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href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>City diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twinning_beyond_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twinning_beyond_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Twinning beyond cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twinning_beyond_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_reasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Linguistic reasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Political significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Termination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sister city</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86" title="توأمة مدن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توأمة مدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanancia_de_ciudaes" title="Hermanancia de ciudaes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hermanancia de ciudaes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarda%C5%9F_%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r" title="Qardaş şəhər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qardaş şəhər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="ভগিনী শহর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভগিনী শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Параднёныя гарады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Параднёныя гарады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Побратимен град – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Побратимен град" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agermanament" title="Agermanament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agermanament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnersk%C3%A1_m%C4%9Bsta" title="Partnerská města – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Partnerská města" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefeilldref" title="Gefeilldref – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gefeilldref" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venskabsby" title="Venskabsby – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venskabsby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeindepartnerschaft" title="Gemeindepartnerschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeindepartnerschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5pruslinn" title="Sõpruslinn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõpruslinn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Αδελφοποιήσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδελφοποιήσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanamiento_de_ciudades" title="Hermanamiento de ciudades – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermanamiento de ciudades" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cemelurbo" title="Ĝemelurbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝemelurbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmanamientu_de_ciais" title="Helmanamientu de ciais – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Helmanamientu de ciais" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7)" title="خواهرخواندگی (شهرها) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خواهرخواندگی (شهرها)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumelage" title="Jumelage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jumelage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerst%C3%AAd" title="Partnerstêd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Partnerstêd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmandamento" title="Irmandamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irmandamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A7%A4_%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="자매 도시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자매 도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%80_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քույր քաղաքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քույր քաղաքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradsko_partnerstvo" title="Gradsko partnerstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gradsko partnerstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_kembar" title="Kota kembar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota kembar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citate_gemine" title="Citate gemine – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Citate gemine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinab%C3%A6ir" title="Vinabæir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vinabæir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemellaggio" title="Gemellaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gemellaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ערים תאומות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערים תאומות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бауырлас қала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бауырлас қала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Боордош шаарлар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боордош шаарлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniunctio_communium" title="Coniunctio communium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coniunctio communium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pils%C4%93tu_sadraudz%C4%ABba" title="Pilsētu sadraudzība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsētu sadraudzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miest%C5%B3_partneryst%C4%97" title="Miestų partnerystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miestų partnerystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ros" title="Testvérváros – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Testvérváros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Збратимени градови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Збратимени градови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_kembar" title="Bandar kembar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bandar kembar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerstad" title="Partnerstad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Partnerstad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%89%E5%A6%B9%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="姉妹都市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="姉妹都市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennskapsby" title="Vennskapsby – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vennskapsby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venskapsby" title="Venskapsby – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venskapsby" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birodarlashgan_shaharlar" title="Birodarlashgan shaharlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birodarlashgan shaharlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasta_partnerskie" title="Miasta partnerskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miasta partnerskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_cidades" title="Geminação de cidades – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geminação de cidades" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99e_%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bite" title="Orașe înfrățite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orașe înfrățite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Братьскы міста – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Братьскы міста" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Города-побратимы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Города-побратимы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ceety" title="Sister ceety – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sister ceety" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binjak%C3%ABzimi" title="Binjakëzimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Binjakëzimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_town" title="Twin town – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Twin town" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnersk%C3%A9_mesto" title="Partnerské mesto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Partnerské mesto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamracke_mjasta" title="Kamracke mjasta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kamracke mjasta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaalada_mataano" title="Magaalada mataano – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Magaalada mataano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yst%C3%A4vyyskaupunki" title="Ystävyyskaupunki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ystävyyskaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nort" title="Vänort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vänort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinakapatid_na_lungsod" title="Kinakapatid na lungsod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kinakapatid na lungsod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரட்டை நகரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரட்டை நகரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%94" title="เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมืองพี่น้องและเมืองแฝด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehir" title="Kardeş şehir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kardeş şehir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Міста-побратими – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міста-побратими" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%91%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="جڑواں شہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جڑواں شہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_k%E1%BA%BFt_ngh%C4%A9a" title="Thành phố kết nghĩa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành phố kết nghĩa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="友好城市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="友好城市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="友好城市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="友好城市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agreement between geographical entities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sister cities", "Twin town", and "Partner city" redirect here. For the films, see <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_(film)" title="Sister Cities (film)"><i>Sister Cities</i> (film)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twin_Town" title="Twin Town"><i>Twin Town</i></a>. For the phenomenon of cities located close to each other, see <a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a>. For the album by the Wonder Years, see <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_(album)" title="Sister Cities (album)">Sister Cities (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twin_town_sign_Oskarshamn_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Twin_town_sign_Oskarshamn_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Twin_town_sign_Oskarshamn_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Twin_town_sign_Oskarshamn_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Twin_town_sign_Oskarshamn_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Twin_town_sign_Oskarshamn_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Twin_town_sign_Oskarshamn_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fingerpost" title="Fingerpost">Fingerposts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oskarshamn" title="Oskarshamn">Oskarshamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, showing the direction from the post of each of the city's twin towns</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sister city</b> or a <b>twin town</b> relationship is <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">a form of legal or social agreement</a> between two geographically and politically distinct localities for the purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there are early examples of international links between municipalities akin to what are known as sister cities or twin towns today dating back to the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern concept was first established and adopted worldwide during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_modern_concept">Origins of the modern concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of the modern concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, many cities have participated in various cultural exchanges and similar activities that might resemble a sister-city or twin-city relationship, but the first officially documented case of such a relationship was a signed agreement between the leaders of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo, Spain</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the modern concept of town twinning appeared during the Second World War. More specifically, it was inspired by the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> on 14 November 1940, known as the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry Blitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First conceived by the then <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Coventry">Mayor of Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Robert_Grindlay" title="Alfred Robert Grindlay">Alfred Robert Grindlay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in his renowned telegram to the people of <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>) in 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the idea emerged as a way of establishing solidarity links between cities in allied countries that went through similar devastating events.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comradeship between the two cities continued, when again in response to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, 830 women in Coventry – led by the subsequent Mayor <a href="/wiki/Emily_Smith_(mayor)" title="Emily Smith (mayor)">Emily Smith</a> – had their names embroidered on a tablecloth along with the words "Little help is better than a lot of pity" and sent it, along with money (each donated six pence), to the people of Stalingrad.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tablecloth can now be seen at the Panorama Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad. </p><p>The twinning between Coventry and Stalingrad was formalized in 1944<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, after the end of the war, similar links were established to foster friendship and understanding among former foes as an act of peace and reconciliation,<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Limousin_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limousin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with new twinnings between Coventry and German cities: <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> as early as in 1947 and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, Coventry was officially twinned with Belgrade, even though the link actually dates back to 1953 when then Yugoslav Ambassador visited Coventry and offered a gift of timber from his native country for use in the new Civic Theatre, which when finished was named <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Theatre" title="Belgrade Theatre">Belgrade Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of twinnings was then expanded to encourage trade and tourism<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to reflect other links, such as towns sharing the same name or migration links.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2000s, town twinning became increasingly used to form strategic international business links among member cities,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Partners_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partners-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may include localities of any scope such as villages, prefectures, or countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemellaggio_Castellabate-Blieskastel_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gemellaggio_Castellabate-Blieskastel_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Gemellaggio_Castellabate-Blieskastel_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gemellaggio_Castellabate-Blieskastel_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Gemellaggio_Castellabate-Blieskastel_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gemellaggio_Castellabate-Blieskastel_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Gemellaggio_Castellabate-Blieskastel_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>A sample twinning agreement (between <a href="/wiki/Castellabate" title="Castellabate">Castellabate</a>, Italy ('gemellaggio') and <a href="/wiki/Blieskastel" title="Blieskastel">Blieskastel</a>, Germany ('Partnerschaft'))</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, the term "twin towns" is most commonly used; the term "sister cities" is generally used for agreements with towns and cities in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EU_Commission_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_Commission-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mainland Europe, the most commonly used terms are "twin towns", "partnership towns", "partner towns", and "friendship towns". The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> uses the term "twinned towns" and refers to the process as "town twinning".<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EU_Commission_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_Commission-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain uses the term "ciudades hermanadas", which means "sister cities". Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic each use <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Partnerstadt</i></span> (German), <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">miasto partnerskie</i></span> (Polish) and <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">partnerské město</i></span> (Czech), which translate as "partner town" or "partner city". France uses <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ville jumelée</i></span> (jumelage, twinned town or city), and Italy has <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">gemellaggio</i></span> (twinning) and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">comune gemellato</i></span> (twinned municipality).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Netherlands, the term is <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">jumelage</i></span>, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">partnerstad</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">stedenband</i></span> ("city bond" when providing mutual support). In Greece, the word <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">αδελφοποίηση</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">adelphopiisi</i></span> – fraternisation) has been adopted. In Iceland, the terms <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">vinabæir</i></span> (friend towns) and <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">vinaborgir</i></span> (friend cities) are used. In the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>, "twin towns" and "twin cities" were used,<sup id="cite_ref-Mogilev_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mogilev-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Russian, they use <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">города-побратимы</span></span> (sworn brother cities).<sup id="cite_ref-Trend_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trend-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americas, South Asia, and Australasia use the term "sister cities" or "twin cities". In China, the term is 友好城市 (yǒuhǎo chéngshì – friendly cities).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, other government bodies enter into a twinning relationship, such as the agreement between the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> in China and <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a> in South Korea. The <a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a> is a town twinning association with one town from each of the member states of the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the term is often used interchangeably with the term "friendship city", this may mean a relationship with a more limited scope in comparison to a sister city relationship, and friendship city relationships are mayor-to-mayor agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_diplomacy">City diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: City diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_M._Sullivan_meets_the_mayor_of_Troms%C3%B8,_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/George_M._Sullivan_meets_the_mayor_of_Troms%C3%B8%2C_1969.jpg/260px-George_M._Sullivan_meets_the_mayor_of_Troms%C3%B8%2C_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/George_M._Sullivan_meets_the_mayor_of_Troms%C3%B8%2C_1969.jpg/390px-George_M._Sullivan_meets_the_mayor_of_Troms%C3%B8%2C_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/George_M._Sullivan_meets_the_mayor_of_Troms%C3%B8%2C_1969.jpg/520px-George_M._Sullivan_meets_the_mayor_of_Troms%C3%B8%2C_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>From left, mayors Kåre Nordgård of <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_M._Sullivan" title="George M. Sullivan">George M. Sullivan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a> meet in September 1969 to kick off their sister city relationship.</figcaption></figure> <p>City diplomacy is a form of <a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">paradiplomacy</a> that involves discussions between officials and residents of different cities. Often these cities will be located in different countries. As such, city diplomacy involves a sort of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> that works in parallel to the conventional system involving embassies, ambassadors, and treaties negotiated at the level of <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Tavares" title="Rodrigo Tavares">Rodrigo Tavares</a>, the earliest formal attempts to establish city diplomacy across national boundaries took place in the 19th century. Only a handful of cities were involved in the 19th-century efforts; it was not until the turn of the millennium that it became much more common.<sup id="cite_ref-global_players_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_players-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first priority of those carrying out city diplomacy typically overlaps with the core aims of municipal government – improving the lives of local residents. Yet they will often collaborate with peers in other cities to work on issues of planet-wide concern, such as efforts to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">address climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Future_of_Diplomacy_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Future_of_Diplomacy-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-global_players_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_players-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "city diplomacy" is formally used in the workings of the <a href="/wiki/United_Cities_and_Local_Governments" title="United Cities and Local Governments">United Cities and Local Governments</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>, and is recognised by the <a href="/wiki/USC_Center_on_Public_Diplomacy" title="USC Center on Public Diplomacy">USC Center on Public Diplomacy</a>. A March 2014 debate in the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> acknowledged the evolution of town twinning into city diplomacy, particularly in matters of trade and tourism, but also in culture and post-conflict reconciliation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of cities developing "their own foreign economic policies on trade, foreign investment, tourism and attracting foreign talent" has also been highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to C40, other organisations facilitating city diplomacy include the <a href="/wiki/World_Cities_Summit" title="World Cities Summit">World Cities Summit</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Mayors_Foundation" title="City Mayors Foundation">City Mayors Foundation</a>, the <i>Smart City Expo World Congress</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Strong City Network</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>100 Resilient Cities.</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Future_of_Diplomacy_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Future_of_Diplomacy-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, there were over 125 such multilateral networks and forums to facilitate international collaboration between different municipal authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-global_players_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_players-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Bill introduced in the 2019 session of the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> would have legislated for a City and State Diplomacy Act to create a new Office of Subnational Diplomacy at the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of State</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3571">H.R.3571 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): City and State Diplomacy Act.</a> </p><p>Recently, the field of city diplomacy has taken a step beyond city-to-city exchanges to target the facilitation of dialogue between cities and multilateral organs, such as the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twinning_beyond_cities_and_towns">Twinning beyond cities and towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twinning beyond cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not only cities and towns, but also provinces, states, territories, and regions enter into twinning agreements. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Canadian province of Alberta</a> has "sister province" agreements with <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon, South Korea</a> (since 1974), <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido, Japan</a> (since 1980), <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang, China</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco, Mexico</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv, Ukraine</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong, China</a> (2017), and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California, United States</a> (2018), as well as policy-oriented (as opposed to economic and cultural) agreements with <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada, United States</a> (since 2013), <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri, United States</a> (2015), and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas, United States</a> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG/170px-Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG/255px-Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG/340px-Castro_Pretorio_-_Colonna_di_Parigi_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano_1010023.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Column dedicated to Paris in Rome</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_twin_towns_mural_painting,_SUTTON,_Surrey,_Greater_London_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_painting%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg/170px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_painting%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_painting%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg/255px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_painting%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_painting%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg/340px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_painting%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2424" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The painting of Gagny</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June,_SUTTON,_Surrey,_Greater_London_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg/170px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg/255px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg/340px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="2865" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sutton twin towns mural</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June,_SUTTON,_Surrey,_Greater_London_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%283%29.jpg/170px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%283%29.jpg/255px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%283%29.jpg/340px-Sutton_twin_towns_mural_sunlit_in_June%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2729" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The painting of Minden</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Europe">List of twin towns and sister cities in Europe</a>.</div> <p>The earliest known town twinning in Europe was between <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, France, in 836.<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balavoine1994_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balavoine1994-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1905, <a href="/wiki/Keighley" title="Keighley">Keighley</a> in West Yorkshire, England, had a twinning arrangement with French communities <a href="/wiki/Suresnes" title="Suresnes">Suresnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puteaux" title="Puteaux">Puteaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-France_Magazine_-_Twin_Towns_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France_Magazine_-_Twin_Towns-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded modern twinning agreement was between Keighley and <a href="/wiki/Poix-du-Nord" title="Poix-du-Nord">Poix-du-Nord</a> in Nord, France, in 1920 following the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Partners_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partners-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-France_Magazine_-_Twin_Towns_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France_Magazine_-_Twin_Towns-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lga_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lga-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-East_Street_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Street-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was initially referred to as an adoption of the French town; formal twinning charters were not exchanged until 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph&argus_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph&argus-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice was continued after the Second World War as a way to promote mutual understanding and cross-border projects of mutual benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origins_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Twinning1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twinning1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Twin_Towns_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twin_Towns-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regional_Dev_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regional_Dev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> twinned with <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a> and later with <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> as an act of peace and reconciliation, all three cities having been heavily bombed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-East_Street_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Street-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coventry_twinnings_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coventry_twinnings-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coventry_twins_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coventry_twins-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> formed an "<a href="/wiki/Alkmaar" title="Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a> Adoption committee" in March 1945, when the Dutch city was still occupied by the German Army in the final months of the war, and children from each city took part in exchanges in 1945 and 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 1947, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> Corporation (later Bristol City Council) sent five "leading citizens" on a goodwill mission to <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Partners_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partners-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-East_Street_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_Street-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a> in 1947 was the first British town to form links with a former "enemy" city – <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, a link that still exists.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 9 April 1956 Rome and Paris have been exclusively and reciprocally twinned with each other, following the motto: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paris1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Europe, town twinning is supported by the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origins_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Partners_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partners-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The support scheme was established in 1989. In 2003 an annual budget of about <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>12 million</span> was allocated to about 1,300 projects. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Municipalities_and_Regions" title="Council of European Municipalities and Regions">Council of European Municipalities and Regions</a> also works closely with the commission (DG Education and Culture) to promote modern, high quality twinning initiatives and exchanges that involve all sections of the community. It has launched a website dedicated to town twinning.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1995, the European Union had more than 7,000 bilateral relationships involving almost 10,000 European municipalities, primarily French (2837 twinnings) and German (2485 twinnings).<sup id="cite_ref-Regional_Dev_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regional_Dev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> has been used to celebrate twin town links, for instance in the form of seven mural paintings in the centre of the town of <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton</a>, Greater London. The five main paintings show a number of the main features of the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton" title="London Borough of Sutton">London Borough of Sutton</a> and its four twin towns, along with the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">heraldic shield</a> of each above the other images. Each painting also features a plant as a visual representation of its town's <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental awareness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of Sutton this is in a separate smaller painting (above its main one) showing a beech tree, intended as a symbol of prosperity and from which <a href="/wiki/Carshalton" title="Carshalton">Carshalton Beeches</a> in the borough derives its name.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_release_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_release-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of the use of public art is the wall sculpture of the partner cities of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany. </p><p>A recent study has concluded that geographical distance has very little, if any, influence upon communities' selections of a twin town.<sup id="cite_ref-Arxiv_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arxiv-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twinned towns are often chosen because of similarities between them; thus about 15 towns in Wales are twinned with towns in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> is with <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> and other university cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, two sets of twins are <a href="/wiki/Rovigo" title="Rovigo">Rovigo</a> with <a href="/wiki/Viernheim" title="Viernheim">Viernheim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a>. Many former <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> cities are twinned with former East German cities; these twinning links were established before the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. Famous examples are the partnerships of Hanover and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, both of which have important <a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">trade fair grounds</a>, or between <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and Dresden. The first US-German town twinning was in 1947 between <a href="/wiki/Worthington,_Minnesota" title="Worthington, Minnesota">Worthington, Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crailsheim" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg#International_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> in Russia holds the record for the largest number of partnership arrangements with other communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Arxiv_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arxiv-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012, the Scottish village of <a href="/wiki/Dull,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Dull, Perth and Kinross">Dull</a> and the US town of <a href="/wiki/Boring,_Oregon" title="Boring, Oregon">Boring, Oregon</a>, agreed to twin their municipalities to promote tourism in both places, playing on their names.<sup id="cite_ref-Dull_and_Boring_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dull_and_Boring-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently some towns have made novelty twinning arrangements with fictional or virtual locations. <a href="/wiki/Wincanton" title="Wincanton">Wincanton</a>, England is partnered with <a href="/wiki/Ankh-Morpork" title="Ankh-Morpork">Ankh-Morpork</a> from <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC/Pratchett_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC/Pratchett-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Town twinning has increasingly been used to form strategic international business links. For example, in the 1990s, when the <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council" title="Nottingham City Council">Nottingham City Council</a> in the UK considered installing a tram network, it consulted experts from its twin city of <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, which has one of the most extensive and efficient tram networks in Germany. With assistance from Karlsruhe's specialist engineers, Nottingham completed its second tram line in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> announced their intention to form a "tuning" partnership based on a shared musical heritage and culture offer, at the initiative of Bristol Mayor <a href="/wiki/George_Ferguson_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ferguson (architect)">George Ferguson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Post/Ferguson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post/Ferguson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a>, France and <a href="/wiki/Nerima" title="Nerima">Nerima</a>, Tokyo have for several years shared a partnership based on their "co-existent animation industry".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_North_America" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in North America">List of twin towns and sister cities in North America</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dull_and_Boring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dull_and_Boring.JPG/220px-Dull_and_Boring.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dull_and_Boring.JPG/330px-Dull_and_Boring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dull_and_Boring.JPG/440px-Dull_and_Boring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dull,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Dull, Perth and Kinross">Dull, Perth and Kinross</a> is twinned with <a href="/wiki/Boring,_Oregon" title="Boring, Oregon">Boring, Oregon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg/170px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg/255px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg/340px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Hall" title="Los Angeles City Hall">Los Angeles City Hall</a> with twin towns <a href="/wiki/Fingerpost" title="Fingerpost">fingerpost</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thessaloniki_stele,_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thessaloniki_stele%2C_Melbourne.jpg/170px-Thessaloniki_stele%2C_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thessaloniki_stele%2C_Melbourne.jpg/255px-Thessaloniki_stele%2C_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thessaloniki_stele%2C_Melbourne.jpg/340px-Thessaloniki_stele%2C_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a>, in sister city <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Greek_twinnings_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_twinnings-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, United States</a> twinned with <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo, Spain</a> in 1931, and was the first city in North America to engage in town twinning.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, Canada</a> twinned<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Odesa,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa, Ukraine">Odesa, Ukraine</a> in 1944, was the first twinned city in Canada and the second in North America, while <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, United States</a>, twinned with <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest, France</a>, was the second twinned city in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Liberal,_Kansas" title="Liberal, Kansas">Liberal, Kansas</a> was twinned with <a href="/wiki/Olney,_Buckinghamshire" title="Olney, Buckinghamshire">Olney, United Kingdom</a> in 1950, and the cities have run a joint Pancake Day race ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olney_race_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olney_race-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Littleton, Colorado, twinned with Bega, Australia, in 1961. <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, the capital city of Uzbekistan, was twinned with <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, in 1973. <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knebworth" title="Knebworth">Knebworth</a>, UK, both centers for primary medical research, twinned in 1967. <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_California" title="Ontario, California">Ontario, California</a>, has five sister cities around the world. They are Brockville, Ontario, Canada (since 1977); Guamúchil, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Mocorito, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1988); and Winterthur, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Ontario" title="Oakville, Ontario">Oakville, Ontario</a> is twinned with <a href="/wiki/Dorval,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorval, Quebec">Dorval, Quebec</a>; <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an, China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neyagawa,_Osaka" title="Neyagawa, Osaka">Neyagawa, Osaka</a>, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Town twinning begins for a variety of reasons. Generally, partner towns have similar demographics and size. They may arise from business connections, travel, similar industries, diaspora communities, or shared history. For example, the partnership between <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy arose from shared industries in <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and education, and a "similar attitude towards food,"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s link with <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland began with Chicago's historic <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Chicago" title="Poles in Chicago">Polish community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twinning of <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>, Italy, is due to both cities' long association with <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a>. </p><p>A twin towns program was instituted in the United States in 1956 when President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> proposed a citizen diplomacy initiative. <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a> (SCI) was originally a program of the <a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Cities" title="National League of Cities">National League of Cities</a>, but it became a separate corporation in 1967 due to the growth and popularity of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-sister-cities.org_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sister-cities.org-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twin town cultural events include the annual <a href="/wiki/National_Cherry_Blossom_Festival" title="National Cherry Blossom Festival">National Cherry Blossom Festival</a> in Washington, D.C., honoring Washington's twin relationship with <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a>. Many twinned towns developed business agreements with their partners. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s" title="Ben & Jerry's">Ben & Jerry's</a> Ice Cream company opened a factory in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a> in Russia and offered the same profit-sharing plan to its Russian employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_America" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South America">List of twin towns and sister cities in South America</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isfahankualalumpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isfahankualalumpur.jpg/170px-Isfahankualalumpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isfahankualalumpur.jpg/255px-Isfahankualalumpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isfahankualalumpur.jpg/340px-Isfahankualalumpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Esfahan Street in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> (top) and Kuala Lumpur Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>China's sister city relationships are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Association_for_Friendship_with_Foreign_Countries" title="Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries">Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (China)">united front</a> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sister city initiatives are an increasingly widespread mechanism for Chinese <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">public diplomacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early 2000s until 2024, the number of China's sister city relationships doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than one-third of Chinese sister city relationships are with sister cities in the east Asia Pacific region.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Town twinning is supported in Japan by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Local_Authorities_for_International_Relations" title="Council of Local Authorities for International Relations">Council of Local Authorities for International Relations</a>, a joint agency of local governments established by the Japanese government in 1988 (similar to <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a>, its counterpart in the US). In Japan, the international city relations may be split into multiple terms, such as Sister Cities, Friendship Cooperation Cities, Business Partner Cities (BPC), Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), Sister Ports / Friendship Ports, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China mostly uses the term "friendship cooperation cities" rather than "sister cities", as the Chinese words for sisters, "姐妹" (reading: jiěmèi, literally elder sister and younger sister), could imply a hierarchical relationship. In the 2010s, Tokyo began to actively promote 'city diplomacy' with other global cities at the initiative of governor <a href="/wiki/Yoichi_Masuzoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoichi Masuzoe">Yoichi Masuzoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa">List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Oceania" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania">List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_reasons">Linguistic reasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linguistic reasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relationships between communities can also arise because of shared names; they may be named after one community (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a>), they may share names (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela#Twin_towns/Sister_cities" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>), or their names may have a common <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>. These similarities usually arise from sharing the same or related language or having been a colony or previously conquered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_significance">Political significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The twinning of towns and cities is sometimes done for political purposes. The Hungarian city <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6ngy%C3%B6s" title="Gyöngyös">Gyöngyös</a> was twinned with the Azerbaijani city of <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> in 2013, signing the twinning agreement with representatives from the Azerbaijani government; Hungary recognised Shusha as <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> part of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, even though it was controlled at the time and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(2020)" title="Battle of Shusha (2020)">until 2020</a> by the military forces of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and the unrecognised <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt was made in 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> city councillors in England to twin with the Palestinian town of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> in the name of solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Turkey</a> bans partnerships with any city in a country that recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. As a result, when <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> recognized the genocide in 2016, some twin agreements such as <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>–<a href="/wiki/Haskovo" title="Haskovo">Haskovo</a> were terminated by Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> manages sister city relationships through the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Association_for_Friendship_with_Foreign_Countries" title="Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries">Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries</a> (CPAFFC). In April 2019, CPAFFC president <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiaolin_(politician)" title="Li Xiaolin (politician)">Li Xiaolin</a> said, “Friendship city relations have become one of the important channels to implement the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> canceled its sister city relationship with <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> after Prague's mayor signed a sister city relationship with <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>. </p><p>In November 2020, U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> introduced legislation, the Sister City Transparency Act, to provide federal oversight to mitigate risks of sister city agreements being used for political influence campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Indiana banned localities from entering into sister city agreements with six "foreign adversary" countries.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Termination">Termination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Termination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2011, several British towns ended their twinning arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2012, the city of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> suspended their sister city relationship with <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> after <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre denialist</a> statements by Nagoya's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Kawamura_(politician)" title="Takashi Kawamura (politician)">Takashi Kawamura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, the Italian cities of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, formerly twinned with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, suspended their links due to <a href="/wiki/Russian_gay_propaganda_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gay propaganda law">Russia's passage of anti-gay legislation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> circulated petitions urging California cities and counties with relationships with Russian counterparts to take similar steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Bay_Area_News_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bay_Area_News-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> terminated its partnership with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and Moscow because of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine">Russian military intervention</a> in Ukraine. Moscow had been Prague's partner city since 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Prague_Post_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prague_Post-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirofumi_Yoshimura" title="Hirofumi Yoshimura">Hirofumi Yoshimura</a>, ended the city's 60-year relationship with <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> due to the erection of a <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Comfort_Women_Memorial" title="San Francisco Comfort Women Memorial">memorial</a> to <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown San Francisco">downtown San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka" title="Higashiōsaka">Higashiōsaka</a>, Japan, came close to terminating their twinning in 2013 and 2014 because of an ongoing dispute over Glendale's support for the erection of a statue dedicated to Korean comfort women in a city park.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In July 2020, the town council of <a href="/wiki/Nieuwegein" title="Nieuwegein">Nieuwegein</a>, a Dutch city south of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, voted to end its friendship with <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a> in eastern Poland, citing "<a href="/wiki/LGBT-free_zone" title="LGBT-free zone">gay free zones</a>" as the reason.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Melbourne" title="City of Melbourne">City of Melbourne</a> council voted unanimously to suspend its relationship with <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> as a result of the on-going <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> cut ties<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with their twin-town <a href="/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast">Ozyorsk</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 22 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> voted to temporarily pause the city's link with <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> (formerly Stalingrad) and explore twinning with <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a> instead due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In July 2022, the city of <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a> suspended its ties to <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In February 2023, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> broke ties with twin city <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> citing <a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israeli apartheid</a> as the reason.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisville_sistercities.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louisville's twin towns"><img alt="Louisville's twin towns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Louisville_sistercities.jpg/120px-Louisville_sistercities.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Louisville_sistercities.jpg/180px-Louisville_sistercities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Louisville_sistercities.jpg/240px-Louisville_sistercities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>'s twin towns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_twin_towns_086.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of twin towns on town hall in Kralupy nad Vltavou, Czech Republic"><img alt="Insignia of twin towns on town hall in Kralupy nad Vltavou, Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_twin_towns_086.jpg/120px-Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_twin_towns_086.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_twin_towns_086.jpg/180px-Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_twin_towns_086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_twin_towns_086.jpg/240px-Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_twin_towns_086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of twin towns on town hall in <a href="/wiki/Kralupy_nad_Vltavou" title="Kralupy nad Vltavou">Kralupy nad Vltavou</a>, Czech Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities,_Bulgaria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plovdiv, Bulgaria, twin towns directions"><img alt="Plovdiv, Bulgaria, twin towns directions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG/120px-Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG/180px-Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG/240px-Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, Bulgaria, twin towns directions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twin_town_signs_Kemi_20110627.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Twin town signs of Kemi, Finland"><img alt="Twin town signs of Kemi, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Twin_town_signs_Kemi_20110627.JPG/69px-Twin_town_signs_Kemi_20110627.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Twin_town_signs_Kemi_20110627.JPG/103px-Twin_town_signs_Kemi_20110627.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Twin_town_signs_Kemi_20110627.JPG/138px-Twin_town_signs_Kemi_20110627.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twin town signs of <a href="/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi">Kemi</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawau_Sabah_Twin-Town-Memorial-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twin town monument in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia"><img alt="Twin town monument in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tawau_Sabah_Twin-Town-Memorial-01.jpg/80px-Tawau_Sabah_Twin-Town-Memorial-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tawau_Sabah_Twin-Town-Memorial-01.jpg/120px-Tawau_Sabah_Twin-Town-Memorial-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tawau_Sabah_Twin-Town-Memorial-01.jpg/160px-Tawau_Sabah_Twin-Town-Memorial-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twin town monument in <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a>, Sabah, Malaysia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concord-Kitakami_sister_city_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artwork produced by Japanese and American citizens to celebrate the sister city relationship between Concord, and Kitakami"><img alt="Artwork produced by Japanese and American citizens to celebrate the sister city relationship between Concord, and Kitakami" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Concord-Kitakami_sister_city_sign.jpg/67px-Concord-Kitakami_sister_city_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Concord-Kitakami_sister_city_sign.jpg/101px-Concord-Kitakami_sister_city_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Concord-Kitakami_sister_city_sign.jpg/135px-Concord-Kitakami_sister_city_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artwork produced by Japanese and American citizens to celebrate the sister city relationship between <a href="/wiki/Concord,_California" title="Concord, California">Concord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kitakami,_Iwate" title="Kitakami, Iwate">Kitakami</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holon_Twin_cities.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Holon, Israel, a twin towns garden"><img alt="Holon, Israel, a twin towns garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holon_Twin_cities.JPG/120px-Holon_Twin_cities.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holon_Twin_cities.JPG/180px-Holon_Twin_cities.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holon_Twin_cities.JPG/240px-Holon_Twin_cities.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a>, Israel, a twin towns garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Welcome to Glastonbury, UK – Twin towns Lalibela, Ethiopia, and Patmos, Greece"><img alt="Welcome to Glastonbury, UK – Twin towns Lalibela, Ethiopia, and Patmos, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Welcome_to_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114993.jpg/120px-Welcome_to_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114993.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Welcome_to_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114993.jpg/180px-Welcome_to_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Welcome_to_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114993.jpg/240px-Welcome_to_Glastonbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Welcome to <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>, UK – Twin towns <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>, Ethiopia, and <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SporazumSuresnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kragujevac and Suresnes twinning agreement"><img alt="Kragujevac and Suresnes twinning agreement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SporazumSuresnes.jpg/78px-SporazumSuresnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SporazumSuresnes.jpg/117px-SporazumSuresnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SporazumSuresnes.jpg/157px-SporazumSuresnes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suresnes" title="Suresnes">Suresnes</a> twinning agreement</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zalaegerszeg_testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rosait_jelz%C5%91_t%C3%A1bla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zalaegerszeg, Hungary twinnings"><img alt="Zalaegerszeg, Hungary twinnings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Zalaegerszeg_testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rosait_jelz%C5%91_t%C3%A1bla.jpg/90px-Zalaegerszeg_testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rosait_jelz%C5%91_t%C3%A1bla.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Zalaegerszeg_testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rosait_jelz%C5%91_t%C3%A1bla.jpg/135px-Zalaegerszeg_testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rosait_jelz%C5%91_t%C3%A1bla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Zalaegerszeg_testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rosait_jelz%C5%91_t%C3%A1bla.jpg/180px-Zalaegerszeg_testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rosait_jelz%C5%91_t%C3%A1bla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zalaegerszeg" title="Zalaegerszeg">Zalaegerszeg</a>, Hungary twinnings</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Local_Authorities_for_International_Relations" title="Council of Local Authorities for International Relations">Council of Local Authorities for International Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-border_town_naming" title="Cross-border town naming">Cross-border town naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities" title="Lists of twin towns and sister cities">Lists of twin towns and sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Europe">List of twin towns and sister cities in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership2Gether" title="Partnership2Gether">Partnership2Gether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_castle" title="Sister castle">Sister castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinning_(cooperation)" title="Twinning (cooperation)">Twinning (cooperation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClarke" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729043528/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/peripheral-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/53B4A57CA1154F82B700ABBC31E850D2/Summary_of_findings_on_town_twinning1_new.pdf">"Town Twinning in Britain since 1945: A Summary of findings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>School of Geography, University of Southampton</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/peripheral-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/53B4A57CA1154F82B700ABBC31E850D2/Summary_of_findings_on_town_twinning1_new.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+Geography%2C+University+of+Southampton&rft.atitle=Town+Twinning+in+Britain+since+1945%3A+A+Summary+of+findings&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.ac.uk%2Fassets%2Fimported%2Ftransforms%2Fperipheral-block%2FUsefulDownloads_Download%2F53B4A57CA1154F82B700ABBC31E850D2%2FSummary_of_findings_on_town_twinning1_new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231083242/http://www.highland.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1C07A195-EF04-454D-81B8-ADAEE15058FC/0/ICC9908.pdf">"The Origins of Town Twinning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>: The City of Inverness Town Twinning Committee. 8 December 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+twin+cities%3A+how+Coventry+and+Stalingrad+invented+the+concept&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2016%2Fmar%2F04%2Ftwin-cities-coventry-stalingrad-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanks2018" class="citation web cs1">Danks, Catherine (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/i-love-volgograd-the-enduring-wartime-relationship-with-one-british-city-98509">"I love Volgograd: the enduring wartime relationship with one British city"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520105044/https://theconversation.com/i-love-volgograd-the-enduring-wartime-relationship-with-one-british-city-98509">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=I+love+Volgograd%3A+the+enduring+wartime+relationship+with+one+British+city&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.aulast=Danks&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fi-love-volgograd-the-enduring-wartime-relationship-with-one-british-city-98509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sistercities.org/timeline/oldest-sister-city-relationship-established-toledo-ohio-toledo-spain/">"Oldest Sister City Relationship Established Between Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain – Sister Cities International (SCI)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211122945/https://sistercities.org/timeline/oldest-sister-city-relationship-established-toledo-ohio-toledo-spain/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+Sister+City+Relationship+Established+Between+Toledo%2C+Ohio+and+Toledo%2C+Spain+%E2%80%93+Sister+Cities+International+%28SCI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsistercities.org%2Ftimeline%2Foldest-sister-city-relationship-established-toledo-ohio-toledo-spain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historiccoventry.co.uk/history/mayors.php">"www.historiccoventry.co.uk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408074728/http://www.historiccoventry.co.uk:80/history/mayors.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011. <q>Roll of the Mayors of Coventry - 1941 Alfred Robert Grindley (Grindlay)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.historiccoventry.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiccoventry.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fmayors.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.talkingbirds.co.uk/twin60/pages/02_text_english.html#story">"www.talkingbirds.co.uk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041226004056/http://www.talkingbirds.co.uk:80/twin60/pages/02_text_english.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2004. <q>Message from Coventry to Stalingrad (1941)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.talkingbirds.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkingbirds.co.uk%2Ftwin60%2Fpages%2F02_text_english.html%23story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stalingrad.world/en/gifts/telegramma-mera-koventri-a-r-grindleya/">"Telegram from A.R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Street+Arts&rft.atitle=Town+twinning+in+the+UK+and+Germany&rft.date=2010-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwygoveryonder.wordpress.com%2Fabout-town-twinning-in-the-uk-and-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph&argus-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph&argus_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711174820/http://archive.thisisbradford.co.uk/2002/3/28/128275.html">"Keighley celebrates twin town jubilee"</a>. <i>Telegraph & Argus</i>. Newsquest Media Group. 2002. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+%26+Argus&rft.atitle=Keighley+celebrates+twin+town+jubilee&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thisisbradford.co.uk%2F2002%2F3%2F28%2F128275.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twinning1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twinning1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124062823/http://www.ghajnsielem.com/twinning/index.html">"Ghajnsielem.com – Twinning"</a>. www.ghajnsielem.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghajnsielem.com/twinning/index.html">the original</a> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghajnsielem.com+%E2%80%93+Twinning&rft.pub=www.ghajnsielem.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghajnsielem.com%2Ftwinning%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twin_Towns-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twin_Towns_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html">"Twin Towns"</a>. www.amazingdusseldorf.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017104519/http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, Poland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.org.up.wroc.pl/kgp/mf/Furmankiewicz-Town-twinning%20Pl-Belgeo1-2_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coventry+City+Council.&rft.atitle=Coventry%E2%80%94Twin+towns+and+cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coventry.gov.uk%2Fdirectory%2F25%2Ftwin_towns_and_cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703150003/https://www.ukprwire.com/Detailed/Travel_Tourism/Disney_seeks_UK_twin_55125.shtml">"Disney seeks UK twin"</a> (Press release). www.ukprwire.com. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bath-alkmaar.eu/origins.asp">the original</a> on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinning+with+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Fenglish%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D8139%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D29903%26portlet_id%3D18784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paris1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974">"Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération"</a>. <i>Mairie de Paris</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Les+pactes+d%27amiti%C3%A9+et+de+coop%C3%A9ration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Faccueil%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D6587%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D16468%26portlet_id%3D14974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twinning.org/">"Twinnings"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinnings&rft.pub=Twinning.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twinning.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/9075012.Murals_for_twin_towns_to_get_new_lease_of_life/">"Murals for Sutton twin towns to get new lease of life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Guardian">Sutton Guardian</a></i>. 12 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161036/http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/9075012.Murals_for_twin_towns_to_get_new_lease_of_life/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Milan+severs+twin+city+ties+with+St+Petersburg+over+%27homosexual+propaganda%27+ban&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F9712066%2FMilan-severs-twin-city-ties-with-St-Petersburg-over-homosexual-propaganda-ban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Bigg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sister-cities-gay-law/25051513.html">Sister Cities Ramp Up Russia Boycott Over Antigay Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062906/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sister-cities-gay-law/25051513.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (19 July 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bay_Area_News-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bay_Area_News_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajko2013" class="citation news cs1">Bajko, Matthew S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bay+Area+Reporter&rft.atitle=Political+Notebook%3A+Cities+asked+to+suspend+ties+with+Russian+counterparts&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.aulast=Bajko&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbayareareporter.net%2Fnews%2Farticle.php%3Fsec%3Dnews%26article%3D69013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prague_Post-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prague_Post_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912121824/http://praguepost.com/prague-news/41312-prague-suspends-partnership-with-russian-cities">"Prague suspends partnership with Russian cities"</a>. <i>Prague Post</i>. 2 September 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prague+Post&rft.atitle=Prague+suspends+partnership+with+Russian+cities&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.praguepost.com%2Fprague-news%2F41312-prague-suspends-partnership-with-russian-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortin2017" class="citation news cs1">Fortin, Jacey (25 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/25/world/asia/comfort-women-statue.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Comfort Women' Statue in San Francisco Leads a Japanese City to Cut Ties"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123150744/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/25/world/asia/comfort-women-statue.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Comfort+Women%27+Statue+in+San+Francisco+Leads+a+Japanese+City+to+Cut+Ties&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft.aulast=Fortin&rft.aufirst=Jacey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fcomfort-women-statue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (25 November 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/25/osaka-mayor-to-end-sister-city-status-with-san-francisco-over-comfort-women-statue/">"Osaka mayor to end sister city status with San Francisco over 'comfort women' statue"</a></span>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063110/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/25/osaka-mayor-to-end-sister-city-status-with-san-francisco-over-comfort-women-statue/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Osaka+mayor+to+end+sister+city+status+with+San+Francisco+over+%27comfort+women%27+statue&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F11%2F25%2Fosaka-mayor-to-end-sister-city-status-with-san-francisco-over-comfort-women-statue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120143/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/kyodo-news-international/130802/japan-city-mayor-lodges-protest-over-comfort-women-mem">"Japan city mayor lodges protest over "comfort women" memorial cost"</a>. <i>GlobalPost</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalPost&rft.atitle=Japan+city+mayor+lodges+protest+over+%22comfort+women%22+memorial+cost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fkyodo-news-international%2F130802%2Fjapan-city-mayor-lodges-protest-over-comfort-women-mem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoffey2020" class="citation news cs1">Boffey, Daniel (16 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/16/dutch-city-ends-ties-with-polish-twin-declared-gay-free-zone-nieuwegein-pulawy">"Dutch town ends ties with Polish twin declared 'gay-free zone'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719220033/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/16/dutch-city-ends-ties-with-polish-twin-declared-gay-free-zone-nieuwegein-pulawy">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dutch+town+ends+ties+with+Polish+twin+declared+%27gay-free+zone%27&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Boffey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjul%2F16%2Fdutch-city-ends-ties-with-polish-twin-declared-gay-free-zone-nieuwegein-pulawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-01/ukraine-russia-invasion-war-kyiv-kharkiv/100870192">"Live: Video shows devastating impact of Russian barrage in Kharkiv, thousands of refugees flee"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301091645/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-01/ukraine-russia-invasion-war-kyiv-kharkiv/100870192">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Live%3A+Video+shows+devastating+impact+of+Russian+barrage+in+Kharkiv%2C+thousands+of+refugees+flee&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-03-01%2Fukraine-russia-invasion-war-kyiv-kharkiv%2F100870192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doncasterfreepress.co.uk/news/politics/doncaster-cuts-ties-with-russian-twin-town-of-ozyorsk-as-mansion-house-lights-up-for-ukraine-3591070">"Doncaster cuts ties with Russian twin-town of Ozyorsk as Mansion House lights up for Ukraine"</a>. <i>Doncaster Free Press</i>. 1 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324055134/https://www.doncasterfreepress.co.uk/news/politics/doncaster-cuts-ties-with-russian-twin-town-of-ozyorsk-as-mansion-house-lights-up-for-ukraine-3591070">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doncaster+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Doncaster+cuts+ties+with+Russian+twin-town+of+Ozyorsk+as+Mansion+House+lights+up+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doncasterfreepress.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdoncaster-cuts-ties-with-russian-twin-town-of-ozyorsk-as-mansion-house-lights-up-for-ukraine-3591070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2022" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Morgan (22 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/coventry-council-decide-pauses-twinning-23471343">"Coventry Council decides to pause twinning links with Volgograd"</a>. <i>CoventryLive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322195337/https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/coventry-council-decide-pauses-twinning-23471343">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CoventryLive&rft.atitle=Coventry+Council+decides+to+pause+twinning+links+with+Volgograd&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coventrytelegraph.net%2Fnews%2Fcoventry-news%2Fcoventry-council-decide-pauses-twinning-23471343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klcc.org/politics-government/2022-07-20/eugene-suspends-sister-city-in-russia">"Eugene suspends sister city in Russia"</a>. <i>KLCC | NPR for Oregonians</i>. 20 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030031945/https://www.klcc.org/politics-government/2022-07-20/eugene-suspends-sister-city-in-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KLCC+%7C+NPR+for+Oregonians&rft.atitle=Eugene+suspends+sister+city+in+Russia&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.klcc.org%2Fpolitics-government%2F2022-07-20%2Feugene-suspends-sister-city-in-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-731015">"Barcelona mayor severs ties with twin city of Tel Aviv, 'apartheid'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. 9 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209032942/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-731015">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Barcelona+mayor+severs+ties+with+twin+city+of+Tel+Aviv%2C+%27apartheid%27&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Farticle-731015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASister+city" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_city&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning" class="extiw" title="commons:Town twinning"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Town twinning</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Twin_towns#Q184711" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Twin towns">Twin towns</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061222193012/http://www.ccre.org/champs_activites_liste_news_en.htm?ID=3115">Town twinning in Europe's municipalities, towns and regions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twinning.org/">Twinning in Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517052627/http://www.towntwinning.org.uk/">UK Town Twinning Portal</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CEMR69" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513123252/http://admin5.geniebuilder.com/users/ccre/bases/T_599_46_3524.pdf">"Twinnings for Tomorrow's World – A Practical Handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Municipalities_and_Regions" title="Council of European Municipalities and Regions">CEMR Council of European Municipalities and Regions</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://admin5.geniebuilder.com/users/ccre/bases/T_599_46_3524.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twin_towns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twin towns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities" title="Lists of twin towns and sister cities">Lists of</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">twin towns and sister cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Cape_Verde" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Kenya" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_Africa" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Tunisia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Armenia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_India" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Indonesia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iraq" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Israel" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Japan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Malaysia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Pakistan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sister cities in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Taiwan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Thailand" title="List of sister cities in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Europe" title="List of sister cities in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belarus" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Bulgaria" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Hungary" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Moldova" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Romania" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Slovakia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Denmark" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Estonia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Finland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iceland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Latvia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Lithuania" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Norway" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_England" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Scotland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Wales" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Albania" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Croatia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Greece" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Kosovo" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Malta" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Montenegro" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Serbia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Slovenia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Spain" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Austria" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belgium" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Luxembourg" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_North_America" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Canada" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Nicaragua" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_the_United_States" title="List of sister cities in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Arizona" title="List of sister cities in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_California" title="List of sister cities in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Colorado" title="List of sister cities in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_England#Connecticut" title="List of sister cities in New England">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Florida" title="List of sister cities in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Illinois" title="List of sister cities in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_England#Maine" title="List of sister cities in New England">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Maryland" title="List of sister cities in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_England#Massachusetts" title="List of sister cities in New England">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Michigan" title="List of sister cities in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_England#New_Hampshire" title="List of sister cities in New England">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_York" title="List of sister cities in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_North_Carolina" title="List of sister cities in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Ohio" title="List of sister cities in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of sister cities in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_England#Rhode_Island" title="List of sister cities in New England">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Texas" title="List of sister cities in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_England#Vermont" title="List of sister cities in New England">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Washington" title="List of sister cities in Washington">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Oceania" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Australia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Fiji" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_America" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Argentina" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Brazil" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Chile" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0. 2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognised country</a> · See also: <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diplomacy_and_diplomats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomacy" title="Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diplomacy" title="Template talk:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_diplomats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic<br /> leader titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent representative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-large" title="Ambassador-at-large">Ambassador-at-large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Representative" title="Resident Representative">Resident representative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">Head of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission" title="Deputy chief of mission">Deputy chief of mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">Resident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">Resident commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-general" title="Agent-general">Agent-general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By portfolio (<a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">Agricultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_de_mission" title="Chargé de mission">Chargé de mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseiller_charg%C3%A9_des_investissements" title="Conseiller chargé des investissements">Conseiller chargé des investissements</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_commissioner" title="Trade commissioner">Trade commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_courier" title="Diplomatic courier">Diplomatic courier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Messenger" title="King's Messenger">King's Messenger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Foreign minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomats" title="Template:Diplomats">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_corps" title="Consular corps">Consular corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy"><i>De facto</i> embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">Diplomatic corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Diplomatic_Corps" title="African Diplomatic Corps">African Diplomatic Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">Protecting power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy" title="Checkbook diplomacy">Checkbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compellence" title="Compellence">Coercive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy" title="Commercial diplomacy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy" title="Culinary diplomacy">Culinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_diplomacy" title="Defence diplomacy">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_diplomacy" title="Digital diplomacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_diplomacy" title="Economic diplomacy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelance_diplomacy" title="Freelance diplomacy">Freelance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_diplomacy" title="Full spectrum diplomacy">Full-spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_diplomacy" title="Guerrilla diplomacy">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diplomacy" title="Medical diplomacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_diplomacy" title="New diplomacy">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_diplomacy" title="Bamboo diplomacy">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">Parley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_diplomacy" title="Pilgrimage diplomacy">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_diplomacy" title="Preventive diplomacy">Preventive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public</a></li> <li><a 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grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Letter of credence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of protest">Letter of protest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_agencies" title="List of development aid agencies">Agencies</a></li></ul></li> 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