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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes" title="View the help page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Tracking_changes" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tracking_changes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div 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vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tracking_changes&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tracking_changes&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Help:Tracking_changes" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Help:Tracking_changes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tracking_changes&oldid=6182668" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tracking_changes&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediawiki.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3ATracking_changes"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediawiki.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3ATracking_changes"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Help%3ATracking+changes"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From mediawiki.org</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-pt-translate-header noprint nomobile" dir="ltr" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATracking+changes&action=page&filter=&action_source=translate_page" title="Special:Translate">Translate this page</a></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-pt-languages noprint navigation-not-searchable" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-pt-languages-label">Languages:</div><ul class="mw-pt-languages-list"><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/id" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Bantuan:Melacak perubahan (100% translated)" lang="id" dir="ltr">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/de" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Hilfe:Änderungen verfolgen (100% translated)" lang="de" dir="ltr">Deutsch</a></li> <li><span class="mw-pt-languages-ui mw-pt-languages-selected mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" lang="en" dir="ltr">English</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/nl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Help:Wijzigingen bijhouden (100% translated)" lang="nl" dir="ltr">Nederlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/kaa" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Ózgerislerdi gúzetiw (100% translated)" lang="kaa" dir="ltr">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/sco" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Help:Keepin track o chynges (85% translated)" lang="sco" dir="ltr">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/vi" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Help:Theo dõi thay đổi (100% translated)" lang="vi" dir="ltr">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/tr" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Help:Değişiklikleri izleme (100% translated)" lang="tr" dir="ltr">Türkçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ast" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Help:Siguimientu de cambios (63% translated)" lang="ast" dir="ltr">asturianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ca" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Help:Seguiment de canvis (85% translated)" lang="ca" dir="ltr">català</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/da" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Help:Tracking changes/da (4% translated)" lang="da" dir="ltr">dansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/es" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Help:Seguimiento de cambios (70% translated)" lang="es" dir="ltr">español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/fr" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Aide:Suivre les modifications (100% translated)" lang="fr" dir="ltr">français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/it" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Help:Tracciare le modifiche (100% translated)" lang="it" dir="ltr">italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/nb" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Overvåke endringer (11% translated)" lang="nb" dir="ltr">norsk bokmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/nn" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Help:Tracking changes/no (63% translated)" lang="nn" dir="ltr">norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/pl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Help:Śledzenie zmian (89% translated)" lang="pl" dir="ltr">polski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/pt" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Ajuda:Monitorizar alterações (93% translated)" lang="pt" dir="ltr">português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/pt-br" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Help:Controlando alterações (100% translated)" lang="pt-BR" dir="ltr">português do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ro" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Help:Tracking changes/ro (44% translated)" lang="ro" dir="ltr">română</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/sk" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Sledovanie zmien (37% translated)" lang="sk" dir="ltr">slovenčina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/sl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Pomoč:Sledi spremembam (7% translated)" lang="sl" dir="ltr">slovenščina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/fi" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Ohje:Muutosten seuranta (37% translated)" lang="fi" dir="ltr">suomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/sv" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Help:Spåra ändringar (22% translated)" lang="sv" dir="ltr">svenska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/sma" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Help:Tracking changes/sma (0% translated)" lang="sma" dir="ltr">åarjelsaemien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/cs" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Nápověda:Sledování změn (100% translated)" lang="cs" dir="ltr">čeština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/el" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Help:Tracking changes/el (4% translated)" lang="el" dir="ltr">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/be-tarask" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Help:Сачэньне за зьменамі (85% translated)" lang="be-tarask" dir="ltr">беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ru" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Справка:Отслеживание изменений (100% translated)" lang="ru" dir="ltr">русский</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/uk" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Довідка:Відстеження змін (100% translated)" lang="uk" dir="ltr">українська</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/he" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Help:מעקב אחר שינויים (89% translated)" lang="he" dir="rtl">עברית</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/sd" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Help:تبديلين جو پيڇو (7% translated)" lang="sd" dir="rtl">سنڌي</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/fa" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="راهنما:ردیابی تغییرات (100% translated)" lang="fa" dir="rtl">فارسی</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ps" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Help:بدلونونه موندل (7% translated)" lang="ps" dir="rtl">پښتو</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/hi" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Help:बदलावों पर नज़र रखना (100% translated)" lang="hi" dir="ltr">हिन्दी</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ml" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="സഹായം:മാറ്റങ്ങൾ പിന്തുടരുക (4% translated)" lang="ml" dir="ltr">മലയാളം</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/si" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Help:වෙනස්කිරීම් ලුහුබැදීම (11% translated)" lang="si" dir="ltr">සිංහල</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/th" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="วิธีใช้:การติดตามการเปลี่ยนแปลง (15% translated)" lang="th" dir="ltr">ไทย</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/zh" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Help:追踪更改 (100% translated)" lang="zh" dir="ltr">中文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ja" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Help:変更の追跡 (89% translated)" lang="ja" dir="ltr">日本語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes/ko" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="도움말:바뀜 추적 (93% translated)" lang="ko" dir="ltr">한국어</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6776268">.mw-parser-output .template-pd-help-page{color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);border:solid 1px var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.5em;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff);font-size:95%;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .template-pd-help-page .icon-cell{padding:0 1em;width:30px}</style><table class="template-pd-help-page"><tbody><tr> <td class="icon-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="PD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/45px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/60px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"/></span></span></td> <td><b>Note:</b> When you edit this page, you agree to release your contribution under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Project:PD_help" title="Special:MyLanguage/Project:PD help">Public Domain Help Pages</a> for more info. </td> <td class="icon-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="PD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/45px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/60px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"/></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M-en-recentchanges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M-en-recentchanges.png/370px-M-en-recentchanges.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M-en-recentchanges.png/555px-M-en-recentchanges.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/M-en-recentchanges.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="299"/></a><figcaption><b>Recent changes</b> shows the latest changes to pages, file uploads, deletions and page moves</figcaption></figure> <p>MediaWiki offers a collection of special pages and tools to keep track of what is going on in the wiki. So you can watch for example: </p> <ul><li>recent changes to all pages</li> <li>the revision history: all changes made to one page</li> <li>the contributions of one specific user</li> <li>newly created pages</li></ul> <p>The most interesting special page is <b><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="Special:RecentChanges">Special:RecentChanges</a></b>. This page displays all edits, file uploads, page moves, deletions and other actions done in the wiki. The menu at the top offers a collection of links to customize your display: limit the number of changes or the number of days shown or restrict the display to show edits to a certain namespace only. You can also hide edits marked as minor (but don't forget that a change can be major even though the user flagged it as minor). </p><p>One line in the Recent Changes page consists of several links: </p> <ul><li>“diff” displays the difference from the previous revision of the page</li> <li>“hist” links to the revision history of the page</li> <li>the full title of the page links to the current version. If the page is on your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist">watchlist</a>, the title appears in bold.</li></ul> <p>Next is a flag describing the page modification type: </p> <ul><li>N — This edit created a new page</li> <li>m — This is a minor edit</li> <li>b — This edit was performed by a bot</li></ul> <p>Following the timestamp, the page size difference from the previous revision appears. Then the user is mentioned, with a link to either their <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:User_page" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:User page">user page</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Talk_pages#User_talk_pages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Talk pages">talk page</a> and contributions or (in the case of anonymous users) to their <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Talk_pages#User_talk_pages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Talk pages">talk page</a> only. </p><p>If the user submitted a summary when they made the edit, the summary appears in italics as the last link in the line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhanced_view" data-mw-thread-id="h-Enhanced_view"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Enhanced_view"></span>Enhanced view<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Enhanced_view"></span></h3></div> <p>If you have JavaScript enabled, you can also try the "enhanced" view. To enable the enhanced view, go to your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Preferences#Recent_changes" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Preferences">Preferences</a>, then click the Recent Changes tab and select "Group changes by page in recent changes and watchlist". Selecting this option will cause the Recent Changes page to display edits grouped by page rather than being listed individually. You will now see entries like the following: </p> <blockquote style="border:1px solid"> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Arr_r.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12"/></span></span> 15:17 <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Page">Main Page</a> (4 changes | hist) .. (+236) .. [Some User‎ (2×); Some Other User (2×)] </p> </blockquote> <p>To expand the record of that page's recent edits, click the blue arrow to the left of the timestamp and page name. The record of edits will be displayed as it appears in the normal view. You can turn this enhancement on and off at will, so feel free to try both to see which one you prefer. Note that enabling Enhanced view will remove the leading links for <i>diff</i> and <i>hist</i>, making patrolling more difficult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages" title="Special:NewPages">Special:NewPages</a></li> <li>Related changes — <a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pagename" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pagename">Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pagename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:Recent_changes_stream" title="Special:MyLanguage/API:Recent changes stream">API:Recent changes stream</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/API:Recent_changes_stream" title="API:Recent changes stream"> </a></span></li> <li>User contributions — <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/User" title="Special:Contributions/User">Special:Contributions/User</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Page_history" class="extiw" title="w:Help:Page history">Page history on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist">Help:Watchlist</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Watchlist" title="Help:Watchlist"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CleanChanges" title="Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CleanChanges">Extension:CleanChanges</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Extension:CleanChanges" title="Extension:CleanChanges"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review" title="Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review">New filters for edit review</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review" title="Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Syndication" class="extiw" title="w:Wikipedia:Syndication">Wikipedia:Syndication</a> about RSS and Atom feeds</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6230902">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;margin:auto;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox th,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output th.navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents">Help</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents"> </a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading</th><td class="navbox-list1 navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Navigation" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Navigation">Navigation</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Searching" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Searching">Searching</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching"> </a></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking_changes" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes">Tracking</a></b><span style="display:none"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist">Watchlist</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Watchlist" title="Help:Watchlist"> </a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/OOjs_UI_icon_info-progressive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_info-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/OOjs_UI_icon_info-progressive.svg/45px-OOjs_UI_icon_info-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/OOjs_UI_icon_info-progressive.svg/60px-OOjs_UI_icon_info-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list1 navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Editing_pages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Editing pages">Basic</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing_pages" title="Help:Editing pages"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Starting_a_new_page" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Starting a new page">New page</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page" title="Help:Starting a new page"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Formatting" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Formatting">Formatting</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Formatting" title="Help:Formatting"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links">Links</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Links" title="Help:Links"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:User_page" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:User page">User pages</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:User_page" title="Help:User page"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Talk_pages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Talk pages">Talks</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Signatures" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Signatures">Signatures</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Signatures" title="Help:Signatures"> </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced</th><td class="navbox-list1 navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images">Images</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Images" title="Help:Images"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables">Tables</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Tables" title="Help:Tables"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Categories">Categories</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Subpages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Subpages">Subpages</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Subpages" title="Help:Subpages"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Managing_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Managing files">Files</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Managing_files" title="Help:Managing files"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Moving_a_page" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Moving a page">Moving</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Moving_a_page" title="Help:Moving a page"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects">Redirects</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirects" title="Help:Redirects"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protected_pages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protected pages">Protected pages</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Protected_pages" title="Help:Protected pages"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Templates" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Templates">Templates</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Templates" title="Help:Templates"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words">Magic words</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces">Namespaces</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Namespaces" title="Help:Namespaces"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Special_pages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Special pages">Special pages</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_pages" title="Help:Special pages"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:External_searches" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:External searches">External searches</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:External_searches" title="Help:External searches"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Bots" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Bots">Bots</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Bots" title="Help:Bots"> </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list1 navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Preferences" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Preferences">Preferences</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Preferences" title="Help:Preferences"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Skins" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Skins">Skins</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Skins" title="Help:Skins"> </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Admin</th><td class="navbox-list1 navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sysops_and_permissions" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sysops and permissions">Permissions</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Sysops_and_permissions" title="Help:Sysops and permissions"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting_and_unprotecting_pages" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages">Protecting</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Protecting_and_unprotecting_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Deletion_and_undeletion" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Deletion and undeletion">Deleting</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Deletion_and_undeletion" title="Help:Deletion and undeletion"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled_edits" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits">Patrolled edits</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Patrolled_edits" title="Help:Patrolled edits"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Blocking_users" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Blocking users">Blocking</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Blocking_users" title="Help:Blocking users"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range_blocks" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks">Range IP blocks</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:Range_blocks" title="Help:Range blocks"> </a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:User_rights_and_groups" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:User rights and groups">User rights and groups</a><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Help:User_rights_and_groups" title="Help:User rights and groups"> </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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