CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head>  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin="" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//themes.googleusercontent.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//themes.googleusercontent.com" crossorigin="" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//maps.googleapis.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//maps.googleapis.com" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/styles/callout/public/twittercard_uscourts2_0.png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.uscourts.gov/profiles/uscourts/themes/usczen/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2, minimum-scale=1" /> <meta name="description" content="Courts of Appeals Additional Authorized Judgeships - Since 1960 (pdf) Authorized Temporary Judgeships (pdf) Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships (pdf) Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships District Courts Additional Authorized Judgeships - Since 1960 (pdf) Authorized Temporary Judgeships (pdf) Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships (pdf)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.uscourts.gov/node/2769" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="United States Courts" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Authorized Judgeships" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Authorized Judgeships" /> <link rel="preload" href="/profiles/uscourts/themes/usczen/images/flatmosphere-no-star.jpg" as="image" type="image/jpeg"> <link rel="preload" href="/profiles/uscourts/themes/usczen/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/sites/default/files/apple-touch-icon-iphone-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/sites/default/files/apple-touch-icon-ipad-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/sites/default/files/apple-touch-icon-iphone-retina-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/sites/default/files/apple-touch-icon-ipad-retina-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/default/files/apple-touch-icon-iphone-6pl-180x180.png"> <title>Authorized Judgeships | United States Courts</title> <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on"> <script type="text/javascript"> // ForeSee Production Embed Script v2.01 // DO NOT MODIFY BELOW THIS LINE ***************************************** ;(function (g) { var d = document, am = d.createElement('script'), h = d.head || d.getElementsByTagName("head")[0], fsr = 'fsReady', aex = { "src": "//gateway.foresee.com/sites/uscourts-gov/production/gateway.min.js", "type": "text/javascript", "async": "true", "data-vendor": "fs", "data-role": "gateway" }; for (var attr in aex) { am.setAttribute(attr, aex[attr]); } h.appendChild(am); g[fsr] || (g[fsr] = function () { var aT = '__' + fsr + '_stk__'; g[aT] = g[aT] || []; g[aT].push(arguments); }); })(window); // DO NOT MODIFY ABOVE THIS LINE ***************************************** </script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; </script> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__74uqPbMV5mbQ3q9clLodEDZ79xvlAgL4ooxe7auiItY__AlQP7-TeWMzB-3uFiJT45C7_gYAcBcAVzLROblqAV9M__s0-4nQpyCuPKEJwnNcrol5mAFqJZSIy_jJGSCkH77qM.css" media="all" />  <script async src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=USCOURTS&yt=true" type="text/javascript" id="_fed_an_ua_tag"></script>  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in two-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-2769 node-type-basic section-judges-judgeships" > <p id="skip-link"> <a href="#skip-main-menu" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main navigation</a> </p> <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5DZ4VPC" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <header id="header" class="header clearfix"> <div id="mobile-header-wrapper"> <form id="mobile-search" class="search element-hidden clearfix"> <label for="mobile-search-query" class="element-invisible">Search uscourts.gov</label> <input type="text" id="mobile-search-query" class="search-input" placeholder="Search uscourts.gov" /> <input type="submit" value="Submit Search" class="search-submit"/> </form> <a id="sidr-trigger" class="mobile-toggle" href="#sidr"><i class="fa fa-bars fa-2x"></i>Menu</a> <a id="mobile-search-toggle" class="mobile-toggle" href="#mobile-search"><i class="fa fa-search fa-2x"></i>Search</a> </div> <div id="header-wrapper" class="clearfix"> <a id="logo" class="header__logo" href="/" title="United States Courts Home" rel="home" aria-label="US Courts Logo">United States Courts</a> <a href="#skip-main-content" id="skip-main-menu" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> <div class="region region-navigation"> <nav id="main-navigation" class="block block-superfish first odd clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none"><li id="menu-1990-1" class="first odd sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/" class="sf-depth-1"><img src="/profiles/uscourts/themes/usczen/images/home78.svg" alt="Home icon" id="home-icon" role="button" /></a></li><li id="menu-731-1" class="middle even sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts" class="fa-icon fa-star sf-depth-1 menuparent" faicon="fa-star">About <br />Federal Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-3259-1" class="first odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts/federal-courts-public" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Federal Courts & the Public</a><ul><li id="menu-3790-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/federal-courts-public/visit-federal-court" class="sf-depth-3">Visit a Federal Court</a></li><li id="menu-4821-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/about-federal-courts/federal-courts-public/court-website-links" class="sf-depth-3">Court Website Links</a></li><li id="menu-5805-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/federal-courts-public/federal-court-scams" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Court Scams</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2481-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-str%C3%BCcture" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Court Role and Structure</a><ul><li id="menu-2932-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Comparing Federal & State Courts</a></li><li id="menu-5436-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/about-us-courts-appeals" class="sf-depth-3">About the U.S. Courts of Appeals</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2483-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts/types-cases" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Types of Cases</a><ul><li id="menu-2924-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/types-cases/appeals" class="sf-depth-3">Appeals</a></li><li id="menu-2923-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/types-cases/bankruptcy-cases" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Cases</a></li><li id="menu-2921-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/types-cases/civil-cases" class="sf-depth-3">Civil Cases</a></li><li id="menu-2922-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/types-cases/criminal-cases" class="sf-depth-3">Criminal Cases</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3274-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts/educational-resources" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Educational Resources</a><ul><li id="menu-4049-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/educational-activities" class="sf-depth-3">Educational Activities</a></li><li id="menu-3264-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/supreme-court-landmarks" class="sf-depth-3">Supreme Court Landmarks</a></li><li id="menu-3245-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/annual-observances" class="sf-depth-3">Annual Observances</a></li><li id="menu-3263-1" class="last even sf-depth-3"><a href="/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach" class="sf-depth-3">About Educational Outreach</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2890-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts/governance-judicial-conference" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Governance & the Judicial Conference</a><ul><li id="menu-2891-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/about-federal-courts/governance-judicial-conference/about-judicial-conference" class="sf-depth-3">About the Judicial Conference</a></li><li id="menu-5369-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/governance-judicial-conference/congressional-budget-request" class="sf-depth-3">Congressional Budget Request</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3262-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts/judicial-administration" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judicial Administration</a><ul><li id="menu-3791-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/judicial-administration/administrative-oversight-and-accountability" class="sf-depth-3">Administrative Oversight and Accountability</a></li><li id="menu-6150-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/judicial-administration/audio-streaming-pilot" class="sf-depth-3">Audio Streaming Pilot</a></li><li id="menu-1797-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/about-federal-courts/judicial-administration/cameras-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Cameras in Courts</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5982-1" class="last odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/about-federal-courts/workplace-conduct-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Workplace Conduct</a><ul><li id="menu-6885-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/workplace-conduct/director-workplace-relations-contacts-circuit" class="sf-depth-3">Director of Workplace Relations Contacts by Circuit</a></li><li id="menu-6983-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/workplace-conduct/fact-sheet-workplace-protections-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">Fact Sheet for Workplace Protections in the Federal Judiciary</a></li><li id="menu-7081-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-federal-courts/workplace-conduct/workplace-conduct-background-resources" class="sf-depth-3">Background & Resources</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-733-1" class="active-trail middle odd sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/judges-judgeships" class="fa-icon fa-star sf-depth-1 menuparent" faicon="fa-star">Judges & <br />Judgeships</a><ul><li id="menu-2900-1" class="active-trail first odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent active">Authorized Judgeships</a><ul><li id="menu-2902-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/judgeship-appointments-president" class="sf-depth-3">Judgeship Appointments By President</a></li><li id="menu-2903-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/chronological-history-authorized-judgeships-courts-appeals" class="sf-depth-3">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - Courts of Appeals</a></li><li id="menu-3844-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/chronological-history-authorized-judgeships-district-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - District Courts</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3524-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-vacancies" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judicial Vacancies</a><ul><li id="menu-3525-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-vacancies/current-judicial-vacancies" class="sf-depth-3">Current Judicial Vacancies</a></li><li id="menu-3526-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-vacancies/future-judicial-vacancies" class="sf-depth-3">Future Judicial Vacancies</a></li><li id="menu-3527-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-vacancies/confirmation-listing" class="sf-depth-3">Confirmation Listing</a></li><li id="menu-3528-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-vacancies/judicial-emergencies" class="sf-depth-3">Judicial Emergencies</a></li><li id="menu-3850-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-vacancies/archive-judicial-vacancies" class="sf-depth-3">Archive of Judicial Vacancies</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2490-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-milestones" class="sf-depth-2">Judicial Milestones</a></li><li id="menu-2905-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-compensation" class="sf-depth-2">Judicial Compensation</a></li><li id="menu-5994-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">About Federal Judges</a><ul><li id="menu-2920-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges/pathways-bench-video-series" class="sf-depth-3">Pathways to the Bench Video Series</a></li><li id="menu-6009-1" class="last even sf-depth-3"><a href="/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges/roadways-bench-who-me-bankruptcy-or-magistrate-judge" class="sf-depth-3">Roadways to the Bench: Who Me? A Bankruptcy or Magistrate Judge?</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7627-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judiciary-financial-disclosure-reports" class="sf-depth-2">Judiciary Financial Disclosure Reports</a></li><li id="menu-2914-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure-system" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Privately Funded Seminars Disclosure</a><ul><li id="menu-2105-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure/log-privately-funded-seminars-disclosure" class="sf-depth-3">Log in & Create Account</a></li><li id="menu-2916-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure/overview-privately-funded-seminars-disclosure" class="sf-depth-3">Overview</a></li><li id="menu-2918-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure/statement-purpose-privately-funded-seminars" class="sf-depth-3">Statement of Purpose</a></li><li id="menu-3843-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure/instructions-privately-funded-seminars" class="sf-depth-3">Instructions</a></li><li id="menu-5813-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure/judicial-conference-policy-judges-attendance" class="sf-depth-3">Policy</a></li><li id="menu-4456-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure/faqs-privately-funded-seminars-disclosure" class="sf-depth-3">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2913-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-conduct-disability" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judicial Conduct & Disability</a><ul><li id="menu-5427-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-conduct-disability/faqs-filing-judicial-conduct-or-disability-complaint" class="sf-depth-3">FAQs: Filing a Judicial Conduct or Disability Complaint Against a Federal Judge</a></li><li id="menu-5431-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/ethics-policies/code-conduct-judicial-employees/judicial-conduct-disability-opinions" class="sf-depth-3">Judicial Conduct and Disability Orders</a></li><li id="menu-5429-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-conduct-disability/archives-committee-judicial-conduct-and-disability" class="sf-depth-3">Archives of the Committee on Judicial Conduct and Disability</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3789-1" class="last odd sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/judges-judgeships/code-conduct-united-states-judges" class="sf-depth-2">Code of Conduct for U.S. Judges</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-734-1" class="middle even sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms" class="fa-icon fa-star sf-depth-1 menuparent" faicon="fa-star">Services <br />& Forms</a><ul><li id="menu-2796-1" class="first odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/forms" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Forms</a><ul><li id="menu-3847-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/attorney-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Attorney Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4429-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/bankruptcy-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Forms</a></li><li id="menu-5181-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/superseded-bankruptcy-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Superseded Bankruptcy Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4430-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/civil-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Civil Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4432-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/criminal-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Criminal Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4431-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/court-reporter-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Court Reporter Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4433-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/cja-forms" class="sf-depth-3">CJA Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4434-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/human-resources-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Human Resources Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4435-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/jury-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Jury Forms</a></li><li id="menu-4436-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/forms/other-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Other Forms</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3107-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Bankruptcy</a><ul><li id="menu-3077-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy/bankruptcy-basics" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Basics</a></li><li id="menu-4288-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy/filing-without-attorney" class="sf-depth-3">Filing Without an Attorney</a></li><li id="menu-3907-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy/credit-counseling-and-debtor-education-courses" class="sf-depth-3">Credit Counseling and Debtor Education</a></li><li id="menu-4285-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy/trustees-and-administrators" class="sf-depth-3">Trustees and Administrators</a></li><li id="menu-8221-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy/bankruptcy-case-records-credit-reporting" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Case Records & Credit Reporting</a></li><li id="menu-8129-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy/bankruptcy-noticing" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Noticing</a></li><li id="menu-6059-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy/unclaimed-funds-bankruptcy" class="sf-depth-3">Unclaimed Funds in Bankruptcy</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-8143-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Jury Service</a><ul><li id="menu-2454-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service/summoned-federal-jury-service" class="sf-depth-3">Summoned for Federal Jury Service?</a></li><li id="menu-2794-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service/juror-selection-process" class="sf-depth-3">Juror Selection Process</a></li><li id="menu-2793-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service/types-juries" class="sf-depth-3">Types of Juries</a></li><li id="menu-2451-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service/juror-qualifications-exemptions-and-excuses" class="sf-depth-3">Juror Qualifications, Exemptions and Excuses</a></li><li id="menu-2452-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service/juror-pay" class="sf-depth-3">Juror Pay</a></li><li id="menu-2453-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service/juror-scams" class="sf-depth-3">Juror Scams</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2455-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/fees" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Fees</a><ul><li id="menu-3428-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/fees/court-appeals-miscellaneous-fee-schedule" class="sf-depth-3">Court of Appeals Fees</a></li><li id="menu-3429-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/fees/district-court-miscellaneous-fee-schedule" class="sf-depth-3">District Court Fees</a></li><li id="menu-3431-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/fees/bankruptcy-court-miscellaneous-fee-schedule" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Court Fees</a></li><li id="menu-3432-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/fees/electronic-public-access-fee-schedule" class="sf-depth-3">Electronic Public Access Fees</a></li><li id="menu-3433-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/fees/us-court-federal-claims-fee-schedule" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. Court of Federal Claims Fees</a></li><li id="menu-3434-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/fees/judicial-panel-multidistrict-litigation-fee-schedule" class="sf-depth-3">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation Fees</a></li><li id="menu-2456-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/fees/post-judgment-interest-rate" class="sf-depth-3">Post Judgment Interest Rate</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3108-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-interpreters" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Federal Court Interpreters</a><ul><li id="menu-2459-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-interpreters/interpreter-categories" class="sf-depth-3">Interpreter Categories</a></li><li id="menu-5371-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-interpreters/federal-court-interpreter-certification-examination" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Court Interpreter Certification Examination</a></li><li id="menu-2461-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-interpreters/interpreter-skills" class="sf-depth-3">Interpreter Skills</a></li><li id="menu-3540-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-interpreters/national-court-interpreter-database-ncid-gateway" class="sf-depth-3">National Court Interpreter Database (NCID) Gateway</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2472-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-reporting-program" class="sf-depth-2">Federal Court Reporting Program</a></li><li id="menu-2475-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Probation and Pretrial Services</a><ul><li id="menu-8291-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/evidence-based-practices" class="sf-depth-3">Evidence-Based Practices</a></li><li id="menu-2474-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/officers-and-officer-assistants" class="sf-depth-3">Officers and Officer Assistants</a></li><li id="menu-8122-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/pretrial-services" class="sf-depth-3">Pretrial Services</a></li><li id="menu-8289-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/presentence-investigations" class="sf-depth-3">Presentence Investigations</a></li><li id="menu-3111-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/post-conviction-supervision" class="sf-depth-3">Post-Conviction Supervision</a></li><li id="menu-2471-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/probation-data-release-regulations" class="sf-depth-3">Data Release Regulations</a></li><li id="menu-8290-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/federal-probation-and-pretrial-academy" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Probation and Pretrial Academy</a></li><li id="menu-2473-1" class="last even sf-depth-3"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/probation-and-pretrial-services-history" class="sf-depth-3">History</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2480-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/defender-services" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Defender Services</a><ul><li id="menu-3216-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/defender-services/mission-defender-services" class="sf-depth-3">Defender Services Mission</a></li><li id="menu-3817-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/defender-services/defender-services-publications" class="sf-depth-3">Publications</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3109-1" class="last odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/services-forms/business-opportunities" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Business Opportunities</a><ul><li id="menu-8185-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/business-opportunities/pre-lapse-appropriations-notice-contractors" class="sf-depth-3">Pre-Lapse in Appropriations Notice to Contractors</a></li><li id="menu-5482-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/services-forms/business-opportunities/transfer-excess-judiciary-personal-property" class="sf-depth-3">Transfer of Excess Judiciary Personal Property</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-735-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/court-records" class="fa-icon fa-star sf-depth-1 menuparent" faicon="fa-star">Court <br />Records</a><ul><li id="menu-2487-1" class="first odd sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/court-records/find-case-pacer" class="sf-depth-2">Find a Case (PACER)</a></li><li id="menu-2488-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/court-records/electronic-filing-cmecf" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Electronic Filing (CM/ECF)</a><ul><li id="menu-4441-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/court-records/electronic-filing-cmecf/faqs-case-management-electronic-case-files-cmecf" class="sf-depth-3">FAQs: CM/ECF</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2491-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/courtrecords/court-records-schedule" class="sf-depth-2">Court Records Schedule</a></li><li id="menu-6047-1" class="last even sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/court-records/electronic-public-access-public-user-group" class="sf-depth-2">Electronic Public Access Public User Group</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-736-1" class="middle even sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/statistics-reports" class="fa-icon fa-star sf-depth-1 menuparent" faicon="fa-star">Statistics <br />& Reports</a><ul><li id="menu-2947-1" class="first odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Analysis & Reports</a><ul><li id="menu-4045-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/bankruptcy-abuse-prevention-and-consumer-protection-act-report" class="sf-depth-3">BAPCPA Report</a></li><li id="menu-3862-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/civil-justice-reform-act-report" class="sf-depth-3">Civil Justice Reform Act Report</a></li><li id="menu-4036-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/federal-court-management-statistics" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Court Management Statistics</a></li><li id="menu-4053-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/federal-judicial-caseload-statistics" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Judicial Caseload Statistics</a></li><li id="menu-3982-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/judicial-facts-and-figures" class="sf-depth-3">Judicial Facts and Figures</a></li><li id="menu-4063-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/judicial-business-united-states-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Judicial Business</a></li><li id="menu-3978-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/statistical-tables-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">Statistical Tables for the Federal Judiciary</a></li><li id="menu-4047-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/wiretap-reports" class="sf-depth-3">Wiretap Reports</a></li><li id="menu-5081-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/delayed-notice-search-warrant-report" class="sf-depth-3">Delayed-Notice Search Warrant</a></li><li id="menu-5410-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/directors-report-foreign-intelligence-surveillance-courts" class="sf-depth-3">FISA Report</a></li><li id="menu-2948-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/directors-annual-report" class="sf-depth-3">Director's Annual Report</a></li><li id="menu-6241-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/bankruptcy-filings-statistics" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Filings Statistics</a></li><li id="menu-7592-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/crime-victims-rights-report" class="sf-depth-3">Crime Victims’ Rights Report</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2798-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/caseload-statistics-data-tables" class="sf-depth-2">Data Tables</a></li><li id="menu-3110-1" class="last odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Publications</a><ul><li id="menu-7613-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/asset-management-planning-process-handbook" class="sf-depth-3">Asset Management Planning Process Handbook</a></li><li id="menu-4355-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/civil-litigation-management-manual" class="sf-depth-3">Civil Litigation Management Manual</a></li><li id="menu-3822-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/courtroom-technology-infrastructure-audiovisual-systems-new-spaces" class="sf-depth-3">Courtroom Technology</a></li><li id="menu-5077-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/dodd-frank-act-report" class="sf-depth-3">Dodd Frank Act Report</a></li><li id="menu-3425-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/federal-court-system-us" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Court System in the U.S.</a></li><li id="menu-5726-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/federal-probation-journal" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Probation Journal</a></li><li id="menu-5769-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/journalists-guide-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Journalist’s Guide to the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-3423-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/judiciary-conferences-cost-more-100000" class="sf-depth-3">Judiciary Conferences That Cost More Than $100,000</a></li><li id="menu-3426-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/long-range-plan-information-technology" class="sf-depth-3">Long Range Plan for Information Technology</a></li><li id="menu-2977-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications/long-range-plan-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Long Range Plan for the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-5415-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/statistics-reports/strategic-plan-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">Strategic Plan for Federal Judiciary</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-737-1" class="last odd sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/rules-policies" class="fa-icon fa-star sf-depth-1 menuparent" faicon="fa-star">Rules & <br />Policies</a><ul><li id="menu-2450-1" class="first odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Current Rules of Practice & Procedure</a><ul><li id="menu-3825-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-appellate-procedure" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure</a></li><li id="menu-5279-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-bankruptcy-procedure" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure</a></li><li id="menu-5280-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-civil-procedure" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a></li><li id="menu-8269-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-criminal-procedure" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a></li><li id="menu-8270-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-evidence" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Rules of Evidence</a></li><li id="menu-8271-1" class="last even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/rules-governing-section-2254-and-section-2255" class="sf-depth-3">Rules Governing Section 2254 and Section 2255 Proceedings</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2463-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/rules-policies/pending-rules-and-forms-amendments" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Pending Rules and Forms Amendments</a><ul><li id="menu-5000-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/pending-rules-and-forms-amendments/pending-or-recent-changes-bankruptcy-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Pending Changes in the Bankruptcy Forms</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2464-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/proposed-amendments-published-public-comment" class="sf-depth-2">Proposed Amendments Published for Public Comment</a></li><li id="menu-2465-1" class="middle even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">About the Rulemaking Process</a><ul><li id="menu-2466-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process/laws-and-procedures-governing-work-rules-committees" class="sf-depth-3">Laws and Procedures Governing the Work of the Rules Committees</a></li><li id="menu-2467-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process/how-rulemaking-process-works" class="sf-depth-3">How the Rulemaking Process Works</a></li><li id="menu-2468-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process/how-suggest-change-federal-court-rules-and-forms" class="sf-depth-3">How to Suggest a Change to Federal Court Rules and Forms</a></li><li id="menu-6055-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process/how-submit-input-pending-proposal" class="sf-depth-3">How to Submit Input on a Pending Proposal</a></li><li id="menu-2469-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process/committee-membership-selection" class="sf-depth-3">Committee Membership Selection</a></li><li id="menu-2470-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process/open-meetings-and-hearings-rules-committee" class="sf-depth-3">Open Meetings and Hearings of the Rules Committee</a></li><li id="menu-5663-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process/permitted-changes-official-bankruptcy-forms" class="sf-depth-3">Permitted Changes to Official Bankruptcy Forms</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4361-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Records of the Rules Committees</a><ul><li id="menu-4425-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees/agenda-books" class="sf-depth-3">Agenda Books</a></li><li id="menu-4423-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-and-archives-rules-committees/committee-reports" class="sf-depth-3">Committee Reports</a></li><li id="menu-6038-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/records-rules-committees/congressional-and-supreme-court-rules-packages" class="sf-depth-3">Congressional and Supreme Court Rules Packages</a></li><li id="menu-2930-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees/fjc-studies-and-related-publications" class="sf-depth-3">FJC Studies and Related Publications</a></li><li id="menu-4424-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-and-archives-rules-committees/meeting-minutes" class="sf-depth-3">Meeting Minutes</a></li><li id="menu-2928-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees/past-members-rules-committees" class="sf-depth-3">Past Members of the Rules Committees</a></li><li id="menu-6037-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/records-rules-committees/preliminary-drafts-proposed-rule-amendments" class="sf-depth-3">Preliminary Drafts of Proposed Rule Amendments</a></li><li id="menu-4422-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees/rules-comments" class="sf-depth-3">Rules Comments</a></li><li id="menu-4421-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees/rules-suggestions" class="sf-depth-3">Rules Suggestions</a></li><li id="menu-2931-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees/special-projects-rules-committees" class="sf-depth-3">Special Projects of the Rules Committees</a></li><li id="menu-2929-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-and-archives-rules-committees/style-resources" class="sf-depth-3">Style Resources</a></li><li id="menu-5419-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-and-archives-rules-committees/superseded-rules-pamphlets" class="sf-depth-3">Superseded Rules Pamphlets</a></li><li id="menu-5078-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees/transcripts-and-testimony" class="sf-depth-3">Transcripts and Testimony</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2486-1" class="last even sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judiciary Policies</a><ul><li id="menu-3804-1" class="first odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/bankruptcy-case-policies" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Case Policies</a></li><li id="menu-2489-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/criminal-justice-act-cja-guidelines" class="sf-depth-3">CJA Guidelines</a></li><li id="menu-3807-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/court-interpreting-guidance" class="sf-depth-3">Court Interpreting Guidance</a></li><li id="menu-3808-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/court-reporting-guidance" class="sf-depth-3">Court Reporting Guidance</a></li><li id="menu-3802-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/ethics-policies" class="sf-depth-3">Ethics Policies</a></li><li id="menu-5731-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/workplace-conduct-and-protections-policy" class="sf-depth-3">Workplace Conduct and Protections</a></li><li id="menu-2476-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/federal-tort-claims-against-federal-judiciary-personnel" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Tort Claims</a></li><li id="menu-5730-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/fraud-waste-or-abuse-policy" class="sf-depth-3">Fraud, Waste, or Abuse Policy</a></li><li id="menu-2477-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/garnishment-regulations" class="sf-depth-3">Garnishment Regulations</a></li><li id="menu-3805-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/judiciary-staff-travel-regulations" class="sf-depth-3">Judiciary Staff Travel Regulations</a></li><li id="menu-5630-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/portable-communication-devices-courthouse" class="sf-depth-3">Portable Communication Devices</a></li><li id="menu-8283-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/post-conviction-supervision-policies" class="sf-depth-3">Post-Conviction Supervision Policies</a></li><li id="menu-2580-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/privacy-policy-electronic-case-files" class="sf-depth-3">Privacy Policy for Electronic Case Files</a></li><li id="menu-2478-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/procurement-policies" class="sf-depth-3">Procurement Policies</a></li><li id="menu-3040-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/subpoena-regulations" class="sf-depth-3">Subpoena Regulations</a></li><li id="menu-8222-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/cameras-courtroom-policy" class="sf-depth-3">Cameras in the Courtroom Policy</a></li><li id="menu-6061-1" class="middle odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/confidentiality-regulations-pretrial-services-information" class="sf-depth-3">Confidentiality Regulations for Pretrial Services Information</a></li><li id="menu-5818-1" class="middle even sf-depth-3"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/proposed-changes-code-conduct-judges-judicial-conduct-disability-rules" class="sf-depth-3">Proposed Changes to Code and JC&D Rules</a></li><li id="menu-6843-1" class="last odd sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies/us-courts-design-guide" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. Courts Design Guide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav> <ul class="links utility-links clearfix"><li class="menu-905 first email-updates"><a href="/email-updates" class="fa-icon fa-envelope fa-1x" faicon="fa-envelope">Email Updates</a></li> <li class="menu-6046 federal-court-finder"><a href="/federal-court-finder" class="fa-icon fa-map-marker fa-1x" faicon="fa-map-marker">Federal Court Finder</a><div id="fedcf-utility-popup"><app-header-root></app-header-root></div></li> <li class="menu-908 careers"><a href="/careers" class="fa-icon fa-briefcase fa-1x" faicon="fa-briefcase">Careers</a></li> <li class="menu-3294 last news"><a href="/judiciary-news" class="fa-icon fa-bullhorn fa-1x">News</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  </header> <div id="main" class="page" aria-label="US Courts blue seal"> <div id="content" role="main"> <a id="skip-main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Main content</a> <h1 class="page__title title" id="page-title">Authorized Judgeships</h1> <div class="field field-name-field-lead-paragraph"><p> Court of appeals and district court judgeships are created by legislation enacted by Congress. The charts below contain the history of authorized federal judgeships from 1789 to present. </p> </div><div class="field field-name-body"><h2> Courts of Appeals </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/file/21616/download">Additional Authorized Judgeships - Since 1960</a> (pdf) </li> <li> <a href="/file/382/download">Authorized Temporary Judgeships</a> (pdf) </li> <li> <a href="/file/390/download">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships</a> (pdf) </li> <li> <a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/chronological-history-authorized-judgeships-courts-appeals">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships</a> </li> </ul> <h2> District Courts </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/file/21617/download">Additional Authorized Judgeships - Since 1960</a> (pdf) </li> <li> <a href="/file/17841/download">Authorized Temporary Judgeships</a> (pdf) </li> <li> <a href="/file/29161/download">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships</a> (pdf) </li> <li> <a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/chronological-history-authorized-judgeships-district-courts">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships</a> </li> </ul> <h2> All Courts </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/file/19476/download">Authorized Judgeships - From 1789 to Present</a> (pdf)<a name="recommendations"></a> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> <a href="/file/63207/download">2023 Judicial Conference Judgeship Recommendations</a> (pdf) as approved by the Judicial Conference in <a href="/news/2023/03/14/federal-judiciary-seeks-new-judgeship-positions">March 2023</a>. </p> </div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full field-collection-view-final"><div class="field-fc-be-video-caption"> <p></p> </div> </div></div> </div>  <aside class="sidebars"> <section class="region region-sidebar-first column sidebar"> <div id="block-uscourts-menus-left-nav" class="block block-uscourts-menus first last odd left-navigation"> <h2 class="block__title block-title"><a href="/judges-judgeships">Judges & Judgeships</a></h2> <ul class="menu"><li><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships" class="active">Authorized Judgeships</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/judgeship-appointments-president" class="menu__link">Judgeship Appointments By President</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/chronological-history-authorized-judgeships-courts-appeals" class="menu__link">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - Courts of Appeals</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/chronological-history-authorized-judgeships-district-courts" class="menu__link">Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - District Courts</a></li> </ul></li></ul> </div> </section> <section class="region region-sidebar-second column sidebar"> <div id="block-bean-related-content-6" class="block block-bean first odd related_content"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Related Content</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="node"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships/judgeship-appointments-president">Judgeship Appointments By President</a><p> View the number of judges each U.S. President has appointed since 1933. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-bean-graphic-photo-profiles-of-federa" class="block block-bean even graphic_photo"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Biographical Directory of Judges</h2> <div class="content">  <figure class="file file-image file-image-png"> <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges"><img data-echo="//www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar/public/biographical-directory-coco.png?itok=uMBjYsyH" data-icon="" src="/sites/all/modules/lazyloader/image_placeholder.gif" width="650" height="438" alt="Link to profiles of federal judges." title="Profiles of federal judges." /><noscript><img src="//www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar/public/biographical-directory-coco.png?itok=uMBjYsyH" width="650" height="438" alt="Link to profiles of federal judges." title="Profiles of federal judges." /></noscript></a> <figcaption> <p> Find biographical information, from 1789 to present, on presidentially appointed federal judges. </p>  </figcaption> </figure>  </div> </div> </section> </aside> </div>  <footer id="footer" class="region region-footer"> <div id="block-uscourts-menus-footer-main-nav" class="block block-uscourts-menus first odd clearfix"> <div class="column"><h2><i class="fa-icon fa-star fa-1x"></i> <a href="/about-federal-courts">About Federal Courts</a></h2><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed"><a href="/about-federal-courts/federal-courts-public" class="menu__link">Federal Courts & the Public</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-str%C3%BCcture" class="menu__link">Court Role and Structure</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/about-federal-courts/types-cases" class="menu__link">Types of Cases</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/about-federal-courts/educational-resources" class="menu__link">Educational Resources</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/about-federal-courts/governance-judicial-conference" class="menu__link">Governance & the Judicial Conference</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/about-federal-courts/judicial-administration" class="menu__link">Judicial Administration</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed last collapsed"><a href="/about-federal-courts/workplace-conduct-federal-judiciary" class="menu__link">Workplace Conduct</a></li> </ul></div><div class="column"><h2><i class="fa-icon fa-star fa-1x"></i> <a href="/judges-judgeships">Judges & Judgeships</a></h2><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed"><a href="/judges-judgeships/authorized-judgeships" class="menu__link active">Authorized Judgeships</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-vacancies" class="menu__link">Judicial Vacancies</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-milestones" class="menu__link">Judicial Milestones</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-compensation" class="menu__link">Judicial Compensation</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges" class="menu__link">About Federal Judges</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judiciary-financial-disclosure-reports" class="menu__link">Judiciary Financial Disclosure Reports</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/judges-judgeships/privately-funded-seminars-disclosure-system" class="menu__link">Privately Funded Seminars Disclosure</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/judges-judgeships/judicial-conduct-disability" class="menu__link">Judicial Conduct & Disability</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="/judges-judgeships/code-conduct-united-states-judges" class="menu__link">Code of Conduct for U.S. Judges</a></li> </ul></div><div class="column"><h2><i class="fa-icon fa-star fa-1x"></i> <a href="/services-forms">Services & Forms</a></h2><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/forms" class="menu__link">Forms</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/bankruptcy" class="menu__link">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/jury-service" class="menu__link">Jury Service</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/fees" class="menu__link">Fees</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-interpreters" class="menu__link">Federal Court Interpreters</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/services-forms/federal-court-reporting-program" class="menu__link">Federal Court Reporting Program</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services" class="menu__link">Probation and Pretrial Services</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/defender-services" class="menu__link">Defender Services</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed last collapsed"><a href="/services-forms/business-opportunities" class="menu__link">Business Opportunities</a></li> </ul></div><div class="column"><h2><i class="fa-icon fa-star fa-1x"></i> <a href="/court-records">Court Records</a></h2><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="/court-records/find-case-pacer" class="menu__link">Find a Case (PACER)</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/court-records/electronic-filing-cmecf" class="menu__link">Electronic Filing (CM/ECF)</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/courtrecords/court-records-schedule" class="menu__link">Court Records Schedule</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="/court-records/electronic-public-access-public-user-group" class="menu__link">Electronic Public Access Public User Group</a></li> </ul></div><div class="column"><h2><i class="fa-icon fa-star fa-1x"></i> <a href="/statistics-reports">Statistics & Reports</a></h2><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed"><a href="/statistics-reports/analysis-reports" class="menu__link">Analysis & Reports</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/statistics-reports/caseload-statistics-data-tables" class="menu__link">Data Tables</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed last collapsed"><a href="/statistics-reports/publications" class="menu__link">Publications</a></li> </ul></div><div class="column"><h2><i class="fa-icon fa-star fa-1x"></i> <a href="/rules-policies">Rules & Policies</a></h2><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed"><a href="/rules-policies/current-rules-practice-procedure" class="menu__link">Current Rules of Practice & Procedure</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/rules-policies/pending-rules-and-forms-amendments" class="menu__link">Pending Rules and Forms Amendments</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/rules-policies/proposed-amendments-published-public-comment" class="menu__link">Proposed Amendments Published for Public Comment</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/rules-policies/about-rulemaking-process" class="menu__link">About the Rulemaking Process</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed"><a href="/rules-policies/records-rules-committees" class="menu__link">Records of the Rules Committees</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed last collapsed"><a href="/rules-policies/judiciary-policies" class="menu__link">Judiciary Policies</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div id="block-uscourts-menus-footer-content" class="block block-uscourts-menus last even"> <a id="mobile-nav-footer-toggle" class="mobile-toggle" href="javascript:void(0)"><i class="fa fa-bars fa-2x"></i>Menu</a><ul class="links footer-social"><li class="menu-5437 first"><a href="https://twitter.com/uscourts" class="fa-icon fa-twitter fa-2x" faicon="fa-twitter" title="U.S. Courts on Twitter"></a></li> <li class="menu-3707"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/uscourts" class="fa-icon fa-youtube fa-2x" faicon="fa-youtube" title="Federal Judicial YouTube Channel"></a></li> <li class="menu-5438 last"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/us-courts" class="fa-icon fa-linkedin fa-2x" faicon="fa-linkedin" title="U.S. Courts on LinkedIn"></a></li> </ul><ul class="links footer-utility"><li class="menu-910 first"><a href="/rss-feeds" class="fa-icon fa-rss fa-1x fa-fw">RSS</a></li> <li class="menu-912"><a href="/privacy-security-policy" class="fa-icon fa-shield fa-1x fa-fw">Privacy & Security Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-913"><a href="/glossary" class="fa-icon fa-book fa-1x fa-fw">Glossary of Legal Terms</a></li> <li class="menu-915"><a href="/ao-operating-status" class="fa-icon fa-check-circle fa-1x fa-fw">Operating Status</a></li> <li class="menu-4268"><a href="/download-plug-ins" class="fa-icon fa-wrench fa-1x fa-fw">Download Plug-Ins</a></li> <li class="menu-911"><a href="/email-updates" class="fa-icon fa-envelope fa-1x fa-fw">Email Updates</a></li> <li class="menu-2014"><a href="/contact-us" class="fa-icon fa-comments fa-1x fa-fw">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-4439 last"><a href="/frequently-asked-questions-faqs" class="fa-icon fa-question fa-1x fa-fw">FAQs</a></li> </ul><p id="legal-text">This site is maintained by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary. The purpose of this site is to provide information from and about the Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government.</p> </div> </footer> <script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyAOqwLK442_q7mNhlwr0uPFTxm7rg726a0&libraries=places"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__SlxZR0T0y0knhPGspoKKlEQqbk_RdNNsHwLrlCQRTSo__T6yH2NjbONnuAAO2nOzdc_nk3sccJb3v2SBNjlqmEBs__s0-4nQpyCuPKEJwnNcrol5mAFqJZSIy_jJGSCkH77qM.js" defer="defer"></script>    <script src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__LyJmGC_5RHf1MdwSi4ZtpV1Ro6ANKwWfdH-WSO0ppUY__vy-rw5b0M6vQ42gaOnZP5w4c-7CrVmx5PSKWUO0ViXg__s0-4nQpyCuPKEJwnNcrol5mAFqJZSIy_jJGSCkH77qM.js" defer="defer" onload="if(jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.holdReady)){jQuery.holdReady(true);}; function advagg_mod_1() { // Count how many times this function is called. advagg_mod_1.count = ++advagg_mod_1.count || 1; try { if (advagg_mod_1.count <= 40) { init_drupal_core_settings(); // Set this to 100 so that this function only runs once. advagg_mod_1.count = 100; } } catch(e) { if (advagg_mod_1.count >= 40) { // Throw the exception if this still fails after running 40 times. throw e; } else { // Try again in 1 ms. window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_1, 1); } } } function advagg_mod_1_check() { if (window.init_drupal_core_settings && window.jQuery && window.Drupal) { advagg_mod_1(); } else { window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_1_check, 1); } } advagg_mod_1_check();"></script>  <script src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js___kuwlmi8hAYXgDmhxhLZ5ZJew6A4EAfdNVOcgGyLfNM__11P4pkFT6o8X6bow9IaywzsLxbGBG2h_qjLpY5N1l8o__s0-4nQpyCuPKEJwnNcrol5mAFqJZSIy_jJGSCkH77qM.js" defer="defer"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__8e3R1DptW124gYoCM0Od2NehIqP0KX8gcx9a-EsMVSc__RqK8zScF7OIFoSHxbdD-sdPIMQ06Zq2BBZiXENZ73oI__s0-4nQpyCuPKEJwnNcrol5mAFqJZSIy_jJGSCkH77qM.js" defer="defer"></script> <script>function init_drupal_core_settings() {jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings,{"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"usczen","theme_token":"OtLdciHRFF1Yit11C49tY5uqIG_HhHlps-aDnotDD2U","css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.button.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.resizable.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.dialog.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/environment_indicator\/environment_indicator.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/extlink\/extlink.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/uscourts.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lazyloader\/lazyloader.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ckeditor_lts\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/modules\/custom\/usc_alert\/css\/usc-alert.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/libraries\/sidr\/stylesheets\/jquery.sidr.dark.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/field_collection\/field_collection.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/navigation.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/system.menus.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/node.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/system.messages.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/system.theme.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/search.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/user.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/ctools.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/views.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/date.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/datepicker.1.7.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/jquery.sidr.dark.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/mediaelementplayer.min.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/normalize.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/font-awesome.min.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/components.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/jquery.sidr.light.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/mediaelement\/mediaelementplayer.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/block.bean.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/styles.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/layout.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/tableau.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/print.css":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/css\/ie8.css":1},"js":{"https:\/\/maps.googleapis.com\/maps\/api\/js?key=AIzaSyAOqwLK442_q7mNhlwr0uPFTxm7rg726a0\u0026libraries=places":1,"public:\/\/google_tag\/google_tag.script.js":1,"misc\/jquery.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.widget.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.button.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.mouse.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.draggable.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.position.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.position-1.13.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.resizable.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.dialog.min.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.dialog-1.13.0-backport.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/views\/js\/jquery.ui.dialog.patch.js":1,"misc\/ajax.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/entityreference\/js\/entityreference.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/environment_indicator\/tinycon.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/environment_indicator\/environment_indicator.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/environment_indicator\/color.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/modules\/custom\/fedcf_fe\/fedcf_fe.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/extlink\/extlink.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/linkit\/js\/linkit.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/modules\/custom\/usc_alert\/js\/usc-alert.js":1,"misc\/progress.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/linkit\/editors\/ckeditor\/linkitDialog.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lazyloader\/lazyloader.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/echo\/dist\/echo.min.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/libraries\/sidr\/jquery.sidr.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/field_group\/field_group.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/js\/jquery.tablesorter.min.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/js\/responsive_menus_sidr.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/themes\/usczen\/js\/script.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/modules\/custom\/fedcf_fe\/dist\/runtime.95ff989444398027b8a1.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/modules\/custom\/fedcf_fe\/dist\/polyfills.c30fc6e5e8f3d474fca4.js":1,"profiles\/uscourts\/modules\/custom\/fedcf_fe\/dist\/main.61379ea70dc7122e2a7d.js":1}},"profile":"uscourts","profile_version":"7.x-1.5","linkit":{"autocompletePath":"https:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/linkit\/autocomplete\/___profile___?s=","dashboardPath":"\/linkit\/dashboard\/","currentInstance":{}},"lazyloader":{"throttle":"0","offset":"0","debounce":0,"unload":0,"icon":"","offsetX":0,"offsetY":0},"extlink":{"extTarget":0,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":0,"extSubdomains":1,"extExclude":"\\.gov","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"#footer-wrapper, #block-usc-settings-share-this, #content-usc-share-this","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":"_blank","extAlertText":"You are now leaving uscourts.gov. \r\n\r\nThe Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC) provides this link for your convenience. The AOUSC takes no responsibility for and exercises no control over the organizations, views, accuracy, copyright or trademark compliance, or legality of the material contained on the site you are about to access. The content of the site you are about to access does not necessarily reflect the opinions, standards, or policies of the AOUSC. \r\n\r\nThank you for visiting our site.","mailtoClass":"mailto","mailtoLabel":"(link sends e-mail)"},"fedcfConfig":{"baseUrl":"https:\/\/www.uscourts.gov","appUrl":"https:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/federal-court-finder","endpoint":"https:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/fedcf-query","autocomplete":"https:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/fedcf-autocomplete","counts":"https:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/fedcf-counts","trackers":["t0","gtm4"]},"superfish":{"1":{"id":"1","sf":{"delay":"0","animation":{"opacity":"show","height":"show"},"speed":"\u0027fast\u0027","autoArrows":false,"dropShadows":false,"disableHI":false},"plugins":{"supposition":false,"bgiframe":false}}},"password":{"strengthTitle":"Password compliance:"},"type":"setting"}); if(jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.holdReady)){jQuery.holdReady(false);}} if(window.jQuery && window.Drupal){init_drupal_core_settings();}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__8SssObMI81t0TKunhp5lSl5U-IWPJabHmCnHLiqWJaU__pillICWD7E2vfF7Gy-Qt0OPPoE3Q0eYRAc1QLl0xHyg__s0-4nQpyCuPKEJwnNcrol5mAFqJZSIy_jJGSCkH77qM.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript">var _baMode='Listen to this page';</script><noscript>Your browser does not support Javascript.</noscript> <script src="https://www.browsealoud.com/plus/scripts/3.1.0/ba.js" crossorigin="anonymous" integrity="sha256-VCrJcQdV3IbbIVjmUyF7DnCqBbWD1BcZ/1sda2KWeFc= sha384-k2OQFn+wNFrKjU9HiaHAcHlEvLbfsVfvOnpmKBGWVBrpmGaIleDNHnnCJO4z2Y2H sha512-gxDfysgvGhVPSHDTieJ/8AlcIEjFbF3MdUgZZL2M5GXXDdIXCcX0CpH7Dh6jsHLOLOjRzTFdXASWZtxO+eMgyQ=="></script> <noscript>Your browser does not support Javascript.</noscript> </body> </html>