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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Slope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cross_Slope.svg/440px-Cross_Slope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cross_Slope.svg/660px-Cross_Slope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cross_Slope.svg/880px-Cross_Slope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a road. 1. Gutter; 2. Shoulder; 3. Sub-base; 4. Base course; 5. Asphalt</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cross slope</b>, <b>cross fall</b> or <b>camber</b> is a geometric feature of pavement surfaces: the transverse slope with respect to the horizon. It is a very important safety factor. Cross slope is provided to provide a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_gradient" title="Drainage gradient">drainage gradient</a> so that water will run off the surface to a <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> system such as a <a href="/wiki/Street_gutter" title="Street gutter">street gutter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a>. Inadequate cross slope will contribute to <a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">aquaplaning</a>. On straight sections of normal two-lane roads, the pavement <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a> is usually highest in the center and drains to both sides. In horizontal curves, the cross slope is banked into <a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">superelevation</a> to reduce steering effort and lateral force required to go around the curve.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All water drains to the inside of the curve.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the cross slope magnitude oscillates within 1–25 metres (3–82 ft), the body and payload of high (heavy) vehicles will experience high roll and lateral vibration. </p><p>Cross slope is usually expressed as a percentage: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{cross slope}}={\frac {\text{rise}}{\text{run}}}\times 100\%}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cross slope</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>rise</mtext> <mtext>run</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{cross slope}}={\frac {\text{rise}}{\text{run}}}\times 100\%}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8aaf4efdcff879da250f99d31e991f745bced963" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.275ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{cross slope}}={\frac {\text{rise}}{\text{run}}}\times 100\%}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Cross slope is the angle around a vertical axis between: </p> <ul><li>the horizontal line that is perpendicular to the road's center line, and</li> <li>the surface.</li></ul> <p>Typical values range from 2 percent for straight segments to 10 percent for sharp superelevated curves. It may also be expressed as a fraction of an inch in rise over a one-<a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a> run (e.g. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch per foot). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_slope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant (road/rail)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads" title="Geometric design of roads">Geometric design of roads</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_slope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Transportation2023" class="citation web cs1">Department of Transportation (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/tdot/roadway-design/documents/training/Superelevation%20Design%20Guide.pdf">"Superelevation Design Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superelevation+Design+Guide&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.au=Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Ftn%2Ftdot%2Froadway-design%2Fdocuments%2Ftraining%2FSuperelevation%2520Design%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross+slope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWSDOT2023" class="citation web cs1">WSDOT (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsdot.wa.gov/publications/manuals/fulltext/M22-01/1250.pdf">"Cross Slope and Superelevation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cross+Slope+and+Superelevation&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.au=WSDOT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwsdot.wa.gov%2Fpublications%2Fmanuals%2Ffulltext%2FM22-01%2F1250.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross+slope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_slope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-diagram-of-cross-slope-longitudinal-grade-and-flow-path_fig1_289366508">Schematic diagram of cross slope, longitudinal grade, and flow path</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dirtandgravel.psu.edu/sites/default/files/General%20Resources/Technical%20Bulletins/TB_Crown_and_Cross_Slope.pdf">Crown & Cross-Slope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reifenpoint.de/sommerkomplettraeder.html">Summer wheels overview</a> (in German)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_slope&oldid=1246487093">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_slope&oldid=1246487093</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pavement_engineering" title="Category:Pavement engineering">Pavement engineering</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 September 2024, at 07:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International 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