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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kyoto_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyoto_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Kyoto Protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyoto_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris_Agreement_Article_6_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris_Agreement_Article_6_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Paris Agreement Article 6 mechanisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_Agreement_Article_6_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-REDD+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#REDD+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 REDD+ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-REDD+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CORSIA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CORSIA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 CORSIA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CORSIA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Markets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Markets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voluntary_carbon_markets_and_certification_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_carbon_markets_and_certification_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Voluntary carbon markets and certification programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_carbon_markets_and_certification_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Determining_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determining_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Determining value </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determining_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verified_Carbon_Standard_by_Verra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verified_Carbon_Standard_by_Verra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Verified Carbon Standard by Verra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verified_Carbon_Standard_by_Verra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Gold Standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_offset_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_offset_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Types of offset projects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_offset_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of offset projects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_offset_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Renewable energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methane_collection_and_combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methane_collection_and_combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Methane collection and combustion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methane_collection_and_combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Energy efficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_industrial_pollutants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_industrial_pollutants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Destruction of industrial pollutants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_industrial_pollutants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Land use, land-use change and forestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Processes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Processes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria_for_assessing_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria_for_assessing_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Criteria for assessing quality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria_for_assessing_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches_for_increasing_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_for_increasing_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Approaches for increasing integrity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaches_for_increasing_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_and_drawbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_and_drawbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Limitations and drawbacks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations_and_drawbacks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Limitations and drawbacks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations_and_drawbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oversight_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oversight_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Oversight issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oversight_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns_with_forestry_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_with_forestry_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Concerns with forestry projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_with_forestry_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Carbon offsets and credits</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="تعويض الكربون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعويض الكربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensaci%C3%B3_de_carboni" title="Compensació de carboni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compensació de carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1_kompenzace" title="Uhlíková kompenzace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlíková kompenzace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimakompensation" title="Klimakompensation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klimakompensation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Αντιστάθμιση άνθρακα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιστάθμιση άνθρακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensaci%C3%B3n_de_carbono" title="Compensación de carbono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compensación de carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="آفست کربن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفست کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_carbone" title="Compensation carbone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compensation carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creidmheasanna_agus_frith%C3%A1ireamh_carb%C3%B3in" title="Creidmheasanna agus fritháireamh carbóin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Creidmheasanna agus fritháireamh carbóin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EC%83%81%EC%87%84" title="탄소 상쇄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소 상쇄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelunasan_karbon" title="Pelunasan karbon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelunasan karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolefnisj%C3%B6fnun" title="Kolefnisjöfnun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolefnisjöfnun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="קיזוז פחמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיזוז פחמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon-ellent%C3%A9telez%C3%A9s" title="Karbon-ellentételezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karbon-ellentételezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstofcompensaties_en_-kredieten" title="Koolstofcompensaties en -kredieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstofcompensaties en -kredieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="カーボンオフセット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーボンオフセット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_carbono" title="Compensação de carbono – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Compensação de carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADkov%C3%A9_offsety" title="Uhlíkové offsety – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlíkové offsety" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emisijski_kupon" title="Emisijski kupon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Emisijski kupon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4%C3%A4st%C3%B6kompensaatio" title="Päästökompensaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Päästökompensaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatkompensation" title="Klimatkompensation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klimatkompensation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்பன் ஆஃப்செட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பன் ஆஃப்செட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9_tr%E1%BB%AB_v%C3%A0_t%C3%ADn_ch%E1%BB%89_carbon" title="Bù trừ và tín chỉ carbon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bù trừ và tín chỉ carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%8A%B5%E9%8A%B7%E8%88%87%E7%A2%B3%E4%BF%A1%E7%94%A8" title="碳抵銷與碳信用 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳抵銷與碳信用" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Carbon dioxide reduction scheme</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the use of carbon offsets and carbon credits for countries, corporations, and, in some cases, individuals. For more information on carbon credits for individuals, see <a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_trading" title="Personal carbon trading">personal carbon trading</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbine_aalborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/220px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/330px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/440px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> projects, such as these <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark, constitute one common type of carbon offset project.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Carbon offsetting is a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon trading">carbon trading</a> mechanism that enables entities to compensate for offset <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere. When an entity invests in a carbon offsetting program, it receives carbon credit or offset credit, which account for the net climate benefits that one entity brings to another. After certification by a government or independent certification body, credits can be traded between entities. One carbon credit represents a reduction, avoidance or removal of one metric tonne of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or its <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">carbon dioxide-equivalent</a> (CO2e). A variety of greenhouse gas reduction projects can qualify for offsets and credits depending on the scheme. Some include forestry projects that avoid logging and plant saplings,<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> projects such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass energy">biomass energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogas_digesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogas digesters">biogas digesters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric Dams">hydroelectric dams</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> projects. Further projects include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> projects, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> projects, and the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> in various settings such as <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>. Many projects that give credits for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> have received criticism as <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-6">[6]</a> Carbon offset and credit programs provide a mechanism for countries to meet their <a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally Determined Contributions</a> (NDC) commitments to achieve the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBankExplainer-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a> includes three mechanisms for "voluntary cooperation" between countries towards climate goals, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon markets">carbon markets</a>. Article 6.2 enabled countries to directly trade carbon credits and units of renewable power with each other. Article 6.4 established a new international carbon market allowing countries or companies to use carbon credits generated in other countries to help meet their climate targets. Carbon offset and credit programs are coming under increased scrutiny because their claimed emissions reductions may be inflated compared to the actual reductions achieved.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> To be credible, the reduction in emissions must meet three criteria: they must last indefinitely, be additional to emission reductions that were going to happen anyway, and must be measured, monitored and verified by independent third parties to ensure that the amount of reduction promised has in fact been attained.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">Building insulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic analysis of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_home" title="Green home">Green home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism" title="Sustainable capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verified_Carbon_Standard" title="Verified Carbon Standard">Verified Carbon Standard</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Frameworks and treaties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Sustainability accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Sustainability reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon sinks">Carbon sinks</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related content</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscious_business" title="Conscious business">Conscious business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sustainability" title="Corporate sustainability">Corporate sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_mitigation" title="Template:Climate change mitigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Climate_change_mitigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Climate change mitigation (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change_mitigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change mitigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>A carbon offset or carbon credit is a way of compensating for emissions of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>. It is a reduction, avoidance, or removal of emissions to compensate for emissions released elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-wri-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ced-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> One carbon credit represents an emission reduction or removal of one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> that contribute equally to global warming (CO2e).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a> Carbon credits are a form of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">carbon pricing</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon taxes</a> and subsidies. Credits can move among the various markets they are traded in.<a href="#cite_note-Cadman-2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_economics" title="Category:Environmental economics">a series</a> about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cash_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/90px-Cash_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/135px-Cash_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/180px-Cash_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="32" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Carbon price</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon credit">Carbon credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon finance">Carbon finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">Carbon offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_trading" title="Personal carbon trading">Personal carbon trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigovian_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigovian tax">Pigovian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cost_of_carbon" title="Social cost of carbon">Social cost of carbon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Climate change</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sustainability" title="Corporate sustainability">Corporate sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_commerce" title="Eco commerce">Eco commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_enterprise" title="Environmental enterprise">enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_environmentalism" title="Fiscal environmentalism">Fiscal environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_accounting" title="Green accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Green paradox">paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_trading" title="Green trading">trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_abatement_cost" title="Marginal abatement cost">Marginal abatement cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting" title="Social accounting">Social accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">reporting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism" title="Sustainable capitalism">capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design_standards" title="Sustainable design standards">design standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_good" title="Used good">Used good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_Earth" title="Value of Earth">Value of Earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Energy transition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000-watt_society" title="2000-watt society">2000-watt society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">Alternative fuel</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">Carbon neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">Environmental pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental tariff">Environmental tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">Green industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Template:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are several labels for one-tonne emission reductions, including "<a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Emission_Reduction" title="Voluntary Emission Reduction">Verified Emission Reduction</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Certified_emission_reduction" title="Certified emission reduction">Certified Emission Reduction</a>". The label depends on the particular program that certifies a reduction project.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> At <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP27</a>, negotiators agreed to define offsets and credits issued under <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation contributions</a>" in order to discourage <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">carbon neutrality</a> claims by buyers.<a href="#cite_note-Crook-2022-23">[23]</a> Certification organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard</a> also have detailed guidance on what descriptive terms are appropriate for buyers of offsets and credits.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Offsets from past project have to be additional to what would have happened without the project.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For future projects, forward crediting is a process where credits are issued for projected emissions reductions, which can be claimed by buyers even before the reduction activities have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> When credit holders claim the GHG reductions, they must <a href="/wiki/Carbon_retirement" title="Carbon retirement">retire the carbon credits</a> such that cannot be transferred and used.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Carbon offsets can be tracked and reported within an offset certification registry, which may contain project information such as project status, project documents, credits generated, ownership, sale, and retirement.<a href="#cite_note-Michaelowa-2019-28">[28]</a> The year in which a carbon emissions reduction project — usually the year in which a third party verifies the project<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> — generates the carbon offset credit is known as the vintage.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1977, major amendments to the US <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> created one of the first <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">tradable emission</a> offset mechanisms, allowing permitted facilities to increase emissions in exchange for paying another company to reduce its emissions of the same pollutant by a greater amount.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The 1990 amendments to that same law established the <a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Trading Program</a>, which introduced the concept of a cap and trade system, which allowed companies to buy and sell offsets created by other companies that invested in emission reduction projects subject to an overall limit on emissions.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the 1990s, regulatory frameworks for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Clean Water Act (page does not exist)">US Clean Water Act</a> enabled mitigation banking and wetlands offsetting, which set the procedural and conceptual precedent for carbon offsetting.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1997, the original international compliance carbon markets emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, which established three mechanisms that enable countries or operators in developed countries to acquire offset credits.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> One mechanism was the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism" title="Clean Development Mechanism">Clean Development Mechanism</a> (CDM), which expanded the concept of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">carbon emissions trading</a> to a global scale, focusing on the major greenhouse gases that cause <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>:<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2), <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (N2O), <a href="/wiki/Perfluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorocarbons">perfluorocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluorocarbons">hydrofluorocarbons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Kyoto Protocol was to expire in 2020, to be superseded by the Paris Agreement. Countries are still determining the role of carbon offsets in the Paris Agreement through international negotiations on the agreement's Article 6.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In November 2024, after years of deadlock, governments attending the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP29 conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> agreed to rules on creating, trading and registering emission reductions and removals as carbon credits that higher-emission countries can buy, thus providing funding for low-emission technologies.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20241124-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> The economics behind programs such as the Kyoto Protocol was that the <a href="/wiki/Margin_(economics)" title="Margin (economics)">marginal</a> cost of reducing emissions would differ among countries.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Studies suggested that the flexibility mechanisms could reduce the overall cost of meeting the targets.<a href="#cite_note-hourcade_2001_economic_costs_of_flexibility_mechanisms-42">[42]</a> Offset and credit programs have been identified as a way for countries to meet their NDC commitments and achieve the goals of the Paris agreement at a lower cost.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBankExplainer-7">[7]</a> They may also help close the emissions gap identified in annual UNEP reports.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> There is a diverse range of sources of supply and demand as well as trading frameworks that drive offset and credit markets.<a href="#cite_note-WBank-2022-44">[44]</a> Demand for offsets and credits derives from a range of compliance obligations, arising from international agreements, national laws, as well as voluntary commitments that companies and governments have adopted.<a href="#cite_note-WBank-2022-44">[44]</a> Voluntary carbon markets usually consist of private entities purchasing carbon offset credits to meet voluntary greenhouse gas reduction commitments. In some cases, non-covered participants in an ETS may purchase credits as an alternative to purchasing offsets in a voluntary market.<a href="#cite_note-Cadman-2022-18">[18]</a> These programs also have other <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">positive externalities</a>, or co-benefits, which include better air quality, increased biodiversity, and water and soil protection; community employment opportunities, energy access, and gender equality; and job creation, education opportunities, and technology transfer. Some certification programs have tools and research products to help quantify these benefits.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Prices for offsets and credits vary widely,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> reflecting the uncertainty associated with verifying the indirect value of carbon offsets.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> At the same time, uncertainty has caused some companies to become more skeptical about buying offsets .<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emissions_trading_systems">Emissions trading systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emissions trading systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions trading">Carbon emissions trading</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a> are now an important element of regulatory programs to control pollution, including GHG emissions. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">GHG emission trading</a> programs exist at the sub-national, national, and international level. Under these programs, there is a cap on emissions. Sources of emissions have the flexibility to find and apply the lowest-cost methods for reducing pollution. A central authority or government body usually allocates or sells a limited number (a "cap") of permits. These permit a discharge of a specific quantity of a specific pollutant over a set time period.<a href="#cite_note-glossary-51">[51]</a> Polluters are required to hold permits in amounts equal to their emissions. Those that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> These programs have been applied to greenhouse gases for several reasons. Their warming effects are the same regardless of where they are emitted. The costs of reducing emissions vary widely by source. The cap ensures that the environmental goal is attained.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-California_Cap_and_Trade-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations_and_schemes">Regulations and schemes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regulations and schemes">edit</a>]</div> As of 2022, 68 carbon pricing programs were in place or scheduled to be created globally.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_2022_15-55">[55]</a> International programs include the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism" title="Clean Development Mechanism">Clean Development Mechanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Offsetting_and_Reduction_Scheme_for_International_Aviation" title="Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation">CORSIA</a>. National programs include ETS systems such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_System" title="European Union Emissions Trading System">European Union Emissions Trading System</a> (EU-ETS) and the California Cap and Trade Program. Eligible credits in these programs may include credits that international or independent crediting systems have issued. There are also standards and crediting mechanisms that independent, nongovernmental entities such as <a href="/wiki/Verified_Carbon_Standard" title="Verified Carbon Standard">Verra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard</a> manage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyoto_Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kyoto Protocol">edit</a>]</div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism" title="Clean Development Mechanism">Clean Development Mechanism</a>, a developed country can sponsor a greenhouse gas reduction project in a developing country, where the costs of greenhouse gas reduction activities are usually much lower.<a href="#cite_note-grubb-56">[56]</a> The developed country receives credits for meeting its emission reduction targets known as <a href="/wiki/Certified_Emission_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Emission Reduction">Certified Emission Reductions</a> (CERs), while the developing country receives capital investment and <a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">clean technology</a> or beneficial <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry">change in land use</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Joint_Implementation" title="Joint Implementation">Joint Implementation</a>, a developed country with relatively high domestic costs of emission reduction would set up a project in another developed country. Offset credits under this program are designated as Emission Reduction Units.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The International Emissions Trading program enables countries to trade in the international carbon credit market to cover their shortfall in <a href="/wiki/Assigned_amount_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Assigned amount units">assigned amount units</a>. Countries with surplus units can sell them to countries that are exceeding their emission targets under Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Nuclear energy projects are not eligible for credits under these programs.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Country-specific designated national authorities approve projects under the CDM.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris_Agreement_Article_6_mechanisms">Paris Agreement Article 6 mechanisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paris Agreement Article 6 mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a> continues to support offset and credit programs between countries, including CDM projects from the Kyoto Protocol. Programs now occur to help achieve emission reduction targets set out in each country's <a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">nationally determined contribution</a> (NDC). <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Article </th> <th>Regulation </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Art 6 </td> <td>Allows countries to transfer carbon credits from reducing GHG emissions to help other countries meet their climate targets. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Art 6.2 </td> <td>Creates a program for trading GHG emission reductions via bilateral agreements between countries using credits known as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). ITMOs can be purchased by countries to achieve NDCs, and also be used in market-based schemes such as CORSIA </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Bassam-2022-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Art 6.4 </td> <td>Similar to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, it establishes a centralized program to trade GHG emission reductions between countries, supervised by a UNFCCC supervisory board. Countries, companies, and individuals can buy Emission Reduction (ER) credits purchased under this program. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The ITMO system requires "corresponding adjustments" to avoid double counting of emission reductions. Double-counting occurs if both the host country and purchasing country count the reduction towards their target. If the receiving country uses ITMOs towards its NDC, the host country must discount those reductions from its emissions budget by adding and reporting that higher total in its biennial reporting.<a href="#cite_note-Bassam-2022-61">[61]</a> Otherwise Article 6.2 gives countries a lot of flexibility in how they can create trading agreements.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The supervisory board under Article 6.4 is responsible for approving methodologies, setting guidance, and implementing procedures. The preparation work for this is expected to last until the end of 2023. ER credits issued will fall by 2% to ensure that the program as a whole results in an overall Mitigation of Global Emissions. An additional 5% reduction of ERs will go to a fund to finance adaptation. Administrative fees for program management are still under discussion.<a href="#cite_note-Bassam-2022-61">[61]</a> CDM projects may transition to the Article 6.4 program subject to approval by the country hosting the project, and if the project meets the new rules, with certain exceptions for rules on methodologies. Projects can generally continue to use the same CDM methodologies through 2025. From 2026 on, they must meet all Article 6 requirements. Up to 2.8 billion credits could potentially become eligible for issuance under Article 6.4 if all CDM projects transition.<a href="#cite_note-Crook-2022-23">[23]</a> Article 6 does not directly regulate the voluntary carbon markets. In principle, it is possible to issue and purchase carbon offsets without reference to Article 6. It is possible that a multi-tier system could emerge with different types of offsets and credits available for investors. Companies may be able to purchase 'adjusted credits' that eliminate the risk of double counting. These may be seen as more valuable if they support science-based targets and net-zero emissions. Other non-adjusted offsets and credits could support claims for other environmental or social indicators. They could also support emission reductions that are seen as less valuable in terms of these goals. Uncertainty remains around Article 6's effects on future voluntary carbon markets. There is also uncertainty about what investors could claim by purchasing various types of carbon credits.<a href="#cite_note-Bassam-2022-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="REDD+">REDD+</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: REDD+">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD+</a> is a UNFCCC framework, largely addressed at tropical regions in developing countries, that is designed to compensate countries for not clearing or degrading their forests, or for enhancing forest carbon stocks. It aims to create financial value for carbon stored in forests, using the concept of results-based payments.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> REDD+ also promotes <a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">co-benefits</a> from reducing deforestation such as biodiversity. It was introduced in its basic form at COP11 in 2005 and has grown into a broad policy initiative to address deforestation and forest degradation. In 2015, REDD+ was incorporated into Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. REDD+ initiatives typically compensate developing countries or their regional administrations for reducing their emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. It consists of several stages: One, achieving REDD+ readiness; two, formalizing an agreement for financing; three, measuring, reporting, and verifying results; and four, receiving results-based payments. Over 50 countries have national REDD+ initiatives. REDD+ is also taking place through provincial and district governments and at the local level through private landowners. As of 2020, there were over 400 ongoing REDD+ projects globally. Brazil and Colombia account for the largest amount of REDD+ project land area.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CORSIA">CORSIA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: CORSIA">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Offsetting_and_Reduction_Scheme_for_International_Aviation" title="Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation">Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation</a> (CORSIA) is a global, market-based program to reduce emissions from international aviation. It aims to allow credits and offsets for emissions that cannot be reduced by technology and operational improvements or sustainable aviation fuels.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> To ensure the environmental integrity of these offsets, the program has developed a list of eligible offsets that can be used. Operating principles are similar to those under existing trading mechanisms and carbon offset certification standards. CORSIA has applied to international aviation since January 2019. At that point all airlines had been required to report their CO2 emissions on an annual basis. International flights must undertake offsetting under CORSIA since January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markets">Markets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Markets">edit</a>]</div> Compliance market credits account for most of the offset and credit market today. Trading on voluntary carbon markets was 300 MtCO2e in 2021. By comparison, the compliance carbon market trading volume was 12 GtCO2e,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> in 2019 were 59 GtCO2e.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Currently several exchanges trade in carbon credits and allowances covering both spot and futures markets. These include the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Chicago Mercantile Exchange">Chicago Mercantile Exchange</a>, CTX Global, the <a href="/wiki/European_Energy_Exchange" title="European Energy Exchange">European Energy Exchange</a>, Global Carbon Credit Exchange gCCEx, <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange" title="Intercontinental Exchange">Intercontinental Exchange</a>, MexiCO2, <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ_OMX_Commodities_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe">NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe</a> and Xpansiv.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Many companies now engage in emissions abatement, offsetting, and sequestration programs, which generate credits that can be sold on an exchange. At the start of 2022 there were 25 operational emissions trading systems around the world. They are in jurisdictions representing 55% of global GDP. These systems cover 17% of global emissions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_System" title="European Union Emissions Trading System">European Union Emissions Trading System</a> (EU-ETS) is the second largest trading system in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_national_carbon_trading_scheme" title="Chinese national carbon trading scheme">Chinese national carbon trading scheme</a>. It covers over 40% of European GHG emissions.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> California's cap-and-trade program covers about 85% of statewide GHG emissions.<a href="#cite_note-California_Cap_and_Trade-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_carbon_markets_and_certification_programs">Voluntary carbon markets and certification programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Voluntary carbon markets and certification programs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_compliance" title="Voluntary compliance">Voluntary</a> carbon markets (VCM) are largely <a href="/wiki/Unregulated_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Unregulated market">unregulated markets</a> where carbon offsets are traded by corporations, individuals and organizations that are under no legal obligation to make emission cuts. In voluntary carbon markets, companies or individuals use carbon offsets to meet the goals they set themselves for reducing emissions. Credits are issued under independent crediting standards. Some entities also purchase them under international or domestic crediting mechanisms. National and subnational programs have been increasing in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Many different groups exist within the voluntary carbon market,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> including developers, brokers, auditors, and buyers.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Certification programs for VCMs establish accounting standards, project eligibility requirements, and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) procedures for credit and offset projects. They include the <a href="/wiki/Verified_Carbon_Standard" title="Verified Carbon Standard">Verified Carbon Standard</a> issued by Verra, the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard</a>, the Climate Action Reserve, the American Carbon Registry, and Plan Vivo.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Puro Standard, the first standard for engineered carbon removal, is verified by DNV GL.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> There are also some additional standards for validating co-benefits, including the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard (CCB Standard), also issued by Verra, and the Social Carbon Standard,<a href="#cite_note-Social-Carbon-Standard-79">[79]</a> issued by the Ecologica Institute. The voluntary carbon markets currently represent less than 1% of the reductions pledged in country NDCs by 2030. It represents an even smaller portion of the reductions needed to achieve the 1.5°C Paris temperature goal pathway in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> However, the VCM is growing significantly. Between 2017 and 2021, both the issuance and retirement of VCM carbon offsets more than tripled.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Some predictions call for global VCM demand to increase 15-fold between 2021 and 2030, and 100 times by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Carbon removal projects such as forestry and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> are expected to have a larger share of this market in the future, compared to renewable energy projects.<a href="#cite_note-:3-83">[83]</a> However, there is evidence that large companies are becoming more reluctant to use VCM offsets and credits because of a complex web of standards, despite an increased focus on <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero emissions</a> goals.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Determining_value">Determining value</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Determining value">edit</a>]</div> In 2022 voluntary carbon market (VCM) prices ranged from $8 to $30 per tonne of CO2e for the most common types of offset projects. Several factors can affect these prices. The costs of developing a project are a significant factor. Those tied to projects that can sequester carbon have recently been selling at a premium compared to other projects such as renewable energy or energy efficiency. Projects that sequester carbon are also called Nature-Based Solutions. Projects with additional social and environmental benefits can command a higher price. This reflects the value of the co-benefits and the perceived value of association with these projects. Credits from a reputable organization may command a higher price. Some credits located in developed countries may be priced higher. One reason could be that companies prefer to back projects closer to their business sites. Conversely, carbon credits with older vintages tend to be valued lower on the market.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Prices on the compliance market are generally higher. They vary based on geography, with EU and UK ETS credits trading at higher prices than those in the US in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Lower prices on the VCM are in part due to an excess of supply in relation to demand. Some types of offsets are able to be created at very low costs under present standards. Without this surplus, current VCM prices could be at least $10/tCO2e higher.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> Some pricing forecasts predict VCM prices could increase to as much as $47–$210 per tonne by 2050. There could be an even higher spike in the short term in certain scenarios. A major factor in future price models is the extent to which programs that support more permanent removals can influence future global climate policy. This could limit the supply of approvable offsets, and thereby raise prices.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Demand for VCM offsets is expected to increase five to ten-fold over the next decade as more companies adopt Net Zero climate commitments. This could benefit both markets and progress on reducing GHG emissions. If carbon offset prices remain significantly below these forecast levels, companies could be open to criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>. This is because some might claim credit for emission reduction projects that would have been undertaken anyway. At prices of $100/tCO2e, a variety of carbon removal technologies could deliver around 2 GtCO2e per year of annual emission reductions between now and 2050. These technologies include reducing deforestation, forest restoration, CCS, BECCs and renewables in least developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In addition, as the cost of using offsets and credits rises, investments in reducing supply chain emissions will become more attractive.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verified_Carbon_Standard_by_Verra">Verified Carbon Standard by Verra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verified Carbon Standard by Verra">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Verified_Carbon_Standard" title="Verified Carbon Standard">Verified Carbon Standard</a></div> Verra was developed in 2005. It is a widely used voluntary carbon standard, which also offers specific methodologies for REDD+ projects.<a href="#cite_note-:6-91">[91]</a> As of 2020, there had been over 1,500 certified VCS projects covering energy, transport, waste, forestry, and other sectors.<a href="#cite_note-:6-91">[91]</a> In 2021, Verra issued 300 MtCO2e worth of offset credits for 110 projects.<a href="#cite_note-Worldbank-92">[92]</a>: 37  Verra is the program of choice for most of the forest credits in the voluntary market, and almost all REDD+ projects.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gold_Standard">Gold Standard</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gold Standard">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard</a> was developed in 2003 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in consultation with an independent standards advisory board. Projects are open to any non-government, community-based organization. Allowable categories include renewable energy supply, energy efficiency, <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a>, reforestation, and agriculture. The program also promotes the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Developments Goals</a>. Projects must meet at least three of those goals besides reducing GHG emissions. Projects must make a net-positive contribution to the economic, environmental and social welfare of the local population. Program monitoring requirements help determine this.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_offset_projects">Types of offset projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Types of offset projects">edit</a>]</div> A variety of projects can be used to reduce GHG emissions and thus to generate carbon offsets and credits. These can include land use improvement, methane capture, biomass <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, or industrial energy efficiency. They also include reducing methane, reforestation and switching fuel, for example to <a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-negative_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-negative fuel">carbon-negative fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_Offset_Guide-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_Nature-97">[97]</a> The CDM identifies over 200 types of projects suitable for generating carbon offsets and credits.<a href="#cite_note-CDM_projects_by_type-98">[98]</a> An example of land use improvement is better forest management.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_Offset_Guide-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regan-2020-99">[99]</a> Offset certification and carbon trading programs vary by how much they consider specific projects eligible for offsets or credits.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The European Union Emission Trading System considers nuclear energy projects, afforestation or reforestation activities, and projects involving destruction of industrial gases ineligible.<a href="#cite_note-climate.ec.europa.eu-101">[101]</a> Industrial gases include HFC-23 and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>N2O. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Renewable energy">edit</a>]</div> Renewable energy projects can include hydroelectric, wind, photovoltaic solar, solar hot water, biomass power, and heat production. These types of projects help societies move from electricity and heating based on fossil fuels towards forms of energy that are less carbon-intensive. However, they may not qualify as offset projects. This is because it is difficult or impossible to determine their <a href="/wiki/Additionality" title="Additionality">additionality</a>. They usually generate revenue. And they usually involve subsidies or other complex financial arrangements. This can make them ineligible under many offset and credit programs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methane_collection_and_combustion">Methane collection and combustion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Methane collection and combustion">edit</a>]</div> Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. It is most often emitted from landfills, livestock, and from coal mining.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Nature-97">[97]</a> Methane projects can produce carbon offsets through the capture of methane for energy production. Examples include the combustion or containment of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> generated by farm animals by use of an <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digester" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic digester">anaerobic digester</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> in landfills,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> or from other <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-11-30_-_Chicago_Climate_Justice_activists_in_Chicago_-_Cap%27n%27Trade_protest_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2009-11-30_-_Chicago_Climate_Justice_activists_in_Chicago_-_Cap%27n%27Trade_protest_011.jpg/220px-2009-11-30_-_Chicago_Climate_Justice_activists_in_Chicago_-_Cap%27n%27Trade_protest_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2009-11-30_-_Chicago_Climate_Justice_activists_in_Chicago_-_Cap%27n%27Trade_protest_011.jpg/330px-2009-11-30_-_Chicago_Climate_Justice_activists_in_Chicago_-_Cap%27n%27Trade_protest_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2009-11-30_-_Chicago_Climate_Justice_activists_in_Chicago_-_Cap%27n%27Trade_protest_011.jpg/440px-2009-11-30_-_Chicago_Climate_Justice_activists_in_Chicago_-_Cap%27n%27Trade_protest_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Chicago Climate Justice activists protesting cap and trade legislation in front of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Climate_Exchange" title="Chicago Climate Exchange">Chicago Climate Exchange</a> building in Chicago Loop</figcaption></figure> Carbon offsets that fund renewable energy projects help lower the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon intensity">carbon intensity</a> of energy supply. Energy conservation projects seek to reduce the overall demand for energy. Carbon offsets in this category fund projects of three main types. <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a> plants generate both electricity and heat from the same power source. This improves upon the energy efficiency of most power plants. That is because these plants waste the energy generated as heat.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a> projects replace a combustion device with one using less fuel per unit of energy provided. They can do this by optimizing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_processes" title="Industrial processes">industrial processes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> reducing energy costs per unit. They can also optimize <a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">individual action</a>, for example making it easier to cycle to work instead of driving.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_industrial_pollutants">Destruction of industrial pollutants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Destruction of industrial pollutants">edit</a>]</div> Industrial pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluorocarbons">hydrofluorocarbons</a> (HFCs) and <a href="/wiki/Perfluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorocarbons">perfluorocarbons</a> (PFCs) have a <a href="/wiki/Global-warming_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Global-warming potential">much greater potential for global warming</a> than carbon dioxide by volume.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> It is easy to capture and destroy these pollutants at their source. So they present a large low-cost source of carbon offsets. As a category, HFCs, PFCs, and N2O reductions represent 71 percent of offsets issued under the CDM.<a href="#cite_note-CDM_projects_by_type-98">[98]</a> Since many of these are now banned by an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, they are often no longer eligible for offsets or credits.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-climate.ec.europa.eu-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Land use, land-use change and forestry">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</a> have the collective label LULUCF. LULUCF projects focus on natural <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a> such as forests and soil. There are a number of different types of LULUCF projects. Forestry-related projects focus on avoiding deforestation. They do this by protecting existing forests, restoring forests on land that was once forested, and creating forests<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> on land that previously had no forests, typically for more than a generation. <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">Soil management</a> projects attempt to preserve or increase the amount of carbon sequestered in soil. Deforestation is particularly significant in Brazil, Indonesia, and parts of Africa, accounting for about 20 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Carbon offsets allow firms to avoid deforestation by paying directly for forest preservation or providing substitutes for forest-based products. Offset schemes using reforestation, such as REDD, are available in developing countries, and are becoming increasingly available in developed countries including the US and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> China has a <a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">policy</a> of forestry carbon credits.<a href="#cite_note-:023-114">[114]</a> Forestry carbon credits are based on the measurement of forest growth, which is converted into carbon emission reduction measurements by government ecological and forestry offices.<a href="#cite_note-:023-114">[114]</a> Owners of forests (who are typically rural families or <a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">rural villages</a>) receive carbon tickets (碳票; tan piao) which are tradeable securities.<a href="#cite_note-:023-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Processes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a>]</div> An offset project is designed by project developers, financed by investors, validated by an independent verifier, and registered with a carbon offset program. Official registration indicates that a program has approved the project and that the project is eligible to start generating carbon offset credits once it starts.<a href="#cite_note-Broekhoff-2019-115">[115]</a> Most carbon offset programs have a library of approved methodologies covering a range of project types. After a project has begun, programs will often verify it periodically to determine the quantity of emission reductions generated. The length of time between verifications can vary, but is typically one year. After a program approves verification reports, it issues carbon offset credits, which are deposited in the project developer's account in a registry system administered by the offset program.<a href="#cite_note-Broekhoff-2019-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criteria_for_assessing_quality">Criteria for assessing quality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Criteria for assessing quality">edit</a>]</div> Criteria for assessing the quality of offsets and credits usually cover the following areas: <ul><li>Baseline and Measurement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additionality" title="Additionality">Additionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Leakage</a></li> <li>Permanence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_counting_(accounting)" title="Double counting (accounting)">Double counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_for_increasing_integrity">Approaches for increasing integrity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Approaches for increasing integrity">edit</a>]</div> Besides the certification programs mentioned above, industry groups have been working since the 2000s to promote the quality of these projects. The <a href="/wiki/International_Carbon_Reduction_and_Offset_Alliance" title="International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance">International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance</a> (ICROA) was founded in 2008. It promotes <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best practice</a> across the voluntary <a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_trading" title="Personal carbon trading">carbon market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheAge-117">[117]</a> ICROA's membership consists of carbon offset providers based in the United States, European and <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> markets who commit to the ICROA Code of Best Practice.<a href="#cite_note-TheAge-117">[117]</a> Other groups are now advocating for new approaches to ensure that offsets and credits have integrity. The Oxford Offsetting Principles state that traditional carbon offsetting schemes are "unlikely to deliver the types of offsetting needed to ultimately reach net zero emissions."<a href="#cite_note-Oxford2-118">[118]</a> These principles focus instead on cutting emissions as a first priority. In terms of offsets, they advocate for shifting to carbon removal offset projects that involve long-term storage. The principles also support the development of offsetting aligned with <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford2-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Science_Based_Targets_initiative" title="Science Based Targets initiative">Science Based Targets initiative</a>'s net-zero criteria argue that it is important to move beyond offsets based on reduced or avoided emissions. Instead projects should base offsets on carbon that has been sequestered from the atmosphere, such as CO2 Removal Certificates.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Some initiatives focus on improving the quality of current carbon offset and credit projects. The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM) has published a draft set of principles for determining a high integrity carbon credit. These are known as the Core Carbon Principles. Final guidelines for this program are expected in late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative has developed a code of practice that was published in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The UK government partly funds this initiative. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_and_drawbacks">Limitations and drawbacks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Limitations and drawbacks">edit</a>]</div> The use of offsets and credits faces a variety of criticisms. Some argue that they promote a "business-as-usual" mindset, allowing companies to use carbon offsetting to avoid making larger changes to reduce carbon emissions at source.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Using projects in this way is called "<a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> noted in his 2015 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a> the risk that countries and sectors may use carbon credits as "a ploy which permits maintaining [their] excessive consumption".<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Many projects that give credits for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> have received criticism as greenwashing because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-6">[6]</a> In 2023 a civil suit was brought against <a href="/wiki/Delta_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Airlines">Delta Airlines</a> based on its use of carbon credits to support claims of carbon neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 2016 the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ko-Institut" title="Öko-Institut">Öko-Institut</a> analyzed a series of CDM projects. It found that 85% had a low likelihood of being truly additional or were likely to over-estimate emission reductions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In 2023, the University of California all but dropped the purchase of offsets in favor of direct reductions in emissions.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> An additional challenge is that carbon pricing and existing policies are still inadequate to meet Paris goals.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_2022_15-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> However, there is evidence that companies that invest in offsets and credits tend to make more ambitious emissions cuts compared with companies that do not.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Researchers have raised the concern that the use of carbon offsets – such as by maintaining forests, <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture</a> – as well as <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> certificates<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> allow polluting companies a business-as-usual approach to continue releasing greenhouse gases<a href="#cite_note-greenw-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and for being, inappropriately trusted, untried <a href="/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">techno-fixes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oversight_issues">Oversight issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oversight issues">edit</a>]</div> Several certification standards exist, with different ways of measuring emissions baseline, reductions, <a href="/wiki/Additionality" title="Additionality">additionality</a>, and other key criteria. However, no single standard governs the industry. Some offset providers have faced criticism that their carbon reduction claims are exaggerated or misleading.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> For example, carbon credits issued by the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> were found to use a formula that established fixed boundaries around forest regions. This created simplified, regional averages for the carbon stored in a wide mix of tree species. Some experts have estimated that California's cap and trade program has generated between 20 million and 39 million forestry credits that do not achieve real climate benefits. This amounts to nearly one in three credits issued through that program.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Determining additionality can be difficult. This may present risks for buyers of offsets or credits.<a href="#cite_note-SEI_report-139">[139]</a> Carbon projects that yield strong financial returns even in the absence of revenue from carbon credits are usually not considered additional. Another example is projects that are compelled by regulations. Projects representing common practice in an industry are also usually not considered additional. A full determination of additionality requires a careful investigation of proposed carbon offset projects.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Offsets provide a revenue stream for the reduction of some types of emissions, so they can lead to <a href="/wiki/Perverse_incentive" title="Perverse incentive">perverse incentives</a>. They may provide incentives to emit more, so that emitting entities can get credit for reducing emissions from an artificially high baseline. Regulatory agencies could address these situations. This could involve setting specific standards for verifiability, uniqueness, and transparency.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns_with_forestry_projects">Concerns with forestry projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Concerns with forestry projects">edit</a>]</div> Forestry projects have faced increasing criticism over their integrity as offset or credit programs. A number of news stories from 2021 to 2023 criticized nature-based carbon offsets, the REDD+ program, and certification organizations.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In one case it was estimated that around 90% of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation#Control" title="Deforestation">rainforest offset</a> credits of the <a href="/wiki/Verified_Carbon_Standard" title="Verified Carbon Standard">Verified Carbon Standard</a> are likely to be "phantom credits".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Tree planting projects in particular have been problematic. Critics point to a number of concerns. Trees reach maturity over a course of many decades. It is difficult to guarantee how long the forest will last. It may suffer clearing, <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">burning</a>, or mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Some tree-planting projects introduce fast-growing <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. These end up damaging native forests and reducing biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In response, some certification standards such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate-standards.org/ccb-standards/">Climate Community and Biodiversity Standard</a> require multiple species plantings.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Tree planting in high latitude forests may have a net warming effect on the Earth's climate because tree cover absorbs sunlight thus creating a warming effect that balances out their absorption of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Tree-planting projects can also cause conflicts with local communities and Indigenous people if the project displaces or otherwise curtails their use of forest resources.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/32px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/48px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_carbon_market" title="African carbon market">African carbon market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_and_dividend" title="Cap and dividend">Cap and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_and_Share" title="Cap and Share">Cap and Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Border_Adjustment_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism">Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_national_carbon_trading_scheme" title="Chinese national carbon trading scheme">Chinese national carbon trading scheme</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/carbon-offsets-2023/timeline.html">Timeline of carbon offsets</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Brief" title="Carbon Brief">Carbon Brief</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_offsets_and_credits&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Retrieved 2023-12-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gspp.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Goldman+School+of+Public+Policy+%7C+Goldman+School+of+Public+Policy+%7C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgspp.berkeley.edu%2Fresearch-and-impact%2Fcenters%2Fcepp%2Fprojects%2Fberkeley-carbon-trading-project%2Fdeveloping-UCs-offset-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon+offsets+and+credits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProbstToetzkeAnadonKontoleon2023" class="citation report cs1">Probst, Benedict; Toetzke, Malte; Anadon, Laura Diaz; Kontoleon, Andreas; Hoffmann, Volker (2023-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3149652/v1">Systematic review of the actual emissions reductions of carbon offset projects across all major sectors</a> (Report). In Review. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.3.rs-3149652%2Fv1">10.21203/rs.3.rs-3149652/v1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F620307">20.500.11850/620307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Systematic+review+of+the+actual+emissions+reductions+of+carbon+offset+projects+across+all+major+sectors&rft.pub=In+Review&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F620307&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21203%2Frs.3.rs-3149652%2Fv1&rft.aulast=Probst&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft.au=Toetzke%2C+Malte&rft.au=Anadon%2C+Laura+Diaz&rft.au=Kontoleon%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchsquare.com%2Farticle%2Frs-3149652%2Fv1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon+offsets+and+credits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1">b</a> Periodicals that have covered this issue include: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0110/p13s02-sten.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524201318/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0110/p13s02-sten.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Guardian <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/18/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120031935/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/18/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe">Archived</a> 2023-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mother Jones <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2007/05/practical_values.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217094425/http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2007/05/practical_values.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The New York Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/weekinreview/29revkin.html?ex=1335499200&en=d9e2407e4f1a20f0&ei=5124">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625031730/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/weekinreview/29revkin.html?ex=1335499200&en=d9e2407e4f1a20f0&ei=5124">Archived</a> 2017-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawken2021" class="citation book cs1">Hawken, Paul, ed. 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(eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227094845/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg3%2Findex.htm">Climate Change 2001: Mitigation</a>, Contribution of Working Group III to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80769-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80769-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80769-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/index.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+Mitigation&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+III+to+the+Third+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80769-2&rft.au=IPCC+TAR+WG3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fpublications%2Fother%2Fipcc%255Ftar%2F%3Fsrc%3D%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg3%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon+offsets+and+credits" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) (pb: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01502-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01502-2">0-521-01502-2</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2022" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/a1abead2-de91-5992-bb7a-73d8aaaf767f">State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022</a>. World Bank. 2022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F978-1-4648-1895-0">10.1596/978-1-4648-1895-0</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F37455">10986/37455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781464818950" title="Special:BookSources/9781464818950"><bdi>9781464818950</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Trends+of+Carbon+Pricing+2022&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10986%2F37455&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F978-1-4648-1895-0&rft.isbn=9781464818950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fentities%2Fpublication%2Fa1abead2-de91-5992-bb7a-73d8aaaf767f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon+offsets+and+credits" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr 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mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electricity_delivery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electricity_delivery" title="Template talk:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electricity_delivery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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Template:Cite_report"," 5.55% 81.585 16 Template:Cite_book"," 5.04% 74.140 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.85% 71.343 18 Template:Cite_news"," 4.72% 69.403 12 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.939","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9939757,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Portal\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAguirre-GutiérrezStevensBerenguer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreoni2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBachulskaLeonardOertel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashmakov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassamMaino2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatjesCeschiaHeuvelinkDemenois2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjørnLloydBranderMatthews2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroekhoffGillenwaterColbert-SangreeCage2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFButler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBöhm2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadmanHales2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCamesHarthanFüsslerLee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarraroChristensenEdmondsFlannery2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChagasGaltLeeNeeff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClimateTrade2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollias2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConniff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtnell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrook2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFacility2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleischmanBasantChhatreColeman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredmanPhillips2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillenwater2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwardKelly2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield2023\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrubb,_M.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamrickGallant2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawken2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayaEvansBrownBukoski2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolger2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHourcade\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG32001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKollmusZinkPolycarp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeMayer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_SongJames_Temple2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoPucki2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasie2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelowaShishlovHochBofill2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyles2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNICA2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProbstToetzkeAnadonKontoleon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReganConnor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheikhProcitaRiddleHoover2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSongTemple2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStebbing2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTempleSong2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerHelmkeTetteh-WrightOraee2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUS_EPA2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeldmanOverbeckNegreirosMahy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 8,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 92,\n [\"Climate change\"] = 1,\n [\"Climate change mitigation\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Carbon Offset\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Electricity generation\"] = 1,\n [\"Green economics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBNT\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"N2O\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-744c7589dd-k96mp","timestamp":"20241125133842","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Carbon offsets and credits","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_offsets_and_credits","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1488967","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1488967","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-27T20:48:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T21:23:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/72\/Turbine_aalborg.jpg","headline":"reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset an emission made elsewhere"}</script> </body> </html>