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href="#Individual_growth_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Individual growth model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_growth_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bertalanffy_equation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bertalanffy_equation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bertalanffy equation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bertalanffy_equation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bertalanffy_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bertalanffy_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bertalanffy module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bertalanffy_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_system_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_system_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>General system theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_system_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A" title="لودفيج فون بيرتالانفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لودفيج فون بيرتالانفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82_%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C" title="لودویق ون برتلنفی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لودویق ون برتلنفی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffi" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C" title="لودویگ ون برتلنفی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لودویگ ون برتلنفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99" title="לודויג פון ברטלנפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לודויג פון ברטלנפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ლუდვიგ ფონ ბერტალანფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდვიგ ფონ ბერტალანფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%89" title="لودفيج فون بيرتالانفى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لودفيج فون بيرتالانفى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3" title="ルートヴィヒ・フォン・ベルタランフィ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルートヴィヒ・フォン・ベルタランフィ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Берталанфи, Людвиг фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берталанфи, Людвиг фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%96" title="Людвиг фон Берталанфі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людвиг фон Берталанфі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%94%E9%83%8E%E9%9D%9E" title="卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q84345#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian biologist and systems theorist (1901–1972)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy_in_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Portrait_of_Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy_in_1926.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy_in_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Portrait_of_Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy_in_1926.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy_in_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Portrait_of_Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy_in_1926.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy_in_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="863" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1926</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1901-09-19</span>)</span>19 September 1901<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Atzgersdorf" title="Atzgersdorf">Atzgersdorf</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 June 1972<span style="display:none">(1972-06-12)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General systems theory">General systems theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Von_Bertalanffy_function" title="Von Bertalanffy function">Von Bertalanffy function</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung (Fechner and the Problem of Higher-Order Integration) </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1926)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy</b> (19 September 1901 – 12 June 1972) was an <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> known as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">general systems theory</a> (GST). This is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a> and other fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the classical <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">laws of thermodynamics</a> might be applied to closed systems, but not necessarily to "open systems" such as living things. His <a href="/wiki/Von_Bertalanffy_function" title="Von Bertalanffy function">mathematical model</a> of an organism's growth over time, published in 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-ber1934_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ber1934-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is still in use today. </p><p>Bertalanffy grew up in Austria and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada, and the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludwig von Bertalanffy was born and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf (now <a href="/wiki/Liesing" title="Liesing">Liesing</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Ludwig's mother Caroline Agnes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vogel was seventeen when she married the thirty-four-year-old Gustav. Ludwig von Bertalanffy grew up as an only child educated at home by private tutors until he was ten and his parents divorced, both remarried outside the Catholic Church in civil ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he arrived at his <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a> (a form of grammar school) he was already well habituated in learning by reading, and he continued to study on his own. His neighbour, the famous biologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kammerer" title="Paul Kammerer">Paul Kammerer</a>, became a mentor and an example to the young Ludwig.<sup id="cite_ref-bertalanffy.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bertalanffy.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bertalanffy family had roots in the 16th century nobility of Hungary which included several scholars and court officials.<sup id="cite_ref-TEW89_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEW89-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather Charles Joseph von Bertalanffy (1833–1912) had settled in Austria and was a state theatre director in <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> and Vienna, which were important sites in imperial Austria. Ludwig's father Gustav von Bertalanffy (1861–1919) was a prominent railway <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">administrator</a>. On his mother's side Ludwig's grandfather Joseph Vogel was an imperial counsellor and a wealthy Vienna publisher. </p><p>In 1918, Bertalanffy started his studies at the university level in philosophy and art history, first at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a> and then at the University of Vienna. Ultimately, Bertalanffy had to make a choice between studying <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>; he chose the latter because, according to him, one could always become a philosopher later, but not a biologist. In 1926 he finished his PhD thesis (<i>Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung</i>, translated title: <i>Fechner and the Problem of Higher-Order Integration</i>) on the psychologist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Theodor_Fechner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Theodor Fechner">Gustav Theodor Fechner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bertalanffy.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bertalanffy.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next six years he concentrated on a project of "theoretical biology" which focused on the philosophy of biology. He received his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> in 1934 in "theoretical biology".<sup id="cite_ref-DAP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bertalanffy was appointed <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> in 1934. The post yielded little income, and Bertalanffy faced continuing financial difficulties. He applied for promotion to the status of associate professor, but funding from the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> enabled him to make a trip to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 1937 to work with <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Rashevsky" title="Nicolas Rashevsky">Nicolas Rashevsky</a>. He was also able to visit the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bertalanffy was still in the US when he heard of the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> in March 1938. However, his attempts to remain in the US failed, and he returned to Vienna in October of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-DAP_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a month of his return, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, which facilitated his promotion to professor at the University of Vienna in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-DAP_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Second World War, he linked his "organismic" philosophy of biology to the dominant Nazi ideology, principally that of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAP_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the defeat of Nazism, Bertalanffy found <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> problematic and left Vienna in 1948. He moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> (1948–49); the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a> (1949); the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> (1950–54); the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> (1955–58); the <a href="/wiki/Menninger_Foundation" title="Menninger Foundation">Menninger Foundation</a> (1958–60); the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> (1961–68); and the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Buffalo, The State University of New York">State University of New York at Buffalo</a> (SUNY) (1969–72). </p><p>In 1972, he died from a heart attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_life">Family life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bertalanffy met his wife, Maria, in April 1924 in the Austrian Alps. They were hardly ever apart for the next forty-eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wanted to finish studying but never did, instead devoting her life to Bertalanffy's career. Later, in Canada, she would work both for him and with him in his career, and after his death she compiled two of Bertalanffy's last works. They had one child, a son who followed in his father's footsteps by making his profession in the field of cancer research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Bertalanffy is considered to be a founder and one of the principal authors of the interdisciplinary school of thought known as <a href="/wiki/General_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General systems theory">general systems theory</a>, which was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Thaddus_E._Weckowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddus E. Weckowicz">Weckowicz</a> (1989), he "occupies an important position in the intellectual history of the twentieth century. His contributions went beyond <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and extended into <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. Some of his admirers even believe that this theory will one day provide a conceptual framework for all these disciplines".<sup id="cite_ref-TEW89_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEW89-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_growth_model">Individual growth model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Individual growth model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">individual growth</a> <a href="/wiki/Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">model</a> published by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1934 is widely used in biological models and exists in a number of permutations. </p><p>In its simplest version the so-called Bertalanffy growth equation is expressed as a <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equation</a> of length (<i>L</i>) over time (<i>t</i>): </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L'(t)=r_{B}\left(L_{\infty }-L(t)\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L'(t)=r_{B}\left(L_{\infty }-L(t)\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5cb6aebf6424c20a6b2ccc83cd071a9ae94c274d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.27ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L'(t)=r_{B}\left(L_{\infty }-L(t)\right)}"></span> </p><p>when <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8c6c549d02366b12961786dfac0732e531da234" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.528ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{B}}"></span> is the Bertalanffy growth rate and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\infty }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\infty }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5ecf05fae003abbd91bc8c749d5a8a807d6efd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.458ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\infty }}"></span> the ultimate length of the individual. This model was proposed earlier by August Friedrich Robert Pūtter (1879-1929), writing in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_energy_budget_theory" title="Dynamic energy budget theory">dynamic energy budget theory</a> provides a mechanistic explanation of this model in the case of <a href="/wiki/Isomorph" title="Isomorph">isomorphs</a> that experience a constant food availability. The inverse of the Bertalanffy growth rate appears to depend linearly on the ultimate length, when different food levels are compared. The intercept relates to the maintenance costs, the slope to the rate at which reserve is mobilized for use by metabolism. The ultimate length equals the maximum length at high food availabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-ber1934_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ber1934-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PassiveAnalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PassiveAnalog.jpg/220px-PassiveAnalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PassiveAnalog.jpg/330px-PassiveAnalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/PassiveAnalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Passive electrical schematic of the Bertalanffy module together with equivalent expression in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Systems_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Systems Language">Energy Systems Language</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bertalanffy_equation">Bertalanffy equation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bertalanffy equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bertalanffy equation is the equation that describes the growth of a biological organism. The equation was offered by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dW}{dt}}=\eta S-kV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>η</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dW}{dt}}=\eta S-kV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ffc38ca254d5c091d7909a6188da589b71c2685" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.093ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dW}{dt}}=\eta S-kV}"></span> </p><p>Here W is organism weight, t is the time, S is the area of organism surface, and V is a physical volume of the organism. </p><p>The coefficients <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>η</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> are (by Bertalanffy's definition) the "coefficient of anabolism" and "coefficient of catabolism" respectively. </p><p>The solution of the Bertalanffy equation is the function: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W(t)={\Big (}\eta \,c_{1}-c_{2}\,e^{-{\tfrac {k}{3}}t}{\Big )}^{3}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>η</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi>k</mi> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W(t)={\Big (}\eta \,c_{1}-c_{2}\,e^{-{\tfrac {k}{3}}t}{\Big )}^{3}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71ac9a48fddf124c4d2089ebae9784d563e8b15e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.833ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W(t)={\Big (}\eta \,c_{1}-c_{2}\,e^{-{\tfrac {k}{3}}t}{\Big )}^{3}\,,}"></span> </p><p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77b7dc6d279091d354e0b90889b463bfa7eb7247" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b30ba1b247fb8d334580cec68561e749d24aff2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{2}}"></span> are the certain constants. </p><p>Bertalanffy couldn't explain the meaning of the parameters <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>η</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }"></span> (the coefficient of anabolism) and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> (coefficient of catabolism) in his works, and that caused a fair criticism from biologists. But the Bertalanffy equation is a special case of the Tetearing equation,<sup id="cite_ref-Tetearing2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetearing2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is a more general equation of the growth of a biological organism. The Tetearing equation determines the physical meaning of the coefficients <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>η</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bertalanffy_module">Bertalanffy module</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bertalanffy module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To honour Bertalanffy, ecological systems engineer and scientist <a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a> named the storage symbol of his <a href="/wiki/Energy_Systems_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Systems Language">General Systems Language</a> as the Bertalanffy module (see image right).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_system_theory">General system theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General system theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1920s, the Soviet philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a> pioneered "<i>Tektology</i>", whom <a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Johann Plenge</a> referred to as the theory of "general systems".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the West, Bertalanffy is widely recognized for the development of a theory known as <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">general system theory</a> (GST). The theory attempted to provide alternatives to conventional models of <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>. GST defined new foundations and developments as a generalized theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of study, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holism</a> over reductionism, <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> over mechanism. </p><p>Foundational to GST are the inter-relationships between elements which all together form the whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1928, <i>Kritische Theorie der Formbildung</i>, Borntraeger. In English: <i>Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology</i>, Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933</li> <li>1928, <i>Nikolaus von Kues</i>, G. Müller, München 1928.</li> <li>1930, <i>Lebenswissenschaft und Bildung</i>, Stenger, Erfurt 1930</li> <li>1937, <i>Das Gefüge des Lebens</i>, Leipzig: Teubner.</li> <li>1940, <i>Vom Molekül zur Organismenwelt</i>, Potsdam: <a href="/wiki/Akademische_Verlagsgesellschaft_Athenaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion">Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion</a>.</li> <li>1949, <i>Das biologische Weltbild</i>, Bern: Europäische Rundschau. In English: <i>Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought</i>, New York: Harper, 1952.</li> <li>1953, <i>Biophysik des Fliessgleichgewichts</i>, Braunschweig: Vieweg. 2nd rev. ed. by W. Beier and R. Laue, East Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1977</li> <li>1953, "Die Evolution der Organismen", in <i>Schöpfungsglaube und Evolutionstheorie</i>, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, pp 53–66</li> <li>1955, "An Essay on the Relativity of Categories." <i>Philosophy of Science</i>, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 243–263.</li> <li>1959, <i>Stammesgeschichte, Umwelt und Menschenbild</i>, Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltorientierung Vol 5. Berlin: Lüttke</li> <li>1962, <i>Modern Theories of Development</i>, New York: Harper</li> <li>1967, <i>Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World</i>, New York: George Braziller, 1969 hardcover: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-0428-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8076-0428-3">0-8076-0428-3</a>, paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-0530-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8076-0530-1">0-8076-0530-1</a></li> <li>1968, <i>General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications</i>, New York: George Braziller, revised edition 1976: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-0453-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8076-0453-4">0-8076-0453-4</a></li> <li>1968, <i>The Organismic Psychology and Systems Theory</i>, Heinz Werner lectures, Worcester: Clark University Press.</li> <li>1975, <i>Perspectives on General Systems Theory. Scientific-Philosophical Studies</i>, E. Taschdjian (eds.), New York: George Braziller, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-0797-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8076-0797-5">0-8076-0797-5</a></li> <li>1981, <i>A Systems View of Man: Collected Essays</i>, editor Paul A. LaViolette, Boulder: Westview Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86531-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86531-094-7">0-86531-094-7</a></li></ul> <p>The first <i>articles</i> from Bertalanffy on <a href="/wiki/General_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General systems theory">general systems theory</a>: </p> <ul><li>1945, "Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre", <i>Blätter für deutsche Philosophie</i>, 3/4. (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139-164).</li> <li>1950, "An Outline of General System Theory", <i>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</i> 1, p. 114-129.</li> <li>1951, "General system theory – A new approach to unity of science" (Symposium), <i>Human Biology</i>, Dec. 1951, Vol. 23, p. 303-361.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/32px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/48px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/64px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowman%E2%80%93Heidenhain_hypothesis" title="Bowman–Heidenhain hypothesis">Bowman–Heidenhain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_level" title="Integrative level">Integrative level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ber1934-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ber1934_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ber1934_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertalanffy, L. von, (1934). <i>Untersuchungen über die Gesetzlichkeit des Wachstums</i>. I. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Theorie; mathematische und physiologische Gesetzlichkeiten des Wachstums bei Wassertieren. Arch. Entwicklungsmech., 131:613-652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(de) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/23-atzgersdorf/01-15/?pg=339">Taufbuch Wien-Atzgersdorf, Vol. 15, p. 333</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Davidson (1983). <i>Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy</i>. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher. p.49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bertalanffy.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bertalanffy.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bertalanffy.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_71.html">Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science, page: His Life - Bertalanffy's Origins and his First Education</a>. Retrieved 2009-04-27 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725070225/http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_71.html">Archived</a> July 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TEW89-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TEW89_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TEW89_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T.E. Weckowicz (1989). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardjung.cz/bert1.pdf">Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory</a></i>. Working paper Feb 1989. p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAP_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAP_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAP_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrackApfalterPouvreau2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drack, Manfred; Apfalter, Wilfried; Pouvreau, David (11 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874664">"On the Making of a System Theory of Life: Paul A Weiss and Ludwig von Bertalanffy's Conceptual Connection"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (4): 349–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F522810">10.1086/522810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874664">2874664</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18217527">18217527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=On+the+Making+of+a+System+Theory+of+Life%3A+Paul+A+Weiss+and+Ludwig+von+Bertalanffy%27s+Conceptual+Connection&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=349-373&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2874664%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18217527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F522810&rft.aulast=Drack&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=Apfalter%2C+Wilfried&rft.au=Pouvreau%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2874664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Bertalanffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGare2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gare, Arran (2000-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10855660020020230">"Aleksandr Bogdanov and Systems Theory"</a>. <i>Democracy & Nature</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 341–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10855660020020230">10.1080/10855660020020230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1085-5661">1085-5661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+%26+Nature&rft.atitle=Aleksandr+Bogdanov+and+Systems+Theory&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-359&rft.date=2000-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10855660020020230&rft.issn=1085-5661&rft.aulast=Gare&rft.aufirst=Arran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10855660020020230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Bertalanffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">August Friedrich Robert Pūtter (6 April 1879 - 11 March 1929) wrote a textbook on comparative physiology entitled <i>Vergleichende Physiologie</i> (Jena: G. Fischer, 1911) and many other notable works. For a translation of his "Studien ūber physiologische Ähnlichkeit. VI. Wachstumsähnlichkeiten" ("Studies on Physiological Similarity. VI. Analogies of Growth") in <i>Pflūgers Archiv fūr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere</i>, <b>180</b>: 298-340, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/147555.pdf">http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/147555.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969). <i>General System Theory</i>. New York: George Braziller, pp. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetearing2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tetearing2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandr_N._Tetearing2012" class="citation book cs1">Alexandr N. Tetearing (2012). <i>Theory of populations</i>. Moscow: SSO Foundation. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-365-56080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-365-56080-4"><bdi>978-1-365-56080-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+populations&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=SSO+Foundation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-365-56080-4&rft.au=Alexandr+N.+Tetearing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Bertalanffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas D. Rizzo William Gray (Editor), Nicholas D. Rizzo (Editor), (1973) <i>Unity Through Diversity. A Festschrift for Ludwig von Bertalanffy</i>. Gordon & Breach Science Pub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlenge1927" class="citation journal cs1">Plenge, Johann (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia802808.us.archive.org/1/items/PlengeReviewOfTektology/Plenge%20Review%20of%20Tektology.pdf">"Um die Allgemeine Organisationslehre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv Review of World Economics</i>. <b>25</b>: 18–29 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weltwirtschaftliches+Archiv+Review+of+World+Economics&rft.atitle=Um+die+Allgemeine+Organisationslehre&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Plenge&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia802808.us.archive.org%2F1%2Fitems%2FPlengeReviewOfTektology%2FPlenge%2520Review%2520of%2520Tektology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+von+Bertalanffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sabine Brauckmann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isss.org/lumLVB.htm"><i>Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972)</i></a>, ISSS Luminaries of the Systemics Movement, January 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Corning" title="Peter Corning">Peter Corning</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821222038/http://www.complexsystems.org/abstracts/vonbert.html"><i>Fulfilling von Bertalanffy's Vision</i>: The Synergism Hypothesis as a General Theory of Biological and Social Systems</a>, ISCS 2001.</li> <li>Mark Davidson (1983). <i>Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy</i>, Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debora_Hammond" title="Debora Hammond">Debora Hammond</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/viewFile/20/19"><i>Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Systems Thinking</i></a>, tripleC 3(2): pp. 20–27.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ervin_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Ervin László">Ervin László</a> eds. (1972). <i>The Relevance of General Systems Theory: Papers Presented to Ludwig Von Bertalanffy on His Seventieth Birthday</i>, New York: George Braziller, 1972.</li> <li>David Pouvreau (2013). "Une histoire de la 'systémologie générale' de Ludwig von Bertalanffy - Généalogie, genèse, actualisation et postérité d'un projet herméneutique", Doctoral Thesis (1138 pages), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157">http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddus_E._Weckowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddus E. Weckowicz">Thaddus E. Weckowicz</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardjung.cz/bert1.pdf">Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory</a>, Center for Systems Research Working Paper No. 89-2. Edmonton AB: University of Alberta, February 1989.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isss.org/lumLVB.htm">International Society for the Systems Sciences'</a> biography of Ludwig von Bertalanffy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://isss.org/projects/primer">http://isss.org/projects/primer</a> International Society for the Systems Sciences' THE PRIMER PROJECT: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMICS (organismics)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140121231639/http://www.bertalanffy.org/">Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science</a> BCSSS in Vienna.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardjung.cz/bert1.pdf">Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory</a> working paper by T.E. 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban 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psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59078916">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2583/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVWqMVhxkqR8MMdF7bVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11865666X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50009080">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11891630c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00139973?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16657765000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:von-bertalanffy.l">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/420851">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/ludwig-von-bertalanffy/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/792566">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11865666X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11865666X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02672359X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64k35sf">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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