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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Didik R. Santosa</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Didik R. Santosa"> <meta name="keywords" content="Didik R. Santosa"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Didik R. 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Santosa"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Didik R. Santosa</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Preliminary Chaos Analyses of Explosion Earthquakes Followed by Harmonic Tremors at Semeru Volcano, East Java, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sukir%20Maryanto">Sukir Maryanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Didik%20R.%20Santosa"> Didik R. Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Iyan%20Mulyana"> Iyan Mulyana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Hendrasto"> Muhammad Hendrasto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Successive event of explosion earthquake and harmonic tremor recorded at Semeru volcano were analyzed to investigate the dynamical system regarding to their eruptive mechanism. The eruptive activity at Semeru volcano East Java, Indonesia is intermittent emission of ash and bombs with Strombolian style which occurred at interval of 15 to 45 minutes. The explosive eruptions accompanied by explosion earthquakes and followed by volcanic tremor which generated by continuous emission of volcanic ash. The spectral and Lyapunov exponent of successive event of explosion and harmonic tremor were analyzed. Peak frequencies of explosion earthquakes range 1.2 to 1.9 Hz and those of the harmonic tremor have peak frequency range 1.5 — 2.2 Hz. The phase space is reconstructed and evaluated based on the Lyapunov exponents. Harmonic tremors have smaller Lyapunov exponent than explosion earthquakes. It can be considerably as correlated complexity of the mechanism from the variance of spectral and fractal dimension and can be concluded that the successive event of harmonic tremor and explosions are chaotic.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Semeru%20volcano" title="Semeru volcano">Semeru volcano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=explosion%20earthquakes" title=" explosion earthquakes"> explosion earthquakes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=harmonic%20tremor" title=" harmonic tremor"> harmonic tremor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lyapunov%20exponent" title=" lyapunov exponent"> lyapunov exponent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=chaotic." title=" chaotic."> chaotic.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/preliminary-chaos-analyses-of-explosion-earthquakes-followed-by-harmonic-tremors-at-semeru-volcano-east-java-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1578</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Development of 25A-Size Three-Layer Metal Gasket by Using FEM Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shigeyuki%20Haruyama">Shigeyuki Haruyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I%20Made%20Gatot%20Karohika"> I Made Gatot Karohika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Akinori%20Sato"> Akinori Sato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Didik%20Nurhadiyanto"> Didik Nurhadiyanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ken%20Kaminishi"> Ken Kaminishi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Contact width and contact stress are important design parameters for optimizing corrugated metal gasket performance based on elastic and plastic contact stress. In this study, we used a three-layer metal gasket with Al, Cu, Ni as the outer layer, respectively. A finite element method was employed to develop simulation solution. The gasket model was simulated by using two simulation stages which are forming and tightening simulation. The simulation result shows that aluminum with tangent modulus, Eh<sub>al</sub> = E<sub>al</sub>/150 has the highest slope for contact width. The slope of contact width for plastic mode gasket was higher than the elastic mode gasket.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Contact%20width" title="Contact width">Contact width</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=contact%20stress" title=" contact stress"> contact stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=layer" title=" layer"> layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=metal%20gasket" title=" metal gasket"> metal gasket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=corrugated" title=" corrugated"> corrugated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=simulation." title=" simulation. "> simulation. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/development-of-25a-size-three-layer-metal-gasket-by-using-fem-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003977.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1614</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Synthesis and Characterization of Chromium (III) Complexes with L-Glutamic Acid, Glycine and LCysteine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kun%20Sri%20Budiasih">Kun Sri Budiasih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chairil%20Anwar"> Chairil Anwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sri%20Juari%20Santosa"> Sri Juari Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hilda%20Ismail"> Hilda Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Some Chromium (III) complexes were synthesized with three amino acids: L Glutamic Acid, Glycine, and L-cysteine as the ligands, in order to provide a new supplement containing Cr(III) for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The complexes have been prepared by refluxing a mixture of Chromium(III) chloride in aqueous solution with L-glutamic acid, Glycine, and L-cysteine after pH adjustment by sodium hydroxide. These complexes were characterized by Infrared and Uv-Vis spectrophotometer and Elemental analyzer. The product yields of four products were 87.50 and 56.76% for Cr-Glu complexes, 46.70% for Cr-Gly complex and 40.08% for Cr-Cys complex respectively. The predicted structure of the complexes are [Cr(glu)2(H2O)2].xH2O, Cr(gly)3..xH2O and Cr(cys)3.xH2O., respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cr%28III%29" title="Cr(III)">Cr(III)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L-Cysteine%20L-glutamic%20Acid" title=" L-Cysteine L-glutamic Acid"> L-Cysteine L-glutamic Acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Glycine" title=" Glycine"> Glycine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=complexation." title=" complexation."> complexation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/synthesis-and-characterization-of-chromium-iii-complexes-with-l-glutamic-acid-glycine-and-lcysteine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">5148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Analysis of Contact Width and Contact Stress of Three-Layer Corrugated Metal Gasket</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Made%20Gatot%20Karohika">I. Made Gatot Karohika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shigeyuki%20Haruyama"> Shigeyuki Haruyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ken%20Kaminishi"> Ken Kaminishi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Oke%20Oktavianty"> Oke Oktavianty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Didik%20Nurhadiyanto"> Didik Nurhadiyanto </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Contact width and contact stress are important parameters related to the leakage behavior of corrugated metal gasket. In this study, contact width and contact stress of three-layer corrugated metal gasket are investigated due to the modulus of elasticity and thickness of surface layer for 2 type gasket (0-MPa and 400-MPa mode). A finite element method was employed to develop simulation solution to analysis the effect of each parameter. The result indicated that lowering the modulus of elasticity ratio of surface layer will result in better contact width but the average contact stresses are smaller. When the modulus of elasticity ratio is held constant with thickness ratio increase, its contact width has an increscent trend otherwise the average contact stress has decreased trend.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Contact%20width" title="Contact width">Contact width</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=contact%20stress" title=" contact stress"> contact stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=layer" title=" layer"> layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=metal%20gasket" title=" metal gasket"> metal gasket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=corrugated" title=" corrugated"> corrugated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=simulation." title=" simulation."> simulation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/analysis-of-contact-width-and-contact-stress-of-three-layer-corrugated-metal-gasket" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Optimization of New 25A-size Metal Gasket Design Based on Contact Width Considering Forming and Contact Stress Effect</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Didik%20Nurhadiyanto">Didik Nurhadiyanto </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Moch%20Agus%20Choiron"> Moch Agus Choiron </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ken%20Kaminishi"> Ken Kaminishi </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shigeyuki%20Haruyama"> Shigeyuki Haruyama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At the previous study of new metal gasket, contact width and contact stress were important design parameter for optimizing metal gasket performance. However, the range of contact stress had not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, we conducted a gasket design optimization based on an elastic and plastic contact stress analysis considering forming effect using FEM. The gasket model was simulated by using two simulation stages which is forming and tightening simulation. The optimum design based on an elastic and plastic contact stress was founded. Final evaluation was determined by helium leak quantity to check leakage performance of both type of gaskets. The helium leak test shows that a gasket based on the plastic contact stress design better than based on elastic stress design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Contact%20stress" title="Contact stress">Contact stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=metal%20gasket" title=" metal gasket"> metal gasket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=plastic" title=" plastic"> plastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=elastic" title=" elastic"> elastic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/optimization-of-new-25a-size-metal-gasket-design-based-on-contact-width-considering-forming-and-contact-stress-effect" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1758</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Symbiotic Organism Search (SOS) for Solving the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ruskartina%20Eki">Ruskartina Eki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vincent%20F.%20Yu"> Vincent F. Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Santosa%20Budi"> Santosa Budi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20A.%20N.%20Perwira%20Redi"> A. A. N. Perwira Redi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces symbiotic organism search (SOS) for solving capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP). SOS is a new approach in metaheuristics fields and never been used to solve discrete problems. A sophisticated decoding method to deal with a discrete problem setting in CVRP is applied using the basic symbiotic organism search (SOS) framework. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated on a set of benchmark instances and compared results with best known solution. The computational results show that the proposed algorithm can produce good solution as a preliminary testing. These results indicated that the proposed SOS can be applied as an alternative to solve the capacitated vehicle routing problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Symbiotic%20organism%20search" title="Symbiotic organism search">Symbiotic organism search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=vehicle%20routing%20problem" title=" vehicle routing problem"> vehicle routing problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=metaheuristics" title=" metaheuristics"> metaheuristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Solution%20Representation." title=" Solution Representation."> Solution Representation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/symbiotic-organism-search-sos-for-solving-the-capacitated-vehicle-routing-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001556.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3037</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Surface Roughness of Flange Contact to the 25A-size Metal Gasket by using FEM Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shigeyuki%20Haruyama">Shigeyuki Haruyama </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Didik%20Nurhadiyanto"> Didik Nurhadiyanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Moch%20Agus%20Choiron"> Moch Agus Choiron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ken%20Kaminishi"> Ken Kaminishi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The previous study of new metal gasket that contact width and contact stress an important design parameter for optimizing metal gasket performance. The optimum design based on an elastic and plastic contact stress was founded. However, the influence of flange surface roughness had not been investigated thoroughly. The flange has many kinds of surface roughness. In this study, we conducted a gasket model include a flange surface roughness effect. A finite element method was employed to develop simulation solution. A uniform quadratic mesh used for meshing the gasket material and a gradually quadrilateral mesh used for meshing the flange. The gasket model was simulated by using two simulation stages which is forming and tightening simulation. A simulation result shows that a smoother of surface roughness has higher slope for force per unit length. This mean a squeezed against between flange and gasket will be strong. The slope of force per unit length for gasket 400-MPa mode was higher than the gasket 0-MPa mode. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Surface%20roughness" title="Surface roughness">Surface roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flange" title=" flange"> flange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=metal%20gasket" title=" metal gasket"> metal gasket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=leakage" title=" leakage"> leakage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=simulation." title=" simulation."> simulation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/surface-roughness-of-flange-contact-to-the-25a-size-metal-gasket-by-using-fem-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2736</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Polymorphic Marker Designed from Bioinformatics Sequences Related to Cell Wall Strength for Discrimination of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Clones Resistant to Gamboge Disorder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Mansyah">E. Mansyah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sobir"> Sobir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Santosa"> E. Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Sisharmini"> A. Sisharmini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sulassih"> Sulassih</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Gamboge disorder (GD) or fruit damage by the yellow sap is a major problem in mangosteen. Mangosteen plants varied in the level of GD, from very low or non GD to low, moderate and high GD. However it was difficult to differentiate between GD and non GD plants because evaluation of the disorder is strongly influenced by environment. In this study we investigated the usefulness of primer designed from bioinformatics related to cell wall strength, termed as MCWS, to predict GD. Plant materials used were 28 mangosteen plants selected based on percentage of GD categorized as high, moderate, low and very low or non GD. The result showed that the specific DNA fragments were absent in the high GD accessions. The MCWS marker suggests as a novel polymorphic marker for GD in mangosteen as well as a marker for detect variability in mangosteen as apomictic plant.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cell%20wall%20strength" title=" cell wall strength"> cell wall strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gamboge%20disorder" title=" gamboge disorder"> gamboge disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mangosteen" title=" mangosteen"> mangosteen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polymorphic%20marker." title=" polymorphic marker."> polymorphic marker.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/polymorphic-marker-designed-from-bioinformatics-sequences-related-to-cell-wall-strength-for-discrimination-of-mangosteen-garcinia-mangostana-l-clones-resistant-to-gamboge-disorder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8291.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> A Preliminary Study on Factors Determining the Success of High Conservation Value Area in Oil Palm Plantations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yanto%20Santosa">Yanto Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rozza%20Tri%20Kwatrina"> Rozza Tri Kwatrina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>High Conservation Value (HCV) is an area with conservation function within oil palm plantation. Despite the important role of HCV area in biodiversity conservation and various studies on HCV, there was a lack of research studying the factors determining its success. A preliminary study was conducted to identify the determinant factor of HCV that affected the diversity. Line transect method was used to calculate the species diversity of butterfly, birds, mammals, and herpetofauna species as well as their richness. Specifically for mammals, camera traps were also used. The research sites comprised of 12 HCV areas in 3 provinces of Indonesia (Central Kalimantan, Riau, and Palembang). The relationship between the HCV biophysical factor with the species number and species diversity for each wildlife class was identified using Chi-Square analysis with Cross tab (contingency table). Results of the study revealed that species diversity varied by research locations. Four factors determining the success of HCV area in relations to the number and diversity of wildlife species are land cover types for mammals, the width of area and distance to rivers for birds, and distance to settlements for butterflies.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ecological%20factors" title="Ecological factors">Ecological factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=high%20conservation%20value%20area" title=" high conservation value area"> high conservation value area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=oil%20palm%20plantation" title=" oil palm plantation"> oil palm plantation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wildlife%20diversity." title=" wildlife diversity."> wildlife diversity.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/a-preliminary-study-on-factors-determining-the-success-of-high-conservation-value-area-in-oil-palm-plantations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010198.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1508</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> The Estimation of Bird Diversity Loss and Gain as an Impact of Oil Palm Plantation: Study Case in KJNP Estate Riau Province</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yanto%20Santosa">Yanto Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Catharina%20Yudea"> Catharina Yudea</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The rapid growth of oil palm industry in Indonesia raised many negative accusations from various parties, who said that oil palm plantation is damaging the environment and biodiversity, including birds. Since research on oil palm plantation impacts on bird diversity is still limited, this study needs to be developed in order to gain further learning and understanding. Data on bird diversity were collected in March 2018 in KJNP Estate, Riau Province using strip transect method on five different land cover types (young, intermediate, and old growth of oil palm plantation, high conservation value area, and crops field or the baseline). The observations were conducted simultaneously, with three repetitions. The result shows that the baseline has 19 species of birds and land cover after the oil palm plantation has 39 species. HCV (high conservation value) area has the highest increase in diversity value. Oil palm plantation has changed the composition of bird species. The highest similarity index is shown by young growth oil palm land cover with total score 0.65, meanwhile the lowest similarity index with total score 0.43 is shown by HCV area. Overall, the existence of oil palm plantation made a positive impact by increasing bird species diversity, with total 23 species gained and 3 species lost.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bird%20diversity" title="Bird diversity">Bird diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=crops%20field" title=" crops field"> crops field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=impact%20of%20oil%20palm%20plantation" title=" impact of oil palm plantation"> impact of oil palm plantation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=KJNP%20estate." title=" KJNP estate."> KJNP estate.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/the-estimation-of-bird-diversity-loss-and-gain-as-an-impact-of-oil-palm-plantation-study-case-in-kjnp-estate-riau-province" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">795</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Indigenous Dayak People’s Perceptions of Wildlife Loss and Gain Related to Oil Palm Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Sunkar">A. Sunkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Saraswati"> A. Saraswati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Y.%20Santosa"> Y. Santosa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Controversies surrounding the impacts of oil palm plantations have resulted in some heated debates, especially concerning biodiversity loss and indigenous people well-being. The indigenous people of Dayak generally used wildlife to fulfill their daily needs thus were assumed to have experienced negative impacts due to oil palm developments within and surrounding their settlement areas. This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of the Dayak community settled around an oil palm plantation, to determine their perceptions of wildlife loss or gain as the results of the development of oil palm plantations, and to identify the determinant characteristic of the perceptions. The research was conducted on March 2018 in Nanga Tayap and Tajok Kayong Villages, which were located around the oil palm plantation of NTYE of Ketapang, West Kalimantan-Indonesia. Data were collected through in depth-structured interview, using closed and semi-open questionnaires and three-scale Likert statements. Interviews were conducted with 74 respondents using accidental sampling, and categorized into respondents who were dependent on oil palm for their livelihoods and those who were not. Data were analyzed using quantitative statistics method, Likert Scale, Chi-Square Test, Spearman Test, and Mann-Whitney Test. The research found that the indigenous Dayak people were aware of wildlife species loss and gain since the establishment of the plantation. Nevertheless, wildlife loss did not affect their social, economic, and cultural needs since they could find substitutions. It was found that prior to the plantation’s development, the local Dayak communities were already slowly experiencing some livelihood transitions through local village development. The only determinant characteristic of the community that influenced their perceptions of wildlife loss/gain was level of education.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=oil%20palm%20plantations" title=" oil palm plantations"> oil palm plantations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=indigenous%20Dayak" title=" indigenous Dayak"> indigenous Dayak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=biodiversity%20loss%20and%20gain." title=" biodiversity loss and gain."> biodiversity loss and gain.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/indigenous-dayak-peoples-perceptions-of-wildlife-loss-and-gain-related-to-oil-palm-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Calculation of a Sustainable Quota Harvesting of Long-Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis Raffles) in Their Natural Habitats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Y.%20Santosa">Y. Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20A.%20Rahman"> D. A. Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20Wulan"> C. Wulan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20H.%20Mustari"> A. H. Mustari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The global demand for long-tailed macaques for medical experimentation has continued to increase. Fulfillment of Indonesian export demands has been mostly from natural habitats, based on a harvesting quota. This quota has been determined according to the total catch for a given year, and not based on consideration of any demographic parameters or physical environmental factors with regard to the animal; hence threatening the sustainability of the various populations. It is therefore necessary to formulate a method for calculating a sustainable harvesting quota, based on population parameters in natural habitats. Considering the possibility of variations in habitat characteristics and population parameters, a time series observation of demographic and physical/biotic parameters, in various habitats, was performed on 13 groups of long-tailed macaques, distributed throughout the West Java, Lampung and Yogyakarta areas of Indonesia. These provinces were selected for comparison of the influence of human/tourism activities. Data on population parameters that was collected included data on life expectancy according to age class, numbers of individuals by sex and age class, and ‘ratio of infants to reproductive females’. The estimation of population growth was based on a population dynamic growth model: the Leslie matrix. The harvesting quota was calculated as being the difference between the actual population size and the MVP (minimum viable population) for each sex and age class. Observation indicated that there were variations within group size (24–106 individuals), gender (sex) ratio (1:1 to 1:1.3), life expectancy value (0.30 to 0.93), and ‘ratio of infants to reproductive females’ (0.23 to 1.56). Results of subsequent calculations showed that sustainable harvesting quotas for each studied group of long-tailed macaques, ranged from 29 to 110 individuals. An estimation model of the MVP for each age class was formulated as Log Y = 0.315 + 0.884 Log Ni (number of individual on ith age class). This study also found that life expectancy for the juvenile age class was affected by the humidity under tree stands, and dietary plants’ density at sapling, pole and tree stages (equation: Y=2.296 – 1.535 RH + 0.002 Kpcg – 0.002 Ktg – 0.001 Kphn, R2 = 89.6% with a significance value of 0.001). By contrast, for the sub-adult-adult age class, life expectancy was significantly affected by slope (equation: Y=0.377 = 0.012 Kml, R2 = 50.4%, with significance level of 0.007). The infant-toreproductive- female ratio was affected by humidity under tree stands, and dietary plant density at sapling and pole stages (equation: Y = - 1.432 + 2.172 RH – 0.004 Kpcg + 0.003 Ktg, R2 = 82.0% with significance level of 0.001). This research confirmed the importance of population parameters in determining the minimum viable population, and that MVP varied according to habitat characteristics (especially food availability). It would be difficult therefore, to formulate a general mathematical equation model for determining a harvesting quota for the species as a whole. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Harvesting" title="Harvesting">Harvesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=long-tailed%20macaque" title=" long-tailed macaque"> long-tailed macaque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=population" title=" population"> population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=quota." title=" quota."> quota.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/calculation-of-a-sustainable-quota-harvesting-of-long-tailed-macaque-macaca-fascicularis-raffles-in-their-natural-habitats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2014</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> An Initial Assessment of the Potential Contribution of ‘Community Empowerment’ to Mitigating the Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation, in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Sunkar">A. Sunkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Y.%20Santosa"> Y. Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20B.%20Rushayati"> S. B. Rushayati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia has experienced annual forest fires that have rapidly destroyed and degraded its forests. Fires in the peat swamp forests of Riau Province, have set the stage for problems to worsen, this being the ecosystem most prone to fires (which are also the most difficult, to extinguish). Despite various efforts to curb deforestation, and forest degradation processes, severe forest fires are still occurring. To find an effective solution, the basic causes of the problems must be identified. It is therefore critical to have an indepth understanding of the underlying causal factors that have contributed to deforestation and forest degradation as a whole, in order to attain reductions in their rates. An assessment of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation was carried out, in order to design and implement measures that could slow these destructive processes. Research was conducted in Giam Siak Kecil–Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB BR), in the Riau Province of Sumatera, Indonesia. A biosphere reserve was selected as the study site because such reserves aim to reconcile conservation with sustainable development. A biosphere reserve should promote a range of local human activities, together with development values that are in line spatially and economically with the area conservation values, through use of a zoning system. Moreover, GSKBB BR is an area with vast peatlands, and is experiencing forest fires annually. Various factors were analysed to assess the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in GSKBB BR; data were collected from focus group discussions with stakeholders, key informant interviews with key stakeholders, field observation and a literature review. Landsat satellite imagery was used to map forest-cover changes for various periods. Analysis of landsat images, taken during the period 2010-2014, revealed that within the non-protected area of core zone, there was a trend towards decreasing peat swamp forest areas, increasing land clearance, and increasing areas of community oilpalm and rubber plantations. Fire was used for land clearing and most of the forest fires occurred in the most populous area (the transition area). The study found a relationship between the deforested/ degraded areas, and certain distance variables, i.e. distance from roads, villages and the borders between the core area and the buffer zone. The further the distance from the core area of the reserve, the higher was the degree of deforestation and forest degradation. Research findings suggested that agricultural expansion may be the direct cause of deforestation and forest degradation in the reserve, whereas socio-economic factors were the underlying driver of forest cover changes; such factors consisting of a combination of sociocultural, infrastructural, technological, institutional (policy and governance), demographic (population pressure) and economic (market demand) considerations. These findings indicated that local factors/problems were the critical causes of deforestation and degradation in GSKBB BR. This research therefore concluded that reductions in deforestation and forest degradation in GSKBB BR could be achieved through ‘local actor’-tailored approaches such as community empowerment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Actor-led%20solution" title="Actor-led solution">Actor-led solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=community%20empowerment" title=" community empowerment"> community empowerment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=drivers%20of%20deforestation%20and%20forest%20degradation" title=" drivers of deforestation and forest degradation"> drivers of deforestation and forest degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Giam%20Siak%20Kecil%E2%80%93%0D%0ABukit%20Batu%20Biosphere%20Reserve." title=" Giam Siak Kecil– Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve."> Giam Siak Kecil– Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002219/an-initial-assessment-of-the-potential-contribution-of-community-empowerment-to-mitigating-the-drivers-of-deforestation-and-forest-degradation-in-giam-siak-kecil-bukit-batu-biosphere-reserve" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002219/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002219/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002219/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002219/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002219/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002219/json" 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