CINXE.COM
ШЕЛЛЬ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия
<!DOCTYPE html><!-- PAGINATION BLOCK --><html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695","20220615161658","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1655309818"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <title>ШЕЛЛЬ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия</title> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta name="yandex-verification" content="64b5afaff8f3de14"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="ru"/> <meta name="description" content="ШЕЛЛЬ, Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия"/> <link href="/web/20220615161658cs_/https://bigenc.ru/lib/j/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/lib/j/underscore-min.js"></script> <link href="/web/20220615161658cs_/https://bigenc.ru/css/all.css?ssa=4573-42137886-12" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/web/20220615161658cs_/https://bigenc.ru/css/print.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"/> <meta name="viewport" content="target-densitydpi=device-dpi, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/lib/j/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/lib/j/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_HTMLorMML"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/lib/j/json2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/sly.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/jquery.touchSwipe.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/jquery.main.js?v=121.3231.4"></script> <!--[if lte IE 9]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/ie.css" type="text/css" /><![endif]--> <!--[if lte IE 8]><script type="text/javascript" src="/j/ie.js"></script><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/lib/queex-ui/ui.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/site.js?v=121.677.44"></script> <!-- Autocomplete for search --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/autocomplete.js"></script> <!-- JQuery UI --> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658cs_/https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.4/themes/flick/jquery-ui.css"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui-touch-punch/0.2.3/jquery.ui.touch-punch.min.js"></script> <!-- JQuery Slick CSS --> <link rel="stylesheet prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658cs_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/jquery.slick/1.6.0/slick.css"> <!-- Slider pips --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658cs_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jQuery-ui-Slider-Pips/1.11.4/jquery-ui-slider-pips.min.css"/> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jQuery-ui-Slider-Pips/1.11.4/jquery-ui-slider-pips.min.js"></script> <!-- Clipboard.js --> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/clipboard.js/1.7.1/clipboard.min.js"></script> <link href="/web/20220615161658cs_/https://bigenc.ru/css/article-fonts.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: { inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\(','\\)']], displayMath: [['$$','$$'], ['\\[','\\]']], processEscapes: true }, TeX: { extensions: [ 'mhchem.js' , "AMSmath.js", "AMSsymbols.js" ] } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var PATH = ''; var AUTH_PATH = '/user';</script> <script src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/drag-on.js"></script> <script src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/jquery.cookie.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/charchem.js"></script> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20220615161658cs_/https://bigenc.ru/j/easychem.css"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/article_page.js"></script><!-- Site icons --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2d89ef"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> </head> <body class="small-font noimage"> <div id="wrapper"> <header id="header" class="article-header"> <div class="item-container"> <strong class="logo"> <a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/"><em></em><span>Большая российская энциклопедия</span></a> </strong> <div class="nav-container-desktop2"> <div class="xsearch-opener flying2"> <div class="srch-opener"></div> </div> </div> <div class="settings"> <span class="settings-opener"></span> <div class="settings-drop"> <div class="fontChange"> <input type="range" class="size-chs" min="1" max="3" step="1"/> <ul class="size-choosing"> <li class="small"><a href="#">a</a> </li> <li class="average active"><a href="#">a</a> </li> <li class="big"><a href="#">a</a> </li> </ul> </div> <ul class="services"> <li><span><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/pdf/4693695">Загрузить PDF</a></span> <div class="visual"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/file.svg" width="26" height="35" alt="image description"></div></li> <li><span><a href="#" onclick="window.print(); return false;">Распечатать</a></span> <div class="visual"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/printer.svg" width="41" height="36" alt="image description"></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="side-panel-frame"> <span class="panel-opener"></span> </div> </div> <div class="side-panel"> <div class="side-panel-inner"> <div class="slidee"> <div class="inner"><div class="share-block"> <span class="item-title">Поделитесь с друзьями</span> <ul class="share-list" style="margin-left: 0px;"> <li><a href="#" onclick="return emailArticleLink(4693695);"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/e-mail2.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://vkontakte.ru/share.php?url=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/vk2.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?t=%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%AC&u=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695&redirect_uri=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/fb2.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://www.odnoklassniki.ru/dk?st.cmd=addShare&st.s=1&st._surl=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/ok2.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://www.livejournal.com/update.bml?subject=%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%AC&event=%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695%22%3E%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%AC%3C/a%3E&prop_taglist=БРЭ"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/note2.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="subscribing"> <span class="item-title" style="padding-bottom: 0px;">Подпишитесь на наши новости</span> <form action="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/subscribe" class="news-form" onsubmit="return subscribe(this)" style="padding-right: 54px;margin-top: 30px;"> <fieldset> <div class="form-frame" style="margin-left: 0px;"> <input class="text" type="text" name="email" placeholder="Ваш Email"/> <div class="btn-subscribe"> <input type="submit" value=""/> </div> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="back"> <span class="item-title">Вернуться к началу с статьи</span> <a href="#" class="up">up</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="item-scroll"><span></span></div> </div> </header> <div id="main"> <div class="fixed-nav-marker"> </div> <nav id="nav" class="no-indent"> <div class="item-container"> <ul> <li> <a class="x-nav-opener" href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/rf">РОССИЯ [2004]</a> </li> <li> <a class="nav-opener" href="#">РУБРИКИ</a> <div class="drop"> <div class="drop-scroll-frame"> <div class="drop-slidee"> <div class="drop-item"> <div class="drop-frame"> <ul class="rubrics"> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/archeology">Археология</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/biology">Биология</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/military_science">Военное дело</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/world_history">Всемирная история</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/geography">География</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/geology">Геология</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/fine_art">Изобразительное искусство</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/literature">Литература</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/mathematics">Математика</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/medicine">Медицина</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/music">Музыка</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/education">Образование</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/domestic_history">Отечественная история</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/political_science">Политология</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/psychology">Психология</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/religious_studies">Религиоведение</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/agriculture">Сельское хозяйство</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/sociology">Социология</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/sport">Спорт</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/theatre_and_cinema">Театр и кино</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/technology_and_technique">Технологии и техника</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/physics">Физика</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/philosophy">Философия</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/chemistry">Химия</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/economics">Экономика</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/ethnology">Этнология</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/law">Юриспруденция</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/linguistics">Языкознание</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="scroll"><span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a class="x-nav-opener" href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/persons">ПЕРСОНАЛИИ</a></li><li> <a class="x-nav-opener" href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/vocabulary">СЛОВАРЬ</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="main"> <div style="margin: 0 0 50px"></div> <div class="item-container"> <div class="article-block"> <div class="article-service"> <h1>ШЕЛЛЬ</h1> <div class="service-panel"> <div class="service-holder"> <ul class="service-list"> <li> <a href="#"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/icon8.svg" width="23" height="23" alt="рубрика"></a> <div class="service-drop"> <div class="service-drop-frame"> <div class="service-drop-inner"> <p><span class="drop-title">Рубрика</span>: <a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/section/321921">Археология</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a href="#"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/icon9.svg" width="24" height="22" alt="родственные статьи"></a> </li> <li style="display: none;"> <a href="#"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/icon10.svg" width="22" height="19" alt="image description"></a> <div class="service-drop width3"> <div class="service-drop-frame"> <div class="service-drop-inner"> <p><span class="drop-title" id="dt-type-id" data-type="paper">В книжной версии</span></p> <p id="bre-meta">Том 34. Москва, 2017, стр. 790</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a href="#"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/icon10.svg" width="22" height="19" alt="image description"> </a> <div class="service-drop width3"> <div class="service-drop-frame"> <div class="service-drop-inner"> <p><span class="drop-title" id="dt-type-id" data-type="paper">Скопировать библиографическую ссылку:</span> <hr> </p> <div class="clipboard-container"> <p id="label_target_1"></p> <div id="input-group-1" class="input-group"> <input readonly="" id="copy_target_1" type="text" class="form-control" value=""> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" id="copier_target_1" data-clipboard-target="#copy_target_1"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-copy"></i> </button> </span> </div> <br> <br> <p id="label_target_2"></p> <div id="input-group-2" class="input-group"> <input readonly="" id="copy_target_2" type="text" class="form-control" value=""> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" id="copier_target_2" data-clipboard-target="#copy_target_2"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-copy"></i> </button> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="social-networks"> <li> <a href="#" onclick="return emailArticleLink(4693695);"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/e-mail.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://vkontakte.ru/share.php?url=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/vk.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?t=%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%AC&u=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695&redirect_uri=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/fb.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://www.odnoklassniki.ru/dk?st.cmd=addShare&st.s=1&st._surl=http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/ok.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://www.livejournal.com/update.bml?subject=%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%AC&event=%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A//bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695%22%3E%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%AC%3C/a%3E&prop_taglist=БРЭ"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/note.svg" width="24" height="24" alt=""></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="position: relative"><span class="service-text"><span id="authors"><span style="color:#036">Авторы: </span>Д. В. Ожерельев</span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="small-container article-container"> <html><head></head><body><p class="Слово type-"><span class="b- f-9 fi--142 font_n-9 lang-1024 sl-200 type-blackword">ШЕЛЛЬ</span> (Chelléen), период (культура) раннего палеолита. Выделен Г. де <a class="" data-art="2231803" data-word="Мортилье" href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/archeology/text/2231803"><span class="fi--142 fs-18 i- lang-1024 sl-200">Мортилье</span></a> в 1860-е гг. С 1920–30-х гг. для части Зап. Европы и Сев. Африки вместо Ш. применяют термин «Аббевиль» (Abbevillien), для др. территорий не употребляется. Аббевиль сменяет олдован (см. <a class="" data-art="2684426" data-word="Олдувайская культура" href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/archeology/text/2684426"><span class="fi--142 fs-18 i- lang-1024 sl-200">Олдувайская культура</span></a>) и сменяется <a class="" data-art="1843362" data-word="Ашелем" href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/archeology/text/1843362"><span class="fi--142 fs-18 i- lang-1024 sl-200">Ашелем</span></a>; характерны грубые ручные рубила, кливеры, чопперы, кубовидные нуклеусы.</p></body></html></div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-block"> </div> <a href="#" class="btn-up"><span>Вернуться к началу</span></a> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade" id="art-link-mail"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 400px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4>Ссылка на статью на E-mail</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="em-line"> <input class="text" name="email" type="text" placeholder="Ваш Email"> </div> <div class="em-line" style="clear:both"> <div style="float:left;width:50%"> <img class="captcha" src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695" width="140" height="50" data-id="" style="margin: 5px;"> </div> <div style="float:left;width:50%"> <input class="text" name="captcha" type="text" placeholder="Текст с картинки"><br> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-repeat" style="cursor: pointer" aria-hidden="true" title="Выберите другую картинку" onclick="changeCaptchaValue(this)"></span> <span class="cpt-help" onclick="changeCaptchaValue(this)">другая картинка</span> </div> </div> <div style="display:none; clear: left" class="message alert alert-danger"> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer" style="clear:left"> <input type="hidden" name="article" value="4693695"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="return requestEmailLink(this)">Послать</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Закрыть</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="subscribe-ok" class="modal fade"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 400px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4>Спасибо!</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> Ваш адрес успешно подписан на рассылку новостей нашего сайта. </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Закрыть</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="subscribe" class="modal fade"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 400px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4>Подписка на рассылку новостей</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="em-line"> <input class="text" name="email" type="text" placeholder="Ваш Email"> </div> <div class="em-line" style="clear:both"> <div style="float:left;width:50%"> <img class="captcha" src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/archeology/text/4693695" width="140" height="50" data-id="" style="margin: 5px;"> </div> <div style="float:left;width:50%"> <input class="text" name="captcha" type="text" placeholder="Текст с картинки"><br> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-repeat" style="cursor: pointer" aria-hidden="true" title="Выберите другую картинку" onclick="changeCaptchaValue(this)"></span> <span class="cpt-help" onclick="changeCaptchaValue(this)">другая картинка</span> </div> </div> <div style="display: none; clear: left" class="message alert alert-danger"></div> </div> <div class="modal-footer" style="clear:left"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="return requestSubscription(this)">Подписаться</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Закрыть</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="footer-nav-holder" style="clear: left"> <nav class="footer-nav"> <ul> <li><strong class="logo" style="margin-bottom: 50px;"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://mkrf.ru/"><div class="mc-logo"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/min-cult-logo.svg" width="54" height="59"></div> <div class="mc-name"><img src="/web/20220615161658im_/https://bigenc.ru/img/min-cult-name.svg" width="285" height="38"></div></a> </strong></li> <li style="clear:left"><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/about">О проекте</a></li> <li style="clear:left"><a href="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/contacts">Контакты</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://greatbook.ru/">Купить книжную версию</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="holder"> <form action="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/subscribe" class="news-form" onsubmit="return subscribe(this)"> <fieldset> <span class="title">Оставьте ваш e-mail, чтобы получать наши новости</span> <div class="form-frame"> <input class="text" name="email" type="text" placeholder="Ваш Email"> <div class="btn-subscribe"><input type="submit" value=""></div> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <div id="Rambler-counter" style="float:right"> <noscript> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://top100.rambler.ru/navi/4418736/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658im_/http://counter.rambler.ru/top100.cnt?4418736" alt="Rambler's Top100" border="0"/> </a> </noscript> </div> <em class="copyright"> © БРЭ 2005–2019. Все права защищены. </br> Наименование СМИ: БИГЕНС.ru. Учредитель: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://greatbook.ru/" style="color:#fbfbfb;">ОАО «БРЭ»</a>.</br> Главный редактор: Кравец С. Л. Телефон редакции: +7-495-917-90-00 Email: secretar@greatbook.ru</br> Знак информационной продукции: <span style="color:#fbfbfb;">12+</span> </em> </div> </footer><div class="popup-holder search-popup"> <div class="bg"> </div> <div class="popup"> <form action="/web/20220615161658/https://bigenc.ru/search" class="search-form"> <fieldset> <div class="search-frame"> <div class="search__field"> <input class="text" name="q" id="search" onkeyup="startSearch()" type="text"/> </div> <div class="btn-search"> <input type="submit" value=""> </div> <div id="results" class="results"> </div> </div> </fieldset> </form> <a href="#" onclick="enableScrollBg()" class="btn-close">close</a> </div> </div> <!-- Google Analytics --> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-261055-7', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <!-- Yandex.Metrika counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function (d, w, c) { (w[c] = w[c] || []).push(function() { try { w.yaCounter36391940 = new Ya.Metrika2({ id:36391940, clickmap:true, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:true, trackHash:true }); } catch(e) { } }); var n = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0], s = d.createElement("script"), f = function () { n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n); }; s.type = "text/javascript"; s.async = true; s.src = "https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js"; if (w.opera == "[object Opera]") { d.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", f, false); } else { f(); } })(document, window, "yandex_metrika_callbacks2"); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658im_/https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/36391940" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt=""/></div></noscript> <!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> var _top100q = _top100q || []; _top100q.push(['setAccount', '4418736']); _top100q.push(['trackPageviewByLogo', document.getElementById('Rambler-counter')]); (function(){ var pa = document.createElement("script"); pa.type = "text/javascript"; pa.async = true; pa.src = ("https:" == document.location.protocol ? "https:" : "http:") + "//web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/https://st.top100.ru/top100/top100.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(pa, s); })(); </script> <!-- Website data structure for Google Searchbox --> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://bigenc.ru/", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658/http://bigenc.ru/search?q={search_term}", "query-input": "required name=search_term" } } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/slider.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615161658js_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/jquery.slick/1.6.0/slick.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/20220615161658js_/https://bigenc.ru/j/slick-slider.js"></script> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 16:16:58 Jun 15, 2022 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 20:41:58 Dec 04, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.934 exclusion.robots: 0.044 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.028 esindex: 0.017 cdx.remote: 7.069 LoadShardBlock: 239.172 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 248.438 (5) load_resource: 239.157 PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 139.714 loaddict: 77.342 -->