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id="toc-Life_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aquaculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Farming methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing_and_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing_and_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Processing and marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing_and_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_bangus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_bangus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Golden <i>bangus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_bangus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangus_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangus_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span><i>Bangus</i> Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangus_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Milkfish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geumul%C3%B4h" title="Geumulôh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Geumulôh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkvis" title="Melkvis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Melkvis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أسماك السلماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسماك السلماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A" title="চেনোচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেনোচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat-ba%CC%8Dk-h%C3%AE" title="Sat-ba̍k-hî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sat-ba̍k-hî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangus" title="Bangus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bangus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Млечна риба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Млечна риба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa" title="Awa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Awa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanos_st%C5%99%C3%ADb%C5%99it%C3%BD" title="Chanos stříbřitý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chanos stříbřitý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchfisch" title="Milchfisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milchfisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piimkala" title="Piimkala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piimkala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanos_chanos" title="Chanos chanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chanos chanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esne_arrain" title="Esne arrain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esne arrain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="خامه‌ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خامه‌ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanos_chanos" title="Chanos chanos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chanos chanos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasc_bleachta" title="Iasc bleachta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iasc bleachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholshi" title="Gholshi – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Gholshi" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%AF%EB%86%8D%EC%96%B4" title="갯농어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갯농어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangus" title="Bangus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bangus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeng" title="Bandeng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bandeng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanos_chanos" title="Chanos chanos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chanos chanos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3" title="אכנס כסוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אכנס כסוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwak_bandeng" title="Iwak bandeng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iwak bandeng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangus" title="Bangus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bangus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fupefupe" title="Fupefupe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fupefupe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="പൂമീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂമീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="اسماك السلمانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسماك السلمانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawa" title="Yawa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yawa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeng" title="Bandeng – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bandeng" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC" title="サバヒー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サバヒー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkefisk" title="Melkefisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Melkefisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanos" title="Chanos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chanos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81_(%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Ханос (рыба) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ханос (рыба)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Milkfish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeng" title="Bandeng – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bandeng" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitokala" title="Maitokala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maitokala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lkfisk" title="Mjölkfisk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjölkfisk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangus" title="Bangus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பாலமீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலமீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fish</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Milkfish<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">56–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:186.15384615385px; width:33.846153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Eocene">Early Eocene</a>–present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanidae_-_Chanos_chanos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chanidae_-_Chanos_chanos.JPG/220px-Chanidae_-_Chanos_chanos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chanidae_-_Chanos_chanos.JPG/330px-Chanidae_-_Chanos_chanos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chanidae_-_Chanos_chanos.JPG/440px-Chanidae_-_Chanos_chanos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="481" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkfish_(Chanos_chanos)_locally_called_%27bangus%27_in_a_Philippine_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Milkfish_%28Chanos_chanos%29_locally_called_%27bangus%27_in_a_Philippine_market.jpg/220px-Milkfish_%28Chanos_chanos%29_locally_called_%27bangus%27_in_a_Philippine_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Milkfish_%28Chanos_chanos%29_locally_called_%27bangus%27_in_a_Philippine_market.jpg/330px-Milkfish_%28Chanos_chanos%29_locally_called_%27bangus%27_in_a_Philippine_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Milkfish_%28Chanos_chanos%29_locally_called_%27bangus%27_in_a_Philippine_market.jpg/440px-Milkfish_%28Chanos_chanos%29_locally_called_%27bangus%27_in_a_Philippine_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Milkfish (locally <i>bangús</i>) in a <a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">fish market</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Chanos" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gonorynchiformes" title="Gonorynchiformes">Gonorynchiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chanidae" title="Chanidae">Chanidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaninae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaninae (page does not exist)">Chaninae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Chanos</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_%C3%89tienne_de_la_Ville,_Comte_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède">Lacépède</a>, 1803</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. chanos</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Chanos chanos</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Forsskål</a>, 1775)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Butirinus argenteus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Jerdon" title="Thomas C. Jerdon">Jerdon</a>, 1849</small></li> <li><i>Butirinus maderaspatensis</i> <small>Jerdon, 1849</small></li> <li><i>Chanos arabicus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Lacepède</a>, 1803</small></li> <li><i>Chanos chloropterus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Achille_Valenciennes" title="Achille Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, 1847</small></li> <li><i>Chanos cyprinella</i> <small>Valenciennes, 1847</small></li> <li><i>Chanos gardineri</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tate_Regan" title="Charles Tate Regan">Regan</a>, 1902</small></li> <li><i>Chanos indicus</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johan_Coenraad_van_Hasselt" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Coenraad van Hasselt">van Hasselt</a>, 1823)</small></li> <li><i>Chanos lubina</i> <small>Valenciennes, 1847</small></li> <li><i>Chanos mento</i> <small>Valenciennes, 1847</small></li> <li><i>Chanos mossambicus</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Peters" title="Wilhelm Peters">Peters</a>, 1852)</small></li> <li><i>Chanos nuchalis</i> <small>Valenciennes, 1847</small></li> <li><i>Chanos orientalis</i> <small>Valenciennes, 1847</small></li> <li><i>Chanos salmoneus</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Forster</a>, 1801)</small></li> <li><i>Chanos salmonoides</i> <small>Günther, 1879</small></li> <li><i>Cyprinus pala</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, 1829</small></li> <li><i>Cyprinus palah</i> <small>(Cuvier, 1829)</small></li> <li><i>Cyprinus tolo</i> <small>Cuvier, 1829</small></li> <li><i>Leuciscus palah</i> <small>Cuvier, 1829</small></li> <li><i>Leuciscus salmoneus</i> <small>(Forster, 1801)</small></li> <li><i>Leuciscus zeylonicus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Edward_Turner_Bennett" title="Edward Turner Bennett">Bennett</a>, 1833</small></li> <li><i>Lutodeira chanos</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Forsskål</a>, 1775)</small></li> <li><i>Lutodeira chloropterus</i> <small>(Valenciennes, 1847)</small></li> <li><i>Lutodeira indica</i> <small>van Hasselt, 1823</small></li> <li><i>Lutodeira mossambica</i> <small>Peters, 1852</small></li> <li><i>Lutodeira mossambicus</i> <small>Peters, 1852</small></li> <li><i>Lutodeira salmonea</i> <small>(Forster, 1801)</small></li> <li><i>Mugil chanos</i> <small>Forsskål, 1775</small></li> <li><i>Mugil salmoneus</i> <small>Forster, 1801</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>milkfish</b> (<i><b>Chanos chanos</b></i>) is a widespread species of <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fish</a> found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>. It is the sole living <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanidae" title="Chanidae">Chanidae</a>, and the only living member of the genus <i><b>Chanos</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CoF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repeating scientific name (<a href="/wiki/Tautonym" title="Tautonym">tautonym</a>) is from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">khanos</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:χάνος">χάνος</a></span> ‘mouth’).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JordanEvermann1896_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JordanEvermann1896-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are grouped in the order <b>Gonorhynchiformes</b> and are most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Ostariophysi" title="Ostariophysi">Ostariophysi</a>—freshwater fishes such as carps, catfish, and loaches. <sup id="cite_ref-EF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The species has many common names. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> name for the fish is <i>awa</i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> it is <i>ava</i>. It is called <i>bangús</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tagalog:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[bɐˈŋus]</a></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where it is popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national fish</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a> has stated that this is not the case as it has no basis in Philippine law.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Nauruan_language" title="Nauruan language">Nauruan language</a>, it is referred to as <span title="Nauruan-language romanization"><i lang="na-Latn">ibiya</i></span>. Milkfish is also called <i>bandeng</i> or <i>bolu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FishBase_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishBase-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following are common names for milkfish by country:<sup id="cite_ref-EF_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul> <li> Philippines: <i>bangus, bangrus, banglus, banglot, banglis, sabalo, awa</i> </li> <li> Indonesia: <i>ikan bandeng, baulo, bolu, balanak sembawa</i> </li> <li> Burma: <i>ga-tin</i> </li> <li> Malaysia: <i>bandang, jangos, pisong-pisong</i> </li> <li> Sri Lanka: <i>plai-meen, vaikka</i> </li> <li> Thailand: <i>pla nua chan</i> </li> <li> S. India: <i>pal-meen</i> </li> <li> S. Vietnam: <i>ca mang</i> </li> <li> Iraq binni: <i>al-bahr</i> </li> <li> Taiwan: <i>sabahee</i> </li> <li> Hawaii: <i>awa-awa</i> </li> <li> Japan: <i>sabahee</i> </li> <li> Mexico: <i>sabalo</i> </li> </ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_Distribution">Geographic Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg/220px-Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg/330px-Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg/440px-Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Estimated geographical range of <i>Chanos</i> in the Indo-Pacific </figcaption></figure> <p><i>Chanos chanos</i> occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, from South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, from California to the Galapagos, north to Japan, south to Australia. A single specimen was reported in 2012 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, the <a href="/wiki/California_Fish_and_Game_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="California Fish and Game Commission">California Fish and Game Commission</a> introduced one hundred milkfish from Hawaii to the inland waters of <a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano County, California</a>. The introduced population could not establish itself permanently and it’s currently unknown how their presence affected the native ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milkfishes commonly live in tropical offshore marine waters around islands and along continental shelves, at depths of 1 to 30 m. They also frequently enter estuaries and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FishBase_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishBase-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chanos</i> is the only surviving genus of the ancient family <a href="/wiki/Chanidae" title="Chanidae">Chanidae</a>, which has existed since the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>. The only surviving species is the widespread <i>C. chanos</i>. Several fossil species of <i>Chanos</i> are known from the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Seas</a>, dating as far back as the earliest <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossil Chanos were found in freshwater Eocene deposits in Europe and North America—hinting that the species first appeared in freshwater environments 40–50 million years ago. It’s possible that their invasion into the ocean happened during high sea-level or flooding events after the Eocene. Global cooling during the Mid-Eocene likely wiped out the population of milkfish in the Atlantic, but the species persisted in the Indo-Pacific. <sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following fossil species of <i>Chanos</i> are known:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanos_brevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanos brevis (page does not exist)">C. brevis</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Heckel</a>, 1854)</small> - Oligocene of the Chiavon Limestone, Italy</li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanos_compressus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanos compressus (page does not exist)">C. compressus</a></i> <small>Stinton, 1977</small> [<a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otolith</a>] - Late <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wittering_Formation" title="Wittering Formation">Wittering Formation</a>, England</li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanos_forcipatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanos forcipatus (page does not exist)">C. forcipatus</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kner" title="Rudolf Kner">Kner</a> & <a href="/wiki/Franz_Steindachner" title="Franz Steindachner">Steindachner</a>, 1863</small> - Late Ypresian of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Bolca" title="Monte Bolca">Monte Bolca</a>, Italy</li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanos_torosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanos torosus (page does not exist)">C. torosus</a></i> <small>Daniltshenko, 1968</small> - Earliest Ypresian of the <a href="/wiki/Danata_Formation" title="Danata Formation">Danata Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanos_zignoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanos zignoi (page does not exist)">C. zignoi</a></i> <small>Kner & Steindachner, 1863</small> - Oligocene of the Chiavon Limestone, Italy</li></ul> <p>The extinct <i><a href="/wiki/Caeus" title="Caeus">Caeus leopoldi</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a>) of Italy is also sometimes placed in <i>Chanos</i> as <i>Chanos leopoldi</i>, which would be the earliest record of the genus and extend its occurrence even further back. However, more recent studies have affirmed it being a distinct genus.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanos_chanos_Hakone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chanos_chanos_Hakone.jpg/220px-Chanos_chanos_Hakone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chanos_chanos_Hakone.jpg/330px-Chanos_chanos_Hakone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chanos_chanos_Hakone.jpg/440px-Chanos_chanos_Hakone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3217" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption><i>Chanos chanos</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The milkfish can grow to 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), but are most often no more than 1 m (39 in) in length. They can reach a weight of about 14 kg (31 lb). and an age of 15 years. They have an elongated and almost compressed body, with a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance, one dorsal fin, falcate pectoral fins and a sizable forked <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal fin</a>. The head is small relative to the body. The mouth is small and toothless. The body is olive green, with silvery flanks and dark bordered fins. They have 13–17 dorsal soft rays, 8–10 anal soft rays and 31 caudal fin rays. There are numerous fine intramuscular bones, which may complicate human consumption of the fish (see "Consumption" below).<sup id="cite_ref-FishBase_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishBase-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their silvery complexion is similar to many other fish species of the Indo-Pacific. They are often mistaken for species of Clupeidae, <i>Megalops cyprinoides</i>, <i>Gonorhynchus gonorhynchus</i>, and <i>Elops machnata</i>. <i>Chanos</i> can be distinguished from these species by their size, absence of scutes, tubercle on the lower jaw, fin placement, no gular plate between arms of the lower jaw, and having only four branchiostegal rays.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variant milkfish body types have occasionally been found. The ‘goldfish-type’ milkfish was discovered in the Philippines and is characterized by distinctly elongated dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins, and a caudal fin as long as the body. In Hawaii, Indonesia, and Australia, dwarf or hunchback ‘shad-type’ specimens have been recorded. They have a standard length-to-depth ratio of 2.0-2.5 instead of the usual 3.5-4.0. In Northern Australia, a milkfish with a red head, red fins, and blue dorsal coloration was reported.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_History">Life History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reproduction of milkfish in nature is far less understood than populations of milkfish bred and propagated in captivity (see "Aquaculture" below). In the wild, milkfish take 3–5 years to mature. Females can produce 0.5-6 million eggs and have the ability to spawn more than once a year. Spawning takes place at night, may be lunar periodic, and is strongly seasonal. Milkfish eggs are <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> and range between 1.1–1.25 mm in diameter. Spawning sites are clear, warm, shallow waters above sand or coral reefs. It is believed milkfish prefer these locations to minimize predation from benthic <a href="/wiki/Planktivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Planktivores">planktivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milkfish larvae have a pelagic planktonic stage. Younger larvae occur mostly at the surface, or sometimes deeper (20–30m). Older larvae are only found at the surface and in near-shore environments.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larvae metamorphose into fry and become benthic-feeding juveniles that are opportunistically <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detritivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Detritivorous">detritivorous</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a>, depending on the predominant food types in the habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juvenile milkfish larger than 20mm typically bear the characteristics of adults. They have complete fin rays, a forked caudal fin, scales, and silvery coloration. Juveniles have been found to inhabit a diverse range of shallow-water ecosystems such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coral_lagoons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coral lagoons (page does not exist)">coral lagoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_flats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsh flats (page does not exist)">marsh flats</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_creeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidal creeks (page does not exist)">tidal creeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tide_pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Tide pools">tide pools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milkfish are omnivorous opportunistic feeders. Juvenile milkfish eat a variety of foods including <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, filamentous <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, and small <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>. Similarly to juveniles, adults also eat benthic invertebrates and additionally planktonic and <a href="/wiki/Nektonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nektonic">nektonic</a> items such as <a href="/wiki/Clupeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Clupeid">clupeid</a> juveniles.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adults tend to <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">school</a> around <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. The young <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)#Fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">fry</a> live at sea for two to three weeks and then migrate during the juvenile stage to <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamps, <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, and return to sea to mature sexually and reproduce. Juveniles prefer to settle in undisturbed coastal ecosystems that are semi-enclosed, calm, shallow, free from predators, and rich in aquatic vegetation. In their natural habitats, milkfish are very adaptable to both changes in environmental conditions and diet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milkfish are good <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulators</a> and extremely <a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">euryhaline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide geographic distribution of milkfish has led to genetic variation in the species across the Indo-Pacific. Milkfish populations differ between the Hawaiian islands, the central Pacific islands, Tonga, Tahiti, Philippines-Taiwan-Indonesia, Thailand-Malaysia, India, and Africa. However, all populations are thought to be inter-breeding, thus they are all considered one species, and their genetic diversity is low. However, populations may still differ in their reproductive, migratory, and survival methods.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_Status">Conservation Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conservation Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milkfish are not currently a threatened species. </p><p>Although milkfish populations are not threatened with extinction, they are at risk of ingesting or absorbing pollutants. Milkfish frequent environments that have been affected by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial pollution">industrial pollutants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Land runoff">land runoff</a>, and plastics. Asia is one of the largest contributors of plastic litter into both the ocean and freshwater systems. A population of milkfish from San Jose, <a href="/wiki/North_Samar" class="mw-redirect" title="North Samar">North Samar</a>, Philippines was found to have concentrations of lead in the meaty part of their bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollutants have also impacted the aquaculture industry. In an aquaculture system in <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a>, Philippines, 97% of the fish sampled had <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> in their gastrointestinal tracts. A similar study in Indonesia showed similar results. The presence of pollutants in milkfish poses a threat to the species’ health, aquaculture, and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fishing">Fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Philippines, it is prohibited to fish for adult milkfish, also known as <i>sabalo</i>, over 60cm. The government enacted this law in 1975 in an effort to protect spawning stocks of fish. However, <i>sabalo</i> are incidentally caught in <a href="/wiki/Fish_corral" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish corral">fish corrals</a> and are products of <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> from fisheries. The ban was reinforced by the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 and violations are punishable by imprisonment for 6 months to 8 yr, and/or a fine of P80,000, forfeiture of the catch and fishing equipment used, and revocation of the fishing license.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeng_Asap,_Indonesian_Smoked_Milkfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bandeng_Asap%2C_Indonesian_Smoked_Milkfish.JPG/220px-Bandeng_Asap%2C_Indonesian_Smoked_Milkfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bandeng_Asap%2C_Indonesian_Smoked_Milkfish.JPG/330px-Bandeng_Asap%2C_Indonesian_Smoked_Milkfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bandeng_Asap%2C_Indonesian_Smoked_Milkfish.JPG/440px-Bandeng_Asap%2C_Indonesian_Smoked_Milkfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked</a> milkfish, sold in <a href="/wiki/Juanda_International_Airport" title="Juanda International Airport">Juanda International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The milkfish is an important seafood in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and some Pacific Islands. Because it is notorious for being much bonier than other food fish, deboned milkfish, called "boneless <i>bangús</i>" in the Philippines, has become popular in stores and markets. Despite the notoriety however, many people in the Philippines continue to enjoy the fish cooked regularly or even raw using <a href="/wiki/Calamondin" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamondin">kalamansi</a> juice or vinegar to make <i><a href="/wiki/Kinilaw" title="Kinilaw">kinilaw na bangus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular presentations of milkfish in Indonesia include <i>bandeng duri lunak</i> (soft-boned milkfish, <i>ikan bandeng</i> is Indonesian for milkfish) from Central and East Java or <i><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/bandeng_presto" class="extiw" title="id:bandeng presto">bandeng presto</a></i>, which is pressure cooked milkfish until the thorns are rendered tender, and <i>bandeng asap</i> or <a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">smoked</a> milkfish. Either fresh or processed, milkfish is the popular seafood product of Indonesian fishing towns, such as Juwana near <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> in Central Java, and <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidoarjo">Sidoarjo</a> near <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> in East Java.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_%E4%B9%BE%E7%85%8E%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A,_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86,_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83,_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97_(18403495293).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Food_%E4%B9%BE%E7%85%8E%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97_%2818403495293%29.jpg/220px-Food_%E4%B9%BE%E7%85%8E%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97_%2818403495293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Food_%E4%B9%BE%E7%85%8E%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97_%2818403495293%29.jpg/330px-Food_%E4%B9%BE%E7%85%8E%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97_%2818403495293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Food_%E4%B9%BE%E7%85%8E%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97_%2818403495293%29.jpg/440px-Food_%E4%B9%BE%E7%85%8E%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%2C_%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8F%E5%90%83%2C_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97_%2818403495293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Fried milkfish belly fillet served at restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Milkfish is the most popular fish in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese cuisine</a>; it is valued for its versatility as well as its tender meat and economical price. Popular presentations include as a topping for <a href="/wiki/Milkfish_congee" title="Milkfish congee">congee</a>, pan fried, braised, and as fish balls. There is a milkfish museum in <a href="/wiki/Anping_District" title="Anping District">Anping District</a> and city of <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> holds an annual milkfish festival.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milkfish is an <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a>, and is rich in <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 fatty acids">omega-3 fatty acids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangus22jf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bangus22jf.JPG/220px-Bangus22jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bangus22jf.JPG/330px-Bangus22jf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bangus22jf.JPG/440px-Bangus22jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A grilled <i>bangus</i> (milkfish) in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Milkfish <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> first occurred around 1800 years ago in the Philippines and spread to Indonesia, Taiwan, and into the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional milkfish aquaculture relied upon restocking <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a> by collecting wild fry. This led to a wide range of variability in quality and quantity between seasons and regions.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, farmers first successfully spawned breeding fish. However, they were hard to obtain and produced unreliable egg viability.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the first spontaneous spawning happened in sea cages. These eggs were found to be sufficient to generate a constant supply for farms.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkfish_(Bangus)_Breeding_and_Fry_Hatchery_Technology_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkfish_(Bangus)_Breeding_and_Fry_Hatchery_Technology-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milkfish aquaculture accounts for 14% of all aquaculture production worldwide. Indonesia and the Philippines were the leading producers of the species in 2017. The fish is especially desirable for aquaculture because of their rapid growth rate, disease resistance, acclimation to captivity, low mortality, high market value, and high-quality flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming_methods">Farming methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Farming methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardona,Rizaljf5184_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cardona%2CRizaljf5184_09.JPG/220px-Cardona%2CRizaljf5184_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cardona%2CRizaljf5184_09.JPG/330px-Cardona%2CRizaljf5184_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cardona%2CRizaljf5184_09.JPG/440px-Cardona%2CRizaljf5184_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Milkfish aquaculture in fish ponds in <a href="/wiki/Cardona,_Rizal" title="Cardona, Rizal">Cardona, Rizal</a>, the Philippines.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fry are raised in either sea cages, large <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> ponds (Philippines), or concrete tanks (Indonesia, Taiwan).<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milkfish reach sexual maturity at 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), which takes five years in floating sea cages, but eight to 10 years in ponds and tanks. Once they reach 6 kg (13 lb), (eight years), 3–4 million <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> are produced each breeding cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mainly done using natural environmental cues. However, attempts have been made using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) to induce spawning.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some still use the traditional wild stock method — capturing wild fry using nets.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milkfish hatcheries, like most hatcheries, contain a variety of cultures, for example, <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">brine shrimp</a>, as well as the target species.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leeleung_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeleung-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can either be intensive or semi-intensive.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semi-intensive methods are more profitable at US$6.67 per thousand fry in 1998, compared with $27.40 for intensive methods.<sup id="cite_ref-leeleung_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeleung-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the experience required by labour for semi-intensive hatcheries is higher than intensive.<sup id="cite_ref-leeleung_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeleung-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milkfish nurseries in Taiwan are highly commercial and have densities of about 2000/L.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia achieves similar densities, but has more backyard-type nurseries.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines has integrated nurseries with grow-out facilities and densities of about 1000/L.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three methods of outgrowing are pond culture, pen culture, and cage culture. </p> <ul><li>Shallow ponds are found mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines. These are shallow (30–40 centimetres (12–16 in)), brackish ponds with benthic algae, usually used as feed.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually excavated from <i>nipa</i> or <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> areas and produce about 800 kg/ha/yr. Deep ponds (2–3 m) have more stable environments and their use began in 1970. They so far have shown less susceptibility to disease than shallow ponds.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1979, pen culture was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a>, which had high primary production.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provided an excellent food source. Once this ran out, fertilizer was applied.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are susceptible to disease.</li> <li>Cage culture occurs in coastal bays.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These consist of large cages suspended in open water. They rely largely on natural sources of food.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Most food is natural (known as <i>lab-lab</i>) or a combination of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macroalgae" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroalgae">macroalgae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, this was made on site; food is now made commercially to order.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvest occurs when the individuals are 20–40 cm long (250–500 g in weight). Partial harvests remove uniformly sized individuals with <a href="/wiki/Seine_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Seine net">seine nets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gill_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill net">gill nets</a>. Total harvest removes all individuals and leads to a variety of sizes. Forced harvest happens when an environmental problem occurs, such as depleted oxygen due to algal blooms, and all stock is removed. Possible parasites include <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helminth" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminth">helminths</a>. Many of these are treatable with chemicals and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern milkfish aquaculture faces some challenges: acquiring viable milkfish fry, overcoming their status as a low-value species, attempting to expand outside of an ethnic market and struggling to find a sustainable cost-production balance. In 1987, Taiwan developed the outdoor hatchery technique, which resulted in lower-cost technology, and their fry production surpassed that of the wild. Since then, Taiwan has been one of the biggest hatchery fry producers in the Indo-Pacific. To stimulate market demand, sellers have been taking a fast-food approach, to make the product more accessible and desirable to common consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing_and_marketing">Processing and marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Processing and marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional post-harvest processing include <a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">smoking</a>, drying, and fermenting. Bottling, canning, and freezing are of recent origin.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand has been steadily increasing since 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, 595,000 tonnes were harvested worth US$616 million.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A trend toward value-added products is occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the possibility of using milkfish juveniles as bait for <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> long-lining has started to be investigated, opening up new markets for fry hatcheries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_bangus">Golden <i>bangus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Golden bangus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 21, 2012, a Filipino fisherman donated a milkfish with yellowish coloring to the Philippine <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources" title="Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources">Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources</a>, which was later on called the "golden <i>bangus</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the fish soon died, allegedly because of a lower level of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the pond to which it was transferred.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_Significance">Cultural Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultural Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milkfish have appeared in the traditions and mythology of the native Pohnpeians, Hawaiians, Tongans, and Nauruans in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-SDGL_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDGL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangus_Festival"><i>Bangus</i> Festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bangus Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the city of <a href="/wiki/Dagupan" title="Dagupan">Dagupan</a>, Philippines they host an annual <i>Bangus</i> Festival. The festival was initially a bangus harvest or ‘<i>Gilon</i>’ conceptualized in the 1990s by Mayor Al Fernandez. Now, the festival has become an extravagant event including street dance competitions. The street dance competition named <i>Gilon-gilon ed Dalan</i> was established to celebrate the <i>bangus</i> harvest. The festival also honors the city’s patron Saint John, who was originally a fisherman and figured prominently in biblical stories of bountiful fish harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dagupan province is considered the country’s top producer of milkfish cultured in marine cages and pens. Two ‘species’ of milkfish are cultured in the city—the more popular of the two is the Bonuan <i>Bangus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangus_Festival_of_Dagupan_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bangus_Festival_of_Dagupan_City.jpg/220px-Bangus_Festival_of_Dagupan_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bangus_Festival_of_Dagupan_City.jpg/330px-Bangus_Festival_of_Dagupan_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bangus_Festival_of_Dagupan_City.jpg/440px-Bangus_Festival_of_Dagupan_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Street dancers depicting the bountiful harvest of <i>bangus</i> </figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sate_Bandeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Sate Bandeng">Sate Bandeng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish_congee" title="Milkfish congee">Milkfish congee</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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October 2015 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Family+Chanidae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2FSummary%2FFamilySummary.php%3Ffamily%3DChanidae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Nelson" title="Joseph S. Nelson">Nelson, J. S.</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World" title="Fishes of the World">Fishes of the World</a></i> (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25031-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25031-9"><bdi>978-0-471-25031-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=135-136&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-25031-9&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chanidae">"Chanidae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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S., Lee, C. S., & Liao, I. C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248945500_Technical_Responses_to_Challenges_in_Milkfish_Aquaculture">Technical responses to challenges in milkfish aquaculture.</a> <i>Reviews in Fisheries Science</i>, 10(3-4), 451–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald,_William_J.2004" class="citation book cs1">FitzGerald, William J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/Reports/FitzGerald_04_Milkf.pdf"><i>Milkfish aquaculture in the Pacific: potential for the tuna longline fishery bait market</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milkfish+aquaculture+in+the+Pacific%3A+potential+for+the+tuna+longline+fishery+bait+market&rft.pub=Noumea%2C+New+Caledonia%3A+Secretariat+of+the+Pacific+Community&rft.date=2004&rft.au=FitzGerald%2C+William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.int%2FDigitalLibrary%2FDoc%2FFAME%2FReports%2FFitzGerald_04_Milkf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pangasinan/local-news/2012/04/21/fisheries-bureau-releases-golden-milkfish-217502">"Fisheries bureau releases golden milkfish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SunStar" title="SunStar">SunStar</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SunStar&rft.atitle=Fisheries+bureau+releases+golden+milkfish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Fpangasinan%2Flocal-news%2F2012%2F04%2F21%2Ffisheries-bureau-releases-golden-milkfish-217502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/238401/plan-to-breed-golden-bangus-dies-with-lone-specimen">"Plan to breed 'golden' bangus dies with lone specimen"</a>. 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+to+breed+%27golden%27+bangus+dies+with+lone+specimen&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F238401%2Fplan-to-breed-golden-bangus-dies-with-lone-specimen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bangus Festival Archives. The Official Website of the City Government of Dagupan. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dagupan.gov.ph/category/bangus-festival/">https://www.dagupan.gov.ph/category/bangus-festival/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendoza, C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373756224_Historical_Socio-Political_and_Economic_Implications_of_Festival_Celebrations_in_Pangasinan">Historical, Socio-Political and Economic Implications of Festival Celebrations in Pangasinan.</a> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Francisco José Poyato-Ariza, <i>A revision of the ostariophysan fish family Chanidae, with special reference to the Mesozoic forms</i> (Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 1996)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chanos_chanos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chanos chanos">Chanos chanos</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chanos_chanos" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chanos chanos">Chanos chanos</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonelessbangus.com">Boneless Bangus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717065802/https://bonelessbangus.com/">Archived</a> 2020-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?id=80">FishBase entry for milkfish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seafdec.org.ph/commodities/milkfish_hatchery.html">SEAFDEC milkfish hatchery info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913041849/http://www.bar.gov.ph/Agritech/Fisheries/Bangus/bangus_description.htm">DA, Philippines, About Bangus</a></li> <li>Photos of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sealifecollection.org/taxon/217625">Milkfish</a> on Sealife Collection</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">National symbols of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>"</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a></i>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Narra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Philippine pearl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius" title="Saribus rotundifolius">Anahaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">Bahay kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakya" title="Bakya">Bakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">Baro't saya</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">Lechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">National Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipa" title="Sipa">Sipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waling-waling" title="Waling-waling">Waling-waling</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">National heroes</a> <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared from national legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Day_(Philippines)" title="National Heroes Day (Philippines)">National Heroes Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Valor" title="Day of Valor">Veterans of the Second World War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From proposed laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Silang" title="Gabriela Silang">Gabriela Silang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kudarat" title="Muhammad Kudarat">Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seafood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seafood" title="Template:Seafood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seafood" title="Template talk:Seafood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish#Catfish_as_food" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#As_food" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_bar" title="Raw bar">Raw bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_restaurant" title="Seafood restaurant">Seafood restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">Category: Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockerel_as_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockerel as food (page does not exist)">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Chanos chanos</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465261" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q465261">Q465261</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chanos_chanos" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chanos chanos">Chanos chanos</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chanos_chanos/">Chanos_chanos</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Chanos_chanos">Chanos_chanos</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=16505">16505</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/TM62">TM62</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/80">80</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2406374">2406374</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/55533">55533</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10144922">10144922</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=162838">162838</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/60324">60324</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NAS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=413">413</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103357/">2.103357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=29144">29144</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/598506/">598506</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/217625">217625</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=575844">575844</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=6960650">6960650</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217625">217625</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&oldid=1258676442">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milkfish&oldid=1258676442</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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