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<ul id="toc-Financial_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greycoat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greycoat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Greycoat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greycoat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolutism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolutism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Absolutism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolutism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Military restructuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_of_the_newest_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_of_the_newest_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Assimilation of the newest territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_of_the_newest_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family matters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles XI of Sweden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="كارل الحادي عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل الحادي عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF)" title="اوْن‌بیرینجی کارل (سوئد) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْن‌بیرینجی کارل (سوئد)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XI" title="Карл XI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл XI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XI" title="Карл XI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл XI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_XI,_kralj_%C5%A0vedske" title="Karlo XI, kralj Švedske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karlo XI, kralj Švedske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI" title="Karl XI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karl XI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_XI_de_Su%C3%A8cia" title="Carles XI de Suècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles XI de Suècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_XI." title="Karel XI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel XI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarl_XI,_brenin_Sweden" title="Siarl XI, brenin Sweden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siarl XI, brenin Sweden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_11._af_Sverige" title="Karl 11. af Sverige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl 11. af Sverige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI." title="Karl XI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl XI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI" title="Karl XI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karl XI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κάρολος ΙΑ΄ της Σουηδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος ΙΑ΄ της Σουηδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XI_de_Suecia" title="Carlos XI de Suecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos XI de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolo_la_11-a_(Svedio)" title="Karolo la 11-a (Svedio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karolo la 11-a (Svedio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos_XI.a_Suediakoa" title="Karlos XI.a Suediakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karlos XI.a Suediakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="کارل یازدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل یازدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XI" title="Charles XI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles XI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XI_de_Suecia" title="Carlos XI de Suecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carlos XI de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC_11%EC%84%B8" title="칼 11세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼 11세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_XI_(%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Կառլ XI (Շվեդիայի թագավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառլ XI (Շվեդիայի թագավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI_dari_Swedia" title="Karl XI dari Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karl XI dari Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_11." title="Karl 11. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karl 11." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_XI_di_Svezia" title="Carlo XI di Svezia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo XI di Svezia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרל האחד עשר, מלך שוודיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל האחד עשר, מלך שוודיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_XI" title="კარლ XI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ XI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="XI Карл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XI Карл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_XI_(rex_Sueciae)" title="Carolus XI (rex Sueciae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus XI (rex Sueciae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_XI" title="Kārlis XI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis XI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolis_XI" title="Karolis XI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karolis XI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._K%C3%A1roly_sv%C3%A9d_kir%C3%A1ly" title="XI. Károly svéd király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XI. Károly svéd király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XI_(%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Карл XI (Шведска) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл XI (Шведска)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="كارل الحداشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل الحداشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_XI_van_Zweden" title="Karel XI van Zweden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karel XI van Zweden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB11%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="カール11世 (スウェーデン王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール11世 (スウェーデン王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI_av_Sverige" title="Karl XI av Sverige – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl XI av Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI_av_Sverige" title="Karl XI av Sverige – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl XI av Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_XI" title="Karol XI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol XI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XI_da_Su%C3%A9cia" title="Carlos XI da Suécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos XI da Suécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_al_XI-lea_al_Suediei" title="Carol al XI-lea al Suediei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol al XI-lea al Suediei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XI" title="Карл XI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл XI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XI_o_Swaden" title="Charles XI o Swaden – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles XI o Swaden" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XI_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Карл XI од Шведске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл XI од Шведске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI_od_%C5%A0vedske" title="Karl XI od Švedske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karl XI od Švedske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarle_XI" title="Kaarle XI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarle XI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI" title="Karl XI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl XI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._Karl" title="XI. Karl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XI. Karl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XI" title="Карл XI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл XI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XI_c%E1%BB%A7a_Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n" title="Karl XI của Thụy Điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl XI của Thụy Điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles XI</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XI,_1655-1697,_konung_av_Sverige_pfalzgreve_av_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_(David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15083.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_pfalzgreve_av_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15083.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_pfalzgreve_av_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15083.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_pfalzgreve_av_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15083.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_pfalzgreve_av_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15083.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_pfalzgreve_av_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15083.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_pfalzgreve_av_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15083.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl" title="David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl">David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl</a>, 1689</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden#list_of_rulers_(1648-1823)" title="Bremen-Verden">Duke of Bremen and Verden</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1660<sup id="cite_ref-NF2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NF2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 5 April 1697</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Swedish_monarch" title="Coronation of the Swedish monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1675</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp</a> (1660–1672)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 November 1655<br /><a href="/wiki/Tre_Kronor_(castle)" title="Tre Kronor (castle)">Tre Kronor</a>, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 April 1697<span style="display:none">(1697-04-05)</span> (aged 41)<br />Tre Kronor, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">24 November 1697<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Riddarholmen_Church" title="Riddarholmen Church">Riddarholmen Church</a>, Stockholm</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="6 May 1680">1680</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="26 July 1693">1693</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Sophia,_Duchess_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedvig Sophia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedvig Sophia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII,_King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII, King of Sweden">Charles XII, King of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora,_Queen_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav" title="Charles X Gustav">Charles X Gustav</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Karl_XI._(Schweden).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles XI's signature"><img alt="Charles XI's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Signatur_Karl_XI._%28Schweden%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles XI</b> or <b>Carl</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Karl XI</i>; 4 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 24 November] 1655 – 15 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 5 April] 1697)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a> from 1660 until his death, in a period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Swedish history</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> (1611–1721). </p><p>He was the only son of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp</a>. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominions</a> from <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Danish</a> troops in the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles XI was succeeded by his only son <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a>, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe. </p><p>Though Charles was crowned as Charles XI, he was not the 11th king of Sweden of that name. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a> (1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor was actually the third King Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden">Carl XVI Gustaf</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_guardian_rule">Under guardian rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Under guardian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XI,_five_years_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karl_XI%2C_five_years_old.jpg/220px-Karl_XI%2C_five_years_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karl_XI%2C_five_years_old.jpg/330px-Karl_XI%2C_five_years_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karl_XI%2C_five_years_old.jpg/440px-Karl_XI%2C_five_years_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Charles at the age of five, dressed as a Roman emperor. Painting by <a href="/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl" title="David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl">Ehrenstrahl</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt,_Karl_XI,_Pierre_Signac,_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Pierre_Signac%2C_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Pierre_Signac%2C_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Pierre_Signac%2C_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Pierre_Signac%2C_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Pierre_Signac%2C_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Pierre_Signac%2C_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="5162" /></a><figcaption>Miniature of Charles XI, Pierre Signac, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1662</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles was born in the <a href="/wiki/Tre_Kronor_(castle)" title="Tre Kronor (castle)">Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor</a> in November 1655. His father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X of Sweden">Charles X of Sweden</a>, had left Sweden in July that year to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wars" title="Northern Wars">war against Poland</a>. After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, gathered his family and the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>. Here he beheld his four-year-old son for the first time. Only a few weeks later, in mid-January 1660, the king fell ill; one month later, he wrote his last will and died.<sup id="cite_ref-Aberg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles X Gustav's will and testament left the administration of the Swedish Empire during Charles XI's minority to a regency led by Queen Dowager <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedwig Eleonora</a> as both formal regent and chair of a six-member Regency Council with two votes and a final say over the rest of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranlund200458–59_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranlund200458–59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger" title="Per Brahe the Younger">Per Brahe</a> was one member of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranlund200459_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranlund200459-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg">Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. On 14 February, the day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the following council in Stockholm on 13 May, the council tried to keep her from attending. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for a widow to attend council, and that if not, it would be hard to keep sending a messenger to her quarters. Her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonora's ostensible indifference to politics came as a great relief to the lords of the guardian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rystadp26_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rystadp26-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her. He would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise, and his favourite pastime of bear-hunting. He appeared ignorant of the very rudiments of <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">statecraft</a> and almost <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiterate</a>. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, a disability that was poorly understood at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with the foreign envoys since he had no foreign language skills apart from German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Magalotti" title="Lorenzo Magalotti">Lorenzo Magalotti</a> visited Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as "virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face". Another trait was a deep religious devotion: he was God-fearing, frequently prayed kneeling and attended sermons. Magalotti otherwise described the king's main pursuits as hunting, the upcoming war, and jokes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scanian_War">Scanian War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scanian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XI,_1655-1697,_konung_av_Sverige_(David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Karl_XI%2C_1655-1697%2C_konung_av_Sverige_%28David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Charles XI at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lund" title="Battle of Lund">Battle of Lund</a> in 1676. Painting by <a href="/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl" title="David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl">David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl</a> in 1682.</figcaption></figure> <p>The situation in Europe was shaky during this time and Sweden was going through financial problems. Charles XI's guardians decided to negotiate an alliance with France in 1671. This would ensure that Sweden would not be isolated if there was a war, and that the national finances would improve thanks to French <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France directed its aggression against the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> in 1672, and by the spring of 1674, Sweden was forced to take part by directing forces towards <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, under the lead of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Wrangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Gustav Wrangel">Karl Gustav Wrangel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> was an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and it was evident that Sweden was on the verge of yet another war with that country. A remedy was attempted by chancellor <a href="/wiki/Nils_Brahe" title="Nils Brahe">Nils Brahe</a>, who traveled to Copenhagen in the spring of 1675 to try to get the Danish princess <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark</a> engaged to the Swedish king. In mid-June 1675, the engagement was officially proclaimed. However, when news arrived of the Swedish defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin" title="Battle of Fehrbellin">Battle of Fehrbellin</a>, Danish king <a href="/wiki/Christian_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian V">Christian V</a> declared war on Sweden that September.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Swedish Privy Council</a> continued its internal feuds, and the king was forced to rule without them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20-year-old king was inexperienced and considered ill-served amidst what has been called the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> in the nation. He dedicated autumn in his newly formed camp in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Scania</a> to arm the Swedish nation for battle in the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>. The Swedish soldiers in Scania were outnumbered and out-equipped by the Danes. In May 1676, they invaded Scania, taking <a href="/wiki/Landskrona" title="Landskrona">Landskrona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a>, then proceeding through <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Halmstad" title="Halmstad">Halmstad</a>. The King had to grow up quickly. He suddenly found himself alone and under great pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halmstad" title="Battle of Halmstad">Battle of Halmstad</a> (17 August 1676), when Charles and his <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Grundel-Helmfelt" title="Simon Grundel-Helmfelt">Simon Grundel-Helmfelt</a> defeated a Danish division, was the king's first glimmer of good luck. Charles continued south through Scania, arriving on the <a href="/wiki/Plateaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateaus">tableland</a> of the flooded <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4vlinge_River" title="Kävlinge River">Kävlinge River</a> – near <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a> – on 11 November. The Danish army commanded by Christian V was positioned on the other side. It was impossible to cross the river and Charles had to wait for weeks until it froze over. This finally happened on 4 December and Charles launched a surprise attack on the Danish forces to fight the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lund" title="Battle of Lund">Battle of Lund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the bloodiest engagements of its time. Of the over 20,000 combatants, about 8,000 perished on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the Swedish commanders showed ability, but the chief glory of the day was attributed to Charles XI and his fighting spirit. The battle proved to be a decisive one for the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5neland" title="Skåneland">Scanian lands</a> and it has been described as the most significant event for Charles' personality. Charles commemorated this date the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following year, 13,000 men led by Charles routed 12,000 Danes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landskrona" title="Battle of Landskrona">Battle of Landskrona</a>. This proved to be the last <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battle</a> of the war since, in September 1678, Christian V evacuated his army back to <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a>. In 1679, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI, who is said to have bitterly resented "the insufferable tutelage" of the French king, was forced at last to acquiesce to a peace that managed to leave his <a href="/wiki/Swedish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish empire">empire</a> practically intact.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace was made with Denmark in the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1679)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)">Fontainebleau (1679)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lund">Lund</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_actions">Post-war actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-war actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare,_kungaportr%C3%A4tt,_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare%2C_kungaportr%C3%A4tt%2C_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare%2C_kungaportr%C3%A4tt%2C_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare%2C_kungaportr%C3%A4tt%2C_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare%2C_kungaportr%C3%A4tt%2C_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare%2C_kungaportr%C3%A4tt%2C_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare%2C_kungaportr%C3%A4tt%2C_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of Charles XI.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles devoted the rest of his life to avoiding further warfare by gaining larger independence in foreign affairs, while he also promoted economic stabilization and a reorganization of the military. His remaining 20 years on the throne were the longest peacetime of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> (1611–1718).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years, he was assisted by the man who had become his trusted prime-minister, <a href="/wiki/Johan_G%C3%B6ransson_Gyllenstierna" title="Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna">Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna</a> (1635–1680). Some sources say the king was basically dependent on Gyllenstierna.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sudden death in 1680 opened up the road to the monarch, and many men tried to get close to the king to take Gyllenstierna's place.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_restoration">Financial restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Financial restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suecia_3-047_;_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Suecia_3-047_%3B_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg/220px-Suecia_3-047_%3B_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Suecia_3-047_%3B_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg/330px-Suecia_3-047_%3B_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Suecia_3-047_%3B_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg/440px-Suecia_3-047_%3B_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_Castle" title="Läckö Castle">Läckö Castle</a>, one of many mansions reclaimed by the Crown. Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Swidde" title="Willem Swidde">Willem Swidde</a> from circa 1700 in <i><a href="/wiki/Suecia_Antiqua_et_Hodierna" title="Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna">Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden's weak economy had suffered during the war and was now in a deep crisis. Charles assembled the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> in October 1680. The assembly has been described as one of the most important held by the Riksdag of the Estates.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the king finally pushed through the <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (Sweden)">reduction</a> ordeal, something that had been discussed in the Riksdag since 1650. It meant that any land or object previously owned by the crown and lent or given away – including counties, baronies and <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">lordships</a> – could be recovered. It affected many prominent members of the nobility, some of whom were ruined by it. One of them was the former guardian and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chief Justice of Sweden">Lord Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnus_De_La_Gardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus De La Gardie">Magnus De La Gardie</a>, who, among many other Estates, had to return the extravagant 248-room <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_Castle" title="Läckö Castle">Läckö Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction process involved the examination of every title deed in the kingdom, including the <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominions</a>, and it resulted in a complete readjustment of the nation's finances.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greycoat">Greycoat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greycoat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Swedish legend, Charles XI travelled around the country dressed as a farmer or simple traveller. In the legend he is referred to as <i>the Greycoat</i> (Swedish: <i>Gråkappan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done to discover and identify corruption and oppression against the populace. There are many stories about him arriving in villages looking for corrupt church officials and punishing them. One anecdote tells of him visiting one village with a church in splendid condition and the priest living in poverty. Continuing, the King found in the next village a church in disrepair and a priest living lavishly. The King solved the situation by switching the priests, giving the poor priest the lavish living condition and a church the King was certain he would rebuild. Always followed by a military cortège, Charles toured the country more than other Swedish kings during this era and was famous for the speed at which he travelled, setting many records. The stories of <i>the Greycoat</i> were published in a book by <a href="/wiki/Arvid_August_Afzelius" title="Arvid August Afzelius">Arvid August Afzelius</a> in the middle of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolutism">Absolutism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Absolutism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3416" data-file-height="5416" /></a><figcaption>Portrait in Samuel von Pufendorf: De rebus a Carolo Gustavo, 1696</figcaption></figure> <p>Another important decision made during the assembly was that of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Swedish Privy Council</a>. Since 1634, it had been mandatory for the king to take advice from the council. During the Scanian War, the members of the council were engaged in internal feuds, and the king more or less ruled without listening to their advice. At the 1680 assembly, he asked the Estates whether he was still bound to the council, to which the Estates responded with his desired reply: "he was not bound by anyone other than himself" <i>("envälde"),</i> and thereby the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> was formally established in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Riksdag of the Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_restructuring">Military restructuring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1682 assembly of the Riksdag of the Estates, the king put forth his suggestion for military reform, whereby each of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">lands of Sweden</a> were to have 1,200 soldiers at the ready, at all times, and two farms were to provide accommodations for one soldier. His soldiers were known as <a href="/wiki/Caroleans" title="Caroleans">Caroleans</a>, trained to be skilled and preferring to attack rather than defend. Savagery and looting were strictly forbidden. Soldier huts around the country were the most visible part of the new <a href="/wiki/Swedish_allotment_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish allotment system">Swedish allotment system</a>. However, Charles also modernized the military techniques and worked to improve the skills and knowledge of the officers by sending them abroad to study.<sup id="cite_ref-ÅbergMil_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÅbergMil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RystadMil_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RystadMil-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles XI was initially enthusiastic about warfare and combat and he was often portrayed as the soldier-King. In the years after the Scanian War however, during which he personally engaged in the fighting and saw the devastation of war, he would later come to view that war was something better to be avoided if possible. With the recent war in mind he wanted to strengthen the armed forces for a defensive war which he knew would come sooner or later.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish navy">Swedish navy</a> suffered major defeats against Danish-Dutch forces in the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>, revealing deficiencies in organization and supply, and disadvantages in basing the fleet at Stockholm. The navy was bolstered with the founding of an ice-free base at <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a> in 1680 which became the mainstay of future naval operations. Today it is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ÅbergMil_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÅbergMil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RystadMil_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RystadMil-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation_of_the_newest_territories">Assimilation of the newest territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assimilation of the newest territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/220px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/330px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/440px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Development of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> in Early Modern Europe (1560–1815)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Uniformity_policy" title="Uniformity policy">Uniformity policy</a></div> <p>Charles believed it was very important to <a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">assimilate</a> the new Swedish territories of <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a>, in southern Sweden; <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a> in western Sweden and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>, in northern Sweden, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>. Some assimilation policies included: the ban of all books written in Danish or Norwegian, thus breaking the promise made at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a>; the use of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a> in the conduct of sermons; and all new priests and teachers having to come from Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-ÅbergProv_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÅbergProv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RystadProv_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RystadProv-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king had seen bitter resentment from the Scanian peasants during the Scanian War and was particularly tough on that province. The guerrilla <i><a href="/wiki/Snapphane" title="Snapphane">Snapphane</a></i> movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. They also had strong support from the local villages. Charles remained suspicious of the Scanian inhabitants throughout his life. He did not allow soldiers from Scania in his Scanian regiment: the 1,200 soldiers that were to be stationed there had to be recruited from more northern provinces. He also advocated rough treatment of the inhabitants and the first <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Governors-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Governors-General">Governor-General</a> of Scania, his trusted aide <a href="/wiki/Johan_G%C3%B6ransson_Gyllenstierna" title="Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna">Johan Gyllenstierna</a> (governor-general 1679–1680), was notably brutal in his treatment of the locals. The rule of <a href="/wiki/Rutger_von_Ascheberg" title="Rutger von Ascheberg">Rutger von Ascheberg</a> (governor-general 1680–1693), proved more lenient.<sup id="cite_ref-ÅbergProv_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÅbergProv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RystadProv_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RystadProv-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assimilation was not as strongly implemented in the German <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a>, and the Baltic dominions (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia_(1629%E2%80%931721)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)">Livonia</a>). In Germany, Charles found himself being opposed by the Estates there. He was also bound by the law of the German emperor and the peace treaty. In the Baltic, the power structure was completely different, with a German-descended nobility that used <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a>, something that Charles abhorred and wanted to abolish but was unable to. Finally, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kexholm" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Kexholm">Kexholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ingria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ingria">Ingria</a> were sparsely populated and not of great interest.<sup id="cite_ref-ÅbergProv_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÅbergProv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RystadProv_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RystadProv-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church">Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles was a devoted <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. In February 1686, a church law was put forth on his initiative. The church order declared that the king was ruler of the Church in the same way that he ruled the country and God ruled the world. Attending sermons on Sunday was made obligatory and ordinary people found walking during that time risked arrest. Three years later, he declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> written by archbishop <a href="/wiki/Olov_Svebilius" title="Olov Svebilius">Olov Svebilius</a> and then-bishop <a href="/wiki/Haqvin_Spegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haqvin Spegel">Haqvin Spegel</a> so that they would understand the "magnificence of God".<sup id="cite_ref-ÅbergKyrkan_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÅbergKyrkan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RystadKyrkan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RystadKyrkan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles encouraged the production of a <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Psalmbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalmbok">Psalmbok</a></i>) to be printed and distributed to the churches (completed 1693), and a new printed version of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> that was completed in 1703 and named after his successor: <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_Bible" title="Charles XII Bible">Charles XII Bible</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ÅbergKyrkan_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÅbergKyrkan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RystadKyrkan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RystadKyrkan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_matters">Family matters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family matters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg/220px-Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg/330px-Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg/440px-Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrika Eleonora</a>, Charles's wife</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 May 1680, Charles married <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark</a> (1656–1693), daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III of Denmark</a> (1609–1670). He had previously been engaged to his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_Hesse-Eschwege" title="Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege">Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege</a>, but the engagement was broken after a scandal. Charles and Ulrika were engaged in 1675 in an attempt to smooth over longstanding hostilities, but the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a> soon broke out. During the war, Ulrika Eleonora gained a reputation for loyalty to her future home country by exhibiting kindness to Swedish prisoners: she pawned her jewelry, even her engagement ring, to care for the Swedish prisoners of war. Her personal merits and continued charitable acts throughout her tenure endeared her to the Swedish people and eased some of the difficulties brought on by her Danish background.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, the marriage between her and Charles XI was on the agenda, and ratified on 26 September 1679. They married at <a href="/wiki/Skottorp" title="Skottorp">Skottorp</a> on 6 May 1680 in a hasty ceremony, as Charles prioritized government work over private matters, even a marriage ceremony.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulrik,_1684-1685,_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ulrik%2C_1684-1685%2C_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ulrik%2C_1684-1685%2C_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ulrik%2C_1684-1685%2C_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Ulrik%2C_1684-1685%2C_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ulrik%2C_1684-1685%2C_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Ulrik%2C_1684-1685%2C_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3122" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>The death of Prince Ulric as painted by <a href="/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl" title="David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl">David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles and Ulrika Eleonora were very different. He enjoyed hunting and riding, while she enjoyed reading and art, and is best remembered for her great charitable activity. She was also limited by ill-health and numerous pregnancies. Charles was very active and busy and while Charles was away inspecting his troops or pursuing his pastimes, she was often lonely and sad. The marriage itself, however, is considered a success, with the King and Queen being very fond of each other. As queen, Ulrika Eleonora had little political involvement and was placed in the shadow of her mother-in-law. During "The Great Reversion" to the crown of counties, baronies and large lordships from the nobility, Ulrika tried to speak on the behalf of the people whose property was confiscated by the crown. But the king told her that the reason he had married her was not because he wanted her political advice. Instead, she helped people whose property had been confiscated by secretly compensating them economically from her own budget. However Charles XI's confidence in her grew over time: in 1690, he named her future Regent, should his son succeed him still a minor. Instead Ulrika Eleonora predeceased him by almost four years. At the time of her death she was personally supporting 17,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said that on his death bed, Charles XI admitted to his mother that he hadn't been happy since Ulrika Eleonora's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Rystad_2003,_pp.287–289_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rystad_2003,_pp.287–289-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familjeportr%C3%A4tt,_Karl_XI,_Ehrenstrahl,_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Familjeportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Ehrenstrahl%2C_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Familjeportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Ehrenstrahl%2C_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Familjeportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Ehrenstrahl%2C_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Familjeportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Ehrenstrahl%2C_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Familjeportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Ehrenstrahl%2C_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Familjeportr%C3%A4tt%2C_Karl_XI%2C_Ehrenstrahl%2C_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3707" data-file-height="3469" /></a><figcaption>Charles XI's family with his sister-in-law and her son (his future son-in-law), 1690s</figcaption></figure> <p>The marriage produced seven children, of whom only three outlived Charles:<sup id="cite_ref-NF_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NF-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Sophia_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedwig Sophia of Sweden">Hedwig Sophia</a> (1681–1708), duchess of <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorp</a> and grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a> (1682–1718), who succeeded him to the throne; he had no issue</li> <li>Gustav (1683–1685)</li> <li>Ulric (1684–1685)</li> <li>Frederick (1685–1685)</li> <li>Charles Gustav (1686–1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a> ("the younger", 1688–1741), who succeeded her brother on the Swedish throne; no issue</li></ul> <p>Ulrika Eleonora (the elder) was sickly, and the many child births eventually broke her. When she became seriously ill, in 1693, Charles finally dedicated his time and care to her. Her death in July that year shook him deeply and he never fully recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rystad_2003,_pp.287–289_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rystad_2003,_pp.287–289-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her infant son Ulric (1684–1685) had been given <a href="/wiki/Ulriksdal_Palace" title="Ulriksdal Palace">Ulriksdal Palace</a>, which was renamed for him (<i>Ulric's Dale</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade,_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade%2C_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade%2C_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade%2C_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade%2C_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade%2C_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade%2C_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4479" data-file-height="3545" /></a><figcaption>Charles XI <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a>, 1697.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles XI had complained of stomach pains since 1694. In the summer of 1696, he asked his doctors for an opinion on the pain as it had continuously become worse, but they had no viable cure or treatment for it. He continued to perform his duties as usual, but, in February 1697, the pains became too severe for him to cope and he returned to Stockholm where the doctors discovered he had a large, hard lump in his stomach. At this point there was little the doctors could do except alleviate the King's pain as best they could. Charles XI died on 5 April 1697, at the age of 41. An autopsy showed that the King had developed cancer and that it had spread through his entire <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg/220px-Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg/330px-Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg/440px-Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Charles XI in <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles XI has sometimes been described in Sweden as the greatest of all the Swedish kings, except for <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_II_Adolphus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus II Adolphus">Gustavus II Adolphus</a>, unduly eclipsed by his father and his son.<sup id="cite_ref-enc1911_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 20th century, the view of him changed and he was regarded as dependent, uncertain, and easily influenced by others.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most recent book, Rystad's biography from 2003, the king is again characterized as a strong-willed shaper of Sweden through economic reforms and achievement of financial and military stability and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles XI was commemorated on the previous 500-<a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kronor</a> bill. His portrait is taken from one of Ehrenstrahl's paintings, possibly the one displayed on this page. The king is pictured on the bill since the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Sweden">Bank of Sweden</a> was founded in 1668, during Charles' reign.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortified town of <a href="/wiki/Carlsburg,_Weser" title="Carlsburg, Weser">Carlsburg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, at the site of modern <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, was named after Charles XI. The Swedish town of <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a>, built during his reign to host the primary navy base in southern Sweden, which it remains to this day, is also named after him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles%27s_Church,_Tallinn" title="Charles's Church, Tallinn">Charles's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, is dedicated to Charles XI.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The recognition of his sores and corpse didn't show the incorruptibility that medieval hagiographers believed to be a sign of Christian sainthood. In 1697 the same belief caused Charles's subjects to ask if "God had put the illness inside the king...to punish the people or Charles." Two years later, the course of events that highlighted the crisis was of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy#Sweden" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles XI of Sweden</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken">John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Johan_Kasimir_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Johan_Kasimir-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/John_Casimir,_Count_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg">John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911a_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Johan_Kasimir_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Johan_Kasimir-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Katarina_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Katarina-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Sweden_(1584-1638)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine of Sweden (1584-1638)">Catharina of Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911a_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_the_Palatinate-Simmern" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern">Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Katarina_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Katarina-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Charles XI of Sweden</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a><sup id="cite_ref-NDB-Friedrich_III_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_III-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Hedvig_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Hedvig-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Denmark" title="Augusta of Denmark">Augusta of Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-NDB-Friedrich_III_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_III-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_George_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George I, Elector of Saxony">John George I, Elector of Saxony</a><sup id="cite_ref-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Elisabeth_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Elisabeth of Saxony">Marie Elisabeth of Saxony</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Hedvig_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Hedvig-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_Sibylle_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia">Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia</a><sup id="cite_ref-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlsten" title="Carlsten">Carlsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroleans" title="Caroleans">Caroleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NF2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NF2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0509.html">"Karl XI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i> (in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. p. 962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+XI&rft.btitle=Nordisk+familjebok&rft.pages=962&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfbm%2F0509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article uses the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which was used in Sweden until 1700 (see <a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish calendar</a> for more information). In the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, Charles was born 4 December 1655 and died 15 April 1697.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enc1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc1911_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1911b">Bain 1911b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0500.html">Karl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130120522/http://runeberg.org/nfbm/0500.html">Archived</a> 30 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aberg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aberg_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranlund200458–59-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranlund200458–59_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranlund2004">Granlund 2004</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranlund200459-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranlund200459_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranlund2004">Granlund 2004</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundh-Eriksson,_Nanna1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna (1947). <i>Hedvig Eleonora</i> (in Swedish). Wahlström & Widstrand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hedvig+Eleonora&rft.pub=Wahlstr%C3%B6m+%26+Widstrand&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Lundh-Eriksson%2C+Nanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rystadp26-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rystadp26_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003), p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman Lindqvist: <i>Historien om Sverige: Storhet och Fall</i> (History of Sweden: Greatness and fall) <span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nationalencyclopedin, article <i>Karl XII</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003), p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958) gives examples: he would start with the last letter when reading words, and would spell <i>faton</i> instead of <i>afton</i>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upton, Anthony F. (1998). <i>Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57390-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57390-4">0-521-57390-4</a>, p. 91: "There was a widespread contemporary impression that the king was poorly qualified and ineffective in foreign affairs [...] The Danish minister, M. Scheel, reported to his king how Charles XI seemed embarrassed by questions, kept his eyes down and was taciturn [...] The French diplomat, Jean Antoine de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux, described him as 'a prince with few natural talents', so obsessed with getting money out of his subjects that he 'does not concern himself much with foreign affairs'. The Dane, Jens Juel, made a similar comment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upton, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003) p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 63–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1959) pp. 50–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 72–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 77–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003), p. 95, estimates that 8,000–9,000 men fell out of 20,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958) p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003) p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a>, article <i>Karl XI</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003) p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003), p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003) p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrager1979" class="citation book cs1">Trager, James (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mes00jame/page/256"><i>The People's Chronology</i></a></span>. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mes00jame/page/256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-017811-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-017811-8"><bdi>0-03-017811-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Chronology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-03-017811-8&rft.aulast=Trager&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmes00jame%2Fpage%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars O. Lagerqvist in <i>Sverige och dess regenter under 1000 år</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-0-075007-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-0-075007-7">91-0-075007-7</a> p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/274324">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120075606/http://libris.kb.se/bib/274324">Archived</a> 20 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> listing at <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish National Library">Swedish National Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRystad2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rystad, Göran (2001). <i>Karl XI: en biografi</i> (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89442-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89442-27-6"><bdi>978-91-89442-27-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+XI%3A+en+biografi&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Historiska+media&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-91-89442-27-6&rft.aulast=Rystad&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÅbergMil-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ÅbergMil_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÅbergMil_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958) pp. 125–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RystadMil-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RystadMil_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RystadMil_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003), pp. 241–265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRystad2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rystad, Göran (2001). <i>Karl XI: en biografi</i> (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89442-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89442-27-6"><bdi>978-91-89442-27-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+XI%3A+en+biografi&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Historiska+media&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-91-89442-27-6&rft.aulast=Rystad&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÅbergProv-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ÅbergProv_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÅbergProv_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÅbergProv_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 135–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RystadProv-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RystadProv_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RystadProv_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RystadProv_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003) pp. 307–344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÅbergKyrkan-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ÅbergKyrkan_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÅbergKyrkan_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Åberg (1958), pp. 157–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RystadKyrkan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RystadKyrkan_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RystadKyrkan_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003) pp. 345–357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanna Lundh-Eriksson (1947). <i>Hedvig Eleonora.</i> Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN (Swedish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark in CF Bricka, Danish biographical encyclopaedia (1st edition, 1904)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rystad_2003,_pp.287–289-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rystad_2003,_pp.287–289_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rystad_2003,_pp.287–289_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003), pp.287–289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NF-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NF_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0512.html">"Karl XI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i> (in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. pp. 967–968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+XI&rft.btitle=Nordisk+familjebok&rft.pages=967-968&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfbm%2F0512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Sundberg" title="Ulf Sundberg">Ulf Sundberg</a> ln <i>Kungliga släktband</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9185057487" title="Special:BookSources/9185057487">9185057487</a> p 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rystad (2003), pp. 368–369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Back-cover of Åberg (1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Back-cover of Rystad (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksbank.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=9100">500-kronorssedeln</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408230813/http://www.riksbank.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=9100">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – From <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Bank of Sweden</a> official site. Accessed 2 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSennefelt2020" class="citation book cs1">Sennefelt, Karin (22 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtaa025/6043726"><i>A Pathology of Sacral Kingship: Putrefaction in the Body of Charles XI of Sweden</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtaa025">10.1093/pastj/gtaa025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-464X">1477-464X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8620538229">8620538229</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201226083548/https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtaa025/6043726">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pathology+of+Sacral+Kingship%3A+Putrefaction+in+the+Body+of+Charles+XI+of+Sweden&rft.pages=83-117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8620538229&rft.issn=1477-464X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtaa025&rft.aulast=Sennefelt&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtaa025%2F6043726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911a-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911a_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911a_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1911a">Bain 1911a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBL-Hedvig-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBL-Hedvig_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBL-Hedvig_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlgren1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahlgren, Stellan (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=12760">"Hedvig Eleonora"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon" title="Svenskt biografiskt lexikon">Svenskt biografiskt lexikon</a></i> (in Swedish). Vol. 18. p. 512.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hedvig+Eleonora&rft.btitle=Svenskt+biografiskt+lexikon&rft.pages=512&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=Stellan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2FSbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D12760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBL-Johan_Kasimir-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBL-Johan_Kasimir_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBL-Johan_Kasimir_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKromnow1975" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kromnow, Åke (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=12105">"Johan Kasimir"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon" title="Svenskt biografiskt lexikon">Svenskt biografiskt lexikon</a></i> (in Swedish). Vol. 20. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johan+Kasimir&rft.btitle=Svenskt+biografiskt+lexikon&rft.pages=204&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Kromnow&rft.aufirst=%C3%85ke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2FSbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D12105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBL-Katarina-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBL-Katarina_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBL-Katarina_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKromnow1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kromnow, Åke (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11393">"Katarina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon" title="Svenskt biografiskt lexikon">Svenskt biografiskt lexikon</a></i> (in Swedish). Vol. 21. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Katarina&rft.btitle=Svenskt+biografiskt+lexikon&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Kromnow&rft.aufirst=%C3%85ke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2FSbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D11393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_III-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDB-Friedrich_III_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDB-Friedrich_III_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellenbenz,_Hermann1961" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kellenbenz, Hermann (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016321/images/index.html?seite=599">"Friedrich III."</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 583–584</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friedrich+III.&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=583-584&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Kellenbenz%2C+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016321%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span>; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn11870320X.html">full text online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marie-elizabeth-saxony-1610-1684">"Marie Elizabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)"</a>. <i>Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. 2002 – via Encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marie+Elizabeth+of+Saxony+%281610%E2%80%931684%29&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fwomen%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fmarie-elizabeth-saxony-1610-1684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Åberg, Alf: <i>Karl XI</i>, Wahlström & Widstrand 1958 (reprinted by ScandBook, Falun 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-46-16623-8" title="Special:BookSources/91-46-16623-8">91-46-16623-8</a> )</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911a). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles X. (King of Sweden)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_X._(King_of_Sweden)">"Charles X., king of Sweden" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+X.%2C+king+of+Sweden&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=927-929&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranlund2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Granlund, Lis (2004). "Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). <i>Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81422-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81422-7"><bdi>0-521-81422-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Queen+Hedwig+Eleonora+of+Sweden%3A+Dowager%2C+Builder%2C+and+Collector&rft.btitle=Queenship+in+Europe+1660%E2%80%931815%3A+The+Role+of+the+Consort&rft.pages=56-76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-81422-7&rft.aulast=Granlund&rft.aufirst=Lis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lindqvist, Herman: <i>Historien om Sverige</i></li> <li>Roberts, Michael. "Charles XI" <i>History</i> 50:169 (1965): 160–192.</li> <li>Rystad, Göran: <i>Karl XI / En biografi</i>, AiT Falun AB 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89442-27-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-89442-27-X">91-89442-27-X</a></li> <li>Upton, Anthony F. <i>Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57390-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57390-4">0-521-57390-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution">Attribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911b). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_XI." class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles XI.">Charles XI.</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+XI.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=929&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Åberg, A., "The Swedish army from Lützen to Narva", in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Michael Roberts</a> (ed.), <i>Sweden's Age of Greatness</i>, 1632–1718 (1973).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_XI_of_Sweden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Charles XI."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Charles_XI.">"Charles XI." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+XI.&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XI+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitaltmuseum.org/0c7141c7-0355-45c4-b664-2d9ee51fa812">Charles XI of Sweden</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dok.digitaltmuseum.org/en/about">DigitaltMuseum</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52935#P1248" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles XI of Sweden </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 24 November 1655</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 5 April 1697</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Duke of Bremen and Verden</a> </b><br />1660–1697 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken">Frederick Louis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Palatine Zweibrücken">Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a> </b><br />1681–1697 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Vasa</a>, and continues through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a>, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-Zweibrückens.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">King Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">King John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Magnus, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">King Charles IX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">King Sigismund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Sweden_(1568%E2%80%931607)" title="Gustav of Sweden (1568–1607)">Gustav, Prince of Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">Prince John, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">King Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Vasa" title="Alexander Charles Vasa">Prince Alexander Charles</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Charles XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">King Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">King Frederick I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">King Adolf Frederick</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">King Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">King Charles XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Adolf,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">King Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Gustav,_Duke_of_Sm%C3%A5land" title="Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland">Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_August,_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden" title="Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden">Crown Prince Charles August</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">King Charles XIV John</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav,_Prince_of_Vasa" title="Gustav, Prince of Vasa">Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">King Oscar I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">King Charles XV</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf,_Duke_of_Uppland" title="Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland">Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">King Oscar II</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August,_Duke_of_Dalarna" title="Prince August, Duke of Dalarna">Prince August, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Oscar,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">King Gustaf V</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bernadotte" title="Oscar Bernadotte">Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen,_Duke_of_N%C3%A4rke" title="Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke">Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">King Gustaf VI Adolf</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Erik,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland">Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Carl Bernadotte">Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten">Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvard_Bernadotte" title="Sigvard Bernadotte">Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Bertil,_Duke_of_Halland" title="Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland">Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Johan_Bernadotte" title="Carl Johan Bernadotte">Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Bernadotte" title="Lennart Bernadotte">Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">King Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Philip,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4rmland" title="Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland">Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Daniel,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oscar,_Duke_of_Sk%C3%A5ne" title="Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne">Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Norway</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Poland and Lithuania</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> <i>Lost his title due to an unequal marriage</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> <i>Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Monarchs of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Muns%C3%B6" title="House of Munsö">Munsö</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._970_–_c._1060" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 970 – c. 1060</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric "VII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_Jacob" title="Anund Jacob">Anund Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emund_the_Old" title="Emund the Old">Emund the Old</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stenkil" title="House of Stenkil">Stenkil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1060_–_c._11301160–1161" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1060 – c. 1130<br />1160–1161</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenkil" title="Stenkil">Stenkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_and_Eric" title="Eric and Eric">Eric and Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_G%C3%A5rdske" class="mw-redirect" title="Anund Gårdske">Anund Gårdske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_the_Red" title="Håkan the Red">Håkan the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blot-Sweyn" title="Blot-Sweyn">Blot-Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sweden" title="Philip of Sweden">Philip</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Younger" title="Inge the Younger">Inge the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnvald_Knaph%C3%B6vde" title="Ragnvald Knaphövde">Ragnvald Knaphövde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Strong" title="Magnus the Strong">Magnus I</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, <small>descendant of Inge the Elder</small>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverker" title="House of Sverker">Sverker</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Eric">Eric</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1130_–_1250" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1130 – 1250</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Elder" title="Sverker the Elder">Sverker the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Erik" title="Saint Erik">Eric "IX" the Holy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Henriksson" title="Magnus Henriksson">Magnus II</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, <small>descendant of Inge the Elder</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sverkersson" title="Karl Sverkersson">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_of_Sweden" title="Kol of Sweden">Kol</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boleslaw_of_Sweden" title="Boleslaw of Sweden">Boleslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Eriksson" title="Knut Eriksson">Knut Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Younger" title="Sverker the Younger">Sverker the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Knutsson" title="Erik Knutsson">Eric "X"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of Sweden">John I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_L%C3%A5nge" title="Knut Långe">Knut Långe</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1250–1364" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1250–1364</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ladul%C3%A5s" title="Magnus Ladulås">Magnus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birger,_King_of_Sweden" title="Birger, King of Sweden">Birger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XII_of_Sweden" title="Eric XII of Sweden">Eric "XII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VI of Norway">Haakon</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1364–1389" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1364–1389</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Sweden" title="Albert, King of Sweden">Albert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> <div style="padding-top:0.5em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:80%;"><i>Italics</i> indicate<br />regents</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1389–1523" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1389–1523</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bengt_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Nils_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John II</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svante_Nilsson_(regent_of_Sweden)" title="Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden)">Svante Nilsson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Trolle" title="Erik Trolle">Erik Trolle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Younger" title="Sten Sture the Younger">Sten Sture the Younger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav (I)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1523–1654" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1523–1654</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatinate-<br />Zweibrücken</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach)</a><br /><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1654–1751" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1654–1751</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav" title="Charles X Gustav">Charles X Gustav</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1751–1818" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1751–1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">Adolf Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="since_1818" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">since 1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Charles XIV John</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">Charles XV</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">Gustaf V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">Gustaf VI Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Lineage uncertain</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>3</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Danish monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>4</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">king of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52935#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52935#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52935#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000055119093">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2617864">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/63123/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrXDtQmpKwh9vcbcfXkrC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119160978">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80139721">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13333228c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13333228c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Karl XI <re di Svezia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV530401">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an47753295">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0058719&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070605106">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90351052">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000302123&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz1gd31pgmdwq">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810550387405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007437880405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000105288">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14725828">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0c7141c7-0355-45c4-b664-2d9ee51fa812">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/w0868">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1489134">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119160978.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119160978">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073010685">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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