Using meta-programming in Ruby to build a REST API from a JSON file

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If you don't know Ruby has amazing meta-programming support. And meta-programming is basically code that can modify itself while it's running. if you want to get technical with it, meta-programming is a computer programming technique in which computer programs have the ability to treat other programs as their data. Sometimes the program being used as data is the program running. Ruby excels at this. </p> <p>In this post I would introduce you to AutoAPI. The goal is that you could just write your endpoint specifications in a JSON file and then the program starts a sinatra server that then has all the endpoints. As of now, the program only works for GET endpoints and I will update it as I go. It also returns either JSON or static HTML files. Further updates would be to serve other MIME types. Let's begin.</p> <p>First of all, I wanted to run this as a shell script (cause I want to practice my scripting) so we start that shebang <code>#!/usr/bin/env ruby</code> at the top of our file. Because I wanted it to be a shell script that would run from any folder, we have the script looking for a json file called <code>endpoints.json</code> in the current folder.<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code># Get the file and parse the entire file into a ruby hash file = File.read("#{Dir.pwd}/endpoints.json") endpoints_hash = JSON.parse(file) </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>We use JSON to parse the file into a ruby Hash. This provides us with quality of life methods that we could use later, should we need to.</p> <p>Now because we are using <a href="https://sinatrarb.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sinatra</a> as our server, we would need a way to dynamically define new endpoints from the file. Sinatra is a DSL for quickly creating web applications in Ruby with minimal effort. </p> <p>Let's first think about the method <code>send</code> or <code>public_send</code>. What these methods do is that they basically perform a method call to a class instance. For instance, if we have a class<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>class Class def hello puts "hello" end end </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>If we did <code>class.send(:hello)</code> our result would be <code>hello</code>.<br> You could also pass parameters to send if the method takes in any arguments. </p> <p>To create a GET endpoint in Sinatra, we would write<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>get '/hello' do 'Hello world!' end </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>we could dissect this and find that <code>:get</code> is the method name, <code>'/hello</code> is the path name and everything in the do block we shall call the <code>do_block</code>. We could therefore also mentally re-write this as<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>get('/hello') do 'Hello World' end </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>or<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>send(:get, '/hello', &block) </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>where <code>&block</code> is is the <code>do_block</code> passed to the send method. </p> <p>All this to say, we need to define a method that will read the endpoint names and their associated methods to define new routes. It looks like this<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>def create_endpoint(method, name, &block) Sinatra::Application.instance_eval do name = "/#{name}" if not name.start_with?(/\//) send(method, name, &block) end end </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>It takes in the REST method(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE), endpoint name and a code block. It then uses instance_eval to create a new route on the running instance of Sinatra. I added a check to ensure that the the endpoint name is preceded with a forward-slash because I ran into this random bug where the route would seem to be defined, but not accessible because it does not start with a forward-slash. finally, we just send the method as shown above. Simple, right?? Honestly, it's that simple.</p> <p>Now we should specify that the <code>endpoints.json</code> file has a specific structure.<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>{ "GET": { "json_response": { "header": {"Content-Type": "application/json"}, "response": { "content": { "message": "Hello AutoAPI"}, "file": false } }, "json_response_file": { "header": {"Content-Type": "application/json"}, "response": { "file": true, "content": "endpoints.json" } }, "html_file": { "header": {"Content-Type": "text/html"}, "response": { "file": true, "content": "test.html" } } } } </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>This is a sample of the endpoints file. We shall go through each endpoint one at a time. So all the REST verbs act as keys, that way all the GET routes are in the GET values etc etc. Our first endpoint is the <code>json_response</code>. This one was supposed to test if I could get a hard coded response. The header is a nested object containing what you would expect in a typical HTTP GET request. Here we are passing the Content-Type only. For the response, we have a file key that specifies if the endpoint should send a file, or if it should send the value of content as JSON. This file should also be in the same folder as the script when running it. In this example, the second endpoint actually just returns the <code>endpoints.json</code> file. The third endpoint has a different content type and returns a HTML file. </p> <p>To process these endpoints, this is the code I wrote<br> </p> <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>endpoints_hash.each do |method, paths| paths.each do |path, params| create_endpoint(method.downcase.to_s, "#{path.to_s}") do content_type :json if params["Content-Type"] == "application/json" content_type :html if params["Content-type"] == "text/html" if params["response"]["file"] send_file "#{Dir.pwd}/#{params["response"]["content"]}" else params["response"]["content"].to_json end end end end </code></pre> <div class="highlight__panel js-actions-panel"> <div class="highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on"><title>Enter fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20px" height="20px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off"><title>Exit fullscreen mode</title> <path d="M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p>All it does is iterate through all the endpoints and paths and defines routes for them. Note that I have to specify the content_type and I just use the passed headers to figure that out. The code might be a bit breakable and is a work in progress, but thus far, it works as seen below</p> <p><a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F68h1q7iqvbwa0yj832rh.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F68h1q7iqvbwa0yj832rh.png" alt="JSON response file" loading="lazy" width="800" height="254"></a></p> <p><a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fp3rxgghhbbb459tecyj5.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fp3rxgghhbbb459tecyj5.png" alt="HTML file" loading="lazy" width="800" height="254"></a></p> <p><a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fd40oz12h8892zhiinp02.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fd40oz12h8892zhiinp02.png" alt="JSON response" loading="lazy" width="800" height="254"></a></p> <p>For all 3 defined routes, we manage to get a response. And all with about 29 lines of code. </p> <p><a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fasxixv7dhkrj8w4kcltl.jpg" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fasxixv7dhkrj8w4kcltl.jpg" alt="METAPROGRAMMING" loading="lazy" width="800" height="450"></a></p> <p>All code is available at <a href="https://github.com/W3NDO/AutoAPI" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">my github</a></p> </div> <div class="js-billboard-container body-billboard-container" data-async-url="/w3ndo/using-meta-programming-in-ruby-to-build-a-rest-api-from-a-json-file-909/billboards/post_body_bottom"></div> </div> <section id="comments" data-follow-button-container="true" data-updated-at="2024-11-22 23:45:12 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Using meta-programming in Ruby to build a REST API from a JSON file - DEV Community