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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Parliamentary Debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_Debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">1956 anti-Tamil pogrom</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSriLanka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LocationSriLanka.png/220px-LocationSriLanka.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/LocationSriLanka.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of Sri Lanka</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">June 5–16, 1956 (+6 GMT)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Tamil</a> civilians in Colombo and Gal Oya, also Sinhalese civilians in Batticaloa and Gal Oya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Decapitation, burning, stabbing, arson, assault, looting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data">Knives, sticks, fire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">20-200<sup id="cite_ref-Army_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tambiah89_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tambiah89-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">100+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">Vast majority <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> mobs,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also Tamil mobs<sup id="cite_ref-tambiah89_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tambiah89-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1956 anti-Tamil pogrom</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nogdsac_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nogdsac-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Gal Oya riots</b>, was the first organised <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c52_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began with anti-Tamil rioting in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by anti-Sinhalese rioting in the <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_District" title="Batticaloa District">Batticaloa District</a>. The worst of the violence took place in the <a href="/wiki/Gal_Oya" title="Gal Oya">Gal Oya</a> valley after the Batticaloa attacks, where local majority <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> colonists and employees of the Gal Oya Development Board commandeered government vehicles, dynamite and weapons and massacred minority Tamils. It is estimated that over 150 people, mostly Tamils, had died during the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police and army were eventually able to bring the situation under control. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_information">Background information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_(1899-1959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_%281899-1959%29.jpg/200px-Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_%281899-1959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_%281899-1959%29.jpg/300px-Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_%281899-1959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_%281899-1959%29.jpg/400px-Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka_%281899-1959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="5947" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof-FR-Jayasuriya-fast-1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Prof-FR-Jayasuriya-fast-1956.jpg/200px-Prof-FR-Jayasuriya-fast-1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Prof-FR-Jayasuriya-fast-1956.jpg/300px-Prof-FR-Jayasuriya-fast-1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Prof-FR-Jayasuriya-fast-1956.jpg/400px-Prof-FR-Jayasuriya-fast-1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>Fast unto death by Prof. <a href="/wiki/J._E._Jayasuriya" title="J. E. Jayasuriya">J. E. Jayasuriya</a> in 1956, to force Bandaranaike government to implement the Sinhala as the only State language excluding Tamil language of masses in the country's north and east provinces.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gal_Oya_settlement_scheme">Gal Oya settlement scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gal Oya settlement scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Anti-Tamil pogroms<br />in Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Gal_Oya_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Gal Oya riots">Gal Oya (1956)</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958 pogrom</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977 pogrom</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1981_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1981 anti-Tamil pogrom">1981 pogrom</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July (1983)</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Tamil_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Tamil_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Tamil_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gal Oya settlement scheme was begun in 1949 to settle landless peasants in formerly jungle land. <a href="/wiki/Gal_Oya_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Gal Oya river">Gal Oya river</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern province</a> was dammed and a tank was created with 40,000,000 acres (160,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of irrigated land. In 1956 the settlement had over 50 new villages where over 5,000 ethnic Tamil, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Veddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Veddha">Veddha</a> and Sinhalese were settled. The Sinhalese were approximately 50% of the settlers. Sinhalese and others were spatially separated from each other as Sinhalese were settled at the more productive headwaters of the Gal Oya tank and the Tamils and Muslims at the down rivers closer to their former native villages. Settlement of large number of Sinhalese peasants in what <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalists</a> considered their traditional <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil homeland</a> was a source of tension within the settlement area.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinhala_Only_Act">Sinhala Only Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sinhala Only Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></div> <p>By 1956, 50% of clerical jobs were held by Tamils, although they were a minority of the country's population.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was partly due to the availability of Western style education built by <a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American missionaries</a> in the Tamil dominant <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna peninsula">Jaffna peninsula</a> during the colonial era. The overrepresentation of Tamils was used by populist Sinhalese politicians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to come to political power by promising to elevate the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a>. The pro-Sinhalese nationalist <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Freedom Party</a> came to power in April 1956 promising to make <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, the language of the majority Sinhalese people, the sole official language.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first week of May 1956, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a> met with the Attorney General and the Legal Draftsman giving guidelines for the Language Bill. <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">Bandaranaike</a> intended to honour the mandate he got by making Sinhala the only official language, while making provisions for the reasonable use of Tamil in the northern and eastern provinces. On hearing this, Prof. <a href="/wiki/J._E._Jayasuriya" title="J. E. Jayasuriya">J. E. Jayasuriya</a> started a fast unto death at the parliament demanding Sinhala to be the only official language with no concessions granted to Tamil. <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">Bandaranaike</a> gave in and had the Language Bill changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabaratnam_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabaratnam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the proposed Language Bill the Working Committee of the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a> met in Jaffna to consider how to display its opposition to the Language Bill, unanimously deciding to perform a <i>satyagraha</i> at the steps of parliament. Its leader <a href="/wiki/S._J._V._Chelvanayakam" title="S. J. V. Chelvanayakam">S. J. V. Chelvanayakam</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">Bandaranaike</a> on 4 June stating their decision, to which <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">Bandaranaike</a> issued a severe warning. Chelvanayakam responded by saying that repressive measures would "only whet the appetite of the Tamils for freedom". A contingent of volunteers were brought from <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> to <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> by train and housed on the <a href="/wiki/Bambalapitiya" title="Bambalapitiya">Bambalapitiya</a> Vinayagar Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabaratnam_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabaratnam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sinhala Basha Arakshaka Madalaya (Sinhala Language Protection Council) had threatened to counter the Federalists' protest with a protest of its on with <a href="/wiki/L._H._Mettananda" title="L. H. Mettananda">L. H. Mettananda</a> claiming to meet force to force. Mettananda further called for a boycott of Tamil professionals and businesses. With communal passions running high, Bandaranaike aware of the looming danger tried to get Chelvanayakam to cancel the satyagraha demonstration. However, the Federal Party and its supporters saw no reason to cancel.<sup id="cite_ref-ND86_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riots">Riots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalist_satyagraha_attacked">Federalist satyagraha attacked</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federalist satyagraha attacked"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The volunteers were joined by others from Colombo on the morning of 5 June. This group was briefed by <a href="/wiki/V._Navaratnam" title="V. Navaratnam">V. Navaratnam</a>, and it formed double file and walked towards Parliament singing devotional songs and holding placards led by Chelvanayakam and <a href="/wiki/C._Vanniasingam" title="C. Vanniasingam">C. Vanniasingam</a>. The <i>satyagraha</i> protest congregated outside the parliament after the government decided to close the parliamentary debate to the public and barricade the building. They then decided to move the protest to <a href="/wiki/Galle_Face_Green" title="Galle Face Green">Galle Face Green</a>, where they sat down.<sup id="cite_ref-ND86_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were met by a crowd of 500 Sinhalese extremists, who pounced on them, tore up the placards and used the poles to beat them up. Vanniasingam lost his national vest and was dragged some distance by his feet. <a href="/wiki/C._Suntharalingam" title="C. Suntharalingam">C. Suntharalingam</a> was assaulted and <a href="/wiki/A._Amirthalingam" title="A. Amirthalingam">A. Amirthalingam</a> was wounded in the head. Dr <a href="/wiki/E._M._V._Naganathan" title="E. M. V. Naganathan">E. M. V. Naganathan</a> fought back with his fists and feet. Two Sinhalese MPs, <a href="/wiki/K._M._P._Rajaratne" title="K. M. P. Rajaratne">K. M. P. Rajaratne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimal_Karunatilake" title="Nimal Karunatilake">Nimal Karunatilake</a>, were present in the crowd pointing out Federal Party MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabaratnam_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabaratnam-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabaratnam2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabaratnam2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The satyagrahis were beaten and pelted with stones and at least one Tamil protestor thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Beira_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira lake">Beira lake</a>, while another had his ear bitten off. The protest was called off at 1PM. Several Tamils were hospitalized and some of the wounded included parliamentarians. The police stood by as observers having been ordered not to intervene unless they themselves were attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabaratnam2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabaratnam2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Tamil protestors including Dr Naganathan and Navaratnam were thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Beira_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira lake">Beira lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riots_spread_in_Colombo">Riots spread in Colombo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Riots spread in Colombo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mob also stoned peaceful Tamil protesters as they marched to board a train heading back to <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_railway_station" title="Fort railway station">Fort railway station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same mob, after listening to a speech by populist Sinhalese politicians urging them to boycott Tamil businesses, then went on a spree of arson and looting in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-ND86_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every Tamil seen on the streets of Colombo was then attacked by the mob, including Tamil office workers going from home from work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 150 Tamil owned shops were looted and many people were hospitalized for their injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil senator <a href="/wiki/S._Nadesan" title="S. Nadesan">S. Nadesan</a> gave his account about the event: </p> <blockquote><p><i>“Hooligans, in the very precincts of Parliament House, under the very nose of the Prime Minister of this country, set upon those innocent men seated there, bit their ears and beat them up mercilessly. Not one shot was fired while all this lawlessness to persons were let loose... Why? Orders had been given: 'Do not shoot, just look on.'</i> </p><p><i>Thereafter… every Tamil man was set upon and robbed. He was beaten up. His fountain pen and wristlet were snatched away. He was thrashed mercilessly, humiliated and sent home. The police were looking on while all this was happening before their very eyes.</i> </p> <p><i>Shops were looted... but the police did nothing... specific instructions had been given to the police that they should not shoot, should not arrest, should not deal with the lawlessness and disorder that was let loose... rowdies and hooligans were given a free hand to assault, humiliate and rob any innocent Tamil walking the roads on that day.'</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eventually order was restored in Colombo after police opened fire on the rioting mobs, wounding eight in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-c52_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_Sinhalese_in_the_Batticaloa-Kalmunai_area">Attacks on Sinhalese in the Batticaloa-Kalmunai area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attacks on Sinhalese in the Batticaloa-Kalmunai area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the riots in Colombo, Tamils in <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> attacked Sinhalese. Sinhalese were assaulted and their houses and other property were burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case, a Sinhalese hotel was burned. An employee of this hotel emerged from the burning hotel and fired at a crowd that had gathered to watch the conflagration, killing two Tamils. Police had also fired on crowd of 10,000 demonstrating Tamils, killing another two Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Sinhalese families took refuge in the Buddhist temple and hospital and complained that government authorities had not given them adequate support.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the road from Batticaloa to Kalmunai, there had been further attacks on Sinhalese, including an attack on a car with Sinhalese.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamils from <a href="/wiki/Karaitivu_(Ampara)" title="Karaitivu (Ampara)">Karaitivu</a> had thrown stones at Gal Oya Board trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near <a href="/wiki/Kalmunai" title="Kalmunai">Kalmunai</a>, a group of 11 Tamils hid in trees and shot at a convoy of Sinhalese civilians and government officials. Two were shot dead.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gal_Oya">Gal Oya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gal Oya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 June, the trucks that had been stoned arrived in Gal Oya. News of the attacks on Sinhalese in the Batticaloa-Kalmunai area started reaching the valley, and with it, false rumours.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief amongst the rumours was that a Sinhalese girl had been raped and made to walk naked down the street in Batticaloa by a Tamil mob. Although this was later proved to be false, the rumor inflamed the passions of the mob and led to further massacres and property destruction. On 11 June, agitated Sinhalese mobs began roaming the streets of Gal Oya valley looking for Tamils to physically assault. Some Tamils were severely clubbed on their skulls and admitted to hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-tambiah89_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tambiah89-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properties owned by Tamils, including those of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a>, were looted and burned down. It was rumored that the local police made no attempt to control the mob.<sup id="cite_ref-tambiah89_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tambiah89-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil refugees from Amparai had fled to the Amparai police station and the Circuit Bungalow under police protection. On the evening of 12 June, a Sinhalese mob surrounded the latter location, threatening to break in. At first, police used tear gas to try and disperse the mob. The mob tried to stop a jeep with a Bren gun; at this point, the police opened fire, killing three of rioters. Then the mob severed the utilities and stole dynamite from a dynamite dump in Inginiyagala to try to blow up the bungalow. They were unable to acquire detonators, and by 11 PM, the military arrived and disperse the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Sinhalese rioters took vehicles went on a rampage against Tamils, assaulting Tamils and killing some. The Tamils in Gal Oya fled to areas outside the Gal Oya valley. In return, Tamil mobs went burning irrigation and construction camps on the border of the Gal Oya area and shot a number of Sinhalese.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 13 June, a truck arrived with Sinhalese refugees from Bakiela who had been attacked by Tamil colonists. By noon of that day, there were further rumors that an army of 6,000 Tamils armed with guns were in the process of approaching the Sinhalese settlements in the Gal Oya valley. This led local groups of Sinhalese men to commandeer government vehicles to travel to outlying Tamil villages while Sinhalese officials and settlers fled.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Army">army</a> reinforcements and stern action taken by them that the killings and destruction were suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Inspector-General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Inspector-General of Police">Deputy Inspector-General of Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_de_Zoysa" title="Sydney de Zoysa">Sydney de Zoysa</a> personally went to Gal Oya valley and threatened local politicians with arrest if they incited the mob to violence, even if they were Cabinet Ministers. </p><p>Journalist Tarzie Vittachi states that over 150 civilians were killed in the entire Gal Oya valley during the entirety of the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian James Manor similarly states that scores of Tamils, certainly well over 100, were massacred in Gal Oya.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government claimed that 26 were killed, 14 being Sinhalese.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_Debates">Parliamentary Debates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parliamentary Debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The riots were discussed in detail in parliament. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Keuneman" title="Pieter Keuneman">Pieter Keuneman</a>, third member for <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Central_Electoral_District" title="Colombo Central Electoral District">Colombo Central</a> noted that, while the Eastern Province had a history of communal rioting, the events of June 1956 dwarfed them. He contended that explanations completely attributing the violence to factors peculiar to the Gal Oya valley, such as labor strikes, food shortages, or resentment against the administration, were not sufficient, and instead argued that the riots took place in the context of earlier incidents against Sinhalese in the Batticaloa-Kalmunai area. He also argued that there were too few police in the Gal Oya valley, and that the government should be more careful when forming mixed colonies, where he noted most of the violence took place. He called for a commission of inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 July 1956, <a href="/wiki/S._J._V._Chelvanayakam" title="S. J. V. Chelvanayakam">S. J. V. Chelvanayakam</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ilankai_Tamil_Arasu_Kachchi" title="Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi">Federal Party</a> commented on the violence and expressed his wish for an investigation: </p> <blockquote><p><i>"The Hon. Prime Minister announced that he was going to appoint a commission of inquiry into the riots at Gal Oya and elsewhere in the Batticaloa District. I wish he would include in the scope of the inquiry several other places where crowds or individuals attacked Tamil people or Sinhalese people, whoever they may be; people were attacked in Colombo, in Hambantota and in various other places. It is true that in Batticaloa and between Batticaloa and Kalmunai the offenders were Tamils but the scale of such attacks never rose to the level of riots. If rioting took place at all it was on the 5th and 6th in Colombo and on the 11th and 12th at Gal Oya."</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th>Sinhalese </th> <th>Tamil </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Official<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vittachi </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>150+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wriggins<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>20-200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manor<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>- </td> <td>100+ </td> <td>- </td> <td>100+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of riots in Sri Lanka">List of riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Army-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Army_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sundaytimes.lk/051016/plus/4.html">"An evolving army and its role through time"</a>. <i>Sunday Times</i>. 2005-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-29</span></span>. <q>Following the 1956 elections and the introduction of Sinhala as the country's official language, the first major outbreak of ethnic violence occurred leading to the deaths of around 150 people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=An+evolving+army+and+its+role+through+time&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsundaytimes.lk%2F051016%2Fplus%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vittachi, T. <i>Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots</i>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c52-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c52_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c52_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c52_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chattopadhyaya, H. <i>Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations</i>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tambiah89-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tambiah89_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tambiah89_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tambiah89_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tambiah89_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia </i>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horowitz, D. <i>The Deadly Ethnic Riot</i>, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nogdsac-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nogdsac_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2012" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, Alka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0vyvO2NGFMC&dq=anti+tamil+pogrom+1958&pg=PA126"><i>Narratives of Gendered Dissent in South Asian Cinemas</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96117-2"><bdi>978-0-415-96117-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+Gendered+Dissent+in+South+Asian+Cinemas&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96117-2&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=Alka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0vyvO2NGFMC%26dq%3Danti%2Btamil%2Bpogrom%2B1958%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsbury2012" class="citation book cs1">Kingsbury, Damien (2012-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhupAgAAQBAJ"><i>Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63997-5"><bdi>978-1-136-63997-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+and+the+Responsibility+to+Protect%3A+Politics%2C+Ethnicity+and+Genocide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63997-5&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhupAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadley2014" class="citation book cs1">Wadley, Susan S. (2014-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDzfBQAAQBAJ&dq=anti+tamil+pogrom+1958&pg=PA62"><i>South Asia in the World: An Introduction: An Introduction</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45959-0"><bdi>978-1-317-45959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+the+World%3A+An+Introduction%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45959-0&rft.aulast=Wadley&rft.aufirst=Susan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxDzfBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Danti%2Btamil%2Bpogrom%2B1958%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisGiersdorf2016" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Gay; Giersdorf, Jens Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3k8CwAAQBAJ&dq=anti+tamil+pogrom+1958&pg=PA121"><i>Choreographies of 21st Century Wars</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020167-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020167-8"><bdi>978-0-19-020167-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choreographies+of+21st+Century+Wars&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-020167-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Gay&rft.au=Giersdorf%2C+Jens+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3k8CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Danti%2Btamil%2Bpogrom%2B1958%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2022" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Pothik (2022-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HR5EAAAQBAJ"><i>Insurgent Metaphors: Essays on Culture and Class</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78099-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78099-4"><bdi>978-1-000-78099-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgent+Metaphors%3A+Essays+on+Culture+and+Class&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-000-78099-4&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Pothik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HR5EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVotta2003" class="citation book cs1">DeVotta, Neil (2003). "Ethnolinguistic Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&pg=PA124"><i>Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52333-2"><bdi>978-0-262-52333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnolinguistic+Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+Language+Policy+and+Ethnic+Relations+in+Asia&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52333-2&rft.aulast=DeVotta&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcoDezu1ABoC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Swamy, M. R. Naranayan. <i>Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas</i>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia</i>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil DeVotta, Ethnolinguistic Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vittachi, T. <i>Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots </i>, pp. 6–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabaratnam-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabaratnam_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabaratnam_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabaratnam_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabaratnam1996" class="citation book cs1">Sabaratnam, T (1996). <i>The Murder of a Moderate: Political biography of Appapillai Amirthalingam</i>. Dehiwela: Nivetha Publishers. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murder+of+a+Moderate%3A+Political+biography+of+Appapillai+Amirthalingam&rft.place=Dehiwela&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Nivetha+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sabaratnam&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ND86-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ND86_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ND86_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ND86_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVotta, N. <i> Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</i>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabaratnam2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabaratnam2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabaratnam2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sangam.org/pirapaharan-vol-1-chap-1-hit-back/">"Pirapaharan: Vol.1, Chap. 1, Why Did He Not Hit Back? – Ilankai Tamil Sangam"</a>. <i>sangam.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sangam.org&rft.atitle=Pirapaharan%3A+Vol.1%2C+Chap.+1%2C+Why+Did+He+Not+Hit+Back%3F+%E2%80%93+Ilankai+Tamil+Sangam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsangam.org%2Fpirapaharan-vol-1-chap-1-hit-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnambalam1983" class="citation book cs1">Ponnambalam, Satchi (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHlsQgAACAAJ"><i>Sri Lanka: National Conflict and the Tamil Liberation Struggle</i></a>. Tamil Information Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-199-4"><bdi>978-0-86232-199-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+National+Conflict+and+the+Tamil+Liberation+Struggle&rft.pub=Tamil+Information+Centre&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-199-4&rft.aulast=Ponnambalam&rft.aufirst=Satchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHlsQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeyaraj2006" class="citation web cs1">Jeyaraj, D. B. S. (3 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205836/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/200">"Peaceful protests of Tamil Parliamentarians"</a>. transcurrents.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sangam.org&rft.atitle=Pirapaharan%3A+Vol.1%2C+Chap.+1%2C+Why+Did+He+Not+Hit+Back%3F+%E2%80%93+Ilankai+Tamil+Sangam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsangam.org%2Fpirapaharan-vol-1-chap-1-hit-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnambalam1983" class="citation book cs1">Ponnambalam, Satchi (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHlsQgAACAAJ"><i>Sri Lanka: National Conflict and the Tamil Liberation Struggle</i></a>. Tamil Information Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-199-4"><bdi>978-0-86232-199-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+National+Conflict+and+the+Tamil+Liberation+Struggle&rft.pub=Tamil+Information+Centre&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-199-4&rft.aulast=Ponnambalam&rft.aufirst=Satchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHlsQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/remembering-1956-sri-lanka-s-first-anti-tamil-pogrom">"Remembering 1956 – Sri Lanka's first Anti-Tamil pogrom | Tamil Guardian"</a>. <i>www.tamilguardian.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tamilguardian.com&rft.atitle=Remembering+1956+%E2%80%93+Sri+Lanka%27s+first+Anti-Tamil+pogrom+%7C+Tamil+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilguardian.com%2Fcontent%2Fremembering-1956-sri-lanka-s-first-anti-tamil-pogrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnambalam1983" class="citation book cs1">Ponnambalam, Satchi (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHlsQgAACAAJ"><i>Sri Lanka: National Conflict and the Tamil Liberation Struggle</i></a>. Tamil Information Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-199-4"><bdi>978-0-86232-199-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+National+Conflict+and+the+Tamil+Liberation+Struggle&rft.pub=Tamil+Information+Centre&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-199-4&rft.aulast=Ponnambalam&rft.aufirst=Satchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHlsQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vittachi, T. <i>Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots</i>, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. B. Subasinghe, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence External Affairs (12 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia</i>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Keuneman, Member of Parliament for Colombo Central (10 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. B. Subasinghe, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence External Affairs (12 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia</i>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Swamy, M. R. Naranayan. <i>Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas</i>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. B. Subasinghe, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence External Affairs (12 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia </i>, pp. 90-91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. B. Subasinghe, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence External Affairs (12 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia </i>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia </i>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vittachi, T. <i>Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots </i>, pp. 6–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manor, James. <i>The expedient utopian: Bandaranaike and Ceylon</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p.262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parliamentary Debates</i> vol. 27, col. 2177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Keuneman, Member of Parliament for Colombo Central (12 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. pp. 316-325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. J. V. Chelvanayakam, Member for Kankesanthurai (26 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. p.750</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parliamentary Debates</i> vol. 27, col. 2177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia </i>, pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tambiah, Stanley. <i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia </i>, pp. 85–86</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVittachi1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tarzie_Vittachi" title="Tarzie Vittachi">Vittachi, Tarzie</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rm8dAAAAMAAJ"><i>Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots</i></a>. Andre Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2054641">2054641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+%2758%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ceylon+Race+Riots&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2054641&rft.aulast=Vittachi&rft.aufirst=Tarzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRm8dAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Tambiah, Stanley</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC"><i>Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20642-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20642-8"><bdi>0-520-20642-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44961174">44961174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leveling+Crowds%3A+Ethnonationalist+Conflicts+and+Collective+Violence+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44961174&rft.isbn=0-520-20642-8&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WEKZHVKZ-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Horowitz" title="Donald L. Horowitz">Horowitz, Donald</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo"><i>The Deadly Ethnic Riot</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22447-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22447-7"><bdi>0-520-22447-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43115056">43115056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deadly+Ethnic+Riot&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43115056&rft.isbn=0-520-22447-7&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlyethnicriot00horo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya1994" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyaya, Haraprasad (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC"><i>Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations</i></a>. South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85880-52-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-85880-52-2"><bdi>81-85880-52-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36138657">36138657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Unrest+in+Modern+Sri+Lanka%3A+An+Account+of+Tamil-Sinhalese+Race+Relations&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36138657&rft.isbn=81-85880-52-2&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Haraprasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRU6QKPBTFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVotta2004" class="citation book cs1">DeVotta, Neil (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RSHzj2EU-cC"><i>Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4924-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4924-8"><bdi>0-8047-4924-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53900982">53900982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blowback%3A+Linguistic+Nationalism%2C+Institutional+Decay%2C+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53900982&rft.isbn=0-8047-4924-8&rft.aulast=DeVotta&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RSHzj2EU-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwamy2002" class="citation book cs1">Swamy, M. R. Naranayan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yzpuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas</i></a>. Konark Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789558095140" title="Special:BookSources/9789558095140"><bdi>9789558095140</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041308276">1041308276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tigers+of+Lanka%3A+From+Boys+to+Guerrillas&rft.pub=Konark+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041308276&rft.isbn=9789558095140&rft.aulast=Swamy&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+Naranayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyzpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1956+anti-Tamil+pogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/slrv.htm">Buddhist Nationalism and religious violence in Sri Lanka – Prof. Nicholas Gier</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Template:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_rebellions,_and_revolts_in_Sri_Lanka_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sri_Lanka&#124;link=Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Sri Lanka <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attempted<br />coups and<br />rebellions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchical<br />Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velakkara_revolt" title="Velakkara revolt">Velakkara revolt</a> (1084)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Polonnaruwa_War_of_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Polonnaruwa War of Succession (page does not exist)">First Polonnaruwa War of Succession</a> (1110-1153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sugala_rebellion" title="Queen Sugala rebellion">Queen Sugala rebellion</a> (1157–1158)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruhuna_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruhuna Rebellion (page does not exist)">Ruhuna Rebellion</a> (1160)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajarata_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajarata Rebellion (page does not exist)">Rajarata Rebellion</a> (1168)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Polonnaruwa_War_of_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession (page does not exist)">Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession</a> (1186–1187)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandyan_independence_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandyan independence movement (page does not exist)">Kandyan independence movement</a> (1470s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangara_arachchi_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangara arachchi Revolt (page does not exist)">Kangara arachchi Revolt</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Kuruvita_rala_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Kuruvita rala Revolt">1st Kuruvita rala Revolt</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Kuruvita_rala_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt">2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt</a> (1616–1619)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikapitiye_Bandara_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt (page does not exist)">Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt</a> (1616–1617)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%931818" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–1818">Great Rebellion of 1817–1818</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Temperance movement in Sri Lanka">Temperance movement</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriya-Mal_Movement" title="Suriya-Mal Movement">Suriya-Mal Movement</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a> (1942)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka<br />(1948–present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Ceylonese_coup_attempt" title="1962 Ceylonese coup attempt">1962 Ceylonese coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_alleged_Ceylonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt">1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a> (1983-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_alleged_Sri_Lankan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt">2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sri_Lankan_constitutional_crisis" title="2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis">2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis</a></li> <li>Aragalaya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">2022 Sri Lankan protests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of riots in Sri Lanka">Riots and<br />civil disorder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1915_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ceylonese riots">1915 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Ceylonese_Hartal" title="1953 Ceylonese Hartal">1953 Ceylonese Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Ceylonese riots">1956 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Ceylonese riots">1958 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylonese_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War">Protests against the Vietnam War in Ceylon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Sri_Lankan_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Sri Lankan riots">1977 Sri Lankan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">Burning of Jaffna Public Library</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welikada_prison_massacre" title="Welikada prison massacre">Welikada prison massacre</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Eastern_Province_massacres#Trincomalee_riots" title="1987 Eastern Province massacres">1987 Trincomalee riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalutara_prison_riots" title="Kalutara prison riots">Kalutara prison riots</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindunuwewa_massacre" title="Bindunuwewa massacre">Bindunuwewa massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawanella_riots" title="Mawanella riots">Mawanella riots</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beruwala_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beruwala riots (page does not exist)">Beruwala riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Inuvil_shooting_and_protests" title="2005 Inuvil shooting and protests">2005 Inuvil shooting and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Welikada_prison_riot" title="2012 Welikada prison riot">2012 Welikada prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahara_prison_riot" title="Mahara prison riot">Mahara prison riot</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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