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780226467740" title="Special:网络书源/9780226467740">ISBN 9780226467740</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/99013581">LCCN 99013581</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715204704/https://books.google.com/books?id=osMnuvLZvPoC&pg=PA20">存档</a>于2020-07-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.au=Feyerabend%2C+P.&rft.au=Motterlini%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.aulast=Lakatos&rft.btitle=For+and+Against+Method%3A+Including+Lakatos%27s+Lectures+on+Scientific+Method+and+the+Lakatos-Feyerabend+Correspondence&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226467740&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosMnuvLZvPoC%26pg%3DPA20&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99013581&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation book">冯契 (编). 《哲学大辞典·上》. 上海辞书出版社. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.au=%E5%86%AF%E5%A5%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%C2%B7%E4%B8%8A%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYUFhlIRZA4C&pg=PT97&dq=demarcation+%22logical+positivism%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z9n8U7vdEuKw7AbYgIG4DA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&q=demarcation%20%22logical%20positivism%22&f=false">Grayling, AC., Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 67-68.</a>. [2016-12-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220153426/https://books.google.com/books?id=kYUFhlIRZA4C&pg=PT97&dq=demarcation+%22logical+positivism%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z9n8U7vdEuKw7AbYgIG4DA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&q=demarcation%20%22logical%20positivism%22&f=false">存档</a>于2020-02-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.btitle=Grayling%2C+AC.%2C+Wittgenstein%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction%2C+Oxford+University+Press%2C+2001%2C+pp.+67-68.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYUFhlIRZA4C%26pg%3DPT97%26dq%3Ddemarcation%2B%2522logical%2Bpositivism%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DZ9n8U7vdEuKw7AbYgIG4DA%26ved%3D0CDoQ6AEwBDhG%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Ddemarcation%2520%2522logical%2520positivism%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sep-pseudo-science-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sep-pseudo-science_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep-pseudo-science_6-1">6.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Hansson, Sven Ove. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/pseudo-science#KarPop">Science and Pseudo-Science</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2008. 4.2 Falsificationism. 2008 [2016-12-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318123600/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/pseudo-science/#KarPop">存档</a>于2019-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.atitle=Science+and+Pseudo-Science&rft.aufirst=Sven+Ove&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=4.2+Falsificationism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2008%2Fentries%2Fpseudo-science%23KarPop&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor1996-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1996_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Taylor, C.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdkDiqh5ySYC&pg=PA41">Defining Science: A Rhetoric of Demarcation</a>. Rhetoric of the Human Sciences Series. University of Wisconsin Press. 1996: 41 [2016-12-04]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780299150341" title="Special:网络书源/9780299150341">ISBN 9780299150341</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/96000180">LCCN 96000180</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609230416/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdkDiqh5ySYC&pg=PA41">存档</a>于2019-06-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=Defining+Science%3A+A+Rhetoric+of+Demarcation&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780299150341&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.series=Rhetoric+of+the+Human+Sciences+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdkDiqh5ySYC%26pg%3DPA41&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F96000180&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html">Why Astrology Is A Pseudoscience</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081201161104/http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Paul R. Thagard, In Philosophy of Science Association 1978 Volume 1, edited by P.D. Asquith and I. Hacking (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 1978). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">陈健. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cssn.cn/zhx/zx_kxjszx/201604/t20160420_2976548.shtml">科学划界的多元标准</a>. 自然辩证法通讯. 1996, (3) [2016-12-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223012901/http://www.cssn.cn/zhx/zx_kxjszx/201604/t20160420_2976548.shtml">存档</a>于2016-12-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.atitle=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%81%A5&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E6%B3%95%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cssn.cn%2Fzhx%2Fzx_kxjszx%2F201604%2Ft20160420_2976548.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Imre Lakatos, Alan Musgrave, (eds.): Problems in the Philosophy of Science. Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science London 1965, vol. 3, Amsterdam 1968. （德文）</li> <li>Imre Lakatos, Alan Musgrave: Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge 1970. （德文）</li> <li>Imre Lakatos: Popper on Demarcation and Induction. in: Paul Arthur Schilpp, (ed.): The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Book I, La Salle, Ill. 1974. （德文）</li> <li>Imre Lakatos: The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge 1978. （德文）</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postnauka.ru/video/42801">Проблема демаркации в философии науки — Виктор Вахштайн</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201116103056/https://postnauka.ru/video/42801">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）(可調英文<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕">字幕</a>)（俄文）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="我們現在不知道，將來也不知道">我們現在不知道，將來也不知道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳推理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E5%B7%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智巧（页面不存在）">智巧</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity" class="extiw" title="en:Ingenuity">Ingenuity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探究（页面不存在）">探究</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Inquiry">Inquiry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學探究模型（页面不存在）">科學探究模型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Models of scientific inquiry">Models of scientific inquiry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%80%A7_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本性 (哲學)（页面不存在）">本性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Nature (philosophy)">Nature (philosophy)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客觀性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="观察">观察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0_(%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA)" title="发现 (认识论)">发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" title="范式">范式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">歸納問題</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" class="extiw" title="en:Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學解釋（页面不存在）">科學解釋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Models of scientific inquiry">Models of scientific inquiry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B" title="科学规律">定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科学方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="科学理论">科学理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E6%80%A7" title="可測試性">可測試性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="选择理论">选择理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="不充分決定論">不充分決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA" title="科学统一论">科学统一论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="Category:科學元理論">科學元理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%95%B4%E9%AB%94%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驗證整體論（页面不存在）">驗證整體論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="语境主义">語境主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" class="extiw" title="en:Contextualism">Contextualism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="传统主义">傳統主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventionalism" class="extiw" title="en:Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87%E7%9A%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演繹的法則的（页面不存在）">演繹的法則的</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" class="extiw" title="en:Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论">还原论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="可謬論">可謬論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基礎主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" class="extiw" title="en:Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD%EF%BC%8D%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假設－演繹模型（页面不存在）">假設－演繹模型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" class="extiw" title="en:Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無限主義（页面不存在）">無限主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" class="extiw" title="en:Infinitism">Infinitism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="工具主義">工具主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學理論的接受觀（页面不存在）">科學理論的接受觀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Received view of theories">Received view of theories</a>） / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學理論的語義觀（页面不存在）">語義觀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="科學實在論">科學實在論</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反實在論（页面不存在）">反實在論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="怀疑论">怀疑论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="均變論">均變論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%96" title="活力論">活力論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;">科學哲學 相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學哲學史（页面不存在）">科學哲學史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學和統計物理哲學（页面不存在）">熱力學和統計物理哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics">Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="演化思想史">演化思想史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">環境哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%92%8C%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="時間和空間哲學（页面不存在）">時間和空間哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學哲學（页面不存在）">神經科學哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">心灵哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感知哲學（页面不存在）">感知哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計算機科學哲學（页面不存在）">計算機科學哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of computer science">Philosophy of computer science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">資訊哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技術哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會科學哲學（页面不存在）">社會科學哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%AD%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學修辭學（页面不存在）">科學修辭學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="科学知识社会学">科学知识社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學哲學條目列表（页面不存在）">更多...</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of philosophy of science articles">Index of philosophy of science articles</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:科学哲学家">科学哲学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">古典时期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81" title="伊壁鸠鲁">伊壁鸠鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多葛主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">中世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%91%E6%A0%BC" title="聖維克托的休格">聖維克托的休格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="罗吉尔·培根">罗吉尔·培根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%B7" title="伊本·魯世德">伊本·魯世德</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8B%84%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%B4%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯（页面不存在）">多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" class="extiw" title="en:Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%83%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·基爾沃比（页面不存在）">羅伯特·基爾沃比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆的威廉">奥卡姆的威廉</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">近代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="弗朗西斯·培根">弗朗西斯·培根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E6%A1%91%E7%8B%84" title="皮埃尔·伽桑狄">皮埃尔·伽桑狄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">勒内·笛卡尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略·伽利莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">托马斯·霍布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">18~19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E6%9E%97" title="弗里德里希·谢林">弗里德里希·谢林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE" title="威廉·惠威爾">威廉·惠威爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E5%BE%B7" title="奥古斯特·孔德">奥古斯特·孔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">约翰·斯图尔特·密尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·斯宾塞">赫伯特·斯宾塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·冯特">威廉·冯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB" title="查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士">查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%8F%AD" title="威廉·文德尔班">威廉·文德尔班</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A" title="亨利·龐加萊">亨利·龐加萊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%98%82" title="皮埃尔·迪昂">皮埃尔·迪昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3" title="鲁道夫·施泰纳">鲁道夫·施泰纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="卡尔·皮尔逊">卡尔·皮尔逊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">科学哲学创立</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%C2%B7%E9%84%A7%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查理·鄧巴·博爾德（页面不存在）">查理·鄧巴·博爾德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Broad" class="extiw" title="en:C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·库恩">托马斯·库恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E9%9B%B7" title="拉卡托什·伊姆雷">拉卡托什·伊姆雷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">其他 现代哲学家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲學</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%91%E5%BE%B7" title="阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德">阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·亨普尔">卡尔·亨普尔</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E8%90%8A%E7%89%B9_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="南希·卡特萊特 (哲學家)">南希·卡特萊特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E6%A0%BC" title="马里奥·邦格">马里奥·邦格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="罗伊·巴斯卡">罗伊·巴斯卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="奧圖·紐拉特">奧圖·紐拉特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%99%AE" title="鲁道夫·卡尔纳普">鲁道夫·卡尔纳普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%B6%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7" title="保罗·费耶阿本德">保罗·费耶阿本德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B" title="路德維克·弗萊克">路德維克·弗萊克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91" title="伊恩·哈金">伊恩·哈金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%BD%BB" title="菲利普·基彻">菲利普·基彻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F2DE79;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:科學哲學（页面不存在）">主題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:科學哲學">分類</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="认识论" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccaacc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Template:认识论"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Template talk:认识论"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="威廉·阿尔斯顿（页面不存在）">威廉·阿尔斯顿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alston" class="extiw" title="en:William Alston">William Alston</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·奥迪（页面不存在）">罗伯特·奥迪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Audi" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔弗雷德·朱尔斯·艾耶尔">A.J. 艾耶尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·贝叶斯">托马斯·贝叶斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1" title="乔治·贝克莱">乔治·贝克莱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E4%B9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳伦斯·邦久（页面不存在）">劳伦斯·邦久</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" class="extiw" title="en:Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">勒内·笛卡尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">约翰·杜威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="戈特洛布·弗雷格">戈特洛布·弗雷格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%94" title="爱德蒙德·葛梯尔">爱德蒙德·葛梯尔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔文·戈德曼（页面不存在）">阿尔文·戈德曼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" class="extiw" title="en:Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="纳尔逊·古德曼">纳尔逊·古德曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF" title="保羅·格萊斯">保罗·格莱斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%B2%9D%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%87%B1%E9%83%AD%E7%88%BE" title="索倫·奧貝·克爾凱郭爾">索伦·克尔凯郭尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E5%85%8B" title="索尔·阿伦·克里普克">索尔·克里普克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">约翰·洛克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·爱德华·摩尔">G.E. 摩尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E9%BD%8A%E5%85%8B" title="羅伯特·諾齊克">罗伯特·诺齐克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="阿尔文·普兰丁格">阿尔文·普兰丁格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97" title="希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南">希拉里·普特南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="托马斯·里德">托马斯·里德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%A3%AE" title="彼得·弗雷德里克·斯特劳森">P.F. 斯特劳森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">W.V.O. 蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉斯·沃特斯多夫（页面不存在）">尼古拉斯·沃特斯多夫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" class="extiw" title="en:Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳学派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ccaacc;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:认识论理论">理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f6f0f6;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E7%AC%A6%E6%87%89%E8%AB%96" title="真理符應論">真理符應論</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建构主义认识论（页面不存在）">建构主义认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="情境主义国际">情境主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进化认识论（页面不存在）">进化认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="可謬論">可谬论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性主义认识论（页面不存在）">女性主义认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发生认识论（页面不存在）">发生认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic epistemology">Genetic epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%85%A8%E8%A7%80" title="整全觀">整全观</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无限主义（页面不存在）">无限主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" class="extiw" title="en:Infinitism">Infinitism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固有观念说（页面不存在）">固有观念说</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innatism" class="extiw" title="en:Innatism">Innatism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内在主义与外在主义（页面不存在）">内在主义与外在主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Internalism and externalism">Internalism_and_externalism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B4%E7%B4%A0%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朴素实在论（页面不存在）">朴素实在论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" class="extiw" title="en:Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义认识论（页面不存在）">自然主义认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized_epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现象主义">现象主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论">还原主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可靠主义（页面不存在）">可靠主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilism" class="extiw" title="en:Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="表现实在论（页面不存在）">表现实在论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/representative_realism" class="extiw" title="en:representative realism">representative realism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="怀疑论">怀疑论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%9E%8B%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="理型論">理型论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%AA%8C%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先验观念论（页面不存在）">先验观念论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="均變論">均变论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ccaacc;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="Category:認識論概念">概念</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗與後驗">先验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-综合区别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信念度（页面不存在）">信念度</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credence_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Credence (statistics)">Credence (statistics)</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="因果关系">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98" title="常識">常识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E8%BF%B0%E6%80%A7%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="陈述性知识">陈述性</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%A7%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="过程性知识">过程性知识</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E6%80%A7%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探索性思考（页面不存在）">探索性思考</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_thought" class="extiw" title="en:Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%94%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="葛梯尔问题">葛梯尔问题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正当化理论（页面不存在）">理由</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification" class="extiw" title="en:Theory of justification">Theory of justification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客观性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">归纳问题</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">划界问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E5%BF%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="他心問題">他心問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="感知">知觉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%98" title="命题">命题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%BA%AF%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回溯论证（页面不存在）">回溯论证</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Regress argument">Regress argument</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E5%80%92%E9%80%80" title="无限倒退">无限倒退</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="简单（页面不存在）">简单</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity" class="extiw" title="en:Simplicity">Simplicity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E8%BE%A8%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思辨理性（页面不存在）">思辨理性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_reason" class="extiw" title="en:Speculative reason">Speculative reason</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ccaacc;">相关条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f6f0f6;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alethiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alethiology（页面不存在）">Alethiology</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alethiology" class="extiw" title="en:Alethiology">Alethiology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性与信仰（页面不存在）">理性与信仰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" class="extiw" title="en:Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式认识论（页面不存在）">形式认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="元認識論">元認識論</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感知哲学（页面不存在）">感知哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会认识论（页面不存在）">社会认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶斯认识论（页面不存在）">贝叶斯认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Bayesian epistemology">Bayesian epistemology</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ccaacc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Portal:认识论">主题</a></li> <li><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Category:知識論">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/w/index.php?title=WikiProject:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WikiProject:哲学/认识论（页面不存在）">专题</a></li> <li><img alt="历史上的今天" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Special:链出更改/Template:认识论">历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="实证主义" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Template:实证主义"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:实证主义（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:实证主义"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="实证主义" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">视角</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反人文主义（页面不存在）">反人文主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihumanism" class="extiw" title="en:Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">演变</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后实证主义">后实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivist_school_(criminology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivist school (criminology)（页面不存在）">Positivist school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociological_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociological positivism（页面不存在）">sociological positivism</a>（維基數據所列：<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56112229" class="extiw" title="d:Q56112229">Q56112229</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Mach">Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rankean_historical_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rankean historical positivism（页面不存在）">Rankean historical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivism_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivism in Poland（页面不存在）">Polish positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Machism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Machism（页面不存在）">Russian Machism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">主要概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="归纳一致（页面不存在）">归纳一致</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience" class="extiw" title="en:Consilience">Consilience</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">划界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="证据">证据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳推理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%89%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="證成（页面不存在）">證成</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" class="extiw" title="en:Justification (epistemology)">Justification (epistemology)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vienna_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vienna Circle（页面不存在）">Critique of metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA" title="科学统一论">科学统一论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AA%A2%E8%AD%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="檢證原則（页面不存在）">檢證原則</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism" class="extiw" title="en:Verificationism">Verificationism</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">反命题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反實證主義">反实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%A1%AE%E8%AF%81%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整体主义确证论（页面不存在）">整体主义确证论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="批判理论">批判理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">可证伪性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="精神科学">精神科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="詮釋學">诠释学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="历史主义">历史主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="历史主义学派">历史主义学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="人文科学">人文科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">人文学科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodological_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodological dualism（页面不存在）">Methodological dualism</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological_dualism" class="extiw" title="en:Methodological dualism">Methodological dualism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">归纳问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反思主義">反思主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="科学技术研究（英语：-&#123;science_and_technology_studies&#125;-）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Template:科学技术研究"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:科学技术研究（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:科学技术研究"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="科学技术研究（英语：-&#123;science_and_technology_studies&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学技术研究（页面不存在）">科学技术研究</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/science_and_technology_studies" class="extiw" title="en:science and technology studies">science and technology studies</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学经济学（页面不存在）">科学经济学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Economics of science">Economics of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学知识经济学（页面不存在）">科学知识经济学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_scientific_knowledge" class="extiw" title="en:Economics of scientific knowledge">Economics of scientific knowledge</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学历史与哲学（页面不存在）">科学历史与哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="技术史">技术史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学技术史（页面不存在）">科学技术史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" class="extiw" title="en:History of science and technology">History of science and technology</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%B8%96" title="人類世">人類世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反實證主義">反實證主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E7%B3%8A%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="模糊逻辑">模糊逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新卢德主义">新卢德主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会科学哲学（页面不存在）">社会科学哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技术哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后实证主义">后实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会认识论（页面不存在）">社会认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超人类主义">超人类主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%80%85%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="行动者网络理论">行动者网络理论</a></li> <li>社会 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84" title="技术的社会建构">技术的社会建构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%A2%E5%A1%91" title="技術的社會形塑">技術的社會形塑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="知识社会学">知识社会学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="科学知识社会学">科学知识社会学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%97%A0%E7%9F%A5%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学无知社会学（页面不存在）">科学无知社会学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" class="extiw" title="en:Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学史社会学（页面不存在）">科学史社会学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Sociology of the history of science">Sociology of the history of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会工艺学（页面不存在）">社会工艺学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Sociotechnology">Sociotechnology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%BA%B2%E9%A2%86" title="强纲领">强纲领</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%BA" title="科学论">科学论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始科學（页面不存在）">原始科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoscience" class="extiw" title="en:Protoscience">Protoscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="反科學">反科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="文獻計量學">文獻計量學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="划界（页面不存在）">划界</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary-work" class="extiw" title="en:Boundary-work">Boundary-work</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="归纳一致（页面不存在）">归纳一致</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience" class="extiw" title="en:Consilience">Consilience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学批判（页面不存在）">科学批判</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">划界问题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E9%87%8D%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双重诠释（页面不存在）">双重诠释</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" class="extiw" title="en:Double hermeneutic">Double hermeneutic</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6" title="科学学">科学学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="映射争议（页面不存在）">映射争议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_controversies" class="extiw" title="en:Mapping controversies">Mapping controversies</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="元科学">元科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B8%E7%AF%84%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="典範轉移">范式转变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="黑天鵝理論">黑天鹅事件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="科学心理学">科学心理学</a></li> <li>科学 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="公民科学">公民科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="科學傳播">沟通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="科學教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%B8%E6%80%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="常态科学（页面不存在）">常态科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_science" class="extiw" title="en:Normal science">Normal science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="規範科學">規範科學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新殖民式科學（页面不存在）">新殖民式科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonial_science" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-colonial science">Neo-colonial science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E5%B8%B8%E6%80%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后常态科学（页面不存在）">后常态科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-normal_science" class="extiw" title="en:Post-normal science">Post-normal science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学修辞（页面不存在）">科学修辞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="科學戰爭">科学战争</a></li></ul></li> <li>科学的 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="科学共同体">科学共同体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%B1%E8%AD%98" title="科學共識">科学共识</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学争议（页面不存在）">争议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_controversy" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific controversy">Scientific controversy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%82%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学异议（页面不存在）">异议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_dissent" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific dissent">Scientific dissent</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学企业（页面不存在）">企业</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_enterprise" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific enterprise">Scientific enterprise</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="科學證據">证据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="科學素養">素养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%8D%E7%AB%AF%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="科學不端行為">不端行為</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学优先权（页面不存在）">优先权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_priority" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific priority">Scientific priority</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E8%AB%96" title="科學懷疑論">怀疑论</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学专政（页面不存在）">科学专政</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Scientocracy">Scientocracy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="科學計量學">科学计量学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%9A%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="團隊科學論（页面不存在）">團隊科學論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_team_science" class="extiw" title="en:Science of team science">Science of team science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在地知識（页面不存在）">在地知識</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" class="extiw" title="en:Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="傳統生態智慧">傳統生態智慧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA" title="科学统一论">科学统一论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7" title="科学领域中的女性">科学领域中的女性</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STEM%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STEM領域的女性（页面不存在）">STEM領域的女性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" class="extiw" title="en:Women in STEM fields">Women in STEM fields</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">技术研究</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合作生产（页面不存在）">合作生产</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-production_(society)" class="extiw" title="en:Co-production (society)">Co-production (society)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%9B%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赛博格人类学（页面不存在）">赛博格人类学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" class="extiw" title="en:Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非物质化（页面不存在）">非物质化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" class="extiw" title="en:Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization (products)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="数字人类学">数字人类学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%8E%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数字媒体的使用与心理健康（页面不存在）">数字媒体的使用与心理健康</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%8E%A1%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期採用者（页面不存在）">早期採用者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_adopter" class="extiw" title="en:Early adopter">Early adopter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工程研究（页面不存在）">工程研究</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Engineering studies">Engineering studies</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="金融科技">金融科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="创新">创新</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="創新擴散理論">扩散</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="破壞性創新">破壞性創新</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="线性创新模型（页面不存在）">线性创新模型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_model_of_innovation" class="extiw" title="en:Linear model of innovation">Linear model of innovation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術創新系統（页面不存在）">技術創新系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" class="extiw" title="en:Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0" title="用户创新">用户创新</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%99%E8%B7%B3%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛙跳模式（页面不存在）">蛙跳模式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging" class="extiw" title="en:Leapfrogging">Leapfrogging</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%92%E4%B8%80%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="归一化过程理论（页面不存在）">归一化过程理论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_process_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Normalization process theory">Normalization process theory</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%91%E5%87%B8%E8%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反向凸角（页面不存在）">反向凸角</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_salient" class="extiw" title="en:Reverse salient">Reverse salient</a>）</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会技术系统（页面不存在）">社会技术系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" class="extiw" title="en:Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术变化（页面不存在）">技术变化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_change" class="extiw" title="en:Technical change">Technical change</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家统治</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%80%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技性科学（页面不存在）">技性科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience" class="extiw" title="en:Technoscience">Technoscience</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%8A%80%E6%80%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性主义技性科学（页面不存在）">女性主义技性科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist technoscience">Feminist technoscience</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>技术的 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0" title="技术革新">技术革新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="技术融合">技术融合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" title="技术决定论">技术决定论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术革命（页面不存在）">技术革命</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%BD%AC%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术转化（页面不存在）">技术转化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_transitions" class="extiw" title="en:Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>技术 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%88%87%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="科技與社會">科技與社會</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對技術的批評（页面不存在）">批評</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Criticism of technology">Criticism of technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术动力（页面不存在）">动力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_dynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Technology dynamics">Technology dynamics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术理论（页面不存在）">理论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of technology">Theories of technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB" title="技术转移">技术转让</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="技術生命週期">技術生命週期</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%92%E4%BD%9C%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="炒作周期">炒作周期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7" title="工程領域中的女性">工程領域中的女性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学政策（页面不存在）">科学政策</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Science policy">Science policy</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="学术自由">学术自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%90%BD%E5%B7%AE" title="數位落差">数字鸿沟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E8%AD%89%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="循證政策">循證政策</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Factor 10（页面不存在）">Factor 10</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_10" class="extiw" title="en:Factor 10">Factor 10</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科研基金（页面不存在）">科研基金</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Funding of science">Funding of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%BA%BF%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地平线扫描（页面不存在）">地平线扫描</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_scanning" class="extiw" title="en:Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学政策（页面不存在）">科学政策</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Science policy">Science policy</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学政策史（页面不存在）">科学政策史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_policy" class="extiw" title="en:History of science policy">History of science policy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科技政策科学（页面不存在）">科技政策科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_science_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Science of science policy">Science of science policy</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%96" title="科學政治化">科学政治化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%91%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对科学的监管（页面不存在）">对科学的监管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Regulation of science">Regulation of science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學倫理（页面不存在）">科學倫理</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftsethik" class="extiw" title="de:Wissenschaftsethik">Wissenschaftsethik</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学与文化权（页面不存在）">科学与文化权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A-%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会-科学问题（页面不存在）">社会-科学问题</a>（西班牙语：<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuntos_sociocient%C3%ADficos" class="extiw" title="es:Asuntos sociocientíficos">Asuntos sociocientíficos</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术评估（页面不存在）">技术评估</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_assessment" class="extiw" title="en:Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科技政策（页面不存在）">科技政策</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Technology policy">Technology policy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转型管理（页面不存在）">转型管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_management_(governance)" class="extiw" title="en:Transition management (governance)">Transition management (governance)</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img 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