CINXE.COM

Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre - Videvo.net Blog

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta property="og:title" content="Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Western is one of the cinema's oldest genres. Here's how we define it." /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg" /> <!-- Search Engine Optimization by Rank Math - https://rankmath.com/ --> <title>Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre - Videvo.net Blog</title> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre - Videvo.net Blog" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Western is all about taming the Frontier. Let’s unpack this cinematic genre and discover how deeply it is rooted in our psyches.&nbsp; On the one hand, the Western, in its simplest expression, is one of the purest forms of American cinema. Soon after the American Civil War, the country began its largest period of expansion, as people rushed to fill what they saw as “uninhabited” land. This westward spread was buoyed by the befuddled idea of Manifest Destiny (the notion that “we’ve got to go over there and stick a flag in it because God told us to”), and…" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/markteppoauthor" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="filmmaking" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="industry" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="inspiration" /> <meta property="article:section" content="Industry" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Tombstone" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-05-14T00:00:00+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre - Videvo.net Blog" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Western is all about taming the Frontier. Let’s unpack this cinematic genre and discover how deeply it is rooted in our psyches.&nbsp; On the one hand, the Western, in its simplest expression, is one of the purest forms of American cinema. Soon after the American Civil War, the country began its largest period of expansion, as people rushed to fill what they saw as “uninhabited” land. This westward spread was buoyed by the befuddled idea of Manifest Destiny (the notion that “we’ve got to go over there and stick a flag in it because God told us to”), and…" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization","name":"Videvo.net Blog"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#website","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg","width":"1200","height":"800","caption":"Tombstone","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":"1","item":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":"2","item":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/","name":"Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre"}}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/#webpage","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/","name":"Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre - Videvo.net Blog","datePublished":"2024-05-14T00:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-14T00:00:00+00:00","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg"},"inLanguage":"en-US","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/#breadcrumb"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/","name":"Mark Teppo","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=96&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=96&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g","caption":"Mark Teppo","inLanguage":"en-US"},"sameAs":["http://markteppo.com/","https://www.facebook.com/markteppoauthor","https://twitter.com/https://twitter.com/markteppo/","https://www.linkedin.com/in/markteppo/","https://www.instagram.com/mark.teppo/"],"worksFor":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization"}},{"@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre - Videvo.net Blog","datePublished":"2024-05-14T00:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-14T00:00:00+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/","name":"Mark Teppo"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization"},"description":"On the one hand, the Western, in its simplest expression, is one of the purest forms of American cinema. Soon after the American Civil War, the country began its largest period of expansion, as people rushed to fill what they saw as \u201cuninhabited\u201d land. This westward spread was buoyed by the befuddled idea of Manifest Destiny (the notion that \u201cwe\u2019ve got to go over there and stick a flag in it because God told us to\u201d), and for rest of the 19th century, Americans rushed to fill this vast, uncivilized land. The peoples that were already living there? Well, they were getting in the way of the spread of American ingenuity and commerce.\u00a0","name":"Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre - Videvo.net Blog","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/#webpage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/#webpage"}}]}</script> <!-- /Rank Math WordPress SEO plugin --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Videvo.net Blog &raquo; Feed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Videvo.net Blog &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Videvo.net Blog &raquo; Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre Comments Feed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.4.3' media='all' /> <style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") " ";counter-increment:item} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1: var(--paletteColor1, #1B95E0);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2: var(--paletteColor2, #00263D);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3: var(--paletteColor3, #0A5AAB);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4: var(--paletteColor4, #667D8B);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5: var(--paletteColor5, #CCD4D8);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6: var(--paletteColor6, #E5E9EB);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7: var(--paletteColor7, #F2F4F5);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8: var(--paletteColor8, #ffffff);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-peach: linear-gradient(to right, #ffecd2 0%, #fcb69f 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--young-passion: linear-gradient(to right, #ff8177 0%, #ff867a 0%, #ff8c7f 21%, #f99185 52%, #cf556c 78%, #b12a5b 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--true-sunset: linear-gradient(to right, #fa709a 0%, #fee140 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--morpheus-den: linear-gradient(to top, #30cfd0 0%, #330867 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--plum-plate: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--aqua-splash: linear-gradient(15deg, #13547a 0%, #80d0c7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--love-kiss: linear-gradient(to top, #ff0844 0%, #ffb199 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--new-retrowave: linear-gradient(to top, #3b41c5 0%, #a981bb 49%, #ffc8a9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--plum-bath: linear-gradient(to top, #cc208e 0%, #6713d2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--high-flight: linear-gradient(to right, #0acffe 0%, #495aff 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--teen-party: linear-gradient(-225deg, #FF057C 0%, #8D0B93 50%, #321575 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--fabled-sunset: linear-gradient(-225deg, #231557 0%, #44107A 29%, #FF1361 67%, #FFF800 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--arielle-smile: radial-gradient(circle 248px at center, #16d9e3 0%, #30c7ec 47%, #46aef7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--itmeo-branding: linear-gradient(180deg, #2af598 0%, #009efd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--deep-blue: linear-gradient(to right, #6a11cb 0%, #2575fc 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--strong-bliss: linear-gradient(to right, #f78ca0 0%, #f9748f 19%, #fd868c 60%, #fe9a8b 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--sweet-period: linear-gradient(to top, #3f51b1 0%, #5a55ae 13%, #7b5fac 25%, #8f6aae 38%, #a86aa4 50%, #cc6b8e 62%, #f18271 75%, #f3a469 87%, #f7c978 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--purple-division: linear-gradient(to top, #7028e4 0%, #e5b2ca 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cold-evening: linear-gradient(to top, #0c3483 0%, #a2b6df 100%, #6b8cce 100%, #a2b6df 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--mountain-rock: linear-gradient(to right, #868f96 0%, #596164 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--desert-hump: linear-gradient(to top, #c79081 0%, #dfa579 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--ethernal-constance: linear-gradient(to top, #09203f 0%, #537895 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--happy-memories: linear-gradient(-60deg, #ff5858 0%, #f09819 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--grown-early: linear-gradient(to top, #0ba360 0%, #3cba92 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--morning-salad: linear-gradient(-225deg, #B7F8DB 0%, #50A7C2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--night-call: linear-gradient(-225deg, #AC32E4 0%, #7918F2 48%, #4801FF 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--mind-crawl: linear-gradient(-225deg, #473B7B 0%, #3584A7 51%, #30D2BE 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--angel-care: linear-gradient(-225deg, #FFE29F 0%, #FFA99F 48%, #FF719A 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-cake: linear-gradient(to top, #e14fad 0%, #f9d423 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--rich-metal: linear-gradient(to right, #d7d2cc 0%, #304352 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--mole-hall: linear-gradient(-20deg, #616161 0%, #9bc5c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cloudy-knoxville: linear-gradient(120deg, #fdfbfb 0%, #ebedee 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--soft-grass: linear-gradient(to top, #c1dfc4 0%, #deecdd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--saint-petersburg: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f7fa 0%, #c3cfe2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--everlasting-sky: linear-gradient(135deg, #fdfcfb 0%, #e2d1c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--kind-steel: linear-gradient(-20deg, #e9defa 0%, #fbfcdb 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--over-sun: linear-gradient(60deg, #abecd6 0%, #fbed96 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--premium-white: linear-gradient(to top, #d5d4d0 0%, #d5d4d0 1%, #eeeeec 31%, #efeeec 75%, #e9e9e7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--clean-mirror: linear-gradient(45deg, #93a5cf 0%, #e4efe9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--wild-apple: linear-gradient(to top, #d299c2 0%, #fef9d7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--snow-again: linear-gradient(to top, #e6e9f0 0%, #eef1f5 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--confident-cloud: linear-gradient(to top, #dad4ec 0%, #dad4ec 1%, #f3e7e9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--glass-water: linear-gradient(to top, #dfe9f3 0%, white 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--perfect-white: linear-gradient(-225deg, #E3FDF5 0%, #FFE6FA 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}body { margin: 0;--wp--style--global--content-size: var(--block-max-width);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--block-wide-max-width); }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: var(--content-spacing); margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child:first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child:last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }body { --wp--style--block-gap: var(--content-spacing); }:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: var(--content-spacing);margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: var(--content-spacing);margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flex) {gap: var(--content-spacing);}:where(body .is-layout-grid) {gap: var(--content-spacing);}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-palette-color-1-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1) !important;}.has-palette-color-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2) !important;}.has-palette-color-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3) !important;}.has-palette-color-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4) !important;}.has-palette-color-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5) !important;}.has-palette-color-6-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6) !important;}.has-palette-color-7-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7) !important;}.has-palette-color-8-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-palette-color-1-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1) !important;}.has-palette-color-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2) !important;}.has-palette-color-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3) !important;}.has-palette-color-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4) !important;}.has-palette-color-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5) !important;}.has-palette-color-6-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6) !important;}.has-palette-color-7-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7) !important;}.has-palette-color-8-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-palette-color-1-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1) !important;}.has-palette-color-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2) !important;}.has-palette-color-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3) !important;}.has-palette-color-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4) !important;}.has-palette-color-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5) !important;}.has-palette-color-6-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6) !important;}.has-palette-color-7-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7) !important;}.has-palette-color-8-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-juicy-peach-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-peach) !important;}.has-young-passion-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--young-passion) !important;}.has-true-sunset-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--true-sunset) !important;}.has-morpheus-den-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--morpheus-den) !important;}.has-plum-plate-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--plum-plate) !important;}.has-aqua-splash-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--aqua-splash) !important;}.has-love-kiss-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--love-kiss) !important;}.has-new-retrowave-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--new-retrowave) !important;}.has-plum-bath-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--plum-bath) !important;}.has-high-flight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--high-flight) !important;}.has-teen-party-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--teen-party) !important;}.has-fabled-sunset-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--fabled-sunset) !important;}.has-arielle-smile-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--arielle-smile) !important;}.has-itmeo-branding-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--itmeo-branding) !important;}.has-deep-blue-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--deep-blue) !important;}.has-strong-bliss-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--strong-bliss) !important;}.has-sweet-period-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--sweet-period) !important;}.has-purple-division-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--purple-division) !important;}.has-cold-evening-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cold-evening) !important;}.has-mountain-rock-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--mountain-rock) !important;}.has-desert-hump-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--desert-hump) !important;}.has-ethernal-constance-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--ethernal-constance) !important;}.has-happy-memories-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--happy-memories) !important;}.has-grown-early-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grown-early) !important;}.has-morning-salad-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--morning-salad) !important;}.has-night-call-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--night-call) !important;}.has-mind-crawl-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--mind-crawl) !important;}.has-angel-care-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--angel-care) !important;}.has-juicy-cake-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-cake) !important;}.has-rich-metal-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--rich-metal) !important;}.has-mole-hall-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--mole-hall) !important;}.has-cloudy-knoxville-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cloudy-knoxville) !important;}.has-soft-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--soft-grass) !important;}.has-saint-petersburg-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--saint-petersburg) !important;}.has-everlasting-sky-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--everlasting-sky) !important;}.has-kind-steel-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--kind-steel) !important;}.has-over-sun-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--over-sun) !important;}.has-premium-white-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--premium-white) !important;}.has-clean-mirror-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--clean-mirror) !important;}.has-wild-apple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--wild-apple) !important;}.has-snow-again-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--snow-again) !important;}.has-confident-cloud-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--confident-cloud) !important;}.has-glass-water-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--glass-water) !important;}.has-perfect-white-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--perfect-white) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='blocksy-fonts-font-source-google-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=PT%20Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&#038;display=swap' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-main-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/main.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-page-title-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/page-title.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-back-to-top-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/back-to-top.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-share-box-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/share-box.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-author-box-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/author-box.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-posts-nav-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/posts-nav.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/44190" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/?p=44190' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/no-scripts.min.css' type='text/css'></noscript> <style id="ct-main-styles-inline-css">[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="logo"] .site-title {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:25px;--lineHeight:1.5;--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"] > ul > li > a {--fontWeight:700;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;--linkInitialColor:var(--color);} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"][data-menu*="type-3"] > ul > li > a {--linkHoverColor:#ffffff;--linkActiveColor:#ffffff;} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"] .sub-menu {--linkInitialColor:#ffffff;--fontWeight:500;--fontSize:12px;--dropdown-divider:1px dashed rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--box-shadow:0px 10px 20px rgba(41, 51, 61, 0.1);--border-radius:0px 0px 2px 2px;} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"] {--height:120px;background-color:var(--paletteColor8);background-image:none;--borderTop:none;--borderBottom:none;--box-shadow:none;} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"] > div {--borderTop:none;--borderBottom:none;} [data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="mobile-menu"] {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:20px;--linkInitialColor:#ffffff;--mobile-menu-divider:none;} [data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas .ct-panel-inner {background-color:rgba(18, 21, 25, 0.98);} [data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas {--side-panel-width:500px;} [data-header*="type-1"] [data-behaviour*="side"] {--box-shadow:0px 0px 70px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);} [data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal .ct-search-results a {--fontWeight:500;--fontSize:14px;--lineHeight:1.4;} [data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal {--linkInitialColor:#ffffff;--form-text-initial-color:#ffffff;--form-text-focus-color:#ffffff;background-color:rgba(18, 21, 25, 0.98);} [data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="trigger"] {--icon-size:18px;} [data-header*="type-1"] {--header-height:120px;} [data-footer*="type-1"] footer.ct-footer {background-color:var(--paletteColor6);}:root {--fontFamily:'PT Sans', Sans-Serif;--fontWeight:400;--textTransform:none;--textDecoration:none;--fontSize:18px;--lineHeight:1.65;--letterSpacing:0em;--buttonFontWeight:700;--buttonFontSize:16px;--has-classic-forms:var(--true);--has-modern-forms:var(--false);--form-field-initial-background:var(--paletteColor8);--form-field-border-radius:6px;--form-field-border-initial-color:var(--paletteColor5);--form-field-border-focus-color:var(--paletteColor1);--form-selection-control-initial-color:var(--border-color);--form-selection-control-accent-color:var(--paletteColor1);--paletteColor1:#1B95E0;--paletteColor2:#00263D;--paletteColor3:#0A5AAB;--paletteColor4:#667D8B;--paletteColor5:#CCD4D8;--paletteColor6:#E5E9EB;--paletteColor7:#F2F4F5;--paletteColor8:#ffffff;--color:var(--paletteColor2);--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor1);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);--selectionTextColor:#ffffff;--selectionBackgroundColor:var(--paletteColor1);--border-color:var(--paletteColor5);--headings-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-1-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-2-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-3-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-4-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-5-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-6-color:var(--paletteColor2);--content-spacing:1.5em;--buttonMinHeight:40px;--buttonShadow:none;--buttonTransform:none;--buttonTextInitialColor:var(--paletteColor8);--buttonTextHoverColor:#ffffff;--buttonInitialColor:var(--paletteColor1);--buttonHoverColor:var(--paletteColor2);--button-border:none;--buttonBorderRadius:6px;--button-padding:5px 20px;--normal-container-max-width:1600px;--content-vertical-spacing:60px;--narrow-container-max-width:820px;--wide-offset:130px;}h1 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:48px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h2 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:36px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h3 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:28px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h4 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:22px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h5 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:20px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h6 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:18px;--lineHeight:1.2;}.wp-block-pullquote, .ct-quote-widget blockquote {--fontFamily:Georgia;--fontWeight:600;--fontSize:25px;}code, kbd, samp, pre {--fontFamily:monospace;--fontWeight:400;--fontSize:16px;}.ct-sidebar .widget-title {--fontSize:18px;--heading-color:var(--paletteColor2);}.ct-sidebar .ct-widget > *:not(.widget-title):not(blockquote) {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:16px;--lineHeight:1.2em;}.ct-breadcrumbs {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--letterSpacing:0.02em;--color:var(--paletteColor4);--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor4);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);}body {background-color:var(--paletteColor7);background-image:none;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:48px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--lineHeight:1.3;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .hero-section[data-type="type-1"] {--margin-bottom:30px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:0px;--description-max-width:10%;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-meta[data-id="second"] {--itemSpacing:31px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:60px;--heading-color:var(--paletteColor8);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .page-description {--fontSize:20px;--color:var(--paletteColor6);} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--alignment:center;--vertical-alignment:center;--min-height:400px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] > figure .ct-image-container:after {background-color:rgba(18, 20, 26, 0.5);} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:20px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:38px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="categories"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--min-height:120px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:30px;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="search"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--alignment:left;--vertical-alignment:center;--min-height:120px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="search"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:25px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:38px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--lineHeight:1.3;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .page-description {--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--min-height:91px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .page-title, [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .ct-author-name {--itemSpacing:0px;} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:12px;} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .entry-meta {--itemSpacing:40px;} [data-prefix="single_page"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:30px;} [data-prefix="single_page"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-pagination="simple"], [data-pagination="next_prev"] {--color:var(--paletteColor4);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor2);} [data-prefix="blog"] .ct-pagination {--border-radius:4px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;--heading-color:var(--paletteColor2);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-excerpt {--color:var(--paletteColor2);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entries {--grid-columns-gap:30px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);} [data-prefix="author"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);} [data-prefix="search"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);}form textarea {--form-field-height:170px;} [data-sidebar] {--sidebar-offset:60px;}.ct-sidebar > * {--color:var(--paletteColor2);}.ct-sidebar {--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor2);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);--sidebar-widgets-spacing:30px;}aside[data-type="type-2"] {--border:none;--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);}.ct-back-to-top .ct-icon {--icon-size:14px;}.ct-back-to-top {--icon-color:var(--paletteColor7);--icon-hover-color:#ffffff;--top-button-background-color:var(--paletteColor2);--top-button-background-hover-color:var(--paletteColor1);--border-radius:6px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-share-box {--icon-size:20px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-share-box[data-type="type-1"] {--icon-color:var(--paletteColor2);--icon-hover-color:var(--paletteColor4);--border:1px solid var(--paletteColor5);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .author-box {--spacing:30px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .author-box .author-box-bio {--lineHeight:1.5;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .post-navigation {--linkInitialColor:var(--color);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .post-navigation figure {--border-radius:8px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts-container {background-color:var(--paletteColor6);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .entry-meta {--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts {--grid-template-columns:repeat(3, 1fr);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] [class*="ct-container"] > article[class*="post"] {--has-boxed:var(--false);--has-wide:var(--true);} [data-prefix="single_page"] [class*="ct-container"] > article[class*="post"] {--has-boxed:var(--false);--has-wide:var(--true);}@media (max-width: 999.98px) {[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"] {--height:70px;} [data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas {--side-panel-width:65vw;} [data-header*="type-1"] {--header-height:70px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;}:root {--sidebar-order:-1;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}}@media (max-width: 689.98px) {[data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas {--side-panel-width:90vw;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:48px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:20px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entries {--grid-columns-gap:20px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:18px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:18px;} [data-prefix="search"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:18px;}:root {--content-vertical-spacing:24px;--sidebar-order:-1;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, 1fr);}}</style> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .wp-block-quote { margin-top: 40px !important; margin-bottom: 40px !important; } .wp-block-quote p { font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.4em; } .wp-block-quote cite { font-size: 18px !important; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.4em; opacity: .5; } } .entry-content a:hover { text-decoration: none; } .entry-content h2 a:hover, .entry-content h3 a:hover, .entry-content h4 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .ct-breadcrumbs { margin-top: -30px; padding-bottom: 20px; } @media (max-width: 999px) { .ct-sidebar .ct-widget:not(:first-child) { display: none; } } .ct-related-posts h3 { font-size: 24px; } .ct-related-posts h4 { font-size: 20px; } .ct-related-posts .entry-meta, .post-navigation .item-label, .author-box .ct-author-box-more, .page-title .ct-title-label { color: rgb(102, 125, 139); font-size: 14px !important; font-style: normal; font-weight: 600; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-transform: uppercase; opacity: 1; } .author-box .ct-author-box-more:hover { color: #1B95E0; } .post-navigation .item-content { margin-top: -2px; } .post-navigation .item-title { font-size: 18px; /* margin-top: 0; */ line-height: 1.25em; } .post-navigation [class*=nav-item] { align-items: flex-start; } .post-navigation .ct-image-container { max-width: 80px !important; height: 80px !important; flex-basis: 80px; /* margin-right: 20px; */ } .post-navigation .ct-image-container img { height: 100%; } .entry-tags a { font-size: 16px; padding: .4em 1em .65em; border-radius: 6px; } .ct-share-box[data-type=type-1]>div { border-radius: 8px; } .ct-share-box .ct-icon-container { padding: 20px 0 !important; } .entry-content figcaption { color: rgb(102, 125, 139); font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; } .ct-sidebar .widget-title { font-size: 24px; } .ct-sidebar .wp-block-latest-posts__post-title { font-size: 18px; } .sidebar-posts li, .ct-posts-widget li { margin-bottom: 22px; } .ct-posts-widget .ct-image-container { margin-bottom: -8px; } .ct-posts-widget ul .ct-post-title { line-height: 1.3em; font-size: 18px; } .wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image { margin-bottom: 12px; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> /*! jQuery v3.6.0 | (c) OpenJS Foundation and other contributors | jquery.org/license */ !function(e,t){"use strict";"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(C,e){"use strict";var t=[],r=Object.getPrototypeOf,s=t.slice,g=t.flat?function(e){return t.flat.call(e)}:function(e){return t.concat.apply([],e)},u=t.push,i=t.indexOf,n={},o=n.toString,v=n.hasOwnProperty,a=v.toString,l=a.call(Object),y={},m=function(e){return"function"==typeof e&&"number"!=typeof e.nodeType&&"function"!=typeof e.item},x=function(e){return null!=e&&e===e.window},E=C.document,c={type:!0,src:!0,nonce:!0,noModule:!0};function b(e,t,n){var r,i,o=(n=n||E).createElement("script");if(o.text=e,t)for(r in c)(i=t[r]||t.getAttribute&&t.getAttribute(r))&&o.setAttribute(r,i);n.head.appendChild(o).parentNode.removeChild(o)}function w(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?n[o.call(e)]||"object":typeof e}var f="3.6.0",S=function(e,t){return new S.fn.init(e,t)};function p(e){var t=!!e&&"length"in e&&e.length,n=w(e);return!m(e)&&!x(e)&&("array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&0<t&&t-1 in e)}S.fn=S.prototype={jquery:f,constructor:S,length:0,toArray:function(){return s.call(this)},get:function(e){return null==e?s.call(this):e<0?this[e+this.length]:this[e]},pushStack:function(e){var t=S.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t},each:function(e){return S.each(this,e)},map:function(n){return this.pushStack(S.map(this,function(e,t){return n.call(e,t,e)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(s.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},even:function(){return this.pushStack(S.grep(this,function(e,t){return(t+1)%2}))},odd:function(){return this.pushStack(S.grep(this,function(e,t){return t%2}))},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(e<0?t:0);return this.pushStack(0<=n&&n<t?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor()},push:u,sort:t.sort,splice:t.splice},S.extend=S.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,u=arguments.length,l=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(l=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||m(a)||(a={}),s===u&&(a=this,s--);s<u;s++)if(null!=(e=arguments[s]))for(t in e)r=e[t],"__proto__"!==t&&a!==r&&(l&&r&&(S.isPlainObject(r)||(i=Array.isArray(r)))?(n=a[t],o=i&&!Array.isArray(n)?[]:i||S.isPlainObject(n)?n:{},i=!1,a[t]=S.extend(l,o,r)):void 0!==r&&(a[t]=r));return a},S.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(f+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isPlainObject:function(e){var t,n;return!(!e||"[object Object]"!==o.call(e))&&(!(t=r(e))||"function"==typeof(n=v.call(t,"constructor")&&t.constructor)&&a.call(n)===l)},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},globalEval:function(e,t,n){b(e,{nonce:t&&t.nonce},n)},each:function(e,t){var n,r=0;if(p(e)){for(n=e.length;r<n;r++)if(!1===t.call(e[r],r,e[r]))break}else for(r in e)if(!1===t.call(e[r],r,e[r]))break;return e},makeArray:function(e,t){var n=t||[];return null!=e&&(p(Object(e))?S.merge(n,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):u.call(n,e)),n},inArray:function(e,t,n){return null==t?-1:i.call(t,e,n)},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;r<n;r++)e[i++]=t[r];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=0,o=e.length,a=!n;i<o;i++)!t(e[i],i)!==a&&r.push(e[i]);return r},map:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=[];if(p(e))for(r=e.length;o<r;o++)null!=(i=t(e[o],o,n))&&a.push(i);else for(o in e)null!=(i=t(e[o],o,n))&&a.push(i);return g(a)},guid:1,support:y}),"function"==typeof Symbol&&(S.fn[Symbol.iterator]=t[Symbol.iterator]),S.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split(" "),function(e,t){n["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var d=function(n){var e,d,b,o,i,h,f,g,w,u,l,T,C,a,E,v,s,c,y,S="sizzle"+1*new Date,p=n.document,k=0,r=0,m=ue(),x=ue(),A=ue(),N=ue(),j=function(e,t){return e===t&&(l=!0),0},D={}.hasOwnProperty,t=[],q=t.pop,L=t.push,H=t.push,O=t.slice,P=function(e,t){for(var n=0,r=e.length;n<r;n++)if(e[n]===t)return n;return-1},R="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",M="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",I="(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}"+M+"?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+",W="\\["+M+"*("+I+")(?:"+M+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+M+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+I+"))|)"+M+"*\\]",F=":("+I+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+W+")*)|.*)\\)|)",B=new RegExp(M+"+","g"),$=new RegExp("^"+M+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+M+"+$","g"),_=new RegExp("^"+M+"*,"+M+"*"),z=new RegExp("^"+M+"*([>+~]|"+M+")"+M+"*"),U=new RegExp(M+"|>"),X=new RegExp(F),V=new RegExp("^"+I+"$"),G={ID:new RegExp("^#("+I+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+I+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+I+"|[*])"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+W),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+F),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+M+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+M+"*(?:([+-]|)"+M+"*(\\d+)|))"+M+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+R+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+M+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+M+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+M+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},Y=/HTML$/i,Q=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,J=/^h\d$/i,K=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,Z=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,ee=/[+~]/,te=new RegExp("\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}"+M+"?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])","g"),ne=function(e,t){var n="0x"+e.slice(1)-65536;return t||(n<0?String.fromCharCode(n+65536):String.fromCharCode(n>>10|55296,1023&n|56320))},re=/([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g,ie=function(e,t){return t?"\0"===e?"\ufffd":e.slice(0,-1)+"\\"+e.charCodeAt(e.length-1).toString(16)+" ":"\\"+e},oe=function(){T()},ae=be(function(e){return!0===e.disabled&&"fieldset"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()},{dir:"parentNode",next:"legend"});try{H.apply(t=O.call(p.childNodes),p.childNodes),t[p.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(e){H={apply:t.length?function(e,t){L.apply(e,O.call(t))}:function(e,t){var n=e.length,r=0;while(e[n++]=t[r++]);e.length=n-1}}}function se(t,e,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f=e&&e.ownerDocument,p=e?e.nodeType:9;if(n=n||[],"string"!=typeof t||!t||1!==p&&9!==p&&11!==p)return n;if(!r&&(T(e),e=e||C,E)){if(11!==p&&(u=Z.exec(t)))if(i=u[1]){if(9===p){if(!(a=e.getElementById(i)))return n;if(a.id===i)return n.push(a),n}else if(f&&(a=f.getElementById(i))&&y(e,a)&&a.id===i)return n.push(a),n}else{if(u[2])return H.apply(n,e.getElementsByTagName(t)),n;if((i=u[3])&&d.getElementsByClassName&&e.getElementsByClassName)return H.apply(n,e.getElementsByClassName(i)),n}if(d.qsa&&!N[t+" "]&&(!v||!v.test(t))&&(1!==p||"object"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())){if(c=t,f=e,1===p&&(U.test(t)||z.test(t))){(f=ee.test(t)&&ye(e.parentNode)||e)===e&&d.scope||((s=e.getAttribute("id"))?s=s.replace(re,ie):e.setAttribute("id",s=S)),o=(l=h(t)).length;while(o--)l[o]=(s?"#"+s:":scope")+" "+xe(l[o]);c=l.join(",")}try{return H.apply(n,f.querySelectorAll(c)),n}catch(e){N(t,!0)}finally{s===S&&e.removeAttribute("id")}}}return g(t.replace($,"$1"),e,n,r)}function ue(){var r=[];return function e(t,n){return r.push(t+" ")>b.cacheLength&&delete e[r.shift()],e[t+" "]=n}}function le(e){return e[S]=!0,e}function ce(e){var t=C.createElement("fieldset");try{return!!e(t)}catch(e){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function fe(e,t){var n=e.split("|"),r=n.length;while(r--)b.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function pe(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&e.sourceIndex-t.sourceIndex;if(r)return r;if(n)while(n=n.nextSibling)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function de(t){return function(e){return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&e.type===t}}function he(n){return function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===t||"button"===t)&&e.type===n}}function ge(t){return function(e){return"form"in e?e.parentNode&&!1===e.disabled?"label"in e?"label"in e.parentNode?e.parentNode.disabled===t:e.disabled===t:e.isDisabled===t||e.isDisabled!==!t&&ae(e)===t:e.disabled===t:"label"in e&&e.disabled===t}}function ve(a){return le(function(o){return o=+o,le(function(e,t){var n,r=a([],e.length,o),i=r.length;while(i--)e[n=r[i]]&&(e[n]=!(t[n]=e[n]))})})}function ye(e){return e&&"undefined"!=typeof e.getElementsByTagName&&e}for(e in d=se.support={},i=se.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&e.namespaceURI,n=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return!Y.test(t||n&&n.nodeName||"HTML")},T=se.setDocument=function(e){var t,n,r=e?e.ownerDocument||e:p;return r!=C&&9===r.nodeType&&r.documentElement&&(a=(C=r).documentElement,E=!i(C),p!=C&&(n=C.defaultView)&&n.top!==n&&(n.addEventListener?n.addEventListener("unload",oe,!1):n.attachEvent&&n.attachEvent("onunload",oe)),d.scope=ce(function(e){return a.appendChild(e).appendChild(C.createElement("div")),"undefined"!=typeof e.querySelectorAll&&!e.querySelectorAll(":scope fieldset div").length}),d.attributes=ce(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),d.getElementsByTagName=ce(function(e){return e.appendChild(C.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),d.getElementsByClassName=K.test(C.getElementsByClassName),d.getById=ce(function(e){return a.appendChild(e).id=S,!C.getElementsByName||!C.getElementsByName(S).length}),d.getById?(b.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(te,ne);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}},b.find.ID=function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementById&&E){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n?[n]:[]}}):(b.filter.ID=function(e){var n=e.replace(te,ne);return function(e){var t="undefined"!=typeof e.getAttributeNode&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return t&&t.value===n}},b.find.ID=function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementById&&E){var n,r,i,o=t.getElementById(e);if(o){if((n=o.getAttributeNode("id"))&&n.value===e)return[o];i=t.getElementsByName(e),r=0;while(o=i[r++])if((n=o.getAttributeNode("id"))&&n.value===e)return[o]}return[]}}),b.find.TAG=d.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return"undefined"!=typeof t.getElementsByTagName?t.getElementsByTagName(e):d.qsa?t.querySelectorAll(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){while(n=o[i++])1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},b.find.CLASS=d.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementsByClassName&&E)return t.getElementsByClassName(e)},s=[],v=[],(d.qsa=K.test(C.querySelectorAll))&&(ce(function(e){var t;a.appendChild(e).innerHTML="<a id='"+S+"'></a><select id='"+S+"-\r\\' msallowcapture=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowcapture^='']").length&&v.push("[*^$]="+M+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||v.push("\\["+M+"*(?:value|"+R+")"),e.querySelectorAll("[id~="+S+"-]").length||v.push("~="),(t=C.createElement("input")).setAttribute("name",""),e.appendChild(t),e.querySelectorAll("[name='']").length||v.push("\\["+M+"*name"+M+"*="+M+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||v.push(":checked"),e.querySelectorAll("a#"+S+"+*").length||v.push(".#.+[+~]"),e.querySelectorAll("\\\f"),v.push("[\\r\\n\\f]")}),ce(function(e){e.innerHTML="<a href='' disabled='disabled'></a><select disabled='disabled'><option/></select>";var t=C.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&v.push("name"+M+"*[*^$|!~]?="),2!==e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length&&v.push(":enabled",":disabled"),a.appendChild(e).disabled=!0,2!==e.querySelectorAll(":disabled").length&&v.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),v.push(",.*:")})),(d.matchesSelector=K.test(c=a.matches||a.webkitMatchesSelector||a.mozMatchesSelector||a.oMatchesSelector||a.msMatchesSelector))&&ce(function(e){d.disconnectedMatch=c.call(e,"*"),c.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),s.push("!=",F)}),v=v.length&&new RegExp(v.join("|")),s=s.length&&new RegExp(s.join("|")),t=K.test(a.compareDocumentPosition),y=t||K.test(a.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)while(t=t.parentNode)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},j=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return l=!0,0;var n=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return n||(1&(n=(e.ownerDocument||e)==(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1)||!d.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===n?e==C||e.ownerDocument==p&&y(p,e)?-1:t==C||t.ownerDocument==p&&y(p,t)?1:u?P(u,e)-P(u,t):0:4&n?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return l=!0,0;var n,r=0,i=e.parentNode,o=t.parentNode,a=[e],s=[t];if(!i||!o)return e==C?-1:t==C?1:i?-1:o?1:u?P(u,e)-P(u,t):0;if(i===o)return pe(e,t);n=e;while(n=n.parentNode)a.unshift(n);n=t;while(n=n.parentNode)s.unshift(n);while(a[r]===s[r])r++;return r?pe(a[r],s[r]):a[r]==p?-1:s[r]==p?1:0}),C},se.matches=function(e,t){return se(e,null,null,t)},se.matchesSelector=function(e,t){if(T(e),d.matchesSelector&&E&&!N[t+" "]&&(!s||!s.test(t))&&(!v||!v.test(t)))try{var n=c.call(e,t);if(n||d.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return n}catch(e){N(t,!0)}return 0<se(t,C,null,[e]).length},se.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!=C&&T(e),y(e,t)},se.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!=C&&T(e);var n=b.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&D.call(b.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!E):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:d.attributes||!E?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},se.escape=function(e){return(e+"").replace(re,ie)},se.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},se.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(l=!d.detectDuplicates,u=!d.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(j),l){while(t=e[i++])t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));while(r--)e.splice(n[r],1)}return u=null,e},o=se.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=o(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else while(t=e[r++])n+=o(t);return n},(b=se.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:le,match:G,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(te,ne),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(te,ne),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||se.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&se.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return G.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&X.test(n)&&(t=h(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(te,ne).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=m[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+M+")"+e+"("+M+"|$)"))&&m(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||"undefined"!=typeof e.getAttribute&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(n,r,i){return function(e){var t=se.attr(e,n);return null==t?"!="===r:!r||(t+="","="===r?t===i:"!="===r?t!==i:"^="===r?i&&0===t.indexOf(i):"*="===r?i&&-1<t.indexOf(i):"$="===r?i&&t.slice(-i.length)===i:"~="===r?-1<(" "+t.replace(B," ")+" ").indexOf(i):"|="===r&&(t===i||t.slice(0,i.length+1)===i+"-"))}},CHILD:function(h,e,t,g,v){var y="nth"!==h.slice(0,3),m="last"!==h.slice(-4),x="of-type"===e;return 1===g&&0===v?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l=y!==m?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",c=e.parentNode,f=x&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase(),p=!n&&!x,d=!1;if(c){if(y){while(l){a=e;while(a=a[l])if(x?a.nodeName.toLowerCase()===f:1===a.nodeType)return!1;u=l="only"===h&&!u&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(u=[m?c.firstChild:c.lastChild],m&&p){d=(s=(r=(i=(o=(a=c)[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]||[])[0]===k&&r[1])&&r[2],a=s&&c.childNodes[s];while(a=++s&&a&&a[l]||(d=s=0)||u.pop())if(1===a.nodeType&&++d&&a===e){i[h]=[k,s,d];break}}else if(p&&(d=s=(r=(i=(o=(a=e)[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]||[])[0]===k&&r[1]),!1===d)while(a=++s&&a&&a[l]||(d=s=0)||u.pop())if((x?a.nodeName.toLowerCase()===f:1===a.nodeType)&&++d&&(p&&((i=(o=a[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]=[k,d]),a===e))break;return(d-=v)===g||d%g==0&&0<=d/g}}},PSEUDO:function(e,o){var t,a=b.pseudos[e]||b.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||se.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return a[S]?a(o):1<a.length?(t=[e,e,"",o],b.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?le(function(e,t){var n,r=a(e,o),i=r.length;while(i--)e[n=P(e,r[i])]=!(t[n]=r[i])}):function(e){return a(e,0,t)}):a}},pseudos:{not:le(function(e){var r=[],i=[],s=f(e.replace($,"$1"));return s[S]?le(function(e,t,n,r){var i,o=s(e,null,r,[]),a=e.length;while(a--)(i=o[a])&&(e[a]=!(t[a]=i))}):function(e,t,n){return r[0]=e,s(r,null,n,i),r[0]=null,!i.pop()}}),has:le(function(t){return function(e){return 0<se(t,e).length}}),contains:le(function(t){return t=t.replace(te,ne),function(e){return-1<(e.textContent||o(e)).indexOf(t)}}),lang:le(function(n){return V.test(n||"")||se.error("unsupported lang: "+n),n=n.replace(te,ne).toLowerCase(),function(e){var t;do{if(t=E?e.lang:e.getAttribute("xml:lang")||e.getAttribute("lang"))return(t=t.toLowerCase())===n||0===t.indexOf(n+"-")}while((e=e.parentNode)&&1===e.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(e){var t=n.location&&n.location.hash;return t&&t.slice(1)===e.id},root:function(e){return e===a},focus:function(e){return e===C.activeElement&&(!C.hasFocus||C.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:ge(!1),disabled:ge(!0),checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,!0===e.selected},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!b.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return J.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return Q.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:ve(function(){return[0]}),last:ve(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:ve(function(e,t,n){return[n<0?n+t:n]}),even:ve(function(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:ve(function(e,t){for(var n=1;n<t;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:ve(function(e,t,n){for(var r=n<0?n+t:t<n?t:n;0<=--r;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:ve(function(e,t,n){for(var r=n<0?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}}).pseudos.nth=b.pseudos.eq,{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})b.pseudos[e]=de(e);for(e in{submit:!0,reset:!0})b.pseudos[e]=he(e);function me(){}function xe(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";t<n;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function be(s,e,t){var u=e.dir,l=e.next,c=l||u,f=t&&"parentNode"===c,p=r++;return e.first?function(e,t,n){while(e=e[u])if(1===e.nodeType||f)return s(e,t,n);return!1}:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=[k,p];if(n){while(e=e[u])if((1===e.nodeType||f)&&s(e,t,n))return!0}else while(e=e[u])if(1===e.nodeType||f)if(i=(o=e[S]||(e[S]={}))[e.uniqueID]||(o[e.uniqueID]={}),l&&l===e.nodeName.toLowerCase())e=e[u]||e;else{if((r=i[c])&&r[0]===k&&r[1]===p)return a[2]=r[2];if((i[c]=a)[2]=s(e,t,n))return!0}return!1}}function we(i){return 1<i.length?function(e,t,n){var r=i.length;while(r--)if(!i[r](e,t,n))return!1;return!0}:i[0]}function Te(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,u=e.length,l=null!=t;s<u;s++)(o=e[s])&&(n&&!n(o,r,i)||(a.push(o),l&&t.push(s)));return a}function Ce(d,h,g,v,y,e){return v&&!v[S]&&(v=Ce(v)),y&&!y[S]&&(y=Ce(y,e)),le(function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=[],u=[],l=t.length,c=e||function(e,t,n){for(var r=0,i=t.length;r<i;r++)se(e,t[r],n);return n}(h||"*",n.nodeType?[n]:n,[]),f=!d||!e&&h?c:Te(c,s,d,n,r),p=g?y||(e?d:l||v)?[]:t:f;if(g&&g(f,p,n,r),v){i=Te(p,u),v(i,[],n,r),o=i.length;while(o--)(a=i[o])&&(p[u[o]]=!(f[u[o]]=a))}if(e){if(y||d){if(y){i=[],o=p.length;while(o--)(a=p[o])&&i.push(f[o]=a);y(null,p=[],i,r)}o=p.length;while(o--)(a=p[o])&&-1<(i=y?P(e,a):s[o])&&(e[i]=!(t[i]=a))}}else p=Te(p===t?p.splice(l,p.length):p),y?y(null,t,p,r):H.apply(t,p)})}function Ee(e){for(var i,t,n,r=e.length,o=b.relative[e[0].type],a=o||b.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,u=be(function(e){return e===i},a,!0),l=be(function(e){return-1<P(i,e)},a,!0),c=[function(e,t,n){var r=!o&&(n||t!==w)||((i=t).nodeType?u(e,t,n):l(e,t,n));return i=null,r}];s<r;s++)if(t=b.relative[e[s].type])c=[be(we(c),t)];else{if((t=b.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches))[S]){for(n=++s;n<r;n++)if(b.relative[e[n].type])break;return Ce(1<s&&we(c),1<s&&xe(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace($,"$1"),t,s<n&&Ee(e.slice(s,n)),n<r&&Ee(e=e.slice(n)),n<r&&xe(e))}c.push(t)}return we(c)}return me.prototype=b.filters=b.pseudos,b.setFilters=new me,h=se.tokenize=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s,u,l=x[e+" "];if(l)return t?0:l.slice(0);a=e,s=[],u=b.preFilter;while(a){for(o in n&&!(r=_.exec(a))||(r&&(a=a.slice(r[0].length)||a),s.push(i=[])),n=!1,(r=z.exec(a))&&(n=r.shift(),i.push({value:n,type:r[0].replace($," ")}),a=a.slice(n.length)),b.filter)!(r=G[o].exec(a))||u[o]&&!(r=u[o](r))||(n=r.shift(),i.push({value:n,type:o,matches:r}),a=a.slice(n.length));if(!n)break}return t?a.length:a?se.error(e):x(e,s).slice(0)},f=se.compile=function(e,t){var n,v,y,m,x,r,i=[],o=[],a=A[e+" "];if(!a){t||(t=h(e)),n=t.length;while(n--)(a=Ee(t[n]))[S]?i.push(a):o.push(a);(a=A(e,(v=o,m=0<(y=i).length,x=0<v.length,r=function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u=0,l="0",c=e&&[],f=[],p=w,d=e||x&&b.find.TAG("*",i),h=k+=null==p?1:Math.random()||.1,g=d.length;for(i&&(w=t==C||t||i);l!==g&&null!=(o=d[l]);l++){if(x&&o){a=0,t||o.ownerDocument==C||(T(o),n=!E);while(s=v[a++])if(s(o,t||C,n)){r.push(o);break}i&&(k=h)}m&&((o=!s&&o)&&u--,e&&c.push(o))}if(u+=l,m&&l!==u){a=0;while(s=y[a++])s(c,f,t,n);if(e){if(0<u)while(l--)c[l]||f[l]||(f[l]=q.call(r));f=Te(f)}H.apply(r,f),i&&!e&&0<f.length&&1<u+y.length&&se.uniqueSort(r)}return i&&(k=h,w=p),c},m?le(r):r))).selector=e}return a},g=se.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l="function"==typeof e&&e,c=!r&&h(e=l.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===c.length){if(2<(o=c[0]=c[0].slice(0)).length&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&9===t.nodeType&&E&&b.relative[o[1].type]){if(!(t=(b.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(te,ne),t)||[])[0]))return n;l&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}i=G.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;while(i--){if(a=o[i],b.relative[s=a.type])break;if((u=b.find[s])&&(r=u(a.matches[0].replace(te,ne),ee.test(o[0].type)&&ye(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),!(e=r.length&&xe(o)))return H.apply(n,r),n;break}}}return(l||f(e,c))(r,t,!E,n,!t||ee.test(e)&&ye(t.parentNode)||t),n},d.sortStable=S.split("").sort(j).join("")===S,d.detectDuplicates=!!l,T(),d.sortDetached=ce(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(C.createElement("fieldset"))}),ce(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||fe("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){if(!n)return e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),d.attributes&&ce(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||fe("value",function(e,t,n){if(!n&&"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return e.defaultValue}),ce(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||fe(R,function(e,t,n){var r;if(!n)return!0===e[t]?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),se}(C);S.find=d,S.expr=d.selectors,S.expr[":"]=S.expr.pseudos,S.uniqueSort=S.unique=d.uniqueSort,S.text=d.getText,S.isXMLDoc=d.isXML,S.contains=d.contains,S.escapeSelector=d.escape;var h=function(e,t,n){var r=[],i=void 0!==n;while((e=e[t])&&9!==e.nodeType)if(1===e.nodeType){if(i&&S(e).is(n))break;r.push(e)}return r},T=function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n},k=S.expr.match.needsContext;function A(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()}var N=/^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i;function j(e,n,r){return m(n)?S.grep(e,function(e,t){return!!n.call(e,t,e)!==r}):n.nodeType?S.grep(e,function(e){return e===n!==r}):"string"!=typeof n?S.grep(e,function(e){return-1<i.call(n,e)!==r}):S.filter(n,e,r)}S.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?S.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:S.find.matches(e,S.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},S.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n,r=this.length,i=this;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(S(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;t<r;t++)if(S.contains(i[t],this))return!0}));for(n=this.pushStack([]),t=0;t<r;t++)S.find(e,i[t],n);return 1<r?S.uniqueSort(n):n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(j(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(j(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!j(this,"string"==typeof e&&k.test(e)?S(e):e||[],!1).length}});var D,q=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/;(S.fn.init=function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(!e)return this;if(n=n||D,"string"==typeof e){if(!(r="<"===e[0]&&">"===e[e.length-1]&&3<=e.length?[null,e,null]:q.exec(e))||!r[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||n).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(r[1]){if(t=t instanceof S?t[0]:t,S.merge(this,S.parseHTML(r[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:E,!0)),N.test(r[1])&&S.isPlainObject(t))for(r in t)m(this[r])?this[r](t[r]):this.attr(r,t[r]);return this}return(i=E.getElementById(r[2]))&&(this[0]=i,this.length=1),this}return e.nodeType?(this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):m(e)?void 0!==n.ready?n.ready(e):e(S):S.makeArray(e,this)}).prototype=S.fn,D=S(E);var L=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,H={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};function O(e,t){while((e=e[t])&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}S.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t=S(e,this),n=t.length;return this.filter(function(){for(var e=0;e<n;e++)if(S.contains(this,t[e]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a="string"!=typeof e&&S(e);if(!k.test(e))for(;r<i;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?-1<a.index(n):1===n.nodeType&&S.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(1<o.length?S.uniqueSort(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?i.call(S(e),this[0]):i.call(this,e.jquery?e[0]:e):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(S.uniqueSort(S.merge(this.get(),S(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),S.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return h(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return O(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return O(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return h(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return h(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return T((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return T(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return null!=e.contentDocument&&r(e.contentDocument)?e.contentDocument:(A(e,"template")&&(e=e.content||e),S.merge([],e.childNodes))}},function(r,i){S.fn[r]=function(e,t){var n=S.map(this,i,e);return"Until"!==r.slice(-5)&&(t=e),t&&"string"==typeof t&&(n=S.filter(t,n)),1<this.length&&(H[r]||S.uniqueSort(n),L.test(r)&&n.reverse()),this.pushStack(n)}});var P=/[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g;function R(e){return e}function M(e){throw e}function I(e,t,n,r){var i;try{e&&m(i=e.promise)?i.call(e).done(t).fail(n):e&&m(i=e.then)?i.call(e,t,n):t.apply(void 0,[e].slice(r))}catch(e){n.apply(void 0,[e])}}S.Callbacks=function(r){var e,n;r="string"==typeof r?(e=r,n={},S.each(e.match(P)||[],function(e,t){n[t]=!0}),n):S.extend({},r);var i,t,o,a,s=[],u=[],l=-1,c=function(){for(a=a||r.once,o=i=!0;u.length;l=-1){t=u.shift();while(++l<s.length)!1===s[l].apply(t[0],t[1])&&r.stopOnFalse&&(l=s.length,t=!1)}r.memory||(t=!1),i=!1,a&&(s=t?[]:"")},f={add:function(){return s&&(t&&!i&&(l=s.length-1,u.push(t)),function n(e){S.each(e,function(e,t){m(t)?r.unique&&f.has(t)||s.push(t):t&&t.length&&"string"!==w(t)&&n(t)})}(arguments),t&&!i&&c()),this},remove:function(){return S.each(arguments,function(e,t){var n;while(-1<(n=S.inArray(t,s,n)))s.splice(n,1),n<=l&&l--}),this},has:function(e){return e?-1<S.inArray(e,s):0<s.length},empty:function(){return s&&(s=[]),this},disable:function(){return a=u=[],s=t="",this},disabled:function(){return!s},lock:function(){return a=u=[],t||i||(s=t=""),this},locked:function(){return!!a},fireWith:function(e,t){return a||(t=[e,(t=t||[]).slice?t.slice():t],u.push(t),i||c()),this},fire:function(){return f.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!o}};return f},S.extend({Deferred:function(e){var o=[["notify","progress",S.Callbacks("memory"),S.Callbacks("memory"),2],["resolve","done",S.Callbacks("once memory"),S.Callbacks("once memory"),0,"resolved"],["reject","fail",S.Callbacks("once memory"),S.Callbacks("once memory"),1,"rejected"]],i="pending",a={state:function(){return i},always:function(){return s.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},"catch":function(e){return a.then(null,e)},pipe:function(){var i=arguments;return S.Deferred(function(r){S.each(o,function(e,t){var n=m(i[t[4]])&&i[t[4]];s[t[1]](function(){var e=n&&n.apply(this,arguments);e&&m(e.promise)?e.promise().progress(r.notify).done(r.resolve).fail(r.reject):r[t[0]+"With"](this,n?[e]:arguments)})}),i=null}).promise()},then:function(t,n,r){var u=0;function l(i,o,a,s){return function(){var n=this,r=arguments,e=function(){var e,t;if(!(i<u)){if((e=a.apply(n,r))===o.promise())throw new TypeError("Thenable self-resolution");t=e&&("object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e)&&e.then,m(t)?s?t.call(e,l(u,o,R,s),l(u,o,M,s)):(u++,t.call(e,l(u,o,R,s),l(u,o,M,s),l(u,o,R,o.notifyWith))):(a!==R&&(n=void 0,r=[e]),(s||o.resolveWith)(n,r))}},t=s?e:function(){try{e()}catch(e){S.Deferred.exceptionHook&&S.Deferred.exceptionHook(e,t.stackTrace),u<=i+1&&(a!==M&&(n=void 0,r=[e]),o.rejectWith(n,r))}};i?t():(S.Deferred.getStackHook&&(t.stackTrace=S.Deferred.getStackHook()),C.setTimeout(t))}}return S.Deferred(function(e){o[0][3].add(l(0,e,m(r)?r:R,e.notifyWith)),o[1][3].add(l(0,e,m(t)?t:R)),o[2][3].add(l(0,e,m(n)?n:M))}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?S.extend(e,a):a}},s={};return S.each(o,function(e,t){var n=t[2],r=t[5];a[t[1]]=n.add,r&&n.add(function(){i=r},o[3-e][2].disable,o[3-e][3].disable,o[0][2].lock,o[0][3].lock),n.add(t[3].fire),s[t[0]]=function(){return s[t[0]+"With"](this===s?void 0:this,arguments),this},s[t[0]+"With"]=n.fireWith}),a.promise(s),e&&e.call(s,s),s},when:function(e){var n=arguments.length,t=n,r=Array(t),i=s.call(arguments),o=S.Deferred(),a=function(t){return function(e){r[t]=this,i[t]=1<arguments.length?s.call(arguments):e,--n||o.resolveWith(r,i)}};if(n<=1&&(I(e,o.done(a(t)).resolve,o.reject,!n),"pending"===o.state()||m(i[t]&&i[t].then)))return o.then();while(t--)I(i[t],a(t),o.reject);return o.promise()}});var W=/^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/;S.Deferred.exceptionHook=function(e,t){C.console&&C.console.warn&&e&&W.test(e.name)&&C.console.warn("jQuery.Deferred exception: "+e.message,e.stack,t)},S.readyException=function(e){C.setTimeout(function(){throw e})};var F=S.Deferred();function B(){E.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",B),C.removeEventListener("load",B),S.ready()}S.fn.ready=function(e){return F.then(e)["catch"](function(e){S.readyException(e)}),this},S.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,ready:function(e){(!0===e?--S.readyWait:S.isReady)||(S.isReady=!0)!==e&&0<--S.readyWait||F.resolveWith(E,[S])}}),S.ready.then=F.then,"complete"===E.readyState||"loading"!==E.readyState&&!E.documentElement.doScroll?C.setTimeout(S.ready):(E.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",B),C.addEventListener("load",B));var $=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,u=e.length,l=null==n;if("object"===w(n))for(s in i=!0,n)$(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a);else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,m(r)||(a=!0),l&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(l=t,t=function(e,t,n){return l.call(S(e),n)})),t))for(;s<u;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:l?t.call(e):u?t(e[0],n):o},_=/^-ms-/,z=/-([a-z])/g;function U(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()}function X(e){return e.replace(_,"ms-").replace(z,U)}var V=function(e){return 1===e.nodeType||9===e.nodeType||!+e.nodeType};function G(){this.expando=S.expando+G.uid++}G.uid=1,G.prototype={cache:function(e){var t=e[this.expando];return t||(t={},V(e)&&(e.nodeType?e[this.expando]=t:Object.defineProperty(e,this.expando,{value:t,configurable:!0}))),t},set:function(e,t,n){var r,i=this.cache(e);if("string"==typeof t)i[X(t)]=n;else for(r in t)i[X(r)]=t[r];return i},get:function(e,t){return void 0===t?this.cache(e):e[this.expando]&&e[this.expando][X(t)]},access:function(e,t,n){return void 0===t||t&&"string"==typeof t&&void 0===n?this.get(e,t):(this.set(e,t,n),void 0!==n?n:t)},remove:function(e,t){var n,r=e[this.expando];if(void 0!==r){if(void 0!==t){n=(t=Array.isArray(t)?t.map(X):(t=X(t))in r?[t]:t.match(P)||[]).length;while(n--)delete r[t[n]]}(void 0===t||S.isEmptyObject(r))&&(e.nodeType?e[this.expando]=void 0:delete e[this.expando])}},hasData:function(e){var t=e[this.expando];return void 0!==t&&!S.isEmptyObject(t)}};var Y=new G,Q=new G,J=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,K=/[A-Z]/g;function Z(e,t,n){var r,i;if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType)if(r="data-"+t.replace(K,"-$&").toLowerCase(),"string"==typeof(n=e.getAttribute(r))){try{n="true"===(i=n)||"false"!==i&&("null"===i?null:i===+i+""?+i:J.test(i)?JSON.parse(i):i)}catch(e){}Q.set(e,t,n)}else n=void 0;return n}S.extend({hasData:function(e){return Q.hasData(e)||Y.hasData(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return Q.access(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){Q.remove(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return Y.access(e,t,n)},_removeData:function(e,t){Y.remove(e,t)}}),S.fn.extend({data:function(n,e){var t,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===n){if(this.length&&(i=Q.get(o),1===o.nodeType&&!Y.get(o,"hasDataAttrs"))){t=a.length;while(t--)a[t]&&0===(r=a[t].name).indexOf("data-")&&(r=X(r.slice(5)),Z(o,r,i[r]));Y.set(o,"hasDataAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof n?this.each(function(){Q.set(this,n)}):$(this,function(e){var t;if(o&&void 0===e)return void 0!==(t=Q.get(o,n))?t:void 0!==(t=Z(o,n))?t:void 0;this.each(function(){Q.set(this,n,e)})},null,e,1<arguments.length,null,!0)},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){Q.remove(this,e)})}}),S.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;if(e)return t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=Y.get(e,t),n&&(!r||Array.isArray(n)?r=Y.access(e,t,S.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=S.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=S._queueHooks(e,t);"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,function(){S.dequeue(e,t)},o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return Y.get(e,n)||Y.access(e,n,{empty:S.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){Y.remove(e,[t+"queue",n])})})}}),S.fn.extend({queue:function(t,n){var e=2;return"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="fx",e--),arguments.length<e?S.queue(this[0],t):void 0===n?this:this.each(function(){var e=S.queue(this,t,n);S._queueHooks(this,t),"fx"===t&&"inprogress"!==e[0]&&S.dequeue(this,t)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){S.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=S.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";while(a--)(n=Y.get(o[a],e+"queueHooks"))&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var ee=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,te=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+ee+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),ne=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],re=E.documentElement,ie=function(e){return S.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},oe={composed:!0};re.getRootNode&&(ie=function(e){return S.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||e.getRootNode(oe)===e.ownerDocument});var ae=function(e,t){return"none"===(e=t||e).style.display||""===e.style.display&&ie(e)&&"none"===S.css(e,"display")};function se(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a=20,s=r?function(){return r.cur()}:function(){return S.css(e,t,"")},u=s(),l=n&&n[3]||(S.cssNumber[t]?"":"px"),c=e.nodeType&&(S.cssNumber[t]||"px"!==l&&+u)&&te.exec(S.css(e,t));if(c&&c[3]!==l){u/=2,l=l||c[3],c=+u||1;while(a--)S.style(e,t,c+l),(1-o)*(1-(o=s()/u||.5))<=0&&(a=0),c/=o;c*=2,S.style(e,t,c+l),n=n||[]}return n&&(c=+c||+u||0,i=n[1]?c+(n[1]+1)*n[2]:+n[2],r&&(r.unit=l,r.start=c,r.end=i)),i}var ue={};function le(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a,s,u,l=[],c=0,f=e.length;c<f;c++)(r=e[c]).style&&(n=r.style.display,t?("none"===n&&(l[c]=Y.get(r,"display")||null,l[c]||(r.style.display="")),""===r.style.display&&ae(r)&&(l[c]=(u=a=o=void 0,a=(i=r).ownerDocument,s=i.nodeName,(u=ue[s])||(o=a.body.appendChild(a.createElement(s)),u=S.css(o,"display"),o.parentNode.removeChild(o),"none"===u&&(u="block"),ue[s]=u)))):"none"!==n&&(l[c]="none",Y.set(r,"display",n)));for(c=0;c<f;c++)null!=l[c]&&(e[c].style.display=l[c]);return e}S.fn.extend({show:function(){return le(this,!0)},hide:function(){return le(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){ae(this)?S(this).show():S(this).hide()})}});var ce,fe,pe=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i,de=/<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i,he=/^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i;ce=E.createDocumentFragment().appendChild(E.createElement("div")),(fe=E.createElement("input")).setAttribute("type","radio"),fe.setAttribute("checked","checked"),fe.setAttribute("name","t"),ce.appendChild(fe),y.checkClone=ce.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,ce.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",y.noCloneChecked=!!ce.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,ce.innerHTML="<option></option>",y.option=!!ce.lastChild;var ge={thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],col:[2,"<table><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:[0,"",""]};function ve(e,t){var n;return n="undefined"!=typeof e.getElementsByTagName?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):"undefined"!=typeof e.querySelectorAll?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):[],void 0===t||t&&A(e,t)?S.merge([e],n):n}function ye(e,t){for(var n=0,r=e.length;n<r;n++)Y.set(e[n],"globalEval",!t||Y.get(t[n],"globalEval"))}ge.tbody=ge.tfoot=ge.colgroup=ge.caption=ge.thead,ge.th=ge.td,y.option||(ge.optgroup=ge.option=[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"]);var me=/<|&#?\w+;/;function xe(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a,s,u,l,c,f=t.createDocumentFragment(),p=[],d=0,h=e.length;d<h;d++)if((o=e[d])||0===o)if("object"===w(o))S.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if(me.test(o)){a=a||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),s=(de.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),u=ge[s]||ge._default,a.innerHTML=u[1]+S.htmlPrefilter(o)+u[2],c=u[0];while(c--)a=a.lastChild;S.merge(p,a.childNodes),(a=f.firstChild).textContent=""}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));f.textContent="",d=0;while(o=p[d++])if(r&&-1<S.inArray(o,r))i&&i.push(o);else if(l=ie(o),a=ve(f.appendChild(o),"script"),l&&ye(a),n){c=0;while(o=a[c++])he.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o)}return f}var be=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/;function we(){return!0}function Te(){return!1}function Ce(e,t){return e===function(){try{return E.activeElement}catch(e){}}()==("focus"===t)}function Ee(e,t,n,r,i,o){var a,s;if("object"==typeof t){for(s in"string"!=typeof n&&(r=r||n,n=void 0),t)Ee(e,s,n,r,t[s],o);return e}if(null==r&&null==i?(i=n,r=n=void 0):null==i&&("string"==typeof n?(i=r,r=void 0):(i=r,r=n,n=void 0)),!1===i)i=Te;else if(!i)return e;return 1===o&&(a=i,(i=function(e){return S().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)}).guid=a.guid||(a.guid=S.guid++)),e.each(function(){S.event.add(this,t,i,r,n)})}function Se(e,i,o){o?(Y.set(e,i,!1),S.event.add(e,i,{namespace:!1,handler:function(e){var t,n,r=Y.get(this,i);if(1&e.isTrigger&&this[i]){if(r.length)(S.event.special[i]||{}).delegateType&&e.stopPropagation();else if(r=s.call(arguments),Y.set(this,i,r),t=o(this,i),this[i](),r!==(n=Y.get(this,i))||t?Y.set(this,i,!1):n={},r!==n)return e.stopImmediatePropagation(),e.preventDefault(),n&&n.value}else r.length&&(Y.set(this,i,{value:S.event.trigger(S.extend(r[0],S.Event.prototype),r.slice(1),this)}),e.stopImmediatePropagation())}})):void 0===Y.get(e,i)&&S.event.add(e,i,we)}S.event={global:{},add:function(t,e,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p,d,h,g,v=Y.get(t);if(V(t)){n.handler&&(n=(o=n).handler,i=o.selector),i&&S.find.matchesSelector(re,i),n.guid||(n.guid=S.guid++),(u=v.events)||(u=v.events=Object.create(null)),(a=v.handle)||(a=v.handle=function(e){return"undefined"!=typeof S&&S.event.triggered!==e.type?S.event.dispatch.apply(t,arguments):void 0}),l=(e=(e||"").match(P)||[""]).length;while(l--)d=g=(s=be.exec(e[l])||[])[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),d&&(f=S.event.special[d]||{},d=(i?f.delegateType:f.bindType)||d,f=S.event.special[d]||{},c=S.extend({type:d,origType:g,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&S.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},o),(p=u[d])||((p=u[d]=[]).delegateCount=0,f.setup&&!1!==f.setup.call(t,r,h,a)||t.addEventListener&&t.addEventListener(d,a)),f.add&&(f.add.call(t,c),c.handler.guid||(c.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?p.splice(p.delegateCount++,0,c):p.push(c),S.event.global[d]=!0)}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p,d,h,g,v=Y.hasData(e)&&Y.get(e);if(v&&(u=v.events)){l=(t=(t||"").match(P)||[""]).length;while(l--)if(d=g=(s=be.exec(t[l])||[])[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),d){f=S.event.special[d]||{},p=u[d=(r?f.delegateType:f.bindType)||d]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),a=o=p.length;while(o--)c=p[o],!i&&g!==c.origType||n&&n.guid!==c.guid||s&&!s.test(c.namespace)||r&&r!==c.selector&&("**"!==r||!c.selector)||(p.splice(o,1),c.selector&&p.delegateCount--,f.remove&&f.remove.call(e,c));a&&!p.length&&(f.teardown&&!1!==f.teardown.call(e,h,v.handle)||S.removeEvent(e,d,v.handle),delete u[d])}else for(d in u)S.event.remove(e,d+t[l],n,r,!0);S.isEmptyObject(u)&&Y.remove(e,"handle events")}},dispatch:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=new Array(arguments.length),u=S.event.fix(e),l=(Y.get(this,"events")||Object.create(null))[u.type]||[],c=S.event.special[u.type]||{};for(s[0]=u,t=1;t<arguments.length;t++)s[t]=arguments[t];if(u.delegateTarget=this,!c.preDispatch||!1!==c.preDispatch.call(this,u)){a=S.event.handlers.call(this,u,l),t=0;while((i=a[t++])&&!u.isPropagationStopped()){u.currentTarget=i.elem,n=0;while((o=i.handlers[n++])&&!u.isImmediatePropagationStopped())u.rnamespace&&!1!==o.namespace&&!u.rnamespace.test(o.namespace)||(u.handleObj=o,u.data=o.data,void 0!==(r=((S.event.special[o.origType]||{}).handle||o.handler).apply(i.elem,s))&&!1===(u.result=r)&&(u.preventDefault(),u.stopPropagation()))}return c.postDispatch&&c.postDispatch.call(this,u),u.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s=[],u=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(u&&l.nodeType&&!("click"===e.type&&1<=e.button))for(;l!==this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&("click"!==e.type||!0!==l.disabled)){for(o=[],a={},n=0;n<u;n++)void 0===a[i=(r=t[n]).selector+" "]&&(a[i]=r.needsContext?-1<S(i,this).index(l):S.find(i,this,null,[l]).length),a[i]&&o.push(r);o.length&&s.push({elem:l,handlers:o})}return l=this,u<t.length&&s.push({elem:l,handlers:t.slice(u)}),s},addProp:function(t,e){Object.defineProperty(S.Event.prototype,t,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,get:m(e)?function(){if(this.originalEvent)return e(this.originalEvent)}:function(){if(this.originalEvent)return this.originalEvent[t]},set:function(e){Object.defineProperty(this,t,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:e})}})},fix:function(e){return e[S.expando]?e:new S.Event(e)},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},click:{setup:function(e){var t=this||e;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Se(t,"click",we),!1},trigger:function(e){var t=this||e;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Se(t,"click"),!0},_default:function(e){var t=e.target;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Y.get(t,"click")||A(t,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}}},S.removeEvent=function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n)},S.Event=function(e,t){if(!(this instanceof S.Event))return new S.Event(e,t);e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&!1===e.returnValue?we:Te,this.target=e.target&&3===e.target.nodeType?e.target.parentNode:e.target,this.currentTarget=e.currentTarget,this.relatedTarget=e.relatedTarget):this.type=e,t&&S.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||Date.now(),this[S.expando]=!0},S.Event.prototype={constructor:S.Event,isDefaultPrevented:Te,isPropagationStopped:Te,isImmediatePropagationStopped:Te,isSimulated:!1,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=we,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.preventDefault()},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=we,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.stopPropagation()},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=we,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},S.each({altKey:!0,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0,changedTouches:!0,ctrlKey:!0,detail:!0,eventPhase:!0,metaKey:!0,pageX:!0,pageY:!0,shiftKey:!0,view:!0,"char":!0,code:!0,charCode:!0,key:!0,keyCode:!0,button:!0,buttons:!0,clientX:!0,clientY:!0,offsetX:!0,offsetY:!0,pointerId:!0,pointerType:!0,screenX:!0,screenY:!0,targetTouches:!0,toElement:!0,touches:!0,which:!0},S.event.addProp),S.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){S.event.special[e]={setup:function(){return Se(this,e,Ce),!1},trigger:function(){return Se(this,e),!0},_default:function(){return!0},delegateType:t}}),S.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,i){S.event.special[e]={delegateType:i,bindType:i,handle:function(e){var t,n=e.relatedTarget,r=e.handleObj;return n&&(n===this||S.contains(this,n))||(e.type=r.origType,t=r.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=i),t}}}),S.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r){return Ee(this,e,t,n,r)},one:function(e,t,n,r){return Ee(this,e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,S(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return!1!==t&&"function"!=typeof t||(n=t,t=void 0),!1===n&&(n=Te),this.each(function(){S.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})}});var ke=/<script|<style|<link/i,Ae=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ne=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g;function je(e,t){return A(e,"table")&&A(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")&&S(e).children("tbody")[0]||e}function De(e){return e.type=(null!==e.getAttribute("type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function qe(e){return"true/"===(e.type||"").slice(0,5)?e.type=e.type.slice(5):e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function Le(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s;if(1===t.nodeType){if(Y.hasData(e)&&(s=Y.get(e).events))for(i in Y.remove(t,"handle events"),s)for(n=0,r=s[i].length;n<r;n++)S.event.add(t,i,s[i][n]);Q.hasData(e)&&(o=Q.access(e),a=S.extend({},o),Q.set(t,a))}}function He(n,r,i,o){r=g(r);var e,t,a,s,u,l,c=0,f=n.length,p=f-1,d=r[0],h=m(d);if(h||1<f&&"string"==typeof d&&!y.checkClone&&Ae.test(d))return n.each(function(e){var t=n.eq(e);h&&(r[0]=d.call(this,e,t.html())),He(t,r,i,o)});if(f&&(t=(e=xe(r,n[0].ownerDocument,!1,n,o)).firstChild,1===e.childNodes.length&&(e=t),t||o)){for(s=(a=S.map(ve(e,"script"),De)).length;c<f;c++)u=e,c!==p&&(u=S.clone(u,!0,!0),s&&S.merge(a,ve(u,"script"))),i.call(n[c],u,c);if(s)for(l=a[a.length-1].ownerDocument,S.map(a,qe),c=0;c<s;c++)u=a[c],he.test(u.type||"")&&!Y.access(u,"globalEval")&&S.contains(l,u)&&(u.src&&"module"!==(u.type||"").toLowerCase()?S._evalUrl&&!u.noModule&&S._evalUrl(u.src,{nonce:u.nonce||u.getAttribute("nonce")},l):b(u.textContent.replace(Ne,""),u,l))}return n}function Oe(e,t,n){for(var r,i=t?S.filter(t,e):e,o=0;null!=(r=i[o]);o++)n||1!==r.nodeType||S.cleanData(ve(r)),r.parentNode&&(n&&ie(r)&&ye(ve(r,"script")),r.parentNode.removeChild(r));return e}S.extend({htmlPrefilter:function(e){return e},clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l,c=e.cloneNode(!0),f=ie(e);if(!(y.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||S.isXMLDoc(e)))for(a=ve(c),r=0,i=(o=ve(e)).length;r<i;r++)s=o[r],u=a[r],void 0,"input"===(l=u.nodeName.toLowerCase())&&pe.test(s.type)?u.checked=s.checked:"input"!==l&&"textarea"!==l||(u.defaultValue=s.defaultValue);if(t)if(n)for(o=o||ve(e),a=a||ve(c),r=0,i=o.length;r<i;r++)Le(o[r],a[r]);else Le(e,c);return 0<(a=ve(c,"script")).length&&ye(a,!f&&ve(e,"script")),c},cleanData:function(e){for(var t,n,r,i=S.event.special,o=0;void 0!==(n=e[o]);o++)if(V(n)){if(t=n[Y.expando]){if(t.events)for(r in t.events)i[r]?S.event.remove(n,r):S.removeEvent(n,r,t.handle);n[Y.expando]=void 0}n[Q.expando]&&(n[Q.expando]=void 0)}}}),S.fn.extend({detach:function(e){return Oe(this,e,!0)},remove:function(e){return Oe(this,e)},text:function(e){return $(this,function(e){return void 0===e?S.text(this):this.empty().each(function(){1!==this.nodeType&&11!==this.nodeType&&9!==this.nodeType||(this.textContent=e)})},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){1!==this.nodeType&&11!==this.nodeType&&9!==this.nodeType||je(this,e).appendChild(e)})},prepend:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=je(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++)1===e.nodeType&&(S.cleanData(ve(e,!1)),e.textContent="");return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null!=e&&e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return S.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return $(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e&&1===t.nodeType)return t.innerHTML;if("string"==typeof e&&!ke.test(e)&&!ge[(de.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()]){e=S.htmlPrefilter(e);try{for(;n<r;n++)1===(t=this[n]||{}).nodeType&&(S.cleanData(ve(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(e){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var n=[];return He(this,arguments,function(e){var t=this.parentNode;S.inArray(this,n)<0&&(S.cleanData(ve(this)),t&&t.replaceChild(e,this))},n)}}),S.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,a){S.fn[e]=function(e){for(var t,n=[],r=S(e),i=r.length-1,o=0;o<=i;o++)t=o===i?this:this.clone(!0),S(r[o])[a](t),u.apply(n,t.get());return this.pushStack(n)}});var Pe=new RegExp("^("+ee+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),Re=function(e){var t=e.ownerDocument.defaultView;return t&&t.opener||(t=C),t.getComputedStyle(e)},Me=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={};for(i in t)o[i]=e.style[i],e.style[i]=t[i];for(i in r=n.call(e),t)e.style[i]=o[i];return r},Ie=new RegExp(ne.join("|"),"i");function We(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return(n=n||Re(e))&&(""!==(a=n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t])||ie(e)||(a=S.style(e,t)),!y.pixelBoxStyles()&&Pe.test(a)&&Ie.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0!==a?a+"":a}function Fe(e,t){return{get:function(){if(!e())return(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments);delete this.get}}}!function(){function e(){if(l){u.style.cssText="position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0",l.style.cssText="position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;width:60%;top:1%",re.appendChild(u).appendChild(l);var e=C.getComputedStyle(l);n="1%"!==e.top,s=12===t(e.marginLeft),l.style.right="60%",o=36===t(e.right),r=36===t(e.width),l.style.position="absolute",i=12===t(l.offsetWidth/3),re.removeChild(u),l=null}}function t(e){return Math.round(parseFloat(e))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,u=E.createElement("div"),l=E.createElement("div");l.style&&(l.style.backgroundClip="content-box",l.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",y.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===l.style.backgroundClip,S.extend(y,{boxSizingReliable:function(){return e(),r},pixelBoxStyles:function(){return e(),o},pixelPosition:function(){return e(),n},reliableMarginLeft:function(){return e(),s},scrollboxSize:function(){return e(),i},reliableTrDimensions:function(){var e,t,n,r;return null==a&&(e=E.createElement("table"),t=E.createElement("tr"),n=E.createElement("div"),e.style.cssText="position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate",t.style.cssText="border:1px solid",t.style.height="1px",n.style.height="9px",n.style.display="block",re.appendChild(e).appendChild(t).appendChild(n),r=C.getComputedStyle(t),a=parseInt(r.height,10)+parseInt(r.borderTopWidth,10)+parseInt(r.borderBottomWidth,10)===t.offsetHeight,re.removeChild(e)),a}}))}();var Be=["Webkit","Moz","ms"],$e=E.createElement("div").style,_e={};function ze(e){var t=S.cssProps[e]||_e[e];return t||(e in $e?e:_e[e]=function(e){var t=e[0].toUpperCase()+e.slice(1),n=Be.length;while(n--)if((e=Be[n]+t)in $e)return e}(e)||e)}var Ue=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,Xe=/^--/,Ve={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},Ge={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"};function Ye(e,t,n){var r=te.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[2]-(n||0))+(r[3]||"px"):t}function Qe(e,t,n,r,i,o){var a="width"===t?1:0,s=0,u=0;if(n===(r?"border":"content"))return 0;for(;a<4;a+=2)"margin"===n&&(u+=S.css(e,n+ne[a],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(u-=S.css(e,"padding"+ne[a],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(u-=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i))):(u+=S.css(e,"padding"+ne[a],!0,i),"padding"!==n?u+=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i):s+=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i));return!r&&0<=o&&(u+=Math.max(0,Math.ceil(e["offset"+t[0].toUpperCase()+t.slice(1)]-o-u-s-.5))||0),u}function Je(e,t,n){var r=Re(e),i=(!y.boxSizingReliable()||n)&&"border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,r),o=i,a=We(e,t,r),s="offset"+t[0].toUpperCase()+t.slice(1);if(Pe.test(a)){if(!n)return a;a="auto"}return(!y.boxSizingReliable()&&i||!y.reliableTrDimensions()&&A(e,"tr")||"auto"===a||!parseFloat(a)&&"inline"===S.css(e,"display",!1,r))&&e.getClientRects().length&&(i="border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,r),(o=s in e)&&(a=e[s])),(a=parseFloat(a)||0)+Qe(e,t,n||(i?"border":"content"),o,r,a)+"px"}function Ke(e,t,n,r,i){return new Ke.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}S.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=We(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{animationIterationCount:!0,columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,gridArea:!0,gridColumn:!0,gridColumnEnd:!0,gridColumnStart:!0,gridRow:!0,gridRowEnd:!0,gridRowStart:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=X(t),u=Xe.test(t),l=e.style;if(u||(t=ze(s)),a=S.cssHooks[t]||S.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];"string"===(o=typeof n)&&(i=te.exec(n))&&i[1]&&(n=se(e,t,i),o="number"),null!=n&&n==n&&("number"!==o||u||(n+=i&&i[3]||(S.cssNumber[s]?"":"px")),y.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r))||(u?l.setProperty(t,n):l[t]=n))}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=X(t);return Xe.test(t)||(t=ze(s)),(a=S.cssHooks[t]||S.cssHooks[s])&&"get"in a&&(i=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===i&&(i=We(e,t,r)),"normal"===i&&t in Ge&&(i=Ge[t]),""===n||n?(o=parseFloat(i),!0===n||isFinite(o)?o||0:i):i}}),S.each(["height","width"],function(e,u){S.cssHooks[u]={get:function(e,t,n){if(t)return!Ue.test(S.css(e,"display"))||e.getClientRects().length&&e.getBoundingClientRect().width?Je(e,u,n):Me(e,Ve,function(){return Je(e,u,n)})},set:function(e,t,n){var r,i=Re(e),o=!y.scrollboxSize()&&"absolute"===i.position,a=(o||n)&&"border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),s=n?Qe(e,u,n,a,i):0;return a&&o&&(s-=Math.ceil(e["offset"+u[0].toUpperCase()+u.slice(1)]-parseFloat(i[u])-Qe(e,u,"border",!1,i)-.5)),s&&(r=te.exec(t))&&"px"!==(r[3]||"px")&&(e.style[u]=t,t=S.css(e,u)),Ye(0,t,s)}}}),S.cssHooks.marginLeft=Fe(y.reliableMarginLeft,function(e,t){if(t)return(parseFloat(We(e,"marginLeft"))||e.getBoundingClientRect().left-Me(e,{marginLeft:0},function(){return e.getBoundingClientRect().left}))+"px"}),S.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(i,o){S.cssHooks[i+o]={expand:function(e){for(var t=0,n={},r="string"==typeof e?e.split(" "):[e];t<4;t++)n[i+ne[t]+o]=r[t]||r[t-2]||r[0];return n}},"margin"!==i&&(S.cssHooks[i+o].set=Ye)}),S.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(Array.isArray(t)){for(r=Re(e),i=t.length;a<i;a++)o[t[a]]=S.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?S.style(e,t,n):S.css(e,t)},e,t,1<arguments.length)}}),((S.Tween=Ke).prototype={constructor:Ke,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||S.easing._default,this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(S.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=Ke.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):Ke.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=Ke.propHooks[this.prop];return this.options.duration?this.pos=t=S.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):this.pos=t=e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):Ke.propHooks._default.set(this),this}}).init.prototype=Ke.prototype,(Ke.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return 1!==e.elem.nodeType||null!=e.elem[e.prop]&&null==e.elem.style[e.prop]?e.elem[e.prop]:(t=S.css(e.elem,e.prop,""))&&"auto"!==t?t:0},set:function(e){S.fx.step[e.prop]?S.fx.step[e.prop](e):1!==e.elem.nodeType||!S.cssHooks[e.prop]&&null==e.elem.style[ze(e.prop)]?e.elem[e.prop]=e.now:S.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit)}}}).scrollTop=Ke.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},S.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2},_default:"swing"},S.fx=Ke.prototype.init,S.fx.step={};var Ze,et,tt,nt,rt=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,it=/queueHooks$/;function ot(){et&&(!1===E.hidden&&C.requestAnimationFrame?C.requestAnimationFrame(ot):C.setTimeout(ot,S.fx.interval),S.fx.tick())}function at(){return C.setTimeout(function(){Ze=void 0}),Ze=Date.now()}function st(e,t){var n,r=0,i={height:e};for(t=t?1:0;r<4;r+=2-t)i["margin"+(n=ne[r])]=i["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(i.opacity=i.width=e),i}function ut(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(lt.tweeners[t]||[]).concat(lt.tweeners["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;o<a;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function lt(o,e,t){var n,a,r=0,i=lt.prefilters.length,s=S.Deferred().always(function(){delete u.elem}),u=function(){if(a)return!1;for(var e=Ze||at(),t=Math.max(0,l.startTime+l.duration-e),n=1-(t/l.duration||0),r=0,i=l.tweens.length;r<i;r++)l.tweens[r].run(n);return s.notifyWith(o,[l,n,t]),n<1&&i?t:(i||s.notifyWith(o,[l,1,0]),s.resolveWith(o,[l]),!1)},l=s.promise({elem:o,props:S.extend({},e),opts:S.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{},easing:S.easing._default},t),originalProperties:e,originalOptions:t,startTime:Ze||at(),duration:t.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(e,t){var n=S.Tween(o,l.opts,e,t,l.opts.specialEasing[e]||l.opts.easing);return l.tweens.push(n),n},stop:function(e){var t=0,n=e?l.tweens.length:0;if(a)return this;for(a=!0;t<n;t++)l.tweens[t].run(1);return e?(s.notifyWith(o,[l,1,0]),s.resolveWith(o,[l,e])):s.rejectWith(o,[l,e]),this}}),c=l.props;for(!function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(i=t[r=X(n)],o=e[n],Array.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),(a=S.cssHooks[r])&&"expand"in a)for(n in o=a.expand(o),delete e[r],o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i);else t[r]=i}(c,l.opts.specialEasing);r<i;r++)if(n=lt.prefilters[r].call(l,o,c,l.opts))return m(n.stop)&&(S._queueHooks(l.elem,l.opts.queue).stop=n.stop.bind(n)),n;return S.map(c,ut,l),m(l.opts.start)&&l.opts.start.call(o,l),l.progress(l.opts.progress).done(l.opts.done,l.opts.complete).fail(l.opts.fail).always(l.opts.always),S.fx.timer(S.extend(u,{elem:o,anim:l,queue:l.opts.queue})),l}S.Animation=S.extend(lt,{tweeners:{"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t);return se(n.elem,e,te.exec(t),n),n}]},tweener:function(e,t){m(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.match(P);for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;r<i;r++)n=e[r],lt.tweeners[n]=lt.tweeners[n]||[],lt.tweeners[n].unshift(t)},prefilters:[function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f="width"in t||"height"in t,p=this,d={},h=e.style,g=e.nodeType&&ae(e),v=Y.get(e,"fxshow");for(r in n.queue||(null==(a=S._queueHooks(e,"fx")).unqueued&&(a.unqueued=0,s=a.empty.fire,a.empty.fire=function(){a.unqueued||s()}),a.unqueued++,p.always(function(){p.always(function(){a.unqueued--,S.queue(e,"fx").length||a.empty.fire()})})),t)if(i=t[r],rt.test(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(g?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!v||void 0===v[r])continue;g=!0}d[r]=v&&v[r]||S.style(e,r)}if((u=!S.isEmptyObject(t))||!S.isEmptyObject(d))for(r in f&&1===e.nodeType&&(n.overflow=[h.overflow,h.overflowX,h.overflowY],null==(l=v&&v.display)&&(l=Y.get(e,"display")),"none"===(c=S.css(e,"display"))&&(l?c=l:(le([e],!0),l=e.style.display||l,c=S.css(e,"display"),le([e]))),("inline"===c||"inline-block"===c&&null!=l)&&"none"===S.css(e,"float")&&(u||(p.done(function(){h.display=l}),null==l&&(c=h.display,l="none"===c?"":c)),h.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(h.overflow="hidden",p.always(function(){h.overflow=n.overflow[0],h.overflowX=n.overflow[1],h.overflowY=n.overflow[2]})),u=!1,d)u||(v?"hidden"in v&&(g=v.hidden):v=Y.access(e,"fxshow",{display:l}),o&&(v.hidden=!g),g&&le([e],!0),p.done(function(){for(r in g||le([e]),Y.remove(e,"fxshow"),d)S.style(e,r,d[r])})),u=ut(g?v[r]:0,r,p),r in v||(v[r]=u.start,g&&(u.end=u.start,u.start=0))}],prefilter:function(e,t){t?lt.prefilters.unshift(e):lt.prefilters.push(e)}}),S.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?S.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||m(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!m(t)&&t};return S.fx.off?r.duration=0:"number"!=typeof r.duration&&(r.duration in S.fx.speeds?r.duration=S.fx.speeds[r.duration]:r.duration=S.fx.speeds._default),null!=r.queue&&!0!==r.queue||(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){m(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&S.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},S.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(ae).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(t,e,n,r){var i=S.isEmptyObject(t),o=S.speed(e,n,r),a=function(){var e=lt(this,S.extend({},t),o);(i||Y.get(this,"finish"))&&e.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||!1===o.queue?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(i,e,o){var a=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(o)};return"string"!=typeof i&&(o=e,e=i,i=void 0),e&&this.queue(i||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var e=!0,t=null!=i&&i+"queueHooks",n=S.timers,r=Y.get(this);if(t)r[t]&&r[t].stop&&a(r[t]);else for(t in r)r[t]&&r[t].stop&&it.test(t)&&a(r[t]);for(t=n.length;t--;)n[t].elem!==this||null!=i&&n[t].queue!==i||(n[t].anim.stop(o),e=!1,n.splice(t,1));!e&&o||S.dequeue(this,i)})},finish:function(a){return!1!==a&&(a=a||"fx"),this.each(function(){var e,t=Y.get(this),n=t[a+"queue"],r=t[a+"queueHooks"],i=S.timers,o=n?n.length:0;for(t.finish=!0,S.queue(this,a,[]),r&&r.stop&&r.stop.call(this,!0),e=i.length;e--;)i[e].elem===this&&i[e].queue===a&&(i[e].anim.stop(!0),i.splice(e,1));for(e=0;e<o;e++)n[e]&&n[e].finish&&n[e].finish.call(this);delete t.finish})}}),S.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,r){var i=S.fn[r];S.fn[r]=function(e,t,n){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?i.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(st(r,!0),e,t,n)}}),S.each({slideDown:st("show"),slideUp:st("hide"),slideToggle:st("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,r){S.fn[e]=function(e,t,n){return this.animate(r,e,t,n)}}),S.timers=[],S.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=0,n=S.timers;for(Ze=Date.now();t<n.length;t++)(e=n[t])()||n[t]!==e||n.splice(t--,1);n.length||S.fx.stop(),Ze=void 0},S.fx.timer=function(e){S.timers.push(e),S.fx.start()},S.fx.interval=13,S.fx.start=function(){et||(et=!0,ot())},S.fx.stop=function(){et=null},S.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},S.fn.delay=function(r,e){return r=S.fx&&S.fx.speeds[r]||r,e=e||"fx",this.queue(e,function(e,t){var n=C.setTimeout(e,r);t.stop=function(){C.clearTimeout(n)}})},tt=E.createElement("input"),nt=E.createElement("select").appendChild(E.createElement("option")),tt.type="checkbox",y.checkOn=""!==tt.value,y.optSelected=nt.selected,(tt=E.createElement("input")).value="t",tt.type="radio",y.radioValue="t"===tt.value;var ct,ft=S.expr.attrHandle;S.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return $(this,S.attr,e,t,1<arguments.length)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){S.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),S.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return"undefined"==typeof e.getAttribute?S.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&S.isXMLDoc(e)||(i=S.attrHooks[t.toLowerCase()]||(S.expr.match.bool.test(t)?ct:void 0)),void 0!==n?null===n?void S.removeAttr(e,t):i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:null==(r=S.find.attr(e,t))?void 0:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!y.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&A(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r=0,i=t&&t.match(P);if(i&&1===e.nodeType)while(n=i[r++])e.removeAttribute(n)}}),ct={set:function(e,t,n){return!1===t?S.removeAttr(e,n):e.setAttribute(n,n),n}},S.each(S.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var a=ft[t]||S.find.attr;ft[t]=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=t.toLowerCase();return n||(i=ft[o],ft[o]=r,r=null!=a(e,t,n)?o:null,ft[o]=i),r}});var pt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,dt=/^(?:a|area)$/i;function ht(e){return(e.match(P)||[]).join(" ")}function gt(e){return e.getAttribute&&e.getAttribute("class")||""}function vt(e){return Array.isArray(e)?e:"string"==typeof e&&e.match(P)||[]}S.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return $(this,S.prop,e,t,1<arguments.length)},removeProp:function(e){return this.each(function(){delete this[S.propFix[e]||e]})}}),S.extend({prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return 1===o&&S.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=S.propFix[t]||t,i=S.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=S.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):pt.test(e.nodeName)||dt.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}},propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"}}),y.optSelected||(S.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex,null},set:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex)}}),S.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){S.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),S.fn.extend({addClass:function(t){var e,n,r,i,o,a,s,u=0;if(m(t))return this.each(function(e){S(this).addClass(t.call(this,e,gt(this)))});if((e=vt(t)).length)while(n=this[u++])if(i=gt(n),r=1===n.nodeType&&" "+ht(i)+" "){a=0;while(o=e[a++])r.indexOf(" "+o+" ")<0&&(r+=o+" ");i!==(s=ht(r))&&n.setAttribute("class",s)}return this},removeClass:function(t){var e,n,r,i,o,a,s,u=0;if(m(t))return this.each(function(e){S(this).removeClass(t.call(this,e,gt(this)))});if(!arguments.length)return this.attr("class","");if((e=vt(t)).length)while(n=this[u++])if(i=gt(n),r=1===n.nodeType&&" "+ht(i)+" "){a=0;while(o=e[a++])while(-1<r.indexOf(" "+o+" "))r=r.replace(" "+o+" "," ");i!==(s=ht(r))&&n.setAttribute("class",s)}return this},toggleClass:function(i,t){var o=typeof i,a="string"===o||Array.isArray(i);return"boolean"==typeof t&&a?t?this.addClass(i):this.removeClass(i):m(i)?this.each(function(e){S(this).toggleClass(i.call(this,e,gt(this),t),t)}):this.each(function(){var e,t,n,r;if(a){t=0,n=S(this),r=vt(i);while(e=r[t++])n.hasClass(e)?n.removeClass(e):n.addClass(e)}else void 0!==i&&"boolean"!==o||((e=gt(this))&&Y.set(this,"__className__",e),this.setAttribute&&this.setAttribute("class",e||!1===i?"":Y.get(this,"__className__")||""))})},hasClass:function(e){var t,n,r=0;t=" "+e+" ";while(n=this[r++])if(1===n.nodeType&&-1<(" "+ht(gt(n))+" ").indexOf(t))return!0;return!1}});var yt=/\r/g;S.fn.extend({val:function(n){var r,e,i,t=this[0];return arguments.length?(i=m(n),this.each(function(e){var t;1===this.nodeType&&(null==(t=i?n.call(this,e,S(this).val()):n)?t="":"number"==typeof t?t+="":Array.isArray(t)&&(t=S.map(t,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),(r=S.valHooks[this.type]||S.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&"set"in r&&void 0!==r.set(this,t,"value")||(this.value=t))})):t?(r=S.valHooks[t.type]||S.valHooks[t.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&"get"in r&&void 0!==(e=r.get(t,"value"))?e:"string"==typeof(e=t.value)?e.replace(yt,""):null==e?"":e:void 0}}),S.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=S.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:ht(S.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){var t,n,r,i=e.options,o=e.selectedIndex,a="select-one"===e.type,s=a?null:[],u=a?o+1:i.length;for(r=o<0?u:a?o:0;r<u;r++)if(((n=i[r]).selected||r===o)&&!n.disabled&&(!n.parentNode.disabled||!A(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=S(n).val(),a)return t;s.push(t)}return s},set:function(e,t){var n,r,i=e.options,o=S.makeArray(t),a=i.length;while(a--)((r=i[a]).selected=-1<S.inArray(S.valHooks.option.get(r),o))&&(n=!0);return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),o}}}}),S.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){S.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){if(Array.isArray(t))return e.checked=-1<S.inArray(S(e).val(),t)}},y.checkOn||(S.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})}),y.focusin="onfocusin"in C;var mt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,xt=function(e){e.stopPropagation()};S.extend(S.event,{trigger:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p=[n||E],d=v.call(e,"type")?e.type:e,h=v.call(e,"namespace")?e.namespace.split("."):[];if(o=f=a=n=n||E,3!==n.nodeType&&8!==n.nodeType&&!mt.test(d+S.event.triggered)&&(-1<d.indexOf(".")&&(d=(h=d.split(".")).shift(),h.sort()),u=d.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+d,(e=e[S.expando]?e:new S.Event(d,"object"==typeof e&&e)).isTrigger=r?2:3,e.namespace=h.join("."),e.rnamespace=e.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,e.result=void 0,e.target||(e.target=n),t=null==t?[e]:S.makeArray(t,[e]),c=S.event.special[d]||{},r||!c.trigger||!1!==c.trigger.apply(n,t))){if(!r&&!c.noBubble&&!x(n)){for(s=c.delegateType||d,mt.test(s+d)||(o=o.parentNode);o;o=o.parentNode)p.push(o),a=o;a===(n.ownerDocument||E)&&p.push(a.defaultView||a.parentWindow||C)}i=0;while((o=p[i++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped())f=o,e.type=1<i?s:c.bindType||d,(l=(Y.get(o,"events")||Object.create(null))[e.type]&&Y.get(o,"handle"))&&l.apply(o,t),(l=u&&o[u])&&l.apply&&V(o)&&(e.result=l.apply(o,t),!1===e.result&&e.preventDefault());return e.type=d,r||e.isDefaultPrevented()||c._default&&!1!==c._default.apply(p.pop(),t)||!V(n)||u&&m(n[d])&&!x(n)&&((a=n[u])&&(n[u]=null),S.event.triggered=d,e.isPropagationStopped()&&f.addEventListener(d,xt),n[d](),e.isPropagationStopped()&&f.removeEventListener(d,xt),S.event.triggered=void 0,a&&(n[u]=a)),e.result}},simulate:function(e,t,n){var r=S.extend(new S.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0});S.event.trigger(r,null,t)}}),S.fn.extend({trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){S.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];if(n)return S.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0)}}),y.focusin||S.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(n,r){var i=function(e){S.event.simulate(r,e.target,S.event.fix(e))};S.event.special[r]={setup:function(){var e=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,t=Y.access(e,r);t||e.addEventListener(n,i,!0),Y.access(e,r,(t||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var e=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,t=Y.access(e,r)-1;t?Y.access(e,r,t):(e.removeEventListener(n,i,!0),Y.remove(e,r))}}});var bt=C.location,wt={guid:Date.now()},Tt=/\?/;S.parseXML=function(e){var t,n;if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;try{t=(new C.DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/xml")}catch(e){}return n=t&&t.getElementsByTagName("parsererror")[0],t&&!n||S.error("Invalid XML: "+(n?S.map(n.childNodes,function(e){return e.textContent}).join("\n"):e)),t};var Ct=/\[\]$/,Et=/\r?\n/g,St=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,kt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;function At(n,e,r,i){var t;if(Array.isArray(e))S.each(e,function(e,t){r||Ct.test(n)?i(n,t):At(n+"["+("object"==typeof t&&null!=t?e:"")+"]",t,r,i)});else if(r||"object"!==w(e))i(n,e);else for(t in e)At(n+"["+t+"]",e[t],r,i)}S.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){var n=m(t)?t():t;r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(null==n?"":n)};if(null==e)return"";if(Array.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!S.isPlainObject(e))S.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)At(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&")},S.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return S.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=S.prop(this,"elements");return e?S.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!S(this).is(":disabled")&&kt.test(this.nodeName)&&!St.test(e)&&(this.checked||!pe.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=S(this).val();return null==n?null:Array.isArray(n)?S.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Et,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Et,"\r\n")}}).get()}});var Nt=/%20/g,jt=/#.*$/,Dt=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,qt=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/gm,Lt=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,Ht=/^\/\//,Ot={},Pt={},Rt="*/".concat("*"),Mt=E.createElement("a");function It(o){return function(e,t){"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="*");var n,r=0,i=e.toLowerCase().match(P)||[];if(m(t))while(n=i[r++])"+"===n[0]?(n=n.slice(1)||"*",(o[n]=o[n]||[]).unshift(t)):(o[n]=o[n]||[]).push(t)}}function Wt(t,i,o,a){var s={},u=t===Pt;function l(e){var r;return s[e]=!0,S.each(t[e]||[],function(e,t){var n=t(i,o,a);return"string"!=typeof n||u||s[n]?u?!(r=n):void 0:(i.dataTypes.unshift(n),l(n),!1)}),r}return l(i.dataTypes[0])||!s["*"]&&l("*")}function Ft(e,t){var n,r,i=S.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(n in t)void 0!==t[n]&&((i[n]?e:r||(r={}))[n]=t[n]);return r&&S.extend(!0,e,r),e}Mt.href=bt.href,S.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:bt.href,type:"GET",isLocal:/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/.test(bt.protocol),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Rt,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/\bxml\b/,html:/\bhtml/,json:/\bjson\b/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":JSON.parse,"text xml":S.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?Ft(Ft(e,S.ajaxSettings),t):Ft(S.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:It(Ot),ajaxTransport:It(Pt),ajax:function(e,t){"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var c,f,p,n,d,r,h,g,i,o,v=S.ajaxSetup({},t),y=v.context||v,m=v.context&&(y.nodeType||y.jquery)?S(y):S.event,x=S.Deferred(),b=S.Callbacks("once memory"),w=v.statusCode||{},a={},s={},u="canceled",T={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(h){if(!n){n={};while(t=qt.exec(p))n[t[1].toLowerCase()+" "]=(n[t[1].toLowerCase()+" "]||[]).concat(t[2])}t=n[e.toLowerCase()+" "]}return null==t?null:t.join(", ")},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return h?p:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){return null==h&&(e=s[e.toLowerCase()]=s[e.toLowerCase()]||e,a[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return null==h&&(v.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(h)T.always(e[T.status]);else for(t in e)w[t]=[w[t],e[t]];return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||u;return c&&c.abort(t),l(0,t),this}};if(x.promise(T),v.url=((e||v.url||bt.href)+"").replace(Ht,bt.protocol+"//"),v.type=t.method||t.type||v.method||v.type,v.dataTypes=(v.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(P)||[""],null==v.crossDomain){r=E.createElement("a");try{r.href=v.url,r.href=r.href,v.crossDomain=Mt.protocol+"//"+Mt.host!=r.protocol+"//"+r.host}catch(e){v.crossDomain=!0}}if(v.data&&v.processData&&"string"!=typeof v.data&&(v.data=S.param(v.data,v.traditional)),Wt(Ot,v,t,T),h)return T;for(i in(g=S.event&&v.global)&&0==S.active++&&S.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),v.type=v.type.toUpperCase(),v.hasContent=!Lt.test(v.type),f=v.url.replace(jt,""),v.hasContent?v.data&&v.processData&&0===(v.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&(v.data=v.data.replace(Nt,"+")):(o=v.url.slice(f.length),v.data&&(v.processData||"string"==typeof v.data)&&(f+=(Tt.test(f)?"&":"?")+v.data,delete v.data),!1===v.cache&&(f=f.replace(Dt,"$1"),o=(Tt.test(f)?"&":"?")+"_="+wt.guid+++o),v.url=f+o),v.ifModified&&(S.lastModified[f]&&T.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",S.lastModified[f]),S.etag[f]&&T.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",S.etag[f])),(v.data&&v.hasContent&&!1!==v.contentType||t.contentType)&&T.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",v.contentType),T.setRequestHeader("Accept",v.dataTypes[0]&&v.accepts[v.dataTypes[0]]?v.accepts[v.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==v.dataTypes[0]?", "+Rt+"; q=0.01":""):v.accepts["*"]),v.headers)T.setRequestHeader(i,v.headers[i]);if(v.beforeSend&&(!1===v.beforeSend.call(y,T,v)||h))return T.abort();if(u="abort",b.add(v.complete),T.done(v.success),T.fail(v.error),c=Wt(Pt,v,t,T)){if(T.readyState=1,g&&m.trigger("ajaxSend",[T,v]),h)return T;v.async&&0<v.timeout&&(d=C.setTimeout(function(){T.abort("timeout")},v.timeout));try{h=!1,c.send(a,l)}catch(e){if(h)throw e;l(-1,e)}}else l(-1,"No Transport");function l(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l=t;h||(h=!0,d&&C.clearTimeout(d),c=void 0,p=r||"",T.readyState=0<e?4:0,i=200<=e&&e<300||304===e,n&&(s=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,u=e.dataTypes;while("*"===u[0])u.shift(),void 0===r&&(r=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(r)for(i in s)if(s[i]&&s[i].test(r)){u.unshift(i);break}if(u[0]in n)o=u[0];else{for(i in n){if(!u[0]||e.converters[i+" "+u[0]]){o=i;break}a||(a=i)}o=o||a}if(o)return o!==u[0]&&u.unshift(o),n[o]}(v,T,n)),!i&&-1<S.inArray("script",v.dataTypes)&&S.inArray("json",v.dataTypes)<0&&(v.converters["text script"]=function(){}),s=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)l[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];o=c.shift();while(o)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!u&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),u=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=u;else if("*"!==u&&u!==o){if(!(a=l[u+" "+o]||l["* "+o]))for(i in l)if((s=i.split(" "))[1]===o&&(a=l[u+" "+s[0]]||l["* "+s[0]])){!0===a?a=l[i]:!0!==l[i]&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(!0!==a)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(e){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?e:"No conversion from "+u+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}(v,s,T,i),i?(v.ifModified&&((u=T.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"))&&(S.lastModified[f]=u),(u=T.getResponseHeader("etag"))&&(S.etag[f]=u)),204===e||"HEAD"===v.type?l="nocontent":304===e?l="notmodified":(l=s.state,o=s.data,i=!(a=s.error))):(a=l,!e&&l||(l="error",e<0&&(e=0))),T.status=e,T.statusText=(t||l)+"",i?x.resolveWith(y,[o,l,T]):x.rejectWith(y,[T,l,a]),T.statusCode(w),w=void 0,g&&m.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[T,v,i?o:a]),b.fireWith(y,[T,l]),g&&(m.trigger("ajaxComplete",[T,v]),--S.active||S.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}return T},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return S.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return S.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),S.each(["get","post"],function(e,i){S[i]=function(e,t,n,r){return m(t)&&(r=r||n,n=t,t=void 0),S.ajax(S.extend({url:e,type:i,dataType:r,data:t,success:n},S.isPlainObject(e)&&e))}}),S.ajaxPrefilter(function(e){var t;for(t in e.headers)"content-type"===t.toLowerCase()&&(e.contentType=e.headers[t]||"")}),S._evalUrl=function(e,t,n){return S.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",cache:!0,async:!1,global:!1,converters:{"text script":function(){}},dataFilter:function(e){S.globalEval(e,t,n)}})},S.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){var t;return this[0]&&(m(e)&&(e=e.call(this[0])),t=S(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0),this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){var e=this;while(e.firstElementChild)e=e.firstElementChild;return e}).append(this)),this},wrapInner:function(n){return m(n)?this.each(function(e){S(this).wrapInner(n.call(this,e))}):this.each(function(){var e=S(this),t=e.contents();t.length?t.wrapAll(n):e.append(n)})},wrap:function(t){var n=m(t);return this.each(function(e){S(this).wrapAll(n?t.call(this,e):t)})},unwrap:function(e){return this.parent(e).not("body").each(function(){S(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}),this}}),S.expr.pseudos.hidden=function(e){return!S.expr.pseudos.visible(e)},S.expr.pseudos.visible=function(e){return!!(e.offsetWidth||e.offsetHeight||e.getClientRects().length)},S.ajaxSettings.xhr=function(){try{return new C.XMLHttpRequest}catch(e){}};var Bt={0:200,1223:204},$t=S.ajaxSettings.xhr();y.cors=!!$t&&"withCredentials"in $t,y.ajax=$t=!!$t,S.ajaxTransport(function(i){var o,a;if(y.cors||$t&&!i.crossDomain)return{send:function(e,t){var n,r=i.xhr();if(r.open(i.type,i.url,i.async,i.username,i.password),i.xhrFields)for(n in i.xhrFields)r[n]=i.xhrFields[n];for(n in i.mimeType&&r.overrideMimeType&&r.overrideMimeType(i.mimeType),i.crossDomain||e["X-Requested-With"]||(e["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest"),e)r.setRequestHeader(n,e[n]);o=function(e){return function(){o&&(o=a=r.onload=r.onerror=r.onabort=r.ontimeout=r.onreadystatechange=null,"abort"===e?r.abort():"error"===e?"number"!=typeof r.status?t(0,"error"):t(r.status,r.statusText):t(Bt[r.status]||r.status,r.statusText,"text"!==(r.responseType||"text")||"string"!=typeof r.responseText?{binary:r.response}:{text:r.responseText},r.getAllResponseHeaders()))}},r.onload=o(),a=r.onerror=r.ontimeout=o("error"),void 0!==r.onabort?r.onabort=a:r.onreadystatechange=function(){4===r.readyState&&C.setTimeout(function(){o&&a()})},o=o("abort");try{r.send(i.hasContent&&i.data||null)}catch(e){if(o)throw e}},abort:function(){o&&o()}}}),S.ajaxPrefilter(function(e){e.crossDomain&&(e.contents.script=!1)}),S.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return S.globalEval(e),e}}}),S.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET")}),S.ajaxTransport("script",function(n){var r,i;if(n.crossDomain||n.scriptAttrs)return{send:function(e,t){r=S("<script>").attr(n.scriptAttrs||{}).prop({charset:n.scriptCharset,src:n.url}).on("load error",i=function(e){r.remove(),i=null,e&&t("error"===e.type?404:200,e.type)}),E.head.appendChild(r[0])},abort:function(){i&&i()}}});var _t,zt=[],Ut=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;S.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=zt.pop()||S.expando+"_"+wt.guid++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),S.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=!1!==e.jsonp&&(Ut.test(e.url)?"url":"string"==typeof e.data&&0===(e.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&Ut.test(e.data)&&"data");if(a||"jsonp"===e.dataTypes[0])return r=e.jsonpCallback=m(e.jsonpCallback)?e.jsonpCallback():e.jsonpCallback,a?e[a]=e[a].replace(Ut,"$1"+r):!1!==e.jsonp&&(e.url+=(Tt.test(e.url)?"&":"?")+e.jsonp+"="+r),e.converters["script json"]=function(){return o||S.error(r+" was not called"),o[0]},e.dataTypes[0]="json",i=C[r],C[r]=function(){o=arguments},n.always(function(){void 0===i?S(C).removeProp(r):C[r]=i,e[r]&&(e.jsonpCallback=t.jsonpCallback,zt.push(r)),o&&m(i)&&i(o[0]),o=i=void 0}),"script"}),y.createHTMLDocument=((_t=E.implementation.createHTMLDocument("").body).innerHTML="<form></form><form></form>",2===_t.childNodes.length),S.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){return"string"!=typeof e?[]:("boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t||(y.createHTMLDocument?((r=(t=E.implementation.createHTMLDocument("")).createElement("base")).href=E.location.href,t.head.appendChild(r)):t=E),o=!n&&[],(i=N.exec(e))?[t.createElement(i[1])]:(i=xe([e],t,o),o&&o.length&&S(o).remove(),S.merge([],i.childNodes)));var r,i,o},S.fn.load=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return-1<s&&(r=ht(e.slice(s)),e=e.slice(0,s)),m(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(i="POST"),0<a.length&&S.ajax({url:e,type:i||"GET",dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){o=arguments,a.html(r?S("<div>").append(S.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).always(n&&function(e,t){a.each(function(){n.apply(this,o||[e.responseText,t,e])})}),this},S.expr.pseudos.animated=function(t){return S.grep(S.timers,function(e){return t===e.elem}).length},S.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l=S.css(e,"position"),c=S(e),f={};"static"===l&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=c.offset(),o=S.css(e,"top"),u=S.css(e,"left"),("absolute"===l||"fixed"===l)&&-1<(o+u).indexOf("auto")?(a=(r=c.position()).top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(u)||0),m(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,S.extend({},s))),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):c.css(f)}},S.fn.extend({offset:function(t){if(arguments.length)return void 0===t?this:this.each(function(e){S.offset.setOffset(this,t,e)});var e,n,r=this[0];return r?r.getClientRects().length?(e=r.getBoundingClientRect(),n=r.ownerDocument.defaultView,{top:e.top+n.pageYOffset,left:e.left+n.pageXOffset}):{top:0,left:0}:void 0},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n,r=this[0],i={top:0,left:0};if("fixed"===S.css(r,"position"))t=r.getBoundingClientRect();else{t=this.offset(),n=r.ownerDocument,e=r.offsetParent||n.documentElement;while(e&&(e===n.body||e===n.documentElement)&&"static"===S.css(e,"position"))e=e.parentNode;e&&e!==r&&1===e.nodeType&&((i=S(e).offset()).top+=S.css(e,"borderTopWidth",!0),i.left+=S.css(e,"borderLeftWidth",!0))}return{top:t.top-i.top-S.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-i.left-S.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=this.offsetParent;while(e&&"static"===S.css(e,"position"))e=e.offsetParent;return e||re})}}),S.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(t,i){var o="pageYOffset"===i;S.fn[t]=function(e){return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r;if(x(e)?r=e:9===e.nodeType&&(r=e.defaultView),void 0===n)return r?r[i]:e[t];r?r.scrollTo(o?r.pageXOffset:n,o?n:r.pageYOffset):e[t]=n},t,e,arguments.length)}}),S.each(["top","left"],function(e,n){S.cssHooks[n]=Fe(y.pixelPosition,function(e,t){if(t)return t=We(e,n),Pe.test(t)?S(e).position()[n]+"px":t})}),S.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(a,s){S.each({padding:"inner"+a,content:s,"":"outer"+a},function(r,o){S.fn[o]=function(e,t){var n=arguments.length&&(r||"boolean"!=typeof e),i=r||(!0===e||!0===t?"margin":"border");return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r;return x(e)?0===o.indexOf("outer")?e["inner"+a]:e.document.documentElement["client"+a]:9===e.nodeType?(r=e.documentElement,Math.max(e.body["scroll"+a],r["scroll"+a],e.body["offset"+a],r["offset"+a],r["client"+a])):void 0===n?S.css(e,t,i):S.style(e,t,n,i)},s,n?e:void 0,n)}})}),S.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){S.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),S.fn.extend({bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)},hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)}}),S.each("blur focus focusin focusout resize scroll click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,n){S.fn[n]=function(e,t){return 0<arguments.length?this.on(n,null,e,t):this.trigger(n)}});var Xt=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;S.proxy=function(e,t){var n,r,i;if("string"==typeof t&&(n=e[t],t=e,e=n),m(e))return r=s.call(arguments,2),(i=function(){return e.apply(t||this,r.concat(s.call(arguments)))}).guid=e.guid=e.guid||S.guid++,i},S.holdReady=function(e){e?S.readyWait++:S.ready(!0)},S.isArray=Array.isArray,S.parseJSON=JSON.parse,S.nodeName=A,S.isFunction=m,S.isWindow=x,S.camelCase=X,S.type=w,S.now=Date.now,S.isNumeric=function(e){var t=S.type(e);return("number"===t||"string"===t)&&!isNaN(e-parseFloat(e))},S.trim=function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(Xt,"")},"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return S});var Vt=C.jQuery,Gt=C.$;return S.noConflict=function(e){return C.$===S&&(C.$=Gt),e&&C.jQuery===S&&(C.jQuery=Vt),S},"undefined"==typeof e&&(C.jQuery=C.$=S),S}); jQuery.noConflict(); var $ = jQuery.noConflict(); </script> <link id="font-awesome" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/plugins/videvo-menu-sync/assets/css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <title>Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre</title> <meta name="description" content="The Western is one of the cinema's oldest genres. Here's how we define it."><meta name="keywords" content="filmmaking, industry, inspiration"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=5, viewport-fit=cover"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link id="search_bar-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/search_bar.css?v=27.38"><link id="menu_listing-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/menu_listing.css?v=27.38"><link id="user_menu-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/user_menu.css?v=27.38"><link id="search_bar-2-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/mobile/search_bar.css?v=27.38"><link id="menu_listing-2-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/mobile/menu_listing.css?v=27.38"><link id="user_menu-2-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/mobile/user_menu.css?v=27.38"><link id="top_bar-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/top_bar.css?v=27.38"> <link id="footer" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/plugins/videvo-menu-sync/assets/css/footer.css"> <link id="footer" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/plugins/videvo-menu-sync/assets/css/override_theme_styles.css"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>!function(e,t,a,n,g){e[n]=e[n]||[],e[n].push({"gtm.start":(new Date).getTime(),event:"gtm.js"});var m=t.getElementsByTagName(a)[0],r=t.createElement(a);r.async=!0,r.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-WVLJMDF",m.parentNode.insertBefore(r,m)}(window,document,"script","dataLayer");</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script src="https://www.googleoptimize.com/optimize.js?id=OPT-PJRM5MH"></script> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-44190 single-format-standard wp-embed-responsive single_blog_post ct-loading" data-body-type="top-bar-redesign" data-link="type-2" data-prefix="single_blog_post" data-footer="type-1" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" > <div class="ct-drawer-canvas"> <a href="#main-container" class="ct-back-to-top ct-hidden-sm" data-shape="square" data-alignment="left" title="Go to top" aria-label="Go to top"> <svg class="ct-icon" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2.3 15.2L10 7.5l7.7 7.6c.6.7 1.2.7 1.8 0 .6-.6.6-1.3 0-1.9l-8.6-8.6c-.2-.3-.5-.4-.9-.4s-.7.1-.9.4L.5 13.2c-.6.6-.6 1.2 0 1.9.6.8 1.2.7 1.8.1z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div id="page" class="site"> <input type="hidden" id="account_type_input" value="0"> <!-- BEGIN html static header --> <div class="top-bar nav-wrapper dark-nav "> <div class="videvo-logo"> <a href="https://videvo.net/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="90" height="60" viewBox="0 0 90 60"> <defs> <path id="owe5w40o3a" d="M0 0H90V60H0z"/> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g> <g transform="translate(-24 -3) translate(24 3)"> <mask id="lqdmwbmvtb" fill="#fff"> <use xlink:href="#owe5w40o3a"/> </mask> <g fill="#2B2B2B" mask="url(#lqdmwbmvtb)"> <path class="original-logo" d="M80.52 7.086c4.262 0 7.717 3.454 7.717 7.714s-3.455 7.714-7.717 7.714c-4.263 0-7.718-3.454-7.718-7.714s3.455-7.714 7.718-7.714zm-30.155.347c2.885.833 5.22 3.48 5.475 6.5.04.548.15 1.317-.243 1.764-.308.393-.764.556-1.256.552-3.572.01-7.147-.01-10.717.01.211.546.461 1.065.835 1.52 1.207 1.518 3.312 2.172 5.17 1.601.79-.192 1.306-.706 1.967-1.12.473-.159 1.18-.177 1.563.205.636.517.646 1.652.022 2.183-1.947 1.753-4.736 2.2-7.221 1.507-1.627-.467-3-1.546-4.005-2.885-1.517-2.02-1.792-4.891-.925-7.229.572-1.498 1.682-2.798 3.012-3.687 1.83-1.23 4.215-1.487 6.323-.92zm-30.609.18c.567.57.364 1.57.397 2.305.002 3.629-.003 7.262.004 10.889.005.43-.076.839-.37 1.169-.53.644-1.65.654-2.184.005-.317-.332-.336-.739-.354-1.174 0-3.963.005-7.933-.003-11.897.006-.487.032-.934.387-1.304.538-.621 1.586-.616 2.123.007zm51.586.373c.243.449.164.849-.035 1.291-1.788 3.906-3.595 7.818-5.38 11.724-.243.51-.429 1.117-.994 1.358-.357.14-.89.136-1.248-.01-.414-.174-.568-.53-.758-.907-1.683-3.684-3.387-7.361-5.08-11.043-.276-.643-.719-1.266-.635-1.994.009-.394.218-.717.513-.962.651-.529 1.793-.336 2.155.448 1.513 3.206 2.935 6.458 4.466 9.654 1.383-3.104 2.837-6.178 4.233-9.278.166-.341.306-.681.638-.896.738-.463 1.773-.204 2.125.615zM38.186 1.26c.2.3.176.608.187.953l-.008 13.068c-.062 2.76-1.834 5.191-4.253 6.422-1.418.722-3.027.877-4.59.68-2.904-.375-5.451-2.703-6.216-5.504-.359-1.346-.34-2.818.009-4.164.47-1.752 1.616-3.199 3.072-4.25 2.691-1.887 6.568-1.731 9.124.331-.003-2.253 0-4.5-.003-6.756-.019-.472.172-.884.55-1.167.664-.487 1.688-.325 2.128.387zM14.31 8.162c.216.675-.176 1.25-.438 1.847-1.765 3.827-3.521 7.665-5.28 11.496-.17.344-.332.662-.7.83-.385.162-.872.163-1.267.036-.465-.178-.624-.583-.829-.996-1.652-3.605-3.32-7.204-4.97-10.81-.24-.538-.55-1.07-.71-1.638-.16-.645.143-1.343.745-1.634.7-.337 1.615-.076 1.944.65 1.482 3.186 2.936 6.4 4.413 9.589 1.48-3.145 2.903-6.316 4.357-9.47.194-.434.498-.78.984-.878.772-.174 1.505.234 1.751.978zM80.52 10c-2.653 0-4.802 2.149-4.802 4.8s2.15 4.8 4.802 4.8c2.652 0 4.802-2.149 4.802-4.8S83.172 10 80.52 10zm-51.093.206c-1.073.322-2.091 1.015-2.688 1.971-.683 1.05-.988 2.36-.704 3.592.271 1.289 1.091 2.42 2.206 3.117 1.23.747 2.78.915 4.129.396 1.905-.7 3.23-2.64 3.124-4.675-.07-2.162-1.757-4.09-3.88-4.484-.728-.143-1.473-.1-2.187.083zm14.189 3.153c3.063.027 6.129.02 9.193.004-.564-1.631-1.967-2.899-3.67-3.232-2.344-.492-4.799.953-5.523 3.228zM19.835 3.19c.731.615.75 1.834.047 2.474-.66.696-1.846.648-2.459-.087-.811-.861-.44-2.271.626-2.718.624-.164 1.303-.15 1.786.331z" transform="translate(1 16)"/> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </a> </div> <div id="search-bar-desktop" class="search-bar-wrapper hidden"> <form id="search-top" action="https://videvo.net/search/" class="search-form new-search-top top-bar-search"> <div class="dropdown-wrapper new-top-bar-search" onclick="toggleDropDown(event)"> <button class="search-item dropdown-btn" > <div id="text" class="expand-button"> All Videos </div> </button> <div id="dropdown-content" class="dropdown-menu"> <ul> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="stock-video-footage/" data-clip-type="" class="select selected" > All Videos </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="free-stock-footage/" data-clip-type="free-stock-footage/" class="" > Footage </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="free-motion-graphics/" data-clip-type="free-motion-graphics/" class="" > Motion Graphics </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="royalty-free-music/" data-clip-type="royalty-free-music/" class="" > Music </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="royalty-free-sound-effects/" data-clip-type="royalty-free-sound-effects/" class="" > Sound Effects </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="search-wrapper"> <input type="search" value="" placeholder="Search..." class="search-item search-field" title="Enter Keyword(s)" /> <button class="search-item search-logo" type="submit"> <!-- <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> --> <img src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-magnifyer.svg" alt=""> </button> </div> </form> </div> <button id="mobile-search-icon" class="search-logo hidden" type="submit" onclick="openSearch()"> <img src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-magnifyer.svg" alt=""> </button> <div class="new-main-nav-container mobile-container"> <div class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a class="menu-button" href="javascript:void(0)">Menu</a> </div> <div class="mobile-menu-dropdown-container menu-dropdown-container test hidden-menu"> <div class="menu-header-new menu-header-main"> <h2>Menu</h2> <a class="mobile-close-button" href="javascript:void(0)"><img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-cross.svg" alt=""></a> </div> <div class="menu-dropdown-content"> <ul class="menu-dropdown-main-list"> <li> <a class=" parent-element nav-item nav-item-dd" href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/"> Videos <span> <img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-down.svg" alt=""> <img class="hidden-chevron-icon" src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-up.svg" alt=""> </span> </a> <ul class="submenu-item-videos-list hidden-submenu"> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">All Videos</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/free-stock-footage/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Footage</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/free-motion-graphics/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Motion Graphics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class=" parent-element nav-item nav-item-dd" href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/"> Templates <span> <img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-down.svg" alt=""> <img class="hidden-chevron-icon" src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-up.svg" alt=""> </span> </a> <ul class="submenu-item-videos-list hidden-submenu"> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">All Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/after-effects-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">After Effects Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/premiere-pro-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Premiere Pro Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/davinci-resolve-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">DaVinci Resolve Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/final-cut-pro-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Final Cut Pro Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/motion-graphics-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Motion Graphics Templates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class=" parent-element nav-item nav-item-dd" href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/"> Audio <span> <img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-down.svg" alt=""> <img class="hidden-chevron-icon" src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-up.svg" alt=""> </span> </a> <ul class="submenu-item-videos-list hidden-submenu"> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-sound-effects/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">Sound Effects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="menu-item-help parent-element nav-item " href="https://help.videvo.net/"> Help </a> </li> </ul> <a class="button button-lrg button-primary " href="https://videvo.net/a/premium-plans/"> <span class="button-icon-text">Join Videvo</span> </a> <a class="button button-lrg" href="https://videvo.net/login/"> <span class="button-icon-text">Log in</span> </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="new-main-nav-container desktop-container"> <ul id="new-main-nav" class="menu"> <li class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/">Videos<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> <ul class="submenu-listing"> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/" class="submenu-listing-link">All Videos</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/free-stock-footage/" class="submenu-listing-link">Footage</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/free-motion-graphics/" class="submenu-listing-link">Motion Graphics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/">Templates<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> <ul class="submenu-listing"> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">All Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/after-effects-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">After Effects Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/premiere-pro-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">Premiere Pro Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/davinci-resolve-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">DaVinci Resolve Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/final-cut-pro-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">Final Cut Pro Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/motion-graphics-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">Motion Graphics Templates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/">Audio<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> <ul class="submenu-listing"> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/" class="submenu-listing-link">Music</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-sound-effects/" class="submenu-listing-link">Sound Effects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a href="https://help.videvo.net/">Help<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="user-menu user-menu-container mobile-container"> <div class="nav-right-content visible-wrapper"> <a class="join-button button button-with-icon button-border-light nav-actions-button upgrade-button" href="https://videvo.net/a/premium-plans/?lang=en"> <span class="button-icon hide-icon"><img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-flash-white.svg" alt="flash"/></span> <span class="button-icon-text">Join <div class="site-name-hide">Videvo</div></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="user-menu user-menu-container desktop-container"> <div class="nav-right-content visible-wrapper"> <a class="join-button button button-with-icon button-border-light nav-actions-button upgrade-button" href="https://videvo.net/a/premium-plans/?lang=en"> <span class="button-icon hide-icon"><img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-flash-white.svg" alt="flash"/></span> <span class="button-icon-text">Join<div class="site-name-hide">Videvo</div></span> </a> <a class="login-user" href="https://videvo.net/login/"> Log in </a> </div> </div> </div> <script> </script> <script> /* Setting the irclickid cookie (needed to be done from JS instead of PHP because of the homepage cahce) */ function getAllUrlParams(url) { var queryString = url ? url.split('?')[1] : window.location.search.slice(1); var obj = {}; if (queryString) { queryString = queryString.split('#')[0]; var arr = queryString.split('&'); for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { var a = arr[i].split('='); var paramName = a[0]; var paramValue = typeof(a[1]) === 'undefined' ? true : a[1]; if (paramName.match(/\[(\d+)?\]$/)) { var key = paramName.replace(/\[(\d+)?\]/, ''); if (!obj[key]) obj[key] = []; if (paramName.match(/\[\d+\]$/)) { var index = /\[(\d+)\]/.exec(paramName)[1]; obj[key][index] = paramValue; } else { obj[key].push(paramValue); } } else { if (!obj[paramName]) { obj[paramName] = paramValue; } else if (obj[paramName] && typeof obj[paramName] === 'string') { obj[paramName] = [obj[paramName]]; obj[paramName].push(paramValue); } else { obj[paramName].push(paramValue); } } } } return obj; } if (getAllUrlParams().irclickid) { var date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime() + (30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)); expires = "; expires=" + date.toUTCString(); document.cookie = "irclickid=" + getAllUrlParams().irclickid + expires + "; path=/"; } </script> <script> window.components = window.components ? window.components : {}; window.components.topBarData = '{\"site_url\":\"https:\\/\\/resources.videvo.net\",\"languageInfo\":{\"currLanguage\":\"en\",\"currLanguagePrefix\":\"\",\"currLanguageUrlPrefix\":\"\"},\"searchData\":{\"site_url\":\"https:\\/\\/resources.videvo.net\",\"option_api_switch\":true,\"currLanguageUrlPrefix\":\"\\/\",\"parameters_category\":\"\",\"parameters_search\":\"\"},\"isMobile\":false}' </script> <script defer id="top_bar-js" class="top-bar-js" src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/js/components/top_bar/top_bar.js?v=27.38"></script><script defer id="top_bar-2-js" class="top-bar-js" src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/js/top_bar.js?v=27.38"></script><script defer id="search_bar-js" class="top-bar-js" src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/js/components/top_bar/search_bar.js?v=27.38"></script> <div class="ct-container-full" data-content="narrow" data-vertical-spacing="top:bottom"> <article id="post-44190" class="post-44190 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-industry tag-filmmaking tag-industry tag-inspiration"> <div class="hero-section" data-type="type-1" > <header class="entry-header"> <nav class="ct-breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" ><span class="first-item" itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" ><meta itemprop="position" content="1"><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/" itemprop="item" ><span itemprop="name" >Home</span></a><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/"/><svg class="separator" width="8" height="8" viewBox="0 0 8 8"> <path d="M2,6.9L4.8,4L2,1.1L2.6,0l4,4l-4,4L2,6.9z"/> </svg></span><span class="last-item" itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" ><meta itemprop="position" content="2"><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/category/industry/" itemprop="item" ><span itemprop="name" >Industry</span></a><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/category/industry/"/></span> </nav> <h1 class="page-title" title="Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre" itemprop="headline" >Think Like a Director: Unpacking the Western Genre</h1><ul class="entry-meta" data-type="label:circle" data-id="second" ><li class="meta-author" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" tabindex="-1" class="ct-image-container-static"><img loading="lazy" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=50&d=mm&r=g" width="25" height="25" style="height:25px" alt="Avatar photo" ></a><span>By</span><a class="ct-meta-element-author" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" title="Posts by Mark Teppo" rel="author" itemprop="url" ><span itemprop="name" >Mark Teppo</span></a></li><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-05-14T00:00:00+00:00" >May 14, 2024</time></li></ul> </header> </div> <figure class="ct-featured-image ct-hidden-sm" ><div class="ct-image-container"><img width="1200" height="800" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Tombstone" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone.jpg 1200w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tombstone-750x500.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 5/3;" /></div></figure> <div class="entry-content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Western is all about taming the Frontier. Let’s unpack this cinematic genre and discover how deeply it is rooted in our psyches.&nbsp;</h2> <p>On the one hand, the Western, in its simplest expression, is one of the purest forms of American cinema. Soon after the American Civil War, the country began its largest period of expansion, as people rushed to fill what they saw as “uninhabited” land. This westward spread was buoyed by the befuddled idea of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Manifest Destiny</a> (the notion that “we’ve got to go over there and stick a flag in it because God told us to”), and for rest of the 19th century, Americans rushed to fill this vast, uncivilized land. The peoples that were already living there? Well, they were getting in the way of the spread of American ingenuity and commerce. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Westward, Ho!</h2> <p>The West was to be tamed, you see, and the only law that mattered was the law of the mighty. The American hero was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight-errant" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">knight-errant</a>, a privileged warrior who, with his horse and his rifle, had been tasked with a divine duty to protect the women-folk, defend the newly fenced-in ranchlands, and drive off those murdering interlopers (the, uh, actual natives). </p> <p>This was the narrative that informed a series of traveling sideshows, most notably <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Buffalo Bill</a>’s <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill#Buffalo_Bill&#039;s_Wild_West" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wild West Show</a></em>. These shows toured the established portion of the nascent United States, reiterating the newfound myths of the frontier. In fact, Buffalo Bill’s show was captured on film in 1904 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thomas Edison</a> and his team while they were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoscope" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exploring ways to create &#8220;motion pictures.</a>&#8221; </p> <p>Edison and his ilk were introducing all sorts of new-fangled technology to society, which folks found both fascinating and terrifying. This industrial “moderization” was oppressive, and they felt constricted and trapped within the new paradigm of urban living. In contrast, the vast emptiness of the American West was, in a word, freedom. Some of the technologies filling their lives with noise and smoke were, in fact, means by which they could escape, by which they could vanish into the mythology of the West.&nbsp;</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Bright-Eyed Adventurer</h2> <p>This brings us to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edisonade" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edisonade</a>, a genre of pulp fiction that featured a quirky inventor and his magnificent inventors. Together, they have adventures. The genre came out of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_romance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scientific romances</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Victorian era</a>, and would later find itself spackled into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_US_science_fiction_and_fantasy_magazines_to_1950" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulp foundations of science fiction</a>. One of the earliest examples of this genre is Edward S. Ellis’s “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steam_Man_of_the_Prairies" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Steam Man of the Prairies</a>,” published in 1868. It’s the tale of a young man with his—wait for it—steam engine that allowed him to chug-a-chug to various adventures in this mythological West. </p> <p>130 years later, we have <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000226" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Will Smith</a> and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000177" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kevin Kline</a> fighting a diabolical Confederate scientist with a penchant for steampunking giant arachnids that spew jets of flame in <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001756/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barry Sonnenfeld</a>&#8216;s <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120891" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wild Wild West</a></em>. <em>Plus ça change</em>, as they say. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="800" height="320" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/wildwild.jpg" alt="The Wild Wild West" class="wp-image-44191" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/wildwild.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/wildwild-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/wildwild-768x307.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>The steampunk West that time forgot, from Barry Sonnenfeld&#8217;s remake of the iconic TV series, </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058855" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Wild Wild West</a><em> (image courtesy of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120891" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Peters Entertainment</a>). </em></figcaption></figure> <p>American cinema in the mid-20th century perfected the essential format of the Western: a man, a horse, a rifle, and folks in need of justice. Directors like <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000406" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Ford</a>,<a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0836328" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> John Sturges</a>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0202681" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Delmar Daves</a>, and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002087" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samuel Fuller</a> were in high demand during a period known as the “Golden Age of the Western,” which ran until the early 1960s. Actors like <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000078/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Wayne</a>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gary Cooper,</a> and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0662240" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fess Parker</a> became iconic heroes with their laconic drawls, Stetson hats, and fur caps. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Unspooling the Spaghetti</h2> <p>In Italy, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001466/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sergio Leone</a> embraced the cinematic wide-screen vistas of the American West, and over the course of three films starring a stoic, steely-eyed American, both deconstructed and elevated the mythology of the genre. Leone’s films, shot in Italy and usually dubbed into English (the crews were a mix of European and American actors), became international hits and helped spawn an entire sub-genre (the &#8220;Spaghetti Western&#8221;). </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="320" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/eastwood.jpg" alt="The Good, The Bad and The Ugly" class="wp-image-44195" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/eastwood.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/eastwood-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/eastwood-768x307.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Clint Eastwood&#8217;s &#8220;Blondie,&#8221; the nameless hero who came to epitomize the Western protagonist, in Sergio Leone&#8217;s </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060196" target="_blank" data-type="link" data-id="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060196" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Good, The Bad and the Ugly</a><em> (image courtesy of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060196" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Produzioni Europee Associate</a>). </em></figcaption></figure> <p>Leone’s go-to actor was a young fellow who had gotten his start on <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052504/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rawhide</a></em>, an American TV western. He and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000142" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clint Eastwood</a> did three films together: <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058461" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A Fistful of Dollars</a></em> in 1964, <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0059578" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">For a Few Dollars More</a></em> (1965), and <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060196" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly</a></em> (1966). While Leone only did one more Western (<em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064116/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Once Upon a Time in the West</a></em>), Eastwood went on to do a number of memorable westerns, including <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068699/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">High Plains Drifter</a></em> (his first time in the director’s chair, in 1973), <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075029/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Outlaw Josey Wales</a></em>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0089767" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Pale Rider</em></a>, and <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105695/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Unforgiven</a></em>, his Academy Award winning deconstruction of his own career in the Western genre. </p> <p><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001603/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sam Peckinpah</a>, who had done a few Westerns himself, took Leone’s demystification of the Western one step further with <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065214" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Wild Bunch</a></em>, a film that did away with the doe-eyed filter of the American Individualism and showed us how bloody and lawless the frontier could be. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="320" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/hat.jpg" alt="Unforgiven" class="wp-image-44196" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/hat.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/hat-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/hat-768x307.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Clint Eastwood&#8217;s Will Munny offers the steely-eyed stare of the indefatigable law-bringer in <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105695/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Unforgiven</a> (image courtesy of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105695/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Warner Bros</a>). </em></figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Myth of the Lone Hero</h2> <p>Eastwood is also known for the character of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Harry_(character)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harry Callahan</a>, a granite-chewing San Francisco police officer who, much like the unflappable heroes in Westerns, was prone to taking the law into his own hands. The first film starring Callahan was <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066999/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dirty Harry</a></em>, and it is widely seen as inaugurating the “loose-cannon cop” sub-genre, which, in a way, is basically a Western (single individual takes the law into their own hands in service of a community that cannot protect itself against Evil) set in a urban setting. </p> <p>And herein lies the trap of the Western. It was certainly a staple of early cinema, especially given the broad reach of Hollywood throughout the 20th century, but that same wide availablity and broad representation of a specific historical and cultural milieu ignores how the underlying elements of this genre found expression in other cultures.&nbsp;</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Romance of the West</h2> <p>As we mentioned above, the gunslinger hero is an Americanized version of the knight from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_romance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chivalric romances</a> of the Middle Ages or the wandering <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rōnin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ronin</a> from Japanese history. One of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000041" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Akira Kirosawa</a>’s most enduring films is <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047478" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seven Samurai</a></em> (1954), the story of seven swordsmen who are hired to protect a beleaguered village from marauding raiders. It would be remade by <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0836328" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Sturges</a> in 1960—at the tail end of the Golden Age of the American Western—as <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054047/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Magnificent Seven</a></em> (and would be remade again in 2016 by <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0298807" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antoine Fuqua</a>). </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="320" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/magseven.jpg" alt="The Magnificent Seven" class="wp-image-44192" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/magseven.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/magseven-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/magseven-768x307.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>2016&#8217;s remake of </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2404435" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Magnificent Seven</a><em> collects a wide array of character types (image courtesy of MGM). </em></figcaption></figure> <p>Why seven? Who knows. It probably goes all the way back to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aeschylus</a> in 467 BC, who turned the mythological story of the few against the many into an hour of talking heads on stage. And with seven characters, you have the opportunity to cast a wide range of standard character types for a well-rounded dramatic narrative. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What&#8217;s New Is Old, and What&#8217;s Old Is New</h2> <p>And when we disconnect the narrative elements of the Western from the historical baggage of the Myth of the American West, it&#8217;s possible to see a film like <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1108007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Lowery</a>’s <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9243804/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Green Knight</a></em> (from 2021) as a Western, albeit in a highly stylized, experimental, “maybe this is all a metaphor” sort of way. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="320" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/patel.jpg" alt="The Green Knight" class="wp-image-44193" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/patel.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/patel-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/patel-768x307.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2353862/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dev Patel</a>&#8216;s Gawain is a man and his, uh, boat, fighting against tyranny and lawlessness with only his wits and his honor in </em><a href="http://imdb.com/title/tt9243804/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Green Knight</a><em> (image courtesy of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9243804/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A24</a>). </em></figcaption></figure> <p>Westerns are fantasies, inasmuch as they are expressions of a world that never really existed—a world where destiny, staunchy individualism, and a steadfast belief that hope and decency will prevail—and they are, fundamentally, stories about people who take it upon themselves to improve the world around them, in whatever minute way they can. </p> <p>They’re never just about a guy and his horse. </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p><em>(Cover image from </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108358/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tombstone</a><em>, courtesy of Hollywood Pictures.)</em></p> <p><em>Looking for filmmaking tips and tricks? Check out our <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs0UeTXszjkZN7n_gI13wkQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">YouTube channel</a> for tutorials like this . . .</em></p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" title="A Guide To Common After Effects Terms: Scripts, Plugins, Templates, Presets" width="1600" height="900" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vatEEotuhto?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> </div> <div class="entry-tags" ><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/tag/filmmaking/" rel="tag" ># filmmaking</a><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/tag/industry/" rel="tag" ># industry</a><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/tag/inspiration/" rel="tag" ># inspiration</a></div> <div class="ct-share-box ct-hidden-sm" data-location="bottom" data-type="type-1" > <div data-icons-type="simple"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre%2F" data-network="facebook" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M20,10.1c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10S0,4.5,0,10.1c0,5,3.7,9.1,8.4,9.9v-7H5.9v-2.9h2.5V7.9C8.4,5.4,9.9,4,12.2,4c1.1,0,2.2,0.2,2.2,0.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2,0-1.6,0.8-1.6,1.6v1.9h2.8L13.9,13h-2.3v7C16.3,19.2,20,15.1,20,10.1z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre%2F&text=Think%20Like%20a%20Director%3A%20Unpacking%20the%20Western%20Genre" data-network="twitter" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M20,3.8c-0.7,0.3-1.5,0.5-2.4,0.6c0.8-0.5,1.5-1.3,1.8-2.3c-0.8,0.5-1.7,0.8-2.6,1c-0.7-0.8-1.8-1.3-3-1.3c-2.3,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1c0,0.3,0,0.6,0.1,0.9C6.4,6.7,3.4,5.1,1.4,2.6C1,3.2,0.8,3.9,0.8,4.7c0,1.4,0.7,2.7,1.8,3.4C2,8.1,1.4,7.9,0.8,7.6c0,0,0,0,0,0.1c0,2,1.4,3.6,3.3,4c-0.3,0.1-0.7,0.1-1.1,0.1c-0.3,0-0.5,0-0.8-0.1c0.5,1.6,2,2.8,3.8,2.8c-1.4,1.1-3.2,1.8-5.1,1.8c-0.3,0-0.7,0-1-0.1c1.8,1.2,4,1.8,6.3,1.8c7.5,0,11.7-6.3,11.7-11.7c0-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.5C18.8,5.3,19.4,4.6,20,3.8z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-unpacking-the-western-genre%2F&title=Think%20Like%20a%20Director%3A%20Unpacking%20the%20Western%20Genre" data-network="linkedin" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M18.6,0H1.4C0.6,0,0,0.6,0,1.4v17.1C0,19.4,0.6,20,1.4,20h17.1c0.8,0,1.4-0.6,1.4-1.4V1.4C20,0.6,19.4,0,18.6,0z M6,17.1h-3V7.6h3L6,17.1L6,17.1zM4.6,6.3c-1,0-1.7-0.8-1.7-1.7s0.8-1.7,1.7-1.7c0.9,0,1.7,0.8,1.7,1.7C6.3,5.5,5.5,6.3,4.6,6.3z M17.2,17.1h-3v-4.6c0-1.1,0-2.5-1.5-2.5c-1.5,0-1.8,1.2-1.8,2.5v4.7h-3V7.6h2.8v1.3h0c0.4-0.8,1.4-1.5,2.8-1.5c3,0,3.6,2,3.6,4.5V17.1z"/> </svg> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="author-box ct-hidden-sm" data-type="type-2"> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" class="ct-image-container"><img loading="lazy" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=120&d=mm&r=g" width="60" height="60" alt="Avatar photo" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" > <svg width="18px" height="13px" viewBox="0 0 20 15"> <polygon points="14.5,2 13.6,2.9 17.6,6.9 0,6.9 0,8.1 17.6,8.1 13.6,12.1 14.5,13 20,7.5 "/> </svg> </a> <section> <h4 class="author-box-name"> Mark Teppo </h4> <div class="author-box-bio"> <p>Mark Teppo lives in the Pacific Northwest, where he watches a lot of movies when he's not selling books. He's written more than two dozen novels across multiple genres. His favorite Tarot card is The Moon.</p> </div> <div class="author-box-social" ><a href="https://www.facebook.com/markteppoauthor" aria-label="Facebook icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M15.2 7.2h-3.9V4.8c0-.7.5-1.2 1.2-1.2H15V0h-3C9.3 0 7.2 2.2 7.2 4.8v2.4H4.8v3.6h2.4V20h4.3v-9.2h3l.7-3.6z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/markteppo/" aria-label="LinkedIn icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M.1 5.8h4.2V20H.1V5.8zm18.4 1.8c-.8-1-2-1.4-3.5-1.4-1.9 0-3.2 1-4.2 2.4h-.1l-.2-2.8H7.2c.1 1.4 0 14.2 0 14.2h4.3v-8.9c.3-1.1 1.1-1.7 2.2-1.7 1.4 0 2.1 1 2.1 3V20h4.1v-8.1c-.1-1.9-.5-3.3-1.4-4.3zM2.2 0C1 0 0 1 0 2.2c0 1.2 1 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 0 2.2-1 2.2-2.2C4.3 1 3.4 0 2.2 0z"/></svg></a> <a href="http://markteppo.com/" aria-label="Website icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M10 0C4.5 0 0 4.5 0 10s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S15.5 0 10 0zm6.9 6H14c-.4-1.8-1.4-3.6-1.4-3.6s2.8.8 4.3 3.6zM10 2s1.2 1.7 1.9 4H8.1C8.8 3.6 10 2 10 2zM2.2 12s-.6-1.8 0-4h3.4c-.3 1.8 0 4 0 4H2.2zm.9 2H6c.6 2.3 1.4 3.6 1.4 3.6C4.3 16.5 3.1 14 3.1 14zM6 6H3.1c1.6-2.8 4.3-3.6 4.3-3.6S6.4 4.2 6 6zm4 12s-1.3-1.9-1.9-4h3.8c-.6 2.1-1.9 4-1.9 4zm2.3-6H7.7s-.3-2 0-4h4.7c.3 1.8-.1 4-.1 4zm.3 5.6s1-1.8 1.4-3.6h2.9c-1.6 2.7-4.3 3.6-4.3 3.6zm1.7-5.6s.3-2.1 0-4h3.4c.6 2.2 0 4 0 4h-3.4z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/markteppo/" aria-label="Twitter icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M20 3.8c-.7.3-1.5.5-2.4.6.8-.5 1.5-1.3 1.8-2.3-.8.5-1.7.8-2.6 1-.7-.8-1.8-1.3-3-1.3-2.3 0-4.1 1.8-4.1 4.1 0 .3 0 .6.1.9-3.4-.1-6.4-1.7-8.4-4.2C1 3.2.8 3.9.8 4.7c0 1.4.7 2.7 1.8 3.4-.6 0-1.2-.2-1.8-.5v.1c0 2 1.4 3.6 3.3 4-.3.1-.7.1-1.1.1-.3 0-.5 0-.8-.1.5 1.6 2 2.8 3.8 2.8-1.4 1.1-3.2 1.8-5.1 1.8-.3 0-.7 0-1-.1 1.8 1.2 4 1.8 6.3 1.8 7.5 0 11.6-6.3 11.6-11.6v-.5c1-.6 1.6-1.3 2.2-2.1z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/mark.teppo/" aria-label="Instagram icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M13.3 10c0 1.8-1.5 3.3-3.3 3.3S6.7 11.8 6.7 10 8.2 6.7 10 6.7s3.3 1.5 3.3 3.3zm6.6-4.2v8.4c0 3.2-2.6 5.8-5.8 5.8H5.8C2.6 20 0 17.4 0 14.1V5.8C0 2.6 2.6 0 5.8 0h8.4c3.2 0 5.8 2.6 5.7 5.8zM15 10c0-2.8-2.2-5-5-5s-5 2.2-5 5 2.2 5 5 5 5-2.2 5-5zm1.6-5.8c0-.4-.4-.8-.8-.8s-.8.4-.8.8.4.8.8.8c.5 0 .8-.4.8-.8z"/></svg></a></div> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" class="ct-author-box-more" >Articles:&nbsp;29</a> </section> </div> <nav class="post-navigation "> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/how-to-record-your-own-impulse-responses/" class="nav-item-prev"> <figure class="ct-image-container "><img width="300" height="200" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Impulse Response Recording" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-750x500.jpg 750w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" /><svg width="20px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 20 15"><polygon points="0,7.5 5.5,13 6.4,12.1 2.4,8.1 20,8.1 20,6.9 2.4,6.9 6.4,2.9 5.5,2 "/></svg></figure> <div class="item-content"> <span class="item-label"> Previous <span>Post</span> </span> <span class="item-title ct-hidden-sm"> How to Record Your Own Impulse Responses </span> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/understanding-the-grip-and-electrical-departments-on-a-film-set/" class="nav-item-next"> <div class="item-content"> <span class="item-label"> Next <span>Post</span> </span> <span class="item-title ct-hidden-sm"> Understanding the Grip and Electrical Departments on a Film Set </span> </div> <figure class="ct-image-container "><img width="300" height="182" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-300x182.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-300x182.png 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-1024x623.png 1024w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-768x467.png 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-822x500.png 822w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI.png 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" /><svg width="20px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 20 15"><polygon points="14.5,2 13.6,2.9 17.6,6.9 0,6.9 0,8.1 17.6,8.1 13.6,12.1 14.5,13 20,7.5 "/></svg></figure> </a> </nav> </article> </div> <div class="ct-related-posts-container"> <div class="ct-container"> <div class="ct-related-posts"> <h3 class="ct-block-title"> Related Posts </h3> <div class="ct-related-posts-items" data-layout="grid"> <article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" > <a class="ct-image-container" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/understanding-the-grip-and-electrical-departments-on-a-film-set/" aria-label="Understanding the Grip and Electrical Departments on a Film Set" tabindex="-1"><img width="300" height="182" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-300x182.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-300x182.png 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-1024x623.png 1024w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-768x467.png 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-822x500.png 822w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI.png 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;" /></a> <h4 class="related-entry-title" itemprop="name" > <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/understanding-the-grip-and-electrical-departments-on-a-film-set/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark">Understanding the Grip and Electrical Departments on a Film Set</a> </h4> <ul class="entry-meta" data-type="simple:slash" ><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-05-16T17:40:42+00:00" >May 16, 2024</time></li></ul> </article> <article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" > <a class="ct-image-container" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/how-to-record-your-own-impulse-responses/" aria-label="How to Record Your Own Impulse Responses" tabindex="-1"><img width="300" height="200" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Impulse Response Recording" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086-750x500.jpg 750w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2086.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;" /></a> <h4 class="related-entry-title" itemprop="name" > <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/how-to-record-your-own-impulse-responses/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark">How to Record Your Own Impulse Responses</a> </h4> <ul class="entry-meta" data-type="simple:slash" ><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-05-07T16:50:05+00:00" >May 7, 2024</time></li></ul> </article> <article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" > <a class="ct-image-container" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/lighting-and-color-temperature/" aria-label="Lighting and Color Temperature 101: Everything You Need to Know" tabindex="-1"><img width="300" height="171" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/color-temperature-300x171.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="color temperature and lighting" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/color-temperature-300x171.png 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/color-temperature-1024x583.png 1024w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/color-temperature-768x437.png 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/color-temperature-879x500.png 879w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/color-temperature.png 1241w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;" /></a> <h4 class="related-entry-title" itemprop="name" > <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/lighting-and-color-temperature/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark">Lighting and Color Temperature 101: Everything You Need to Know</a> </h4> <ul class="entry-meta" data-type="simple:slash" ><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-04-16T00:00:00+00:00" >April 16, 2024</time></li></ul> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">!function(e,t,n){function a(){var e=t.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],n=t.createElement("script");n.type="text/javascript",n.async=!0,n.src="https://beacon-v2.helpscout.net",e.parentNode.insertBefore(n,e)}if(e.Beacon=n=function(t,n,a){e.Beacon.readyQueue.push({method:t,options:n,data:a})},n.readyQueue=[],"complete"===t.readyState)return a();e.attachEvent?e.attachEvent("onload",a):e.addEventListener("load",a,!1)}(window,document,window.Beacon||function(){});</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.Beacon('init', '450a06e8-29b0-4f50-b667-e4a3b8597e97')</script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for videvo.net --> <script type="text/javascript"> $("body,html").bind("touchstart touchmove mousemove scroll mousedown DOMMouseScroll mousewheel keyup", function(e){ function loadOneTrustScript(src) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { if ($("script[src='" + src + "']").length === 0) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.onload = function() { resolve(); }; script.onerror = function() { reject(); }; script.src = src; script.setAttribute('id', 'onetrust_modal'); script.setAttribute('data-document-language', true); script.setAttribute('charset', 'UTF-8'); script.setAttribute('data-domain-script', "e616b904-3acd-4e4b-ad07-5deddea821ea"); document.body.appendChild(script); } else { resolve(); } }); } if($('#onetrust_modal').length == 0) { loadOneTrustScript('https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js'); function OptanonWrapper() { } } }); </script> <style> #ot-sdk-btn-floating { display: none; } </style> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for videvo.net --> </main> <footer id="footer" class="ct-footer" data-id="type-1" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" ></footer></div> <script id="ct-scripts-js-extra"> var ct_localizations = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"2da28ec02e","public_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/blocksy\/static\/bundle\/","rest_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-json\/","search_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/search\/QUERY_STRING\/","show_more_text":"Show more","more_text":"More","search_live_results":"Search results","search_live_no_result":"No results","search_live_one_result":"You got %s result. Please press Tab to select it.","search_live_many_results":"You got %s results. Please press Tab to select one.","expand_submenu":"Expand dropdown menu","collapse_submenu":"Collapse dropdown menu","dynamic_js_chunks":[],"dynamic_styles":{"lazy_load":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/blocksy\/static\/bundle\/non-critical-styles.min.css","search_lazy":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/blocksy\/static\/bundle\/non-critical-search-styles.min.css"},"dynamic_styles_selectors":[]}; </script> <script src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/main.js?ver=1.8.72" id="ct-scripts-js"></script> <script src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.4.3" id="comment-reply-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10