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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisation and governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation_and_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation and governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_Recycle_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_Recycle_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nuclear Recycle Board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_Recycle_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Areas of research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Areas_of_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Areas of research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thorium_fuel_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thorium_fuel_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Thorium fuel cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thorium_fuel_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reprocessing_and_nuclear_waste_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reprocessing_and_nuclear_waste_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reprocessing and nuclear waste management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reprocessing_and_nuclear_waste_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advanced_Fuel_Fabrication_Facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_Fuel_Fabrication_Facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_Fuel_Fabrication_Facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_and_applied_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_and_applied_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Basic and applied physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_and_applied_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-performance_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-performance_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>High-performance computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-performance_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics_instrumentation_and_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_instrumentation_and_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Electronics instrumentation and computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_instrumentation_and_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_Sciences_and_Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Material Sciences and Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_Sciences_and_Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_Engineering_and_Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_Engineering_and_Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Chemical Engineering and Sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_Engineering_and_Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment,_Radiology_and_Radiochemical_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment,_Radiology_and_Radiochemical_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment,_Radiology_and_Radiochemical_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health,_Food_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health,_Food_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Health, Food and agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health,_Food_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India's_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India's_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>India's three-stage nuclear power programme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-India's_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle India's three-stage nuclear power programme subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-India's_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stage_I_–_Pressurised_Heavy_Water_Reactor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_I_–_Pressurised_Heavy_Water_Reactor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Stage I – Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_I_–_Pressurised_Heavy_Water_Reactor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_II_–_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_II_–_Fast_Breeder_Reactor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_II_–_Fast_Breeder_Reactor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doubling_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubling_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Doubling time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubling_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_III_–_Thorium_Based_Reactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_III_–_Thorium_Based_Reactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_III_–_Thorium_Based_Reactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parallel_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Parallel approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactor_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactor_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reactor design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactor_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactor design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactor_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_reactors_and_production_of_radioisotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_reactors_and_production_of_radioisotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Research reactors and production of radioisotopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_reactors_and_production_of_radioisotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_reactors_and_power_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_reactors_and_power_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Commercial reactors and power generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_reactors_and_power_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pressurized_heavy-water_reactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressurized_heavy-water_reactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Pressurized heavy-water reactors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressurized_heavy-water_reactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_heavy-water_reactor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Advanced heavy-water reactor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_heavy-water_reactor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_molten_salt_breeder_reactor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_molten_salt_breeder_reactor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Indian molten salt breeder reactor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_molten_salt_breeder_reactor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light-water_reactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light-water_reactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Light-water reactors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-water_reactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_propulsion_for_naval_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_propulsion_for_naval_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Marine propulsion for naval application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_propulsion_for_naval_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_and_the_NPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_and_the_NPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>India and the NPT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_and_the_NPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Civilian research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ভাভা পরমাণু অনুসন্ধান কেন্দ্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাভা পরমাণু অনুসন্ধান কেন্দ্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_Recerca_At%C3%B2mica_Bhabha" title="Centre de Recerca Atòmica Bhabha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Centre de Recerca Atòmica Bhabha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_(BARC)" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_recherche_atomique_Bhabha" title="Centre de recherche atomique Bhabha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centre de recherche atomique Bhabha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भाभा परमाणु अनुसंधान केन्द्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाभा परमाणु अनुसंधान केन्द्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_Penelitian_Atom_Bhabha" title="Pusat Penelitian Atom Bhabha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pusat Penelitian Atom Bhabha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭಾಭಾ ಅಣು ಸಂಶೋಧನಾ ಕೇಂದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಭಾ ಅಣು ಸಂಶೋಧನಾ ಕೇಂದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="بھابا ایٹمی ریسرچ سنٹر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بھابا ایٹمی ریسرچ سنٹر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭാഭാ ആണവ ഗവേഷണകേന്ദ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഭാ ആണവ ഗവേഷണകേന്ദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भाभा अणुसंशोधन केंद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भाभा अणुसंशोधन केंद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha_atomforskningscentrum" title="Bhabha atomforskningscentrum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bhabha atomforskningscentrum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாபா அணு ஆராய்ச்சி மையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாபா அணு ஆராய்ச்சி மையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bhabha+Atomic+Research+Centre%22">"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bhabha+Atomic+Research+Centre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bhabha+Atomic+Research+Centre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bhabha+Atomic+Research+Centre%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bhabha+Atomic+Research+Centre%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bhabha+Atomic+Research+Centre%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="hi"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">भाभा परमाणु अनुसंधान केंद्र</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_Logo.png/200px-Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_Logo.png/300px-Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_Logo.png/400px-Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1838" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">BARC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">January 3, 1954<span class="noprint">; 71 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1954-01-03</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-barc-about_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barc-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha" title="Homi J. Bhabha">Homi J. Bhabha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></span>, <span class="country-name">India</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Locations</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Kalpakkam" title="Kalpakkam">Kalpakkam</a></span></li><li><span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Challakere" title="Challakere">Challakere</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&params=19.017_N_72.925_E_type:landmark_region:IN_dim:2000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°01′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°55′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.017°N 72.925°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.017; 72.925</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear research">Nuclear research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Nuclear fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactor technology">Nuclear reactor technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_monitoring" title="Radiation monitoring">Environmental and Radiation Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science_and_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials science and engineering">Materials science and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">Instrumentation and control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">Nuclear weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Vivek Bhasin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organisation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of Atomic Energy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>4,086 crore</span> (US$470 million) (2020–21)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barc.gov.in">barc<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Atomic Energy Establishment, bombay</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</b> (<b>BARC</b>) is India's premier <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear research">nuclear research</a> facility, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Homi_Jehangir_Bhabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Homi Jehangir Bhabha">Homi Jehangir Bhabha</a> as the <b>Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay</b> (<b>AEET</b>) in January 1954 as a multidisciplinary research program essential for India's nuclear program. It operates under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of Atomic Energy</a> (DAE), which is directly overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>. </p><p>BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear science">nuclear science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Material_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Material sciences">material sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_instrumentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic instrumentation">electronic instrumentation</a>, biology and medicine, <a href="/wiki/Supercomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercomputing">supercomputing</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High-energy physics">high-energy physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a> and associated research for <a href="/wiki/Indian_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nuclear programme">Indian nuclear programme</a> and related areas. </p><p>BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>. It manages all facets of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power generation">nuclear power generation</a>, from the theoretical design of reactors to, computer modeling and simulation, <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk analysis">risk analysis</a>, development and testing of new reactor fuel, materials, etc. It also researches spent fuel processing and safe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a> in industries, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> technologies and their application to health, food and medicine, agriculture and environment, <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">accelerator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> technology, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a> and reactor control and <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_monitoring" title="Radiation monitoring">radiation monitoring</a> etc. BARC operates a number of <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactors</a> across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-barc-milestones_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barc-milestones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its primary facilities are located in <a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a>, with new facilities also located in <a href="/wiki/Challakere" title="Challakere">Challakere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chitradurga" title="Chitradurga">Chitradurga</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. A new Special Mineral Enrichment Facility which focuses on enrichment of uranium fuel is under construction<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Atchutapuram" title="Atchutapuram">Atchutapuram</a> near <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, for supporting India's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a> program and produce high specific activity radioisotopes for extensive research. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Trombay.jpg/220px-Trombay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Trombay.jpg/330px-Trombay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Trombay.jpg/440px-Trombay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>India's first reactor and a plutonium reprocessing facility, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>When Homi Jehangir Bhabha was working at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a>, there was no institute in India which had the necessary facilities for original work in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High energy physics">high energy physics</a>, and other frontiers of knowledge in physics. This prompted him to send a proposal in March 1944 to the Sir <a href="/wiki/Dorabji_Tata" title="Dorabji Tata">Dorabji Tata</a> Trust for establishing "a vigorous school of research in fundamental physics".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atoms_for_Peace_(01280007)_(7254400208).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Atoms_for_Peace_%2801280007%29_%287254400208%29.jpg/220px-Atoms_for_Peace_%2801280007%29_%287254400208%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Atoms_for_Peace_%2801280007%29_%287254400208%29.jpg/330px-Atoms_for_Peace_%2801280007%29_%287254400208%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Atoms_for_Peace_%2801280007%29_%287254400208%29.jpg/440px-Atoms_for_Peace_%2801280007%29_%287254400208%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>Bhabha (right) at the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland, 20 August 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>When Bhabha realised that technology development for the atomic energy programme could no longer be carried out within <a href="/wiki/TIFR" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFR">TIFR</a> he proposed to the government to build a new laboratory entirely devoted to this purpose. For this purpose, 1200 acres of land was acquired at Trombay from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Bombay Government</a>. Thus the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) started functioning in 1954. The same year the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of Atomic Energy</a> (DAE) was also established. </p><p>Bhabha established the BARC Training School to cater to the manpower needs of the expanding atomic energy research and development program. Bhabha emphasized self-reliance in all fields of nuclear science and engineering. </p><p>The Government of India created the <b>Atomic Energy Establishment, <a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a></b> (AEET) with Bhabha as the founding director on 3 January 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activities for nuclear reactors and technology under the Atomic Energy Commission. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor designing and development, <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a>, etc., were transferred with their respective programs from the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for fundamental research in the sciences. After Bhabha's death in 1966, the centre was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on 22 January 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-barc-about_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barc-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the west. India's first power reactors, installed at the <a href="/wiki/Tarapur_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Tarapur Atomic Power Station">Tarapur Atomic Power Station</a> were from the United States. </p><p>The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian government has consistently maintained that the reactors are used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime Minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> when he likened the blue <a href="/wiki/Cerenkov_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerenkov radiation">Cerenkov radiation</a> to the beauty of the <a href="/wiki/Apsaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsaras">Apsaras</a>), <a href="/wiki/CIRUS" class="mw-redirect" title="CIRUS">CIRUS</a> (1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from the US), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984), <a href="/wiki/Dhruva_reactor" title="Dhruva reactor">Dhruva</a> (1985), Purnima III (1990), and <a href="/wiki/KAMINI" title="KAMINI">KAMINI</a>. </p><p>Apsara was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated swimming pool type thermal reactor that went critical on August 4, 1956, and is suitable for production of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a>, basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and testing of neutron detectors. It was shut down permanently in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U. Purnima-I is a <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium oxide">plutonium oxide</a> fuelled 1 MWTh pulsed-fast reactor that was built starting in 1970 and went critical on 18 May 1972 to primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> powered <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. </p><p>On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, Purnima's designer, <a href="/wiki/P._K._Iyengar" title="P. K. Iyengar">P. K. Iyengar</a>, reflected on the reactor's critical role: "Purnima was a novel device, built with about 20 kg of plutonium, a variable geometry of reflectors, and a unique control system. This gave considerable experience and helped to benchmark calculations regarding the behaviour of a chain-reacting system made out of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>. The kinetic behaviour of the system just above critical could be well studied. Very clever physicists could then calculate the time behaviour of the core of a bomb on isotropic compression. What the critical parameters would be, how to achieve optimum explosive power, and its dependence on the first self sustaining neutron trigger, were all investigated".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was decommissioned in 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BARC_nuclear_reactor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BARC_nuclear_reactor.JPG/220px-BARC_nuclear_reactor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BARC_nuclear_reactor.JPG/330px-BARC_nuclear_reactor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BARC_nuclear_reactor.JPG/440px-BARC_nuclear_reactor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4189" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>Digitally altered image of BARC (view from <a href="/wiki/Arabian_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian sea">seaside</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with DRDO and other agencies and laboratories BARC also played an essential and important role in nuclear weapons technology and research. The plutonium used in India's 1974 <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a> nuclear test came from CIRUS. In 1974 the head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a>. The neutron initiator was of the polonium–beryllium type and code-named Flower was developed by BARC. The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation and research but also the capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in the development of nuclear weapons. </p><p>BARC was also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a> series of five nuclear test conducted at <a href="/wiki/Pokhran_Test_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokhran Test Range">Pokhran Test Range</a> in May 1998. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted after Smiling Buddha by India. The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the capability to build fission and <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear weapons">thermonuclear weapons</a>(<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">Hydrogen bomb</a>/fusion bomb) with yields up to 200 Kilotons. The then Chairman of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission</a> described each one of the explosions of Pokhran-II to be "equivalent to several tests carried out by other nuclear weapon states over decades".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test. The scientists and engineers of the BARC, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Minerals_Directorate_for_Exploration_and_Research" title="Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research">Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research</a> (AMDER), and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a> (DRDO) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly, layout, detonation and data collection.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 June 1998 BARC was hacked by <a href="/wiki/Hacktivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacktivist">hacktivist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Milw0rm" title="Milw0rm">milw0rm</a>, consisting of hackers from the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand. They downloaded classified information, defaced the website and deleted data from servers. </p><p>BARC also designed a class of Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor <a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor), the baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the Canadian <a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU reactor</a>. The design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs. </p><p>The IPHWR-220 (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-220) was the first in class series of Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. It is a Generation II reactor developed from earlier CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. Currently there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. Upon completion of the design of IPHWR-220, a larger 540 MWe design was started around 1984 under the aegis of BARC in partnership with NPCIL.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two reactors of this design were built in Tarapur, Maharashtra starting in the year 2000 and the first was commissioned on 12 September 2005. The IPHWR-540 design was later upgraded to a 700 MWe with the main objective to improve <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> and develop a standardized design to be installed at many locations across India as a fleet-mode effort. The design was also upgraded to incorporate Generation III+ features. Almost 100% of the parts of these indigenously designed reactors are manufactured by Indian industry. </p><p>BARC designed and built India's first <a href="/wiki/Pressurised_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressurised water reactor">pressurised water reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalpakkam" title="Kalpakkam">Kalpakkam</a>, a 80MW land based prototype of <a href="/wiki/INS_Arihant" title="INS Arihant">INS Arihant</a>'s nuclear power unit,<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-elder_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-elder-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the Arihant's main propulsion reactor. Three other submarine vessels of the class(<a href="/wiki/Arihant_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Arihant class">Arihant class</a>) including the upcoming<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/INS_Arighat" class="mw-redirect" title="INS Arighat">INS arighat</a>, S4 and S4* will also get the same class of reactors as there primary propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu-indiandesign_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-indiandesign-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hindu-pwr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-pwr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BARC also developed stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Units for India's multirole fighter <a href="/wiki/HAL_Tejas" title="HAL Tejas">HAL Tejas</a> and contributed to <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan-I">Chandrayaan-I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangalyaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalyaan">Mangalyaan</a> missions. BARC has contributed for collaboration with various mega science projects of National and International repute viz. <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> (<a href="/wiki/LHC" class="mw-redirect" title="LHC">LHC</a>), <a href="/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">India-based Neutrino Observatory</a> (INO), <a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a>, Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (<a href="/w/index.php?title=LEHIPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEHIPA (page does not exist)">LEHIPA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Facility_for_Antiproton_and_Ion_Research" title="Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research">Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research</a> (FAIR), <a href="/wiki/Major_Atmospheric_Cerenkov_Experiment_Telescope" title="Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope">Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope</a> (MACE), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-barc.gov.in_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barc.gov.in-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 it was reported that new facilities and campuses of BARC were planned in <a href="/wiki/Atchutapuram" title="Atchutapuram">Atchutapuram</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Challakere" title="Challakere">Challakere</a> in Chitradurga district in Karnataka. BARC would be setting 30 MW special research reactor using an enriched uranium fuel at Visakhapatnam to meet the demand for high specific activity radio isotopes and carry out extensive research and development in nuclear sector. The site would also support the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronic instrumentation, biology and medicine, supercomputing, high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas. </p><p>BARC is a premier nuclear and multi-disciplinary research organisation though founded primarily to serve India's nuclear program and its peaceful applications of nuclear energy does an extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> and their application to health, food, medicine, agriculture and environment, <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">accelerator</a> and Laser Technology, electronics, <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="High Performance Computing">High Performance Computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a> and reactor control, <a href="/wiki/Materials_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials Science">Materials Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> monitoring, <a href="/wiki/High-energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High-energy physics">high-energy physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a> among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation_and_governance">Organisation and governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organisation and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC is an agency of the Department of Atomic Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-nrb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is divided into a number of Groups, each under a director, and many more Divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_Recycle_Board">Nuclear Recycle Board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nuclear Recycle Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC's Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) was formed in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in three cities – Mumbai, Tarapur, and <a href="/wiki/Kalpakkam" title="Kalpakkam">Kalpakkam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_research">Areas of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Areas of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC conducts extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronics instrumentation, biology and medicine, advance computing, high-energy plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear program and related areas. The few are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thorium_fuel_cycle">Thorium fuel cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thorium fuel cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India has a unique position in the world, in terms of availability of nuclear fuel resource. It has a limited resource of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> but a large resource of <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>. The beach sands of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> have rich reserves of <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>, which contains about 8–10% thorium. </p><p>Studies have been carried out on all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Thorium_fuel_cycle" title="Thorium fuel cycle">thorium fuel cycle</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extraction</a>, fuel fabrication, utilisation in different reactor systems, evaluation of its various properties and irradiation behaviour, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">reprocessing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>. Some of the important milestones achieved / technological progress made in these are as follows: </p><p>The process of producing thoria from monazite is well established. <a href="/wiki/IREL" class="mw-redirect" title="IREL">IREL</a> has produced several tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear grade">nuclear grade</a> thoria powder The fabrication of thoria based fuel by powder-pellet method is well established. Few tonnes of thoria fuel have been fabricated at BARC and NFC for various irradiations in research and power reactors. Studies have been carried out regarding use of thorium in different types of reactors with respect to fuel management, reactor control and fuel utilisation. A Critical Facility has been constructed and is being used for carrying out experiments with thoria based fuels. Thoria based fuel irradiations have been carried out in our research and power reactors. Thoria fuel rods in the reflector region of research reactor CIRUS. Thoria fuel assemblies as reactivity load in research reactor Dhruva. Thoria fuel bundles for flux flattening in the Initial Core of PHWRs. Thoria blanket assemblies in FBTR. (Th-Pu)MOX fuel pins of BWR, PHWR and AHWR design in research reactors CIRUS and Dhruva. </p><p>Post-irradiation examinations have been carried out on the irradiated PHWR thoria fuel bundles and (Th-Pu) MOX fuel pins. Thermo-physical and thermodynamic properties have been evaluated for the thoria based fuels. Thoria fuel rods irradiated in CIRUS have been reprocessed at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF) BARC. The recovered 233U has been fabricated as fuel for KAMINI reactor. Thoria blanket assemblies irradiated in <a href="/wiki/FBTR" class="mw-redirect" title="FBTR">FBTR</a> have been reprocessed at <a href="/wiki/IGCAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGCAR">IGCAR</a>. The recovered 233U has been used for experimental irradiation of <a href="/wiki/PFBR" class="mw-redirect" title="PFBR">PFBR</a> type <a href="/wiki/Fuel_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel assembly">fuel assembly</a> in FBTR. Thoria fuel bundles irradiated in PHWRs will be reprocessed in Power Reactor Thorium Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF). The recovered 233U will be used for reactor physics experiments in AHWR-Critical Facility. </p><p>Advanced reactors <a href="/wiki/AHWR" class="mw-redirect" title="AHWR">AHWR</a> and AHWR300-LEU have been designed at BARC to provide impetus to the large-scale utilisation of thorium.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reprocessing_and_nuclear_waste_management">Reprocessing and nuclear waste management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reprocessing and nuclear waste management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel discharged from the reactor is known as <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a> (SNF). BARC has come a long way since it first began reprocessing of spent fuel in the year 1964 at Trombay. India has more than five decades of experience for reprocessing of spent fuel of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> based first stage reactor resulting in development of well matured and highly evolved <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> based reprocessing <a href="/wiki/Flow_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sheet">flow sheet</a> involving recovery of SNM. </p><p>Implementation of <a href="/wiki/Thorium_fuel_cycle" title="Thorium fuel cycle">thorium fuel cycle</a> requires extraction of 233U from <a href="/wiki/Irradiated" class="mw-redirect" title="Irradiated">irradiated</a> thorium fuel and its re-insertion into the fuel cycle. Based on indigenous efforts, a flow sheet for reprocessing of spent thoria rods was developed and demonstrated at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF), Trombay. After gaining successful experience at UTSF, Power Reactor Thoria Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF) has been set up employing advanced laser based technology for dismantling of thoria bundle and single pin mechanical chopper for cutting of fuel pins. Thoria irradiated fuel bundles from PHWR were reprocessed using TBP as extractant to recover 233U. </p><p>High Level Liquid Waste (HLLW) generated during reprocessing of spent fuel contains most of the <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> generated in entire <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">nuclear fuel cycle</a>. The HLLW is immobilised into an inert <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> Boro-<a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">Silicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> matrix through a process, called <a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">vitrification</a>. The vitrified waste is stored for an interim period in an air cooled vault to facilitate the dissipation of heat generated during <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. Prior to its eventual disposal in <a href="/wiki/Geological_disposal_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological disposal facility">geological disposal facility</a>. Vitrification of HLLW is a complex process and poses challenges in view of high temperature operations in presence of high amount of <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. As a result, very few countries in world could master the technology of vitrification of HLLW and India is among them. Three melter technologies, Induction Heated Metallic Melter (IHMM), Joule Heated Ceramic Melter (JHCM) and Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM), have been indigenously developed for vitrification of HLLW. HLLW vitrification plants, based on IHMM or JHCM technologies, have been constructed and successfully operated at <a href="/wiki/Trombay" title="Trombay">Trombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarapur,_Maharashtra" title="Tarapur, Maharashtra">Tarapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalpakkam" title="Kalpakkam">Kalpakkam</a> sites of India. </p><p>Vitrification Cell (IHMM), WIP, Trombay Joule Heated Ceramic Melter, Tarapur Inside view of Cold Crucible Induction Melter R&D in the field of partitioning of Minor <a href="/wiki/Actinides" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinides">Actinides</a> from HLLW are also aimed to separate out the long-lived <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a> constituents prior to immobilizing then in glass matrice. The long lived radio-contaminants is planned to be burnt in <a href="/wiki/Fast_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast reactor">Fast reactor</a> or Accelerator Driven Sub Critical systems to get converted into short- lived species. This will reduce the need of long term isolation of <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a> from environment by multifold. R&D is also directed towards management of Hulls, contaminated left over pieces of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> clad tube after dissolution of fuel, and Geological Disposal Facility for safe disposal of vitrified HLLW and long lived waste with objective to long term isolation of radionuclide from the human <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advanced_Fuel_Fabrication_Facility"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Fuel_Fabrication_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility">Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility (AFFF), a <a href="/wiki/MOX_fuel" title="MOX fuel">MOX fuel</a> fabrication facility,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is part of the Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and located at the <a href="/wiki/Tarapur,_Maharashtra" title="Tarapur, Maharashtra">Tarapur, Maharashtra</a>. Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility has fabricated MOX fuels on experimental basis for BWR, PHWR, FBTR and research reactors. It makes plutonium-based MOX fuel for the stage 2 of Indian Nuclear Program. The unit has successfully fabricated more than 1 lakh PFBR fuel elements for the Kalpakam based Bhavini's PFBR. AFFF is presently engaged in the fabrication of PFBR fuel elements for reloads of PFBR. </p><p>AFFF also is involved in AHWR(Thorium MOX Fuel) MOX fuel fabrication for the third stage of Indian nuclear program and is experimenting with different fabrication techniques. | <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MOX fuel fabrication at AFFF follows Powder Oxide Pelletisation (POP) Method. Major operations are mixing and milling, pre-compaction, granulation, Final compaction, Sintering, centreless grinding, degassing, endplug welding, decontamination of fuel elements and wire wrapping. AFFF also does the recycling of the rejects based on either thermal pulverisation or microwave based oxidation and reduction. AFFF uses Laser welding for encapsulation of fuel elements along with GTAW. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_and_applied_physics">Basic and applied physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basic and applied physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial phenomena in materials over wide length and time scales. Major facilities, operated by BARC for research in Physical sciences, include the Pelletron-Superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR, the National Facility for Neutron Beam Research (NFNBR) at Dhruva, a number of state-of-the-art beam lines at INDUS <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a>, <a href="/wiki/RRCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="RRCAT">RRCAT</a>-Indore, the TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> (TACTIC) at Mt. Abu, the Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and PURNIMA fast neutron facilities at BARC, the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator at the National Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM) at Hyderabad, the 10 MeV electron accelerator at the Electron Beam Centre at Navi Mumbai. </p><p>BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of <a href="/wiki/Detectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Detectors">detectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensors">sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imaging_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging technique">imaging technique</a> and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh, a time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at Dhruva, the beam-lines at INDUS (Small-and wide angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS), <a href="/wiki/Protein_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein crystallography">protein crystallography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a>, Extended <a href="/wiki/X-ray_absorption_fine_structure" title="X-ray absorption fine structure">X-ray absorption fine structure</a> (EXAFS), <a href="/wiki/Photoelectron_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoelectron spectroscopy">Photoelectron spectroscopy</a> (PES/ PEEM), Energy and angle-dispersive XRD, and imaging), commissioning of beam-lines and associated detector facilities at BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility, the Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) at BARC, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_holographic_microscopy" title="Digital holographic microscopy">Digital holographic microscopy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Biological_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological cell">biological cell</a> imaging at Vizag. </p><p>The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) project is under installation at common facility building in BARC premises. The 20 MeV, 30 mA, CW proton linac will consist of a 50 keV ion source, a 3 MeV, 4 m long, <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_quadrupole" title="Radio-frequency quadrupole">radio-frequency quadrupole</a> (RFQ) and a 3-20 MeV, 12 m long, drift-tube linac (DTL) and a beam dump. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Major_Atmospheric_Cerenkov_Experiment_Telescope" title="Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope">Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope</a> (MACE) is an Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov telescope (IACT) located near <a href="/wiki/Hanle_(village)" title="Hanle (village)">Hanle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, India. It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by <a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics Corporation of India">Electronics Corporation of India</a>, Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and was assembled at the campus of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Indian Astronomical Observatory">Indian Astronomical Observatory</a> at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in the world and will help the scientific community enhance its understanding in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental physics">fundamental physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Particle_acceleration" title="Particle acceleration">particle acceleration</a> mechanisms. The largest telescope of the same class is the 28-metre-diameter <a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System" title="High Energy Stereoscopic System">High Energy Stereoscopic System</a> (HESS) telescope being operated in Namibia. </p><p>Ongoing basic and applied research encompasses a broad spectrum covering <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>, nuclear physics, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical sciences">astrophysical sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectroscopy" title="Atomic spectroscopy">atomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular spectroscopy">molecular spectroscopy</a>. Important research areas include advanced <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, soft and nano structured materials, energy materials, thin film and multi-layers, accelerator/reactor based fusion-fission studies, nuclear-astrophysics, nuclear data management, reactor based <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> physics, very high-energy astrophysics and astro-particle physics. </p><p>Some of the important ongoing developmental activities are: Indian Scintillat or Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrinos (ISMRAN), neutron guides, <a href="/wiki/Polarizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarizers">polarizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_supermirror" title="Neutron supermirror">Neutron supermirror</a>, Nb-based <a href="/wiki/Superconducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconducting">superconducting</a> RF cavities, high purity <a href="/wiki/Germanium_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium detector">Germanium detector</a>, 2-D neutron detectors, cryogen-free <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconducting magnets">superconducting magnets</a>, electromagnetic separator for radio-isotopes, nuclear batteries and <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generators" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generators">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> (RTG) power source and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Hydrogen">liquid Hydrogen</a> cold <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> source. Other activities include research and developmental towards <a href="/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">India-based Neutrino Observatory</a> (INO) and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-performance_computing">High-performance computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: High-performance computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anupam_(supercomputer)" title="Anupam (supercomputer)">Anupam (supercomputer)</a></div> <p>BARC designed and developed a series of <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> for their internal usage. They were mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, <a href="/wiki/Reactor_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor physics">reactor physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite element analysis">finite element analysis</a>. </p><p>The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel processing</a> as the underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the <a href="/wiki/Core_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Core architecture">core architecture</a>. BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computation. To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in the areas of <a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">system integration</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="System engineering">system engineering</a>, system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users. </p><p>The series started with a small four-processor system in 1991 with a sustained performance of 34 MFlops. Keeping in mind the ever increasing demands from the users, new systems have been built regularly with increasing computational power. The latest in the series of supercomputers is Anupam-Aganya with processing power of 270 TFLOPS and PARALLEL PROCESSING SUPERCOMPUTER ANUPAM-ATULYA:Provides sustained <a href="/wiki/LINPACK" title="LINPACK">LINPACK</a> performance of 1.35 PetaFlops for solving complex scientific problems.<sup id="cite_ref-barc.gov.in_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barc.gov.in-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_instrumentation_and_computers">Electronics instrumentation and computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electronics instrumentation and computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in the development of various indigenous technologies. </p><p>In the fields of nuclear energy, many Control and Instrumentation systems including In Service Inspection Systems were designed, developed and deployed for Nuclear Reactors ranging from <a href="/wiki/PHWR" class="mw-redirect" title="PHWR">PHWR</a>, <a href="/wiki/AHWR" class="mw-redirect" title="AHWR">AHWR</a>, <a href="/wiki/LWR" class="mw-redirect" title="LWR">LWR</a>, <a href="/wiki/PFBR" class="mw-redirect" title="PFBR">PFBR</a>, to new generation Research Reactors and C&I for reprocessing facilities. Development of simulators for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Power Plant">Nuclear Power Plant</a> are immense as they provide the best training facilities for the reactor personal and also for licensing of reactor operators. </p><p>Core competencies cover a wide spectrum and include Process Sensors, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation Detector">Radiation Detector</a>, Nuclear Instruments, <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">MEMS</a>, Embedded Real Time Systems, Modelling and Simulation, <a href="/wiki/Computer_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Network">Computer Network</a>, High Integrity <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Engineering">Software Engineering</a>, High performance DAQ systems, High Voltage Supplies, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Signal Processing">Digital Signal Processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Processing">Image Processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Learning">Deep Learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_control" title="Motion control">Motion control</a>, Security Electronics, <a href="/wiki/Medical_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Electronics">Medical Electronics</a> etc. </p><p>Development of stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Platform Unit for LCA <a href="/wiki/HAL_Tejas" title="HAL Tejas">HAL Tejas</a> multi-mode Radar, <a href="/wiki/Servo_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Servo system">Servo system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a> IDSN32- 32 meter antenna which tracked <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan-I">Chandrayaan-I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangalyaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalyaan">Mangalyaan</a>, Instrumented PIG for Oil Pipe line inspection, Servo control and camera electronics for MACE telescope, <a href="/wiki/Radiometry" title="Radiometry">Radiometry</a> and Radiation Monitoring Systems etc. </p><p>Various technology spin-offs include products developed for industrial, medical, transportation, security, aero-space and defense applications. </p><p>Generic electronic products like Qualified <a href="/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable Logic Controller">Programmable Logic Controller</a> platform (TPLC-32), suitable for deployment in safety critical applications, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_meters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactivity meters (page does not exist)">Reactivity meters</a>, Machinery Protection systems, Security Gadgets for Physical Protection, <a href="/wiki/Access_Control_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Control Systems">Access Control Systems</a>, Perimeter Intrusion Detection Systems, <a href="/wiki/CCTV" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV">CCTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Video surveillance">Video surveillance</a> Systems, <a href="/wiki/Scanning_Electron_Microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning Electron Microscope">Scanning Electron Microscope</a>, <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication Systems">Communication Systems</a> have been developed as part of the indigenization process.<sup id="cite_ref-barc.gov.in_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barc.gov.in-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_Sciences_and_Engineering">Material Sciences and Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Material Sciences and Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Materials_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials Science">Materials Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> plays an important role in all aspects including sustaining and providing support for Indian nuclear program and also developing advanced technologies. The minerals containing elements of interest to DAE e.g. Uranium, <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth elements">Rare-earth elements</a> are taken up for developing beneficiation techniques/flow sheets to improve the metal value for its extraction. The metallic Uranium required for research reactors is produced. Improvement of process efficiency for operating uranium mills is done and inputs for implemented at plants by <a href="/wiki/Uranium_Corporation_of_India" title="Uranium Corporation of India">Uranium Corporation of India</a>. The process <a href="/wiki/Flow_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sheet">flow sheet</a> to separate individual rare earth oxide from different resources (including from secondary sources e.g. scrap/used products) are developed, demonstrated and technology is transferred to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rare_Earths_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Rare Earths Limited">Indian Rare Earths Limited</a> (IREL) for production at its plants. </p><p>All the requirements of refractory materials for DAE applications including neutron absorber applications are being met by research, development and production in Materials Group. Materials Group works for development of flow sheets/processes for the materials required for DAE plants/applications e.g. Ti sponge, advanced alloys, coatings using various processes including pack cementation, chemical vapour, physical vapour, <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">Electroplating</a>/<a href="/wiki/Electroless_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroless plating">Electroless plating</a>. Recovery of high purity <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> from various wastes/scrap material has also been demonstrated and technologies transferred for productionization. </p><p>Research aimed at advanced materials technologies using <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Modelling</a>, characterisation and performance evaluation is done. Studies aimed at understanding radiation damage in materials are undertaken using advanced characterization techniques to help in alloy development and material degradation assessment activities. Generation of thermo-physical and defect property database of nuclear materials e.g., <a href="/wiki/Thoria" title="Thoria">Thoria</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Mixed_oxide" title="Mixed oxide">Mixed oxide</a> and metallic fuels; studies on Fe-Zr alloys and natural and synthetic minerals as hosts for metallic waste immobilization through modelling and simulations is being pursued. </p><p>Development of novel solvents to extract selected elements from the nuclear waste for medical applications and specific metallic values from <a href="/wiki/E-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="E-waste">E-waste</a> is being done. Technologies such as Large-scale synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a> (CNT), low-carbon ferro-alloys (<a href="/wiki/Ferro-vanadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferro-vanadium">FeV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro-molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferro-molybdenum">FeMo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro-niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferro-niobium">FeNb</a>, FeW, FeTi and FeC), Production of tungsten metal powder and fabrication of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> (W) and tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) and Production of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_diboride" title="Zirconium diboride">zirconium diboride</a> (ZrB<sub>2</sub>) powder and Fabrication of high density ZrB<sub>2</sub> shapes etc., have been realised.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_Engineering_and_Sciences">Chemical Engineering and Sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemical Engineering and Sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The key features underlying the development effort are self-reliance, achieving products with very high purity specifications, working with separation processes characterized by low separation factors, aiming high recoveries, optimal utilization of scarce resources, environmental benignity, high <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy efficiency</a> and stable continuous operation. Non-power application of nuclear energy has been demonstrated in the area of water desalination using the technologies such as Multi Stage Flash Distillation and Multi Effect Distillation with Thermo Vapor Compression (MED-TVC). Membrane technologies have been deployed not only for nuclear waste treatment but for society at large in line with the <a href="/wiki/Jal_Jeevan_Mission" title="Jal Jeevan Mission">Jal Jeevan Mission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to provide safe drinking water at the household level. </p><p>Development and demonstration of fluidized bed technology for applications in nuclear fuel cycle; synthesis and evaluation of novel extractants; synthesis of TBM materials (synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_titanate" title="Lithium titanate">lithium titanate</a> pebbles); molecular modeling for various phenomena (such as permeation of hydrogen and its isotopes through different metals, desalination using <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>, effect of composition of glass on properties relevant for <a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">vitrification</a>, design of solvents and metal organic frameworks); applications of <a href="/wiki/Microreactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Microreactors">microreactors</a> for intensification of specific processes; development of low temperature freeze desalination process; environment-friendly integrated zero liquid discharge based desalination systems; treatment of industrial effluents; new generation membranes (such as high performance <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Nanocomposite" title="Nanocomposite">nanocomposite</a> membranes, membranes for <a href="/wiki/Haemodialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemodialysis">haemodialysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forward_osmosis" title="Forward osmosis">forward osmosis</a> and metallic membranes); hydrogen generation and storage by various processes (electrochemical water splitting, iodine-sulphur thermochemical, copper-chlorinehybrid thermochemical cycles); development of adsorptive gel materials for specific separations; <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> upgradation; metal coatings for various applications (such as membrane permeator, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">neutron generator</a> and special applications);fluidized bed chemical vapour deposition; and chemical process applications of Ultrasound Technology (UT). </p><p>A pre-cooled modified Claude cycle based 50 L/hr capacity helium liquefier (LHP50) has been developed and commissioned by BARC at Trombay. Major component technologies involved in LHP50 include ultra-high speed gas bearing supported miniature turboexpanders and compact plate fin <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat exchangers">heat exchangers</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> piping and long-stem valves all housed inside the LHP50 Cold Box. Other major equipment include a coaxial helium transfer line and a liquid helium receiver vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment,_Radiology_and_Radiochemical_Science"><span id="Environment.2C_Radiology_and_Radiochemical_Science"></span>Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC also monitors Environmental impact and dose / risk assessment for radiological and chemical contaminants, Environmental surveillance and radiation protection for the entire nuclear fuel cycle facilities, Meteorological and hydro-geological investigations for DAE sites. Modelling of contaminant transport and dispersion in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, Radiological impact assessment of waste management and disposal practices, Development of Environmental Radiation Monitoring systems and Establishment of country wide radiation monitoring network, establishment of benchmarks for assessing the radiological impact of the nuclear power activities on the marine environment. </p><p>The highlights of these programs are Positron and positronium chemistry, Actinide chemistry and spectroscopy, Isotope hydrology for water resource management, Radiotracer for Industrial Applications, separation and purification of new, radionuclides for medical applications, advance fuel development by sol gel method, chemical quality control of nuclear fuels, complexation and speciation of actinides, Separation method development for back end fuel cycle processes. </p><p>The other major research projects are thermo-physical property evaluation of molten salt breeder reactor (MSBR) systems, development of core-catcher materials, hydrogen mitigation, catalysts for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>, hydrogen storage materials, nanotherapeutics and bio-sensors, decontamination of reactor components, <a href="/wiki/Biofouling" title="Biofouling">biofouling</a> control and thermal ecology studies, supramolecular chemistry, environmental and interfacial chemistry, ultrafast reaction dynamics, single molecule spectroscopy, synthesis and applications of nanomaterials, cold plasma applications, luminescent materials for bio-imaging, materials for light emitting devices and security applications etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health,_Food_and_agriculture"><span id="Health.2C_Food_and_agriculture"></span>Health, Food and agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Health, Food and agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of new elite crop varieties including oil seeds and pulses. Using radiation-induced mutagenesis, hybridization, and tissue culture techniques 49 crop varieties have been developed, released and Gazette-notified for commercial cultivation. Development of molecular markers, transgenics, biosensors, fertilizer formulations with improved nutrient use efficiency. Understanding DNA damage repair, replication, redox biology and autophagy process and development of radio-sensitizers, chemo-sensitizers for cancer therapy. Design and synthesis of organo-fluorophores and organic electronic molecules, relevant to nuclear sciences and societal benefits (advanced technology and health). Design and synthesis of organo-fluorophores and organic electronic molecules, relevant to nuclear sciences and societal benefits (advanced technology and health).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synthesis and development of nuclear medicine ligands for diagnosis and therapy of cancer and other diseases. Asymmetric total synthesis and organocatalytic methods (green chemistry approach) for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. R&D activities in the frontier areas of radiation biology for understanding the effect of low- and high LET radiations, chronic and acute radiation exposure, high background radiation, and radionuclide exposure on mammalian cells, cancer cells, experimental rodents and human health.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preclinical and translational research is aimed at development of new drugs and therapeutics for prevention and mitigation of radiation injury, de-corporation of heavy metals and treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancers. </p><p>Studying macromolecular structures and protein-ligand interactions using biophysical techniques like X-ray crystallography, neutron-scattering, circular dichroism and synchrotron radiation, with an aim for ab-initio design of therapeutic molecules. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of stress response in bacteria, plants and animals. Understanding the extraordinary resistance to DNA damage and oxidative stress tolerance in bacteria, and epigenetic regulation of alternate splicing in plants and mammalian cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of CRISPR-Cas mediated genome editing technologies in both basic and applied research and is engaged in the development of gene technologies and products for bio-medical applications. Studies on uranium sequestration by Nostoc and bacteria isolated from uranium mines. Research and development of novel radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synthesis of substrates from suitable precursors for use in radio-labeling with diagnostic (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) and therapeutic (<sup>177</sup>Lu, <sup>153</sup>Sm, <sup>166</sup>Ho, <sup>186/188</sup>Re, <sup>109</sup>Pd, <sup>90</sup>Y, <sup>175</sup>Yb, <sup>170</sup>Tm) radioisotopes in the preparation of agents intended for use as radiopharmaceuticals. </p><p>Custom preparation of special sources to suit the requirements of the Defense Research Organization of India (DRDO) and National Research Laboratories such as National Physics Research Laboratory, ISRO etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India's_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme"><span id="India.27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme"></span>India's three-stage nuclear power programme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India's three-stage nuclear power programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme" title="India's three-stage nuclear power programme">India's three-stage nuclear power programme</a></div> <p>India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country's long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The ultimate focus of the programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country's energy requirements. Thorium is particularly attractive for India, as it has only around 1–2% of the global uranium reserves, but one of the largest shares of global thorium reserves at about 25% of the world's known thorium reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_I_–_Pressurised_Heavy_Water_Reactor"><span id="Stage_I_.E2.80.93_Pressurised_Heavy_Water_Reactor"></span>Stage I – Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stage I – Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first stage of the programme, natural uranium fueled pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR) produce electricity while generating plutonium-239 as by-product. PHWRs was a natural choice for implementing the first stage because it had the most efficient reactor design in terms of uranium utilisation, and the existing Indian infrastructure in the 1960s allowed for quick adoption of the PHWR technology. Natural uranium contains only 0.7% of the fissile isotope uranium-235. Most of the remaining 99.3% is uranium-238 which is not fissile but can be converted in a reactor to the fissile isotope plutonium-239. Heavy water (deuterium oxide, D<sub>2</sub>O) is used as moderator and coolant.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_II_–_Fast_Breeder_Reactor"><span id="Stage_II_.E2.80.93_Fast_Breeder_Reactor"></span>Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the second stage, fast breeder reactors (FBRs) would use a mixed oxide (MOX) fuel made from plutonium-239, recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium. In FBRs, plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-238 present in the mixed oxide fuel transmutes to additional plutonium-239. Thus, the Stage II FBRs are designed to "breed" more fuel than they consume. Once the inventory of plutonium-239 is built up thorium can be introduced as a blanket material in the reactor and transmuted to uranium-233 for use in the third stage The surplus plutonium bred in each fast reactor can be used to set up more such reactors, and might thus grow the Indian civil nuclear power capacity till the point where the third stage reactors using thorium as fuel can be brought online. The design of the country's first fast breeder, called Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), was done by <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a> (IGCAR).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doubling_time">Doubling time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Doubling time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doubling time refers to the time required to extract as output, double the amount of fissile fuel, which was fed as input into the breeder reactors. This metric is critical for understanding the time durations that are unavoidable while transitioning from the second stage to the third stage of Bhabha's plan, because building up a sufficiently large fissile stock is essential to the large deployment of the third stage.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_III_–_Thorium_Based_Reactors"><span id="Stage_III_.E2.80.93_Thorium_Based_Reactors"></span>Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonaziteUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MonaziteUSGOV.jpg/220px-MonaziteUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MonaziteUSGOV.jpg/330px-MonaziteUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/MonaziteUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Monazite powder, a rare earth and thorium phosphate mineral, is the primary source of the world's thorium.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Stage III reactor or an Advanced nuclear power system involves a self-sustaining series of thorium-232–uranium-233 fuelled reactors. This would be a thermal breeder reactor, which in principle can be refueled – after its initial fuel charge – using only naturally occurring thorium. According to the three-stage programme, Indian nuclear energy could grow to about 10 GW through PHWRs fueled by domestic uranium, and the growth above that would have to come from FBRs till about 50GW.[b] The third stage is to be deployed only after this capacity has been achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parallel_approaches">Parallel approaches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parallel approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As there is a long delay before direct thorium utilisation in the three-stage programme, the country is looking at reactor designs that allow more direct use of thorium in parallel with the sequential three-stage programme. Three options under consideration are the Indian Accelerator Driven Systems (IADS), <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Heavy_Water_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Heavy Water Reactor">Advanced Heavy Water Reactor</a> (AHWR) and Compact High Temperature Reactor. <a href="/wiki/Molten_Salt_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten Salt Reactor">Molten Salt Reactor</a> is also under development. </p><p>India's Department of Atomic Energy and US's <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> are designing unique first-of-its-kind accelerator driven systems. No country has yet built an Accelerator Driven System for power generation. Anil Kakodkar, former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission</a> called this a mega science project and a "necessity" for humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactor_design">Reactor design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reactor design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC has developed a wide array of nuclear reactor designs for nuclear research, production of radioisotopes, naval propulsion and electricity generation </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_reactors_and_production_of_radioisotopes">Research reactors and production of radioisotopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Research reactors and production of radioisotopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Reactor </th> <th>Purpose and History<sup id="cite_ref-barc_newsletter_202102_research_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barc_newsletter_202102_research-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>APSARA</b> </td> <td>Apsara was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool_reactor" title="Swimming pool reactor">swimming pool type</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">thermal reactor</a> that went critical on 4 August 1956 and is suitable for production of isotopes, basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and testing of neutron detectors. It was shut down permanently in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>APSARA-U</b> </td> <td>Apsara-U or Apsara-Upgraded is a replacement for APSARA. It is 2 MWTh light water cooled and moderated <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool_reactor" title="Swimming pool reactor">swimming pool type</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">thermal reactor</a> fuelled with uranium silicide. It went critical on September 10, 2018, and is suitable for production of isotopes, basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis and testing of neutron detectors. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>ZERLINA</b> </td> <td>ZERLINA was a Heavy water cooled and moderated <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool_reactor" title="Swimming pool reactor">vertical tank type</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">thermal reactor</a> built to conduct reactor lattice studies that first went critical on 14 January 1961. It was decommissioned in 1983. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Dhruva</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_reactor" title="Dhruva reactor">Dhruva</a> is a 100 MWth <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> moderated and cooled vertical tank type thermal reactor primarily used for production of radioisotopes and weapons grade plutonium-239 for nuclear weapons and was successor to the Canadian built <a href="/wiki/CIRUS_reactor" title="CIRUS reactor">CIRUS reactor</a> at BARC. It first went critical on August 8, 1985, and was later upgraded in the late 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-perkovich_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perkovich-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Purnima-I</b> </td> <td>Purnima-I is a Plutonium oxide fuelled 1 MWTh <a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">pulsed-fast reactor</a> that was built starting in 1970 and went critical on 18 May 1972 to primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of Plutonium-239 powered nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-perkovich_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perkovich-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, Purnima's designer, <a href="/wiki/P._K._Iyengar" title="P. K. Iyengar">P. K. Iyengar</a>, reflected on the reactor's critical role: "Purnima was a novel device, built with about 20 kg of plutonium, a variable geometry of reflectors, and a unique control system. This gave considerable experience and helped to benchmark calculations regarding the behaviour of a chain-reacting system made out of plutonium. The kinetic behaviour of the system just above critical could be well studied. Very clever physicists could then calculate the time behaviour of the core of a bomb on isotropic compression. What the critical parameters would be, how to achieve optimum explosive power, and its dependence on the first self sustaining neutron trigger, were all investigated".<sup id="cite_ref-perkovich_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perkovich-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was decommissioned in 1973. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Purnima-II</b> </td> <td>Purnima-II is Uranium-233 fuelled 100 mW <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool_reactor" title="Swimming pool reactor">vertical tank type</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">thermal reactor</a> built to support Uranium-233 fuel studies and was decommissioned in 1986. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Purnima-III</b> </td> <td>Purnima-III Uranium-233 fuelled 1 WTh <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool_reactor" title="Swimming pool reactor">vertical tank type</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">thermal reactor</a> built to conduct mockup studies for the <a href="/wiki/KAMINI" title="KAMINI">KAMINI</a> reactor built at IGCAR, Kalpakkam. It was decommissioned in 1996. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>FBTR</b> </td> <td>The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) is a breeder reactor located at Kalpakkam, India. The Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) jointly designed, constructed, and operate the reactor. The reactor was designed to produce 40 MW of thermal power and 13.2 MW of electrical power. The initial nuclear fuel core used in the FBTR consisted of approximately 50 kg of weapons-grade plutonium. The reactor uses a plutonium-uranium mixed carbide fuel and liquid sodium as a coolant. The fuel is an indigenous mix of 70 percent plutonium carbide and 30 percent uranium carbide. Plutonium for the fuel is extracted from irradiated fuel in the Madras power reactors and reprocessed in Tarapur. <p>Some of the uranium is created from the transmutation of thorium bundles that are also placed in the core. Using the experience gained from the operation of the FBTR, a 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is in advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_reactors_and_power_generation">Commercial reactors and power generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Commercial reactors and power generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressurized_heavy-water_reactors">Pressurized heavy-water reactors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pressurized heavy-water reactors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a></div> <p>BARC has developed various sizes of <a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> class of pressurized heavy-water reactors powered by Natural Uranium for the first-stage <a href="/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme" title="India's three-stage nuclear power programme">Three-stage nuclear power programme</a> which produce electricity and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> to power the <a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">fast-breeder reactors</a> being developed by <a href="/wiki/IGCAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGCAR">IGCAR</a> for the second stage of the program. </p><p>The IPHWR class was developed from the <a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a> reactors built at <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Rajasthan Atomic Power Station">RAPS</a> in Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. As of 2020, three successively larger designs <a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a> of electricity generation capacity of 220 MWe, 540 MWe and 700 MWe respectively have been developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advanced_heavy-water_reactor">Advanced heavy-water reactor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Advanced heavy-water reactor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">Advanced heavy-water reactor</a></div> <p>BARC is developing a 300 MWe <a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">advanced heavy-water reactor</a> design that is powered by <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium-232</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">uranium-233</a> to power the third stage of <a href="/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme" title="India's three-stage nuclear power programme">India's three-stage nuclear power programme</a>. The AHWR at standard is set to be a closed nuclear fuel cycle. AHWR-300 is expected to have design life close to 100 years and will utilise Uranium-233 produced in the fast-breeder reactors being developed by <a href="/wiki/IGCAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGCAR">IGCAR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_molten_salt_breeder_reactor">Indian molten salt breeder reactor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indian molten salt breeder reactor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian molten salt breeder reactor (IMSBR) is the platform to burn thorium as part of 3rd stage of Indian nuclear power programme. The fuel in IMSBR is in the form of a continuously circulating molten fluoride salt which flows through heat exchangers for ultimately transferring heat for power production to Super-critical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> based Brayton cycle (SCBC) so as to have larger energy conversion ratio as compared to existing power conversion cycle. Because of the fluid fuel, online reprocessing is possible, extracting the 233Pa (formed in conversion chain of 232Th to 233U) and allowing it to decay to 233U outside the core, thus making it possible to breed even in thermal neutron spectrum. Hence IMSBR can operate in self sustaining 233U-Th fuel cycle. Additionally, being a thermal reactor, the 233U requirement is lower (as compared to fast spectrum), thus allowing higher deployment potential.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light-water_reactors">Light-water reactors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Light-water reactors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></div> <p>BARC with experience gained from the development of the <a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">light-water reactor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Arihant-class_submarine" title="Arihant-class submarine">Arihant-class submarine</a> is developing a large 900 MWe <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactor</a> design known as <a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a>. The design will include Generation III+ safety features like Passive Decay Heat Removal System, Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS), Corium Retention and Core Catcher System. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_propulsion_for_naval_application">Marine propulsion for naval application</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Marine propulsion for naval application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BARC has developed multiple designs of <a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">light-water reactor</a> designs suitable for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear marine propulsion</a> for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> submarines beginning with the CLWR-B1 reactor design for the <a href="/wiki/Arihant-class_submarine" title="Arihant-class submarine">Arihant-class submarine</a>.Total four submarine will be built for this class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India_and_the_NPT">India and the NPT</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: India and the NPT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India is not a part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (NPT), citing concerns that it unfairly favours the established nuclear powers, and provides no provision for complete nuclear disarmament. Indian officials argued that India's refusal to sign the treaty stemmed from its fundamentally discriminatory character; the treaty places restrictions on the non-nuclear weapons states but does little to curb the modernisation and expansion of the nuclear arsenals of the nuclear weapons states.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, India and the United States signed an agreement to enhance nuclear cooperation between the two countries, and for India to participate in an international consortium on fusion research, <a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a> (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_research">Civilian research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Civilian research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BARC also researches <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> at the Gamma Gardens and has developed numerous disease-resistant and high-yielding crop varieties, particularly groundnuts. It also conducts research in Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics for power generation. </p><p>On 4 June 2005, intending to encourage research in basic sciences, BARC started the <a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_National_Institute" title="Homi Bhabha National Institute">Homi Bhabha National Institute</a>. Research institutions affiliated to BARC(Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) include IGCAR (<a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a>), RRCAT (<a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna_Centre_for_Advanced_Technology" title="Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology">Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology</a>), and VECC (<a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre</a>). </p><p>Power projects that have benefited from BARC expertise but which fall under the NPCIL (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Corporation_of_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited">Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited</a>) are KAPP (<a href="/wiki/Kakrapar_Atomic_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakrapar Atomic Power Project">Kakrapar Atomic Power Project</a>), RAPP (<a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Atomic_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthan Atomic Power Project">Rajasthan Atomic Power Project</a>), and TAPP (<a href="/wiki/Tarapur_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Tarapur Atomic Power Station">Tarapur Atomic Power Project</a>). </p><p>The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in addition to its nuclear research mandate also conducts research in other high technology areas like accelerators, micro electron beams, materials design, supercomputers, and computer vision among the few. The BARC has dedicated departments for these specialized fields. BARC has designed and developed, for its own use an infrastructure of supercomputers, <a href="/wiki/Anupam_(supercomputer)" title="Anupam (supercomputer)">Anupam</a> using state of the art technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a>, class of PHWR electricity generation reactors designed by BARC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AHWR" class="mw-redirect" title="AHWR">AHWR</a>, thorium fuelled reactor being designed by BARC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milw0rm#BARC_attack" title="Milw0rm">Milw0rm#BARC attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy,_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India">Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna_Centre_for_Advanced_Technology" title="Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology">Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_Cancer_Hospital_and_Research_Centre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (disambiguation)">Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-barc-about-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barc-about_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barc-about_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Energy ministries and departments of India</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Authority_(India)" title="Central Electricity Authority (India)">Central Electricity Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Regulatory_Commission" title="Central Electricity Regulatory Commission">Central Electricity Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Energy_Efficiency" title="Bureau of Energy Efficiency">Bureau of Energy Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Power_Research_Institute" title="Central Power Research Institute">Central Power Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Power_Training_Institute" title="National Power Training Institute">National Power Training Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTPC_Limited" title="NTPC Limited">NTPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHPC_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="NHPC Limited">NHPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Electric_Power_Corporation_Limited" title="North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited">North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Finance_Corporation" title="Power Finance Corporation">Power Finance Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/REC_Limited" title="REC Limited">REC Limited</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Grid_Corporation_of_India" title="Power Grid Corporation of India">Power Grid Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THDC_India_Limited" title="THDC India Limited">THDC India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_System_Operation_Corporation" title="Power System Operation Corporation">Power System Operation Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_New_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Ministry of New and Renewable Energy">New and<br /> Renewable Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Corporation_of_India" title="Solar Energy Corporation of India">Solar Energy Corporation of India</a> (SECI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Coal" title="Ministry of Coal">Ministry of Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_India" title="Coal India">Coal India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Coking_Coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Coking Coal">Bharat Coking Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mine_Planning_and_Design_Institute" title="Central Mine Planning and Design Institute">Central Mine Planning and Design Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLC_India_Limited" title="NLC India Limited">NLC India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singareni_Collieries_Company" title="Singareni Collieries Company">Singareni Collieries Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation">Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas" title="Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas">Petroleum and<br />Natural Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Petroleum_and_Energy" title="Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy">Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Institute_of_Petroleum_Technology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology">Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Deendayal_Energy_University" title="Pandit Deendayal Energy University">Pandit Deendayal Energy University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Hydrocarbons" title="Directorate General of Hydrocarbons">Directorate General of Hydrocarbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Industry_Safety_Directorate" title="Oil Industry Safety Directorate">Oil Industry Safety Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Conservation_Research_Association" title="Petroleum Conservation Research Association">Petroleum Conservation Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmer_Lawrie" title="Balmer Lawrie">Balmer Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Petroleum_Corporation_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited">Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers India Limited">Engineers India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Authority_of_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Authority of India Limited">Gas Authority of India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numaligarh_Refinery_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Numaligarh Refinery Limited">Numaligarh Refinery Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_India" title="Oil India">Oil India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biecco_Lawrie" title="Biecco Lawrie">Biecco Lawrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(India)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)">Strategic Petroleum Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of<br />Atomic Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apex board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Regulatory_Board" title="Atomic Energy Regulatory Board">Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R&D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Minerals_Directorate_for_Exploration_and_Research" title="Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research">Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna_Centre_for_Advanced_Technology" title="Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology">Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Centre_for_Nuclear_Energy_Partnership" title="Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership">Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics Corporation of India">Electronics Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rare_Earths_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Rare Earths Limited">Indian Rare Earths Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Corporation_of_India" title="Uranium Corporation of India">Uranium Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Corporation_of_India" title="Nuclear Power Corporation of India">Nuclear Power Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHAVINI" title="BHAVINI">Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Water_Board" title="Heavy Water Board">Heavy Water Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fuel_Complex" title="Nuclear Fuel Complex">Nuclear Fuel Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Radiation_and_Isotope_Technology" title="Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology">Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar">National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_for_Higher_Mathematics" title="National Board for Higher Mathematics">National Board for Higher Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Education_Society" title="Atomic Energy Education Society">Atomic Energy Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Memorial_Centre" title="Tata Memorial Centre">Tata Memorial Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Basic_Sciences" title="Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences">Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Bhubaneswar" title="Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra_Research_Institute" title="Harish-Chandra Research Institute">Harish-Chandra Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences,_Chennai" title="Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai">Institute of Mathematical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Plasma_Research" title="Institute for Plasma Research">Institute for Plasma Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_in_India264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear power in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uranium resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaduguda_uranium_mine" title="Jaduguda uranium mine">Jaduguda uranium mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tummalapalle_uranium_mine" title="Tummalapalle uranium mine">Tummalapalle uranium mine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear reactor technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme" title="India's three-stage nuclear power programme">Three-stage nuclear power programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme#Stage_I_–_Pressurised_Heavy_Water_Reactor" title="India's three-stage nuclear power programme">Stage I - PHWR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme#Stage_II_–_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="India's three-stage nuclear power programme">Stage II - FBR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme#Stage_III_–_Thorium_Based_Reactors" title="India's three-stage nuclear power programme">Stage III - Thorium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AHWR-300" class="mw-redirect" title="AHWR-300">AHWR-300</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light Water Reactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Electricity generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CLWR <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arihant-class_submarine" title="Arihant-class submarine">CLWR-B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5-class_submarine" title="S5-class submarine">CLWR-B2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Research_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Research reactors">Research reactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BARC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>APSARA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIRUS_reactor" title="CIRUS reactor">CIRUS</a></li> <li>ZERLINA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_reactor" title="Dhruva reactor">Dhruva</a></li> <li>PURNIMA-I</li> <li>PURNIMA-II</li> <li>PURNIMA-III</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/IGCAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGCAR">IGCAR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KAMINI" title="KAMINI">KAMINI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Compact High Temperature Reactor</li> <li>High-flux Research Reactor</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear Power Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant">Gorakhpur (Haryana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiga_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Kaiga Atomic Power Station">Kaiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakrapar_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Kakrapar Atomic Power Station">Kakrapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant">Kudankulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Madras Atomic Power Station">Madras (Kalpakkam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narora_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Narora Atomic Power Station">Narora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Rajasthan Atomic Power Station">Rajasthan (Rawatbhata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarapur_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Tarapur Atomic Power Station">Tarapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project" title="Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project">Jaitapur (Proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovvada_Atomic_Power_Project" title="Kovvada Atomic Power Project">Kovvada (Proposed)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Minerals_Directorate_for_Exploration_and_Research" title="Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research">Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fuel_Complex" title="Nuclear Fuel Complex">Nuclear Fuel Complex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIRUS_reactor" title="CIRUS reactor">CIRUS reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_reactor" title="Dhruva reactor">Dhruva reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Water_Board" title="Heavy Water Board">Heavy Water Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Research_Laboratory" title="High Altitude Research Laboratory">High Altitude Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna_Centre_for_Advanced_Technology" title="Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology">Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Plasma_Research" title="Institute for Plasma Research">Institute for Plasma Research (IPR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokhran-I">Pokhran-I</a> (Smiling Buddha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a> (Operation Shakti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Regulatory_Board" title="Atomic Energy Regulatory Board">Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHAVINI" title="BHAVINI">Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (BHAVINI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Radiation_and_Isotope_Technology" title="Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology">Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Atomic Energy (India)">Department of Atomic Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_National_Institute" title="Homi Bhabha National Institute">Homi Bhabha National Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Corporation_of_India" title="Nuclear Power Corporation of India">Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rare_Earths_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Rare Earths Limited">Indian Rare Earths Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Corporation_of_India" title="Uranium Corporation of India">Uranium Corporation of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%27s_three_stage_nuclear_power_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="India's three stage nuclear power programme">India's three stage nuclear power programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mumbai_topics476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mumbai_topics" title="Template:Mumbai topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mumbai_topics" title="Template talk:Mumbai topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mumbai_topics476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai" title="History of Mumbai">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mumbai" title="Timeline of Mumbai">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilahara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay" title="Seven Islands of Bombay">Seven Islands of Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banganga_Tank" title="Banganga Tank">Banganga Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bombay">Old Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worli_Fort" title="Worli Fort">Worli Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girangaon" title="Girangaon">Girangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Bombay" title="Tanks of Bombay">Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_Mumbai" title="Growth of Mumbai">Growth of Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">1992–93 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">1993 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in Mumbai">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mumbai" title="Geography of Mumbai">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powai_Lake" title="Powai Lake">Powai Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihar_Lake" title="Vihar Lake">Vihar Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Lake" title="Tulsi Lake">Tulsi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Creek" title="Thane Creek">Thane Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Bay" title="Mahim Bay">Mahim Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_(Mumbai)" title="Back Bay (Mumbai)">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithi_River" title="Mithi River">Mithi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulhas_River" title="Ulhas River">Ulhas River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hill" title="Gilbert Hill">Gilbert Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Harbour" title="Mumbai Harbour">Mumbai Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ground_Coastal_Battery" title="Middle Ground Coastal Battery">Middle Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mumbai" title="Climate of Mumbai">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mumbai_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mumbai beaches">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)">Eastern Suburbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Mumbai)" title="Western Suburbs (Mumbai)">Western Suburbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Mumbai" title="List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai">Neighbourhoods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mumbai" title="Architecture of Mumbai">Architecture of Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Dockyard_(Mumbai)" title="Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)">Naval Dockyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutatma_Chowk" title="Hutatma Chowk">Hutatma Chowk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Mumbai" title="General Post Office, Mumbai">General Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreepati_Arcade" title="Shreepati Arcade">Shreepati Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhivinayak_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai">Siddhivinayak Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Cinema" title="Regal Cinema">Regal Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Mount,_Bandra" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra">Mount Mary's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_Dargah" title="Haji Ali Dargah">Haji Ali Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Fountain" title="Flora Fountain">Flora Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_Library" title="David Sassoon Library">David Sassoon Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumba_Devi_Temple" title="Mumba Devi Temple">Mumba Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai">Mahalaxmi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Vastu_Sangrahalaya" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art,_Mumbai" title="National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai">National Gallery of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society_of_Mumbai" title="The Asiatic Society of Mumbai">The Asiatic Society of Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Art_Gallery" title="Jehangir Art Gallery">Jehangir Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowalia_Tank" title="Gowalia Tank">Gowalia Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Mumbai" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mumbai">Shri Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Mumbai" title="St. Michael's Church, Mumbai">Mahim Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Kiran_Building" title="Usha Kiran Building">Usha Kiran Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_Commander_House,_Lahore" title="Corps Commander House, Lahore">Jinnah Mansion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Mumbai">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BEST_Transport_division" class="mw-redirect" title="BEST Transport division">Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway" title="Mumbai Suburban Railway">Mumbai Suburban Railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Central Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Harbour Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Port Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Harbour_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Trans-Harbour Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_line_(Mumbai_Suburban_Railway)" title="Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)">Western Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Railway_zone" title="Central Railway zone">Central Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_zone" title="Western Railway zone">Western Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandra_Terminus" title="Bandra Terminus">Bandra Terminus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandra_railway_station" title="Bandra railway station">suburban station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadar_railway_station" title="Dadar railway station">Dadar railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadar_railway_station" title="Dadar railway station">suburban station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak_Terminus" title="Lokmanya Tilak Terminus">Lokmanya Tilak Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Central_railway_station" title="Mumbai Central railway station">Mumbai Central railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhu_Aerodrome" title="Juhu Aerodrome">Juhu Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Metro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_1_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_2_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_3_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_4_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_5_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 5 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_6_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 6 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_7_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Line_8_(Mumbai_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Line 8 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_9_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 9 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_10_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 10 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_11_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 11 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_12_(Mumbai_Metro)" title="Line 12 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_13_(Mumbai_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 13 (Mumbai Metro)">Line 13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Monorail" title="Mumbai Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Skywalk_Project" title="Mumbai Skywalk Project">Skywalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_railway_elevated_corridor" title="Western railway elevated corridor">Western railway elevated corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_transport_in_Mumbai" title="Water transport in Mumbai">Water transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System">Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Urban_Transport_Project" title="Mumbai Urban Transport Project">Mumbai Urban Transport Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoli_Bridge" title="Airoli Bridge">Airoli Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamount_Road" title="Altamount Road">Altamount Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandra%E2%80%93Worli_Sea_Link" title="Bandra–Worli Sea Link">Bandra–Worli Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmichael_Road" title="Carmichael Road">Carmichael Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colaba_Causeway" title="Colaba Causeway">Colaba Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_(Mumbai)" title="Coastal Road (Mumbai)">Coastal Road</a> (under construction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currey_Road_Bridge" title="Currey Road Bridge">Currey Road Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji_Road" title="Dadabhai Naoroji Road">Dadabhai Naoroji Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Express_Highway" title="Eastern Express Highway">Eastern Express Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Freeway_(Mumbai)" title="Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)">Eastern Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Street" title="Fashion Street">Fashion Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Road" title="Hughes Road">Hughes Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeejabai_Bhosle_Marg" title="Jeejabai Bhosle Marg">Jeejabai Bhosle Marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogeshwari%E2%80%93Vikhroli_Link_Road" title="Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road">JVLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwa_Bridge" title="Kalwa Bridge">Kalwa Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linking_Road,_Mumbai" title="Linking Road, Mumbai">Linking Road</a></li> <li>Lady Jamshetjee Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Marg" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg">LBS Marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamington_Road" title="Lamington Road">Lamington Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Causeway" title="Mahim Causeway">Mahim Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Mumbai" title="Marine Drive, Mumbai">Marine Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Trans_Harbour_Link" title="Mumbai Trans Harbour Link">MTHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepean_Sea_Road" title="Nepean Sea Road">Nepean Sea Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_D%27Mello_Road" title="P D'Mello Road">P D'Mello Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalrao_Deshmukh_Marg" title="Gopalrao Deshmukh Marg">Pedder Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Street_(Mumbai)" title="Princess Street (Mumbai)">Princess Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz%E2%80%93Chembur_Link_Road" title="Santa Cruz–Chembur Link Road">SCLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekanand_Road_(Mumbai)" title="Swami Vivekanand Road (Mumbai)">SV Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Elevated_Access_Road" title="Sahar Elevated Access Road">Sahar Elevated Access Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion_Panvel_Highway" title="Sion Panvel Highway">Sion Panvel Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashi_Bridge" title="Vashi Bridge">Vashi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versova%E2%80%93Bandra_Sea_Link" title="Versova–Bandra Sea Link">Versova–Bandra Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Desai_Road" title="Veera Desai Road">Veera Desai Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Express_Highway" title="Western Express Highway">Western Express Highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mumbai" title="Economy of Mumbai">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National Stock Exchange of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Mumbai" title="India Government Mint, Mumbai">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalal_Street" title="Dalal Street">Dalal Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_Point" title="Nariman Point">Nariman Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education<br />and research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Mumbai" title="List of colleges in Mumbai">Universities<br />and colleges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai (MU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNDT_Women%27s_University" title="SNDT Women's University">SNDT Women's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIT_Bombay" title="IIT Bombay">IIT Bombay (IIT-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chemical_Technology" title="Institute of Chemical Technology">Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veermata_Jijabai_Technological_Institute" title="Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute">Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Mumbai" title="Indian Institute of Management Mumbai">NITIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj_Institute_of_Management_Studies" title="Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies">Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkesh_Dinesh_Mody_Institute" title="Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute">Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Jain_Institute_of_Management_and_Research" title="S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research">SP Jain Institute of Management and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Homi_Bhabha_State_University" title="Dr. Homi Bhabha State University">Dr. Homi Bhabha State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Institute_of_Management_Studies,_Research_and_Entrepreneurship_Education" title="Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education">Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVKM%27s_NMIMS" title="SVKM's NMIMS">NMIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithibai_College" title="Mithibai College">Mithibai College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai" title="St. Xavier's College, Mumbai">St. Xavier's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathaye_College" title="Sathaye College">Sathaye College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnarain_Ruia_College" title="Ramnarain Ruia College">Ramnarain Ruia College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._G._Ruparel_College_of_Arts,_Science_and_Commerce" title="D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce">D. G. Ruparel College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramniranjan_Anandilal_Podar_College_of_Commerce_and_Economics" title="Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics">Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulund_College_of_Commerce" title="Mulund College of Commerce">Mulund College of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._G._Vaze_College_of_Arts,_Science_and_Commerce" title="V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce">V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_J._J._School_of_Art" title="Sir J. J. School of Art">Sir J. J. School of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Mumbai#Schools" title="List of educational institutions in Mumbai">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmohan_Vidyamandir" title="Balmohan Vidyamandir">Balmohan Vidyamandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Scottish_School,_Mahim" title="Bombay Scottish School, Mahim">Bombay Scottish School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campion_School,_Mumbai" title="Campion School, Mumbai">Campion School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_and_John_Connon_School" title="Cathedral and John Connon School">Cathedral and John Connon School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani_International_School" title="Dhirubhai Ambani International School">Dhirubhai Ambani International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bosco_High_School,_Matunga" title="Don Bosco High School, Matunga">Don Bosco High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Antonio_Da_Silva_High_School_and_Junior_College_of_Commerce" title="Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce">Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_High_School_(Mumbai)" title="Holy Family High School (Mumbai)">Holy Family High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilavatibai_Podar_High_School" title="Lilavatibai Podar High School">Lilavatibai Podar High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._N._Podar_School" title="R. N. Podar School">R. N. Podar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Boys_High_School" title="Sacred Heart Boys High School">Sacred Heart Boys High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnabai_Narsee_School" title="Jamnabai Narsee School">Jamnabai Narsee School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpal_Shanghvi_Global_School" title="Utpal Shanghvi Global School">Utpal Shanghvi Global School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya_Sangathan" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan">Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Shivaji_Vidyalaya" title="Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya">Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Theresa%27s_Boys_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Theresa's Boys High School">St. Theresa's Boys High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.B._Petit_High_School_for_Girls" title="J.B. Petit High School for Girls">J.B. Petit High School for Girls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes for science<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Planetarium" title="Nehru Planetarium">Nehru Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Science_Centre" title="Nehru Science Centre">Nehru Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="Tata Institute of Social Sciences">Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Basic_Sciences" title="Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences">Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mumbai" title="List of mayors of Mumbai">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_Greater_Mumbai_Police" title="Commissioner of the Greater Mumbai Police">Police Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_commissioners_of_Mumbai" title="List of municipal commissioners of Mumbai">Municipal Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mumbai_Police" title="Greater Mumbai Police">Greater Mumbai Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mumbai" title="Administrative divisions of Mumbai">Wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Electric_Supply_and_Transport" title="Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport">Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_sources_of_Mumbai" title="Water sources of Mumbai">Water sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Mumbai" title="Sheriff of Mumbai">Sheriff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mumbai" title="Culture of Mumbai">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_in_Mumbai" title="Art Deco in Mumbai">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabbawala" title="Dabbawala">Dabbawalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_Kejriwal" title="Eggs Kejriwal">Eggs Kejriwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbaikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbaikar">Mumbaikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Mumbai" title="Street food of Mumbai">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vada_pav" title="Vada pav">Vada pav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhel_puri" title="Bhel puri">Bhel puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev_puri" title="Sev puri">Sev puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_puri" title="Dahi puri">Dahi puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">Panipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragda_pattice" title="Ragda pattice">Ragda pattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_centres_in_Mumbai" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cultural centres in Mumbai">Cultural centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Mumbai" title="List of cinemas in Mumbai">Cinemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Ghoda_Arts_Festival" title="Kala Ghoda Arts Festival">Kala Ghoda festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mumbai" title="Prostitution in Mumbai">Prostitution in Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathon" title="Mumbai Marathon">Mumbai Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Azaadi_Mumbai" title="Queer Azaadi Mumbai">Mumbai Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Mumbai" title="List of tourist attractions in Mumbai">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Square" title="India Square">Little Bombay, Jersey City, US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Jainism in Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bombay" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mumbai" title="History of the Jews in Mumbai">History of the Jews in Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Mumbai" title="List of churches in Mumbai">List of churches in Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Mumbai_(Church_of_North_India)" title="Diocese of Mumbai (Church of North India)">Anglican Diocese of Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Orthodox_Diocese" title="Bombay Orthodox Diocese">Mumbai Orthodox Diocese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamathipura" title="Kamathipura">Kamathipura</a></li> 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