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id="toc-New_capital_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_the_death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_the_death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Abolition of the death penalty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_the_death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT+_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT+_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>LGBT+ rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT+_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="تيودورو أوبيانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيودورو أوبيانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obianq_Nqema_Mbasoqo" title="Teodoro Obianq Nqema Mbasoqo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teodoro Obianq Nqema Mbasoqo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тэадора Абіянг Нгема Мбасога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэадора Абіянг Нгема Мбасога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Теодоро Обианг Нгема Мбасого – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теодоро Обианг Нгема Мбасого" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Τεοδόρο Ομπιάνγκ Νγκέμα Μπασόνγκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεοδόρο Ομπιάνγκ Νγκέμα Μπασόνγκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A7" title="تئودور اوبیانگ انگوئما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئودور اوبیانگ انگوئما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C_%EC%98%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%95%99_%EC%9D%91%EA%B2%8C%EB%A7%88_%EC%9D%8C%EB%B0%94%EC%86%8C%EA%B3%A0" title="테오도로 오비앙 응게마 음바소고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테오도로 오비앙 응게마 음바소고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8_%D5%95%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D5%86%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%B8" title="Թեոդորո Օբիանգ Նգեմա Մբասոգո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդորո Օբիանգ Նգեմա Մբասոգո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="तेओडोरो ओबियंग न्गुएमा म्बासोगो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेओडोरो ओबियंग न्गुएमा म्बासोगो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95" title="תאודורו אוביאנג נגמה מבאסוגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאודורו אוביאנג נגמה מבאסוגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="თეოდორო ობიანგ ნგემა მბასოგო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდორო ობიანგ ნგემა მბასოგო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Theodorus Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodorus Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Objangs_Ngema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Objangs Ngema Mbasogo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teodoro Objangs Ngema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="തിയഡോറോ ഒബിയാങ് നഗ്വിമ എംബസഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിയഡോറോ ഒബിയാങ് നഗ്വിമ എംബസഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="तियोदोरो ओबियांग एन्गेमा एम्बासोगो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तियोदोरो ओबियांग एन्गेमा एम्बासोगो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="تيودورو اوبيانج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيودورو اوبيانج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%9E" title="テオドロ・オビアン・ンゲマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テオドロ・オビアン・ンゲマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB" title="تیودورو وبیانګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تیودورو وبیانګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Нгема Мбасого, Теодоро Обианг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нгема Мбасого, Теодоро Обианг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Теодоро Обијанг Нгема Мбасого – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодоро Обијанг Нгема Мбасого" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="เตโอโดโร โอเบียง อึงเกมา อึมบาโซโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เตโอโดโร โอเบียง อึงเกมา อึมบาโซโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Теодоро Обіанг Нгема Мбасого – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теодоро Обіанг Нгема Мбасого" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="تئودورو اوبیانگ نگیما مباسوگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تئودورو اوبیانگ نگیما مباسوگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%AF%94%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E5%9C%AD%E9%A9%AC%C2%B7%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%A2%E6%88%88" title="特奥多罗·奥比昂·恩圭马·姆巴索戈 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特奥多罗·奥比昂·恩圭马·姆巴索戈" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%A2%E6%88%88" title="姆巴索戈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="姆巴索戈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%AF%94%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E5%9C%AD%E9%A9%AC%C2%B7%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%A2%E6%88%88" title="特奥多罗·奥比昂·恩圭马·姆巴索戈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特奥多罗·奥比昂·恩圭马·姆巴索戈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Equatorial Guinea since 1982</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This name uses naming customs of the <a href="/wiki/Fang_people" title="Fang people">Fang people</a> from Equatorial Guinea: his surname is <i>Obiang</i>, his father's surname is <i>Nguema</i> and his mother's surname is <i>Mbasogo</i>. The surnames are chosen by their respective parents.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/220px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/330px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="544" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Obiang in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Equatorial Guinea">President of Equatorial Guinea</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />12 October 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristino_Seriche_Bioko" title="Cristino Seriche Bioko">Cristino Seriche Bioko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Siale_Bileka" title="Silvestre Siale Bileka">Silvestre Siale Bileka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Seraf%C3%ADn_Seriche_Dougan" title="Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan">Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Muatetema_Rivas" title="Cándido Muatetema Rivas">Cándido Muatetema Rivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Abia_Biteo_Boric%C3%B3" title="Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó">Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Mangue_Obama_Nfubea" title="Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea">Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Milam_Tang" title="Ignacio Milam Tang">Ignacio Milam Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Ehate_Tomi" title="Vicente Ehate Tomi">Vicente Ehate Tomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pascual_Obama_Asue" title="Francisco Pascual Obama Asue">Francisco Pascual Obama Asue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_Roka_Botey" title="Manuela Roka Botey">Manuela Roka Botey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Osa_Nsue_Nsua" title="Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua">Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Vice President of Equatorial Guinea">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>First Vice Presidents</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Milam_Tang" title="Ignacio Milam Tang">Ignacio Milam Tang</a><br />(2012–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Nguema_Obiang_Mangue" title="Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue">Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue</a><br />(2016–present)</li> <li><b>Second Vice President</b></li> <li>Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue<br />(2012–2016)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i><br />(2016–present)</li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Himself</i><br />(as Chairman of the SMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a><br />(as President, 1979)</li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Supreme Military Council (Equatorial Guinea)">Supreme Military Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 August 1979 – 12 October 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>First Deputy</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_May%C3%A9_El%C3%A1" title="Florencio Mayé Elá">Florencio Mayé Elá</a><br />(1979–1982)</li> <li><b>Second Deputies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_El%C3%A1_Nseng" title="Salvador Elá Nseng">Salvador Elá Nseng</a><br />(1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulogio_Oy%C3%B3" title="Eulogio Oyó">Eulogio Oyó</a><br />(1980–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristino_Seriche_Bioko" title="Cristino Seriche Bioko">Cristino Seriche Bioko</a><br />(1981–1982)</li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Council established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Council dissolved</i>; <i>Himself</i><br />(as President)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 January 2011 – 29 January 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Bingu wa Mutharika</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Thomas Boni Yayi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-06-05</span>) </span>5 June 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 82)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Acoac%C3%A1n" title="Acoacán">Acoacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea">Democratic</a> (since 1987)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Workers%27_Party" title="United National Workers' Party">United National Workers' Party</a> (before 1979)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1979–1987)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Constancia_Mangue" title="Constancia Mangue">Constancia Mangue</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1968)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Nguema_Obiang_Mangue" title="Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue">Teodoro Nguema</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Mbaga_Obiang_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Mbaga Obiang Lima">Gabriel Mbaga</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a> (uncle)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Armengol_Ondo_Nguema" title="Armengol Ondo Nguema">Armengol Ondo</a> (brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Enrique_Nv%C3%B3_Okenve" title="Colegio Nacional Enrique Nvó Okenve">Colegio Nacional Enrique Nvó Okenve</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> (until 1968)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> (after 1968)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea">Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1968–1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Chief of General Staff</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#1B5DA6; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/60px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/90px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/120px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#1B5DA6; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Teodoro Obiang"><span style="color:#FFF;">Teodoro Obiang</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea">PDGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="1989 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="1996 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="2002 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="2009 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="2016 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Equatorial_Guinean_general_election" title="2022 Equatorial Guinean general election">2022</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>President of Equatorial Guinea</b> </p> <small><div class="center"><b>1979–present</b></div></small> <hr /> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état">1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Supreme Military Council (Equatorial Guinea)">CMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Equatorial_Guinean_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum">1982 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Constitution of Equatorial Guinea">1991 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Equatorial_Guinean_constitutional_referendum" title="1991 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum">1991 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Equatorial_Guinean_constitutional_referendum" title="2011 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">2004 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bata_explosions" title="2021 Bata explosions">Bata explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Human rights in Equatorial Guinea">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="1983 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">1983 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="1988 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">1988 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="1993 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="1999 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="2004 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="2008 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Equatorial_Guinean_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Equatorial Guinean parliamentary election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_la_Paz" title="Ciudad de la Paz">la Paz</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_sidebar" title="Template:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_sidebar" title="Template talk:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[teoˈðoɾo<span class="wrap"> </span>oˈβjaŋɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋˈɡema<span class="wrap"> </span>embaˈsoɣo]</a></span>; born 5 June 1942) is an Equatoguinean politician and former <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">military officer</a> who has served as the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Equatorial Guinea">president of Equatorial Guinea</a> since 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, he was the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Supreme Military Council (Equatorial Guinea)">Supreme Military Council</a> from 1979 to 1982. As of 2025, he is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_leaders_by_date_of_assumption_of_office" title="List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office">second longest consecutively serving current non-royal national leader in the world</a>. </p><p>After graduating from military school in Zaragoza, Spain, Obiang held multiple positions under the presidency of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a>, including director of the notorious <a href="/wiki/Black_Beach" title="Black Beach">Black Beach</a> prison. He ousted Macías in a <a href="/wiki/1979_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état">military coup in 1979</a> and took control of the country as president and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Supreme Military Council (Equatorial Guinea)">Supreme Military Council</a>. After the country's nominal return to civilian rule in 1982, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea">Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea</a> (PDGE) in 1987, which was the country's <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">sole legal party</a> until 1992. He has overseen Equatorial Guinea's emergence as an important oil producer, beginning in the 1990s. Obiang was <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> from 2011 to 2012. </p><p>Obiang is regarded as an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> leader.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been widely accused of corruption and <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>. Under his rule, Equatorial Guinea continues to have one of the worst <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Human rights in Equatorial Guinea">human rights records</a> in the world. In marked contrast to the trend toward democracy in most of Africa, Equatorial Guinea is currently a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant-party state">dominant-party state</a>, in which Obiang's PDGE holds virtually all governing power in the nation and has held all or almost all seats in the legislature since its creation. The constitution provides Obiang sweeping powers, including the right to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>, effectively making his government a legal <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>. He has also <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Corruption in Equatorial Guinea">placed family members in key government positions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a family of the Esangui ethnic clan, Obiang was born on 5 June 1942 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Acoac%C3%A1n" title="Acoacán">Akoacám</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongomo" title="Mongomo">Mongomo</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Wele-Nzas" title="Wele-Nzas">Wele-Nzas</a> province),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belonging to the colony of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a>, on the current border with <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Provinces of Equatorial Guinea">Continental Equatorial Guinea</a>. Son of the Gabonese Santiago Nguema Eneme Obama and María Mbasogo Ngui, he was the third of ten brothers, among whom are also the National Security Delegate <a href="/wiki/Armengol_Ondo_Nguema" title="Armengol Ondo Nguema">Armengol Ondo Nguema</a> and former National Defense Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Mba_Nguema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Mba Nguema (page does not exist)">Antonio Mba Nguema</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mba_Nguema" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio Mba Nguema">es</a>]</span>. Obiang's parents emigrated from Gabon to avoid paying capitation taxes and take advantage of the good economic situation in Spanish Guinea. After the death of María Mbasogo Ngui, Obiang and his brothers were raised by his father and his new wife Carmen Mikue Mbira. </p><p>Obiang completed his first studies at the Cardenal Cisneros School Group in <a href="/wiki/Ebibeyin" title="Ebibeyin">Ebibeyin</a> and at the La Salle Center in Bata (now the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Enrique_Nv%C3%B3_Okenve" title="Colegio Nacional Enrique Nvó Okenve">Enrique Nvo Okenve National College</a>), where he obtained a degree in labor administration. </p><p>Obiang joined the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Guard_of_Spanish_Guinea" title="Colonial Guard of Spanish Guinea">Colonial Guard</a> during Equatorial Guinea's colonial period and attended the <a href="/wiki/General_Military_Academy" title="General Military Academy">General Military Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Spain. He achieved the rank of lieutenant after his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a>, was elected the country's first president. Under Macías, Obiang held various positions, including the governor of <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Bioko</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Equatorial Guinea">National Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pariah_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pariah-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also head of <a href="/wiki/Black_Beach" title="Black Beach">Black Beach Prison</a>, notorious for severely torturing its inmates.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1979_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état">1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_and_aftermath">Coup and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coup and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo_se_re%C3%BAne_con_el_presidente_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial._Pool_Moncloa._13_de_mayo_de_1982.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo_se_re%C3%BAne_con_el_presidente_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial._Pool_Moncloa._13_de_mayo_de_1982.jpeg/220px-Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo_se_re%C3%BAne_con_el_presidente_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial._Pool_Moncloa._13_de_mayo_de_1982.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo_se_re%C3%BAne_con_el_presidente_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial._Pool_Moncloa._13_de_mayo_de_1982.jpeg/330px-Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo_se_re%C3%BAne_con_el_presidente_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial._Pool_Moncloa._13_de_mayo_de_1982.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo_se_re%C3%BAne_con_el_presidente_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial._Pool_Moncloa._13_de_mayo_de_1982.jpeg/440px-Leopoldo_Calvo_Sotelo_se_re%C3%BAne_con_el_presidente_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial._Pool_Moncloa._13_de_mayo_de_1982.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Obiang and Spanish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo-Sotelo" title="Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo">Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo</a> in 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>After Macías ordered the murders of several members of the family they shared, including Obiang's brother, Obiang and others in Macías's inner circle feared the president had become insane. Obiang overthrew his uncle on 3 August 1979 in a bloody <i>coup d'état</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pariah_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pariah-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and placed him on trial for his actions, including the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bubi_people#Independence" title="Bubi people">Bubi people</a>, over the previous decade. Macías was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad on 29 September 1979. A new <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan</a> presidential guard was required to form the firing squad, because local soldiers feared his alleged magical powers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obiang declared that the new government would make a fresh start from Macías's brutal and repressive régime. He granted amnesty to political prisoners, and ended the previous régime's system of forced labor. He also reversed the previous régime's most repressive measures; Obiang unbanned <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">glasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, which were previously banned during his uncle's régime. However, he made virtually no mention of his own role in the atrocities committed under it.<sup id="cite_ref-Pariah_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pariah-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_constitution">New constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country nominally returned to civilian rule in 1982, with the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinean_constitutional_referendum,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum, 1982">enactment</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Constitution of Equatorial Guinea">slightly less authoritarian constitution</a>. At the same time, Obiang was elected to a <a href="/wiki/1982_Equatorial_Guinean_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum">seven-year term as president</a>; he was the only candidate. He was sworn in on 12 October, the 14th anniversary of the country's independence from Spain. He was reelected in <a href="/wiki/1989_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="1989 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">1989</a>, again as the only candidate. After other parties were nominally allowed to organize in 1992, he was reelected in <a href="/wiki/1996_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="1996 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="2002 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">2002</a> with 98 percent of the vote<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in elections condemned as fraudulent by international observers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, for instance, at least one voting district was recorded as giving Obiang 103 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was reelected for a fourth term in <a href="/wiki/2009_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election" title="2009 Equatorial Guinean presidential election">2009</a> with 97% of the vote, again amid accusations of voter fraud and intimidation,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beating opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Mic%C3%B3_Abogo" title="Plácido Micó Abogo">Plácido Micó Abogo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80th_Anniversary_Kim_Il-Sung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/80th_Anniversary_Kim_Il-Sung.jpg/235px-80th_Anniversary_Kim_Il-Sung.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/80th_Anniversary_Kim_Il-Sung.jpg/353px-80th_Anniversary_Kim_Il-Sung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/80th_Anniversary_Kim_Il-Sung.jpg/470px-80th_Anniversary_Kim_Il-Sung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Obiang (1st row, 2nd from left) at <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>'s 80th birthday anniversary in April 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>Obiang's rule is considered more humane and less authoritarian and corrupt than that of his uncle. By some accounts, however, it has become increasingly brutal, and has bucked the larger trend toward greater democracy in Africa. According to most domestic and international observers, he leads one of the most corrupt, <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentric</a> and repressive regimes in the world. Equatorial Guinea is essentially a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> dominated by Obiang's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea">Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea</a> (PDGE). The constitution grants Obiang sweeping powers, including the power to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>. </p><p>Although opposition parties were legalized in 1992, the legislature remains dominated by the PDGE, and there is no substantive opposition to executive decisions. There have never been more than eight opposition deputies in the lower house, while the PDGE has held every seat in the Senate since its inception in 2013. For all intents and purposes, Obiang holds all governing power in the nation. </p><p>The opposition is barely tolerated; indeed, a 2006 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> quoted Obiang as asking, "What right does the opposition have to criticize the actions of a government?"<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition is severely hampered by the lack of a free press as a vehicle for their views. There are no newspapers and all broadcast media are either owned outright by the government or controlled by its allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_United_States_and_other_nations">Relations with the United States and other nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations with the United States and other nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Rice_and_President_Obiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Secretary_Rice_and_President_Obiang.jpg/220px-Secretary_Rice_and_President_Obiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Secretary_Rice_and_President_Obiang.jpg/330px-Secretary_Rice_and_President_Obiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Secretary_Rice_and_President_Obiang.jpg/440px-Secretary_Rice_and_President_Obiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> with Obiang in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Equatorial Guinea's relations with the United States cooled in 1993, after <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea">Ambassador</a> John E. Bennett was accused of practicing witchcraft at the graves of 10 British airmen who were killed when their plane crashed there during World War II. Bennett left after receiving a death threat at the U.S. Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a> in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his farewell address, he publicly named the government's most notorious torturers, including Equatorial Guinea's Minister of National Security, Manuel Nguema Mba, another Obiang uncle. No new envoy was appointed, and the embassy was closed in 1996, leaving its affairs to be handled by the embassy in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. </p><p>Things turned around for the Obiang regime after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks in 2001 on New York and Washington</a>, after which the United States re-prioritized its dealings with key African states. On 25 January 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Strategic_and_Political_Studies" title="Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies">Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservative</a> Israeli-based think tank, sponsored a forum on 15 May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking at the IASPS forum, Assistant Secretary of State for Africa <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Kansteiner,_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Kansteiner, III">Walter H. Kansteiner</a> said, "African oil is of national strategic interest to us, and it will increase and become more important as we move forward."<sup id="cite_ref-IASPS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IASPS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20221215AS-1181_(52651359240).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P20221215AS-1181_%2852651359240%29.jpg/220px-P20221215AS-1181_%2852651359240%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P20221215AS-1181_%2852651359240%29.jpg/330px-P20221215AS-1181_%2852651359240%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P20221215AS-1181_%2852651359240%29.jpg/440px-P20221215AS-1181_%2852651359240%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Obiang with other African leaders and US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Africa_Leaders_Summit_2022" title="United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022">United States–Africa Leaders Summit</a> in December 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>In a lengthy state visit from March to April 2006, President Obiang sought to reopen the closed embassy in the US, saying that "the lack of a U.S. diplomatic presence is definitely holding back economic growth."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Obiang was warmly greeted by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, who called him a "good friend".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public relations company <a href="/wiki/Cassidy_%26_Associates" title="Cassidy & Associates">Cassidy & Associates</a> may have been partially responsible for the change in tone between Obiang and the United States government. Since 2004, Cassidy had been employed by the dictator's government at a rate of at least $120,000 a month.<sup id="cite_ref-Putting_Lipstick_on_a_Dictator_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putting_Lipstick_on_a_Dictator-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By October 2006, however, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> had raised concerns about the proposal to build the new embassy on land owned by Obiang, whom the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> accused of directly overseeing the torture of opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new embassy chancery opened in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Cameroon</b> </p><p>Equatorial Guinea has cordial relations with neighbouring Cameroon, although there was criticism in Cameroon in 2000 about perceived mistreatment of Cameroonians working in Equatorial Guinea. Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea have an unresolved maritime border dispute. The majority <a href="/wiki/Fang_people" title="Fang people">Fang</a> ethnic group of mainland Equatorial Guinea extends both north and south into the forests of Cameroon and Gabon. Cameroon exports some food products to Equatorial Guinea and imports oil from Equatorial Guinea for its refinery at nearby Limbe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In December 2008, Equatorial Guinea security forces killed a Cameroonian fisherman and abducted two immigrants, Cameroon closed its border in response.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>North Korea</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_04.jpg/220px-Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_04.jpg/330px-Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_04.jpg/440px-Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Obiang and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s Equatorial Guinea signed military, technical and economic agreements with many socialist states, which included North Korea. North Korea sent troops to Equatorial Guinea so they could be used as advisors. After Francisco Macías Nguema was overthrown and executed by his nephew Teodoro Obiang in 1979, his family fled to Pyongyang, where his three children were raised by the North Korean government. One of them, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Mac%C3%ADas" title="Mónica Macías">Mónica</a>, left the DPRK in 1994 after fifteen years. </p><p>Despite this, close relations continued after the coup, and remain active. In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Yang_Hyong-sop" title="Yang Hyong-sop">Yang Hyong-sop</a>, Vice President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, made a four-day visit to Equatorial Guinea. In 2013 President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was presented the first <a href="/wiki/International_Kim_Jong_Il_Prize" title="International Kim Jong Il Prize">International Kim Jong Il Prize</a> by a North Korean delegation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-nam" title="Kim Yong-nam">Kim Yong-nam</a> of North Korea visited Equatorial Guinea and held amicable talks with President Teodoro Obiang. In 2018, Equatorial Guinea reported that it had severed economic ties with North Korea and repatriated North Korean workers in line with United Nations sanctions. However, North Korea reported continued friendly relations. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No sources pertaining to any information relating to North Korea (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Russia</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Obiang with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 26 September 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 September 2024, Obiang visited Moscow and had a meeting with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. Putin emphasized that <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and equatorial Guinea have successfully cooperated in <a href="/wiki/OPEC%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="OPEC+">OPEC+</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Spain</b> </p><p>In August 1979, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> offered to help <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a> during the coup. Between 1979 and 1983, Spain sent Equatorial Guinea 15 million Spanish pesetas for the development of the nation. Relations between both nations almost severed again due to debt renegotiation in 1983 and the fact that Equatorial Guinea owed Spain over 6 million Spanish pesetas. Agreements were made before more drastic measures were taken. During the 2004 coup d'état attempt, President Obiang accused Spain of knowing about the coup attempt and for sending two Spanish warships to the region, however, Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a> denied the allegations that the ships were there to assist in the coup. </p><p>In 2016, trade between Equatorial Guinea and Spain totaled €748 million Euros.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90% of Equatorial Guinea's exports to Spain is in oil. Spain's main exports to Equatorial Guinea include: drinks, furniture and lamps, mechanical equipment, automobiles and trucks, and electronic material.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain's has €3 million Euros of investment in Equatorial Guinea, mainly in the construction industry. At the same time, Equatorial Guinea's investment in Spain totals €4 million Euros.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equatorial Guinea is Spain's ninth biggest trading partner from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (78th largest globally). Spain is Equatorial Guinea's third biggest trading partner globally (after <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy of this small nation continued to struggle under President Obiang, with the country depending mostly on foreign aid to pay its bills. This changed in 1995 when <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> discovered oil in the country. Massive offshore discoveries over the past decade have boosted oil to about 380,000 barrels per day, ranking Equatorial Guinea behind only Nigeria and Angola among Sub-Saharan African producers. </p><p>As expected, income from petroleum led to a boom and the country experienced rapid economic growth. According to UNESCO, the country has the highest adult literacy rate in sub-Saharan Africa, with an average of 95 per cent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It also has the highest per capita income in Africa. More than three-quarters of the population live below the poverty line, according to data from the World bank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This wealth is distributed extremely unevenly and most of it is concentrated in the hands of the ruling family. </p><p>President Obiang has a net worth of $600 million, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, meaning he is easily one of the world’s richest heads of state,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while the country's <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> ranks 145th out of 191. The vast majority of the oil revenue of Equatorial Guinea has been siphoned under the guise of funding large infrastructure projects executed by contractors with ties to President Obiang’s inner circle. Education and health receive an average of 2–3 per cent of the budget, while extraction has already been declining since 2012 and oil reserves are estimated to dry out by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_capital_city">New capital city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New capital city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012 Obiang ordered the construction of a new <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_la_Paz" title="Ciudad de la Paz">Ciudad de la Paz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location was chosen for its easy access and milder climate. It is notably on the mainland, in contrast to Malabo, which is on the island of <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Bioko</a>. It was designed by the Portuguese Studio for <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a> FAT – Future Architecture Thinking. It is projected to have around 200,000 inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Parliament of Equatorial Guinea">Parliament</a> building, a number of presidential villas and an area of 8150 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-piniweb.com.br_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piniweb.com.br-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greensavers.pt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greensavers.pt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of this new capital has been criticised by the political opposition to Obiang, the driving force behind the initiative. The Government of Equatorial Guinea began to move to the city in early 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funding is provided through <a href="/wiki/AICEP_Portugal_Global" title="AICEP Portugal Global">AICEP Portugal Global</a>. The plans come from a Portuguese architectural office. The construction work will be supported by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC171212_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC171212-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction faces delays such as, according to unconfirmed reports, President Obiang ordered a building to be moved because he did not like the view.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC171212_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC171212-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, all materials are imported.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC171212_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC171212-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, Obiang signed an anti-torture decree banning all forms of abuse and improper treatment in Equatorial Guinea, and commissioned the renovation and modernization of Black Beach prison in 2007 to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, human rights abuses have continued. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International among other non-governmental organizations have documented severe human rights abuses in prisons, including torture, beatings, unexplained deaths and illegal detention.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their most recently publishing findings (2020), <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> awarded Equatorial Guinea a total score of 16 on their <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> (CPI). CPI ranks countries by their perceived level of public corruption where zero is very corrupt and 100 is extremely clean. As of 2023, Equatorial Guinea is the 120th lowest scoring nation out of a total of 180 countries. Freedom House, a pro-democracy and human rights NGO, described Obiang as one of the world's "most kleptocratic living autocrats", and complained about the US government welcoming his administration and buying oil from it.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_the_death_penalty">Abolition of the death penalty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abolition of the death penalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Capital punishment in Equatorial Guinea">Capital punishment in Equatorial Guinea</a></div> <p>In September 2022, Obiang signed a law which officially abolished the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> and declared it an illegal punishment, even though the last execution took place in 2014, eight years earlier. This was seen as a slight improvement in human rights in the country and this move was praised internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT+_rights"><span id="LGBT.2B_rights"></span>LGBT+ rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: LGBT+ rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are no laws against homosexuality in Equatorial Guinea, the <a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA)</a> reported "there is evidence that State intimidation of sexually diverse individuals persists." The criminal code in force in Equatorial Guinea is a revision of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Criminal Code">Spanish Criminal Code</a> that dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist era</a> and is said to <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">post-colonially</a> carry homophobic undertones that influence those perception today.<sup id="cite_ref-ILGA_2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILGA_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age of consent is set at 18, regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodoro_Obiang_with_Lula_da_Silva,_1650FRP075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Teodoro_Obiang_with_Lula_da_Silva%2C_1650FRP075.jpg/220px-Teodoro_Obiang_with_Lula_da_Silva%2C_1650FRP075.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Teodoro_Obiang_with_Lula_da_Silva%2C_1650FRP075.jpg/330px-Teodoro_Obiang_with_Lula_da_Silva%2C_1650FRP075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Teodoro_Obiang_with_Lula_da_Silva%2C_1650FRP075.jpg/440px-Teodoro_Obiang_with_Lula_da_Silva%2C_1650FRP075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Obiang with Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 2003, state-operated radio declared Obiang "the country's God" with "all power over men and things." It added that the president was "in permanent contact with the Almighty" and "can decide to kill without anyone calling him to account and without going to hell." He personally made similar comments in 1993. His uncle and predecessor Macías had also proclaimed himself a god.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these comments however, Obiang still claims that he is a devout Catholic and was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and again by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. </p><p>Obiang has encouraged his <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> by ensuring that public speeches end in well-wishing for himself rather than for the nation as a whole. Many important buildings have a presidential lodge, many towns and cities have streets commemorating Obiang's coup against Macías, and many people wear clothes with his face printed on them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like his predecessor and other African strongmen such as <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a>, Obiang has assigned himself several creative titles. Among them are "gentleman of the great island of Bioko, Annobón and Río Muni."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also refers to himself as <i>El Jefe</i> (the boss).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, American journalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maass" title="Peter Maass">Peter Maass</a> called Obiang Africa's worst dictator, worse than <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. While he was researching a book on the country's oil boom in 2004, Maass recalled that no one approached him on the streets. He believed that the only time he had encountered a more docile populace was in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maass_in_Slate_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maass_in_Slate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an October 2012 interview on CNN, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Amanpour" title="Christiane Amanpour">Christiane Amanpour</a> asked Obiang whether he would step down at the end of his current term (2009–2016) since he had been reelected at least four times in his reign of over thirty years. In his response, Obiang categorically refused to step down despite <a href="/wiki/Term_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Term limits">term limits</a> in the 2011 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuses">Abuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas.jpg/220px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas.jpg/330px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas.jpg/440px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle</a> with Obiang and his wife, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Constancia_Mangue" title="Constancia Mangue">Constancia Mangue</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Abuses under Obiang have included "unlawful killings by security forces; government-sanctioned kidnappings; systematic torture of prisoners and detainees by security forces; life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention facilities; impunity; <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest</a>, detention, and incommunicado detention."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The few private media outlets in the country are largely owned by people close to Obiang. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedoms of association</a> and of assembly are severely curtailed, and the government imposes restrictive conditions on the registration and operation of nongovernmental organizations. The few local activists who work on human rights-related issues often face intimidation, harassment, and reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biens_mal_acquis" title="Biens mal acquis">Biens mal acquis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manmohan_Singh_attends_the_Opening_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Africa-India_Forum_Summit_(AIFS),_in_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia_on_May_24,_2011._The_President_of_Equatorial_Guinea,_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_is_also_seen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Manmohan_Singh_attends_the_Opening_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Africa-India_Forum_Summit_%28AIFS%29%2C_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_on_May_24%2C_2011._The_President_of_Equatorial_Guinea%2C_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_is_also_seen.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Manmohan_Singh_attends_the_Opening_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Africa-India_Forum_Summit_%28AIFS%29%2C_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_on_May_24%2C_2011._The_President_of_Equatorial_Guinea%2C_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_is_also_seen.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Manmohan_Singh_attends_the_Opening_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Africa-India_Forum_Summit_%28AIFS%29%2C_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_on_May_24%2C_2011._The_President_of_Equatorial_Guinea%2C_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_is_also_seen.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Obiang and Indian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> has said that Obiang, with a net worth of US$600 million, is one of the world's wealthiest heads of state.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Obiang told his citizenry that he felt compelled to take full control of the national treasury in order to prevent civil servants from being tempted to engage in corrupt practices. Obiang then deposited more than half a billion dollars into more than sixty accounts controlled by himself and his family at <a href="/wiki/Riggs_Bank" title="Riggs Bank">Riggs Bank</a> in Washington, D.C., leading a U.S. federal court to fine the bank $16 million for allowing him to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> investigation in 2004 found that the Washington-based Riggs Bank had taken $300 million in payments on behalf of Obiang from <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Equatorial_Guinea_profile_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Equatorial_Guinea_profile-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/220px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/330px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/440px-Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>The Obamas welcome Obiang and Constancia Mangue at the White House, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, the country became a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative" title="Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative">Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative</a> – an international project meant to promote openness about government oil revenues – but never qualified and missed the April 2010 deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-Equatorial_Guinea_profile_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Equatorial_Guinea_profile-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transparency International includes Equatorial Guinea on its list of twelve most corrupt states.<sup id="cite_ref-Equatorial_Guinea_profile_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Equatorial_Guinea_profile-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2007, Obiang and several other African state leaders came under investigation for corruption and fraudulent use of funds. He was suspected of using public funds to finance private mansions and other luxuries for both himself and his family. He and his son, in particular, owned several properties and supercars in France. Several complaints were also filed in US courts against Obiang's son. Attorneys stressed that the funds appropriated by the Obiangs were taken quite legally under Equatoguinean laws, even though those laws might not agree with international standards.<sup id="cite_ref-shift_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shift-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> alleged that Obiang and his son had appropriated hundreds of millions of dollars through corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 and early 2012, many assets were seized from Obiang and his son by the French and American governments, including mansions, wine collections, and supercars. The United States, France and Spain have all investigated the Obiang family's use of public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corruption investigation is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-shift_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shift-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huff2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_20.jpg/229px-Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_20.jpg/344px-Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_20.jpg/458px-Third_GECF_summit_in_Tehran_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Obiang at the Third GECF summit in Tehran, Iran, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Obiang, his cabinet and his family allegedly have received billions in undisclosed oil revenue each year from the nation's oil production. <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a> purchased land from Abayak, Obiang's personal investment vehicle, for more than $2 million; in June 2004 the sale was pending but Marathon had already made a $611,000 first payment with a check made out to Obiang. Marathon also was involved in a joint venture to operate two gas plants with GEOGAM, a quasi-state firm in which Abayak controlled a 75% stake.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the cabinet has made moderate increases in social spending, these remain far overshadowed by the spending on, for instance, presidential palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Obiang administration has been characterized by harassment of dissenters and foreign officials seeking to report on conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-huff1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obiang filed a <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> lawsuit in a French court against an organization he believed was demeaning his image by saying that his government had committed such acts, but the case was dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodoro_Obiang_%26_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Teodoro_Obiang_%26_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/220px-Teodoro_Obiang_%26_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Teodoro_Obiang_%26_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/330px-Teodoro_Obiang_%26_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Teodoro_Obiang_%26_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/440px-Teodoro_Obiang_%26_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Obiang with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Africa_Summit_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–Africa Summit 2019">Russia–Africa Summit</a> in Sochi in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Obiang has made several pledges to commit to open governance, reduce corruption, increase transparency, and improve the quality of life and uphold the basic freedoms of his citizens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Critics say that Obiang's government has made very little progress toward this goal, however.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huff1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several international groups have called for Obiang to: </p> <ul><li>increase fiscal transparency and accountability by publishing all government revenues, and conducting and publishing annual audits of government accounts, including those abroad, and forcing officials to declare assets</li> <li>Disclose natural resource revenues</li> <li>Greatly increase spending alleviation of poverty</li> <li>Uphold political freedoms and rights</li> <li>Allow judicial practices to meet international standards</li> <li>Cease harassing and hindering his critics</li> <li>Allow foreign inspectors and groups to travel freely, unhindered and unharassed.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huff1_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_during_the_banquet_lunch_hosted_by_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Equatorial_Guinea,_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo,_at_Presidential_Palace,_in_Guinea_on_April_08,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_during_the_banquet_lunch_hosted_by_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Equatorial_Guinea%2C_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo%2C_at_Presidential_Palace%2C_in_Guinea_on_April_08%2C_2018.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_during_the_banquet_lunch_hosted_by_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Equatorial_Guinea%2C_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo%2C_at_Presidential_Palace%2C_in_Guinea_on_April_08%2C_2018.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_during_the_banquet_lunch_hosted_by_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Equatorial_Guinea%2C_Mr._Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo%2C_at_Presidential_Palace%2C_in_Guinea_on_April_08%2C_2018.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>Indian president <a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a> at a banquet hosted by Obiang in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Justice Department">U.S. Justice Department</a> has alleged that Obiang's son also extorted funds from lumber and construction companies by inflating contractor payments by as much as 500%, then funnelled the funds into a private accounts for his own use. Obiang and his cabinet have defended Kiki, as his son is known. Lawyers uphold his innocence in both US and French courts, saying he received the funds legally though legitimate business enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the emergence of these allegations, Obiang named his son Equatorial Guinea's deputy permanent delegate to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, possibly giving him <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a> from prosecution. Obiang has created an independent audit task force to review the expenditures and financials of public figures in the government, screen for corruption, and increase financial transparency. The head of this task force, however, was appointed by Obiang himself.<sup id="cite_ref-global_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obiang owns two mansions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and the other in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> He usually goes there for meetings and when he is not in residence there is a caretaker.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_018.jpg/220px-18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_018.jpg/330px-18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_018.jpg/440px-18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Obiang with the president of Azerbaijan <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Obiang had a close relationship with the Washington DC–based <a href="/wiki/Riggs_Bank" title="Riggs Bank">Riggs Bank</a>. He is said to have been welcomed by top Riggs officials, who held a luncheon in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_2004-07-17_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_2004-07-17-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publicity regarding this relationship would later contribute to the downfall of Riggs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 November 2010, the Supreme Court of France ruled that a complaint filed by Transparency International in France on 2 December 2008 was admissible to the court system there. The decision allowed the appointment of an investigating judge and a judicial inquiry into claims that Obiang used state funds to purchase private property in France.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 article published in <i>Forbes</i> magazine suggested that Obiang gathered roughly $700 million of the country's wealth in US bank accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 12, 1968, Obiang married <a href="/wiki/Constancia_Mangue_Nsue_Okomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Constancia Mangue Nsue Okomo">Constancia Mangue Nsue Okomo</a> (born August 20, 1951).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, it was reported that Obiang favoured his son <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Nguema_Obiang_Mangue" title="Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue">Teodoro Nguema</a> to succeed him.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes" title="Order of the Condor of the Andes">Order of the Condor of the Andes</a> (November 2017)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Order_of_the_Crown_(Swaziland).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royal_Order_of_the_Crown_%28Swaziland%29.gif/60px-Royal_Order_of_the_Crown_%28Swaziland%29.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royal_Order_of_the_Crown_%28Swaziland%29.gif/90px-Royal_Order_of_the_Crown_%28Swaziland%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royal_Order_of_the_Crown_%28Swaziland%29.gif/120px-Royal_Order_of_the_Crown_%28Swaziland%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the Royal Order of the Crown (2012)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHI_Order_of_Lakandula_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PHI_Order_of_Lakandula_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/60px-PHI_Order_of_Lakandula_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PHI_Order_of_Lakandula_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/90px-PHI_Order_of_Lakandula_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PHI_Order_of_Lakandula_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/120px-PHI_Order_of_Lakandula_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lakandula" title="Order of Lakandula">Order of Lakandula</a>, Rank of Supremo (May 2006)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_Republike_Srbije_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Orden_Republike_Srbije_2.gif/60px-Orden_Republike_Srbije_2.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Orden_Republike_Srbije_2.gif/90px-Orden_Republike_Srbije_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Orden_Republike_Srbije_2.gif/120px-Orden_Republike_Srbije_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Order of the Republic of Serbia">Order of the Republic of Serbia</a>, Second Class (February 2022)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/90px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/120px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (December 1979)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star_(Suriname)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star_%28Suriname%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star_%28Suriname%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star_%28Suriname%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/90px-Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star_%28Suriname%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star_%28Suriname%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/120px-Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star_%28Suriname%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Officer <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Order_of_the_Yellow_Star" title="Honorary Order of the Yellow Star">Honorary Order of the Yellow Star</a> (February 2012)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_(Uganda)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/90px-Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/120px-Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa" title="Most Excellent Order of the Pearl of Africa">Most Excellent Order of the Pearl of Africa</a>: Grand Master (2012)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21694543-ordinary-folk-see-none-their-countrys-riches-palace-jungle">"Equatorial Guinea: Palace in the jungle: Ordinary folk see none of their country's riches"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 12 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824052345/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21694543-ordinary-folk-see-none-their-countrys-riches-palace-jungle">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Equatorial+Guinea%3A+Palace+in+the+jungle%3A+Ordinary+folk+see+none+of+their+country%27s+riches&rft.date=2016-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21694543-ordinary-folk-see-none-their-countrys-riches-palace-jungle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSáRodrigues_Sanches2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sá, Ana Lúcia; Rodrigues Sanches, Edalina (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa030">"The politics of autocratic survival in Equatorial Guinea: Co-optation, restrictive institutional rules, repression, and international projection"</a>. <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>120</b> (478): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadaa030">10.1093/afraf/adaa030</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10071%2F22003">10071/22003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9909">0001-9909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+autocratic+survival+in+Equatorial+Guinea%3A+Co-optation%2C+restrictive+institutional+rules%2C+repression%2C+and+international+projection&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=478&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10071%2F22003&rft.issn=0001-9909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadaa030&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Ana+L%C3%BAcia&rft.au=Rodrigues+Sanches%2C+Edalina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadaa030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsSá2024" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Austin S.; Sá, Ana Lúcia (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2024.2343105">"Elite strategy in resilient authoritarianism: Equatorial Guinea, 1979–2023"</a>. <i>Democratization</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2024.2343105">10.1080/13510347.2024.2343105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-890X">1743-890X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=Elite+strategy+in+resilient+authoritarianism%3A+Equatorial+Guinea%2C+1979%E2%80%932023&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2024.2343105&rft.issn=1743-890X&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Austin+S.&rft.au=S%C3%A1%2C+Ana+L%C3%BAcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2024.2343105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2006" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Barry, ed. 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So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?"</a>. The Ottawa Citizen (reprint: dangardner.ca). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pariah+President%3A+Teodoro+Obiang+is+a+brutal+dictator+responsible+for+thousands+of+deaths.+So+why+is+he+treated+like+an+elder+statesman+on+the+world+stage%3F&rft.pub=The+Ottawa+Citizen+%28reprint%3A+dangardner.ca%29&rft.date=2005-11-06&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dangardner.ca%2FFeatnov605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Smoltczyk2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Alexander Smoltczyk (28 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html">"Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211024211/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>But Mugabe may not be Africa's worst. That prize arguably goes to Teodoro Obiang, the ruler of Equatorial Guinea</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Africa%27s+Worst+Dictator%3F&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft.aulast=Maass&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2193870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1210/05/ampr.01.html">"Interview with President Teodoro Obiang of Equatorial Guinea"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview+with+President+Teodoro+Obiang+of+Equatorial+Guinea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F1210%2F05%2Fampr.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States State Department (25 February 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175326/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118999.htm">"2008 Human Rights Report: Equatorial Guinea"</a>, archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freezepage.com/1287677008YSVRPSPIOB?url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118999.htm">Freezepage</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea">"World Report 2018: Equatorial Guinea"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505000750/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea">Archived</a> 5 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/04/rich-kings-dictators_cz_lk_0504royals.html">"Fortunes of Kings, Queens And Dictators"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 5 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219084918/http://www.forbes.com/2006/05/04/rich-kings-dictators_cz_lk_0504royals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Fortunes+of+Kings%2C+Queens+And+Dictators&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F04%2Frich-kings-dictators_cz_lk_0504royals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html">part of a slideshow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029180012/https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Silverstein" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverstein" title="Ken Silverstein">Ken Silverstein</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030206213146/http://www.latimes.com/">"Oil Boom Enriches African Ruler: While the people of Equatorial Guinea live on a dollar a day, sources say their leader controls more than $300 million in a Washington bank"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Equatorial+Guinea+profile&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13317174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/">"First launched in 1995, the Corruption Perceptions Index has been widely credited with putting the issue of corruption on the international policy agenda"</a>. <i>Transparency International</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Equatorial+Guinea%27s+President%2C+Teodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo%2C+Skips+FAO+Address&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F10%2F17%2Fteodoro-obiang-nguema-mbasogo-fao_n_1015215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShook2013" class="citation web cs1">Shook, David (28 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-shook/equatorial-guinea-oil_b_3328376.html">"Choosing Our Oil Over Their Democracy: Elections as Farce in Equatorial Guinea"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227121554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-shook/equatorial-guinea-oil_b_3328376.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Choosing+Our+Oil+Over+Their+Democracy%3A+Elections+as+Farce+in+Equatorial+Guinea&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft.aulast=Shook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-shook%2Fequatorial-guinea-oil_b_3328376.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forbes_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNsehe2011" class="citation web cs1">Nsehe, Mfonobong (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/07/07/an-african-dictators-son-and-his-very-lavish-toys/">"An African Dictator's Son And His Very Lavish Toys"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022926/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/07/07/an-african-dictators-son-and-his-very-lavish-toys/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=An+African+Dictator%27s+Son+And+His+Very+Lavish+Toys&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.aulast=Nsehe&rft.aufirst=Mfonobong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmfonobongnsehe%2F2011%2F07%2F07%2Fan-african-dictators-son-and-his-very-lavish-toys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_2004-07-17-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_2004-07-17_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomeryKathleen_Day2004" class="citation news cs1">Montgomery, David; Kathleen Day (17 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A56372-2004Jul16.html">"Critics Say Allbritton Ruined Bank He Loved"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006182042/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A56372-2004Jul16.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Critics+Say+Allbritton+Ruined+Bank+He+Loved&rft.date=2004-07-17&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kathleen+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA56372-2004Jul16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurulé, Jimmy (2008) "Chapter 11: Private causes of action: using the civil justice system to hold terrorist financiers accountable" <i>Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism</i> Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&pg=PA356">footnote 10, page 356</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-962-1">978-1-84542-962-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Newstime Africa</i>, 22 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/10/20101021155522938291.html">"Unesco suspends Obiang prize"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 21 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023145831/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/10/20101021155522938291.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Unesco+suspends+Obiang+prize&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2010%2F10%2F20101021155522938291.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJkrAQAAIAAJ"><i>The World Who's who of Women, Vol. 13</i></a>. Melrose Press. 1995. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948875-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948875-12-0"><bdi>978-0-948875-12-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Who%27s+who+of+Women%2C+Vol.+13&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Melrose+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-948875-12-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJkrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_McGrealDan_Glaister2006" class="citation news cs1">Chris McGreal; Dan Glaister (10 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/nov/10/equatorialguinea.danglaister">"The tiny African state, the president's playboy son and the $35m Malibu mansion"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213024802/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/nov/10/equatorialguinea.danglaister">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+tiny+African+state%2C+the+president%27s+playboy+son+and+the+%2435m+Malibu+mansion&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft.au=Chris+McGreal&rft.au=Dan+Glaister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fnov%2F10%2Fequatorialguinea.danglaister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeodoro+Obiang+Nguema+Mbasogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First called the Revolutionary Military Council until 25 August 1979.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Teodoro_Obiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Teodoro Obiang">Teodoro Obiang</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/equatorialguinea.shtml">President Obiang's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly</a>, 25 September 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecaligiuri.com">Honorary Consul for Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2193870">Who's Africa's Worst Dictator? Hint: It's probably not Robert Mugabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Slate.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate.com">Slate.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html">"Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea"</a>, Alexander Smoltczyk, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, 28 August 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2011/6/23/amidst_poverty_and_human_rights_abuses">Amidst Poverty, Equatorial Guinea Builds Lavish City to Host African Union</a> — video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Equatorial Guinea">President of Equatorial Guinea</a> </b><br />1979–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Bingu wa Mutharika</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> </b><br />2011–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yayi_Boni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yayi Boni">Yayi Boni</a></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a> (1968–1979)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a> (1979–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Equatorial Guinea"><img alt="Flag of Equatorial Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/50px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/75px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/100px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" 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href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Benin: <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Burkina Faso: <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Burundi: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Cape Verde: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Neves" title="José Maria Neves">José Maria Neves</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Central African Republic: <a href="/wiki/Faustin-Archange_Touad%C3%A9ra" title="Faustin-Archange Touadéra">Faustin-Archange Touadéra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Chad: <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Comoros: <a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Azali Assoumani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Democratic Republic of the Congo: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Republic of the Congo: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Djibouti: <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Equatorial Guinea: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Eritrea: <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie" title="Taye Atske Selassie">Taye Atske Selassie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Gabon: <a href="/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema" title="Brice Oligui Nguema">Brice Oligui Nguema</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Gambia: <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ghana: <a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guinea: <a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guinea-Bissau: <a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ivory Coast: <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Kenya: <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Liberia: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boakai" title="Joseph Boakai">Joseph Boakai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Madagascar: <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Malawi: <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Lazarus Chakwera</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mali: <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mauritius: <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Gokhool" title="Dharam Gokhool">Dharam Gokhool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mozambique: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Nyusi" title="Filipe Nyusi">Filipe Nyusi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Namibia: <a href="/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba" title="Nangolo Mbumba">Nangolo Mbumba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Niger: <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Rwanda: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: <i><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">São Tomé and Príncipe: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vila_Nova" title="Carlos Vila Nova">Carlos Vila Nova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Senegal: <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Seychelles: <a href="/wiki/Wavel_Ramkalawan" title="Wavel Ramkalawan">Wavel Ramkalawan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sierra Leone: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Somalia: <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Somaliland: <i><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi" title="Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi">Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">South Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia Suluhu Hassan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Togo: <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Zambia: <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Abkhazia: <i><a href="/wiki/Badra_Gunba" title="Badra Gunba">Badra Gunba</a></i>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan" title="Vahagn Khachaturyan">Vahagn Khachaturyan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">China: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">East Timor: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Georgia (country): <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">India: <a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Israel: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Japarov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Laos: <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu" title="Mohamed Muizzu">Mohamed Muizzu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Nepal: <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Palestine: <i><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Choi_Sang-mok" title="Choi Sang-mok">Choi Sang-mok</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">South Ossetia: <i><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gagloev" title="Alan Gagloev">Alan Gagloev</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Syria: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Taiwan: <i><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Albania: <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Austria: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Belarus: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Be%C4%87irovi%C4%87" title="Denis Bećirović">Denis Bećirović</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljka_Cvijanovi%C4%87" title="Željka Cvijanović">Željka Cvijanović</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Komšić">Željko Komšić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Cyprus: <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Nikos Christodoulides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finland: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">France: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Germany: <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greece: <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Tamás Sulyok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Italy: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Kosovo: <i><a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Gitanas Nausėda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Malta: <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Myriam Spiteri Debono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Milatovi%C4%87" title="Jakov Milatović">Jakov Milatović</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Northern Cyprus: <i><a href="/wiki/Ersin_Tatar" title="Ersin Tatar">Ersin Tatar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Poland: <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Romania: <a href="/wiki/Ilie_Bolojan" title="Ilie Bolojan">Ilie Bolojan</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Russia: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">San Marino: <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Civerchia" title="Francesca Civerchia">Francesca Civerchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Riccardi" title="Dalibor Riccardi">Dalibor Riccardi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini" title="Peter Pellegrini">Peter Pellegrini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Nataša Pirc Musar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Transnistria: <i><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky" title="Vadim Krasnoselsky">Vadim Krasnoselsky</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Barbados: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Costa Rica: <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Chaves_Robles" title="Rodrigo Chaves Robles">Rodrigo Chaves Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Dominica: <a href="/wiki/Sylvanie_Burton" title="Sylvanie Burton">Sylvanie Burton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Dominican Republic: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Abinader" title="Luis Abinader">Luis Abinader</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">El Salvador: <a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele" title="Nayib Bukele">Nayib Bukele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guatemala: <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Haiti: <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Honduras: <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Nicaragua: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Murillo" title="Rosario Murillo">Rosario Murillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Panama: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Trinidad and Tobago: <a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United States: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bolivia: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Chile: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Colombia: <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guyana: <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Irfaan Ali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Paraguay: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Peru: <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Suriname: <a href="/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Chan Santokhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Uruguay: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Lacalle_Pou" title="Luis Lacalle Pou">Luis Lacalle Pou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu" title="Naiqama Lalabalavu">Naiqama Lalabalavu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Kiribati: <a href="/wiki/Taneti_Maamau" title="Taneti Maamau">Taneti Maamau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Marshall Islands: <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Federated States of Micronesia: <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Simina" title="Wesley Simina">Wesley Simina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Nauru: <a href="/wiki/David_Adeang" title="David Adeang">David Adeang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Palau: <a href="/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr." title="Surangel Whipps Jr.">Surangel Whipps Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Samoa: <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Va%CA%BBaleto%CA%BBa_Sualauvi_II" title="Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II">Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vanuatu: <a href="/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu" title="Nikenike Vurobaravu">Nikenike Vurobaravu</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Asterisk (*) indicate an acting head of state <b>·</b> <i>Italics</i> indicate a head of state of non-UN member state</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template talk:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation of<br />African Unity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Template:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Template talk:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/OPEC#Membership" title="OPEC">OPEC member states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Tebboune</a> (Algeria)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">Lourenço</a> (Angola)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obiang</a> (Equatorial Guinea)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema" title="Brice Oligui Nguema">Oligui Nguema</a> (Gabon)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a> (Iran)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Rashid</a> (Iraq)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal</a> (Kuwait)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">al-Menfi</a> (Libya)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Tinubu</a> (Nigeria)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Sassou Nguesso</a> (Republic of the Congo)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman</a> (Saudi Arabia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed</a> (United Arab Emirates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a> (Venezuela)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="36px_Order_of_Lakandula_recipients_36px316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Order_of_Lakandula_recipients" title="Template:Order of Lakandula recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Order_of_Lakandula_recipients" title="Template talk:Order of Lakandula recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Order_of_Lakandula_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Order of Lakandula recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="36px_Order_of_Lakandula_recipients_36px316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png/36px-PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png/54px-PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png/72px-PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lakandula" title="Order of Lakandula">Order of Lakandula</a> recipients <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png/36px-PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png/54px-PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png/72px-PHL_Order_of_Lakandula.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Collar (<i>Supremo</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">Jose W. Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Salman_Al_Khalifa" title="Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa">Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito, Emperor of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanat_Khoman" title="Thanat Khoman">Thanat Khoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Rajaratnam" title="S. Rajaratnam">S. Rajaratnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Hussein" title="Abdul Razak Hussein">Abdul Razak Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Ramos" title="Narciso Ramos">Narciso Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Severino_Jr." title="Rodolfo Severino Jr.">Rodolfo Severino Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Cross (<i>Bayani</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolando_Andaya_Jr." title="Rolando Andaya Jr.">Rolando Andaya Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Benjamin_Caguioa" title="Alfredo Benjamin Caguioa">Alfredo Benjamin Caguioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Devanadera" title="Agnes Devanadera">Agnes Devanadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_Ebdane" title="Hermogenes Ebdane">Hermogenes Ebdane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Ermita" title="Eduardo Ermita">Eduardo Ermita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_Esperon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermogenes Esperon">Hermogenes Esperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Frieder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Frieder (page does not exist)">Alex Frieder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Garcia" title="Gwendolyn Garcia">Gwendolyn Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Manalo" title="Enrique Manalo">Enrique Manalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Ople" title="Blas Ople">Blas Ople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_V._Pangilinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel V. Pangilinan">Manuel V. Pangilinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynato_Puno" title="Reynato Puno">Reynato Puno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerge_Remonde" title="Cerge Remonde">Cerge Remonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reuter" title="James Reuter">James B. Reuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Reyes" title="Angelo Reyes">Angelo Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Romulo" title="Alberto Romulo">Alberto Romulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Cardinal Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_SyCip" title="Washington SyCip">Washington SyCip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amando_Tetangco_Jr." title="Amando Tetangco Jr.">Amando Tetangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoichiro_Toyoda" title="Shoichiro Toyoda">Shoichiro Toyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ty" title="George Ty">George Ty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Yap" title="Arthur C. Yap">Arthur C. Yap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Yuchengco" title="Alfonso Yuchengco">Alfonso Yuchengco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Officer<br />(<i>Marangal na Pinuno</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Thad Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lim_Bon_Liong" title="Henry Lim Bon Liong">Henry Lim Bon Liong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Soliven" title="Max Soliven">Max Soliven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commander (<i>Komandante</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_V._Pangilinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel V. Pangilinan">Manuel V. Pangilinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efren_Pe%C3%B1aflorida" title="Efren Peñaflorida">Efren Peñaflorida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_Salonga" title="Lea Salonga">Lea Salonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officer (<i>Pinuno</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Lucenario_Jr." title="Domingo Lucenario Jr.">Domingo Lucenario Jr.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Champion for Life (<i>Kampeon Habang Buhay</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_Abenojar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale Abenojar (page does not exist)">Dale Abenojar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronato_Alcano" title="Ronato Alcano">Ronato Alcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonito_Donaire" title="Nonito Donaire">Nonito Donaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Emata" title="Erwin Emata">Erwin Emata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Oracion" title="Leo Oracion">Leo Oracion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_Lara_Quigaman" title="Precious Lara Quigaman">Precious Lara Quigaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efren_Reyes" title="Efren Reyes">Efren Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Rosales" title="Jennifer Rosales">Jennifer Rosales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57385#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1719" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57385#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57385#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2452394">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/139675/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmQrcYMQ4DMBkB34cQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1162144823">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84175007">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12502026g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12502026g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro <politico>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LIGV035369">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1050940">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p329028855">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm147z770pwcrnl">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614705406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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Mbasogo</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" 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