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data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Mississippi_River" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mississippi+River" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_River&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mississippi Valley" and "The Mississippi" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mississippi Valley (disambiguation)">Mississippi Valley (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mississippi (disambiguation)">Mississippi (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mississippi River (disambiguation)">Mississippi River (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Mississippi River<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">primary river</a> of the largest drainage basin in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSlongest-19">[16]</a> From its traditional source of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, it flows generally south for 2,340 miles (3,766 km)<a href="#cite_note-USGSlongest-19">[16]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. With its many <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>, the Mississippi's <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> drains all or parts of 32 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a> mountains.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mainstem_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstem (hydrology)">main stem</a> is entirely within the United States; the total <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> is 1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2), of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">tenth-largest river</a> by discharge flow, and the largest in North America. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Mississippi River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/250px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/375px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/500px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675"></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Mississippi River in <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippiriver-new-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mississippiriver-new-01.png/220px-Mississippiriver-new-01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mississippiriver-new-01.png/330px-Mississippiriver-new-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mississippiriver-new-01.png/440px-Mississippiriver-new-01.png 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="3819"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mississippi River basin</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="3" data-overlays='["_cb0f418dabe22847e125df838cff4f70c8e0f198"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mississippi_River&revid=1275951489&groups=_cb0f418dabe22847e125df838cff4f70c8e0f198" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mississippi_River&revid=1275951489&groups=_cb0f418dabe22847e125df838cff4f70c8e0f198 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> Misi-ziibi, meaning "Great River"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Old Man River", "Father of Waters"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cloud,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cloud, Minnesota">Saint Cloud, MN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, MN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, MN</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, WI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities, IA/IL</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, MO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, TN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, LA</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, LA</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a> (traditional)<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Minnesota" title="Clearwater County, Minnesota">Clearwater County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mississippi_River&params=47_14_23_N_95_12_27_W_">47°14′23″N 95°12′27″W / 47.23972°N 95.20750°W / 47.23972; -95.20750</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,475 ft (450 m)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pilottown,_Louisiana" title="Pilottown, Louisiana">Pilottown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines Parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mississippi_River&params=29_09_04_N_89_15_12_W_type:waterbody">29°09′04″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W / 29.15111; -89.25333</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">2,340 mi (3,770 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data">None (Summative representation of catchment: View source); max and min at <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, LA</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">593,000 cu ft/s (16,800 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">159,000 cu ft/s (4,500 m3/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">3,065,000 cu ft/s (86,800 m3/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">768,075 cu ft/s (21,749.5 m3/s) (2009–2020 water years)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">144,000 cu ft/s (4,100 m3/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">2,340,000 cu ft/s (66,000 m3/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a><a href="#cite_note-fn_2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">168,000 cu ft/s (4,800 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-fn_2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • left</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin%E2%80%93Minnesota)" title="St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)">St. Croix River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Mississippi_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock River (Mississippi River)">Rock River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia_River" title="Kaskaskia River">Kaskaskia River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Black_River_(Mississippi)" title="Big Black River (Mississippi)">Big Black River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • right</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_River" title="Iowa River">Iowa River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_River" title="Des Moines River">Des Moines River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_River" title="St. Francis River">St. Francis River</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Arkansas%E2%80%93Missouri)" title="White River (Arkansas–Missouri)">White River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years. Many were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, but some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a>, formed prolific agricultural and urban civilizations, and some practiced <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, ventured into the basin in increasing numbers.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The river served sometimes as a barrier, forming borders for <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, and the early United States, and throughout as a vital transportation artery and communications link. In the 19th century, during the height of the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>, the Mississippi and several tributaries, most notably its largest, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a>, formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States. The river also became the subject of <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, particularly in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>. Formed from thick layers of the river's <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> deposits, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a> are some of the most fertile regions of the United States; <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Mississippi" title="Steamboats of the Mississippi">steamboats</a> were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to ship agricultural and industrial goods. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the Mississippi's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">final capture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> forces marked <a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">a turning point</a> to victory for the Union. Because of the substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> that replaced steamboats, the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive <a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">engineering works</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">locks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, often built in combination. A major focus of this work has been to prevent the lower Mississippi from shifting into the channel of the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya River</a> and bypassing <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Since the 20th century, the Mississippi River has also experienced major pollution and environmental problems, most notably elevated nutrient and chemical levels from agricultural runoff, the primary contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_dead_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Mexico dead zone">Gulf of Mexico dead zone</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name_and_significance">1 Name and significance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Divisions">2 Divisions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Upper_Mississippi">2.1 Upper Mississippi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Mississippi">2.2 Middle Mississippi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Lower_Mississippi">2.3 Lower Mississippi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Watershed">3 Watershed</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Outflow">4 Outflow</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mixing_with_salt_water">4.1 Mixing with salt water</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Course_changes">5 Course changes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Prehistoric_courses">5.1 Prehistoric courses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Historic_course_changes">5.2 Historic course changes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone">5.3 New Madrid Seismic Zone</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Length">6 Length</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Depth">7 Depth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Cultural_geography">8 Cultural geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#State_boundaries">8.1 State boundaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Major_communities_along_the_river">8.2 Major communities along the river</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#All_communities_along_the_river">8.3 All communities along the river</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bridge_crossings">8.4 Bridge crossings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Navigation_and_flood_control">9 Navigation and flood control</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#19th_century">9.1 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#20th_century">9.2 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#21st_century">9.3 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#History">10 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Native_Americans">10.1 Native Americans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#European_exploration">10.2 European exploration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Colonization">10.3 Colonization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Steamboat_era">10.4 Steamboat era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Civil_War">10.5 Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#20th_and_21st_centuries">10.6 20th and 21st centuries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Future">10.7 Future</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Recreation">11 Recreation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Ecology">12 Ecology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Fish">12.1 Fish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Other_fauna">12.2 Other fauna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Introduced_species">12.3 Introduced species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Notes">14 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name_and_significance">Name and significance</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word Mississippi itself comes from Misi zipi, the French rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a>) name for the river, Misi-ziibi (Great River).<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> In the 18th century, the river was set by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> as, for the most part, the western border of the new United States. With the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and the country's westward expansion, it became a convenient boundary line between the western and eastern halves of the country.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> This is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> in St. Louis, which was designed to symbolize the opening of the West,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> and the focus on the "<a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi" title="Trans-Mississippi">Trans-Mississippi</a>" region in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Exposition" title="Trans-Mississippi Exposition">Trans-Mississippi Exposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Regional landmarks are often classified in relation to the river, such as "the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mitchell" title="Mount Mitchell">highest peak east of the Mississippi</a>"<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> or "the oldest city west of the Mississippi".<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> also uses it as the dividing line for <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">broadcast call-signs</a>, which begin with W to the east and K to the west, overlapping in <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media markets</a> along the river. Due to its size and importance, it has been nicknamed The Mighty Mississippi River or simply The Mighty Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections: the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Mississippi">Upper Mississippi</a>, the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River; the Middle Mississippi, which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River; and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Mississippi">Lower Mississippi</a>, which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Mississippi">Upper Mississippi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg/220px-Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg/220px-Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg/330px-Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg/440px-Mississippi_Headwaters_at_Lake_Itasca.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The source of the Mississippi River at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A log bridge over a very small river on an autumnal, cloudy day with flurries of snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg/220px-First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg/220px-First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg" data-alt="A log bridge over a very small river on an autumnal, cloudy day with flurries of snow" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg/330px-First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg/440px-First_Bridge_over_the_Mississippi_River.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first bridge (and only <a href="/wiki/Log_bridge" title="Log bridge">log bridge</a>) over the Mississippi, about 25 feet south of its source at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="St. Anthony Falls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg/220px-Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg/220px-Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg" data-alt="St. Anthony Falls" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg/330px-Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg/440px-Saint_Anthony_Falls_aerial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>De facto head of navigation, St. Anthony Falls, Minneapolis, Minnesota</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg/220px-WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg/220px-WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg/330px-WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg/440px-WyalusingStateParkWisconsinRiverIntoMississippiRiver.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin</a> and Mississippi rivers, viewed from <a href="/wiki/Wyalusing_State_Park" title="Wyalusing State Park">Wyalusing State Park</a> in Wisconsin</figcaption></figure> The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. It is divided into two sections: <ol><li>The headwaters, 493 miles (793 km) from the source to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>; and</li> <li>A navigable channel, formed by a series of human-made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis, Missouri, some 664 miles (1,069 km).</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/220px--Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Barge_on_Mississippi.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Barge_on_Mississippi.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm/Barge_on_Mississippi.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Barge on <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi</a> North of <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._8" title="Lock and Dam No. 8">Lock and Dam No. 8</a></figcaption></figure> The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a>, 1,475 feet (450 m) above sea level in <a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Minnesota" title="Clearwater County, Minnesota">Clearwater County, Minnesota</a>. The name Itasca was chosen to designate the "true head" of the Mississippi River as a combination of the last four letters of the Latin word for truth (veritas) and the first two letters of the Latin word for head (caput).<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> However, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, the waterway's flow is moderated by 43 dams. Fourteen of these dams are located above <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Headwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwater">headwaters</a> region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river. Taken as a whole, these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river. Beginning just below <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, and continuing throughout the upper and lower river, the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of <a href="/wiki/Wing_Dike" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Dike">wing dikes</a> that moderate the river's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_navigation" title="Head of navigation">head of navigation</a> on the Mississippi is the St. Anthony Falls Lock.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[30]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids_Dam" title="Coon Rapids Dam">Coon Rapids Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Coon Rapids, Minnesota">Coon Rapids, Minnesota</a>, was built in 1913, steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cloud,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cloud, Minnesota">Saint Cloud, Minnesota</a>, depending on river conditions. The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis. Above the dam, the river's elevation is 799 feet (244 m). Below the dam, the river's elevation is 750 feet (230 m). This 49-foot (15 m) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams. The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a> is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River. The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Gorge_Regional_Park" title="Mississippi Gorge Regional Park">gorge</a> carved by the waterfall. After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963, the river's head of navigation moved upstream, to the <a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids_Dam" title="Coon Rapids Dam">Coon Rapids Dam</a>. However, the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive <a href="/wiki/Asian_carp_in_North_America" title="Asian carp in North America">Asian carp</a>, making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[30]</a> The Upper Mississippi has a number of natural and artificial lakes, with its widest point being <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnibigoshish" title="Lake Winnibigoshish">Lake Winnibigoshish</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Grand Rapids, Minnesota">Grand Rapids, Minnesota</a>, over 11 miles (18 km) across. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onalaska" title="Lake Onalaska">Lake Onalaska</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._7" title="Lock and Dam No. 7">Lock and Dam No. 7</a>, near <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, Wisconsin</a>, is more than 4 miles (6.4 km) wide. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pepin" title="Lake Pepin">Lake Pepin</a>, a natural lake formed behind the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Chippewa River (Wisconsin)">Chippewa River</a> of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi, is more than 2 miles (3.2 km) wide.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, Minnesota, below Lock and Dam No. 1, it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet (209 m) above sea level. From St. Paul to St. Louis, Missouri, the river elevation falls much more slowly and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Twin Cities</a>; the <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin-Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)">St. Croix River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Wisconsin" title="Prescott, Wisconsin">Prescott, Wisconsin</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cannon_River_(Minnesota)" title="Cannon River (Minnesota)">Cannon River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota" title="Red Wing, Minnesota">Red Wing, Minnesota</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Zumbro_River" title="Zumbro River">Zumbro River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wabasha,_Minnesota" title="Wabasha, Minnesota">Wabasha, Minnesota</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Black River (Wisconsin)">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_River" title="La Crosse River">La Crosse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Root_River_(Minnesota)" title="Root River (Minnesota)">Root</a> rivers in <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, Wisconsin</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin">Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Mississippi_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock River (Mississippi River)">Rock River</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_River" title="Iowa River">Iowa River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wapello,_Iowa" title="Wapello, Iowa">Wapello, Iowa</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Skunk_River_(Iowa)" title="Skunk River (Iowa)">Skunk River</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington, Iowa</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_River" title="Des Moines River">Des Moines River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa" title="Keokuk, Iowa">Keokuk, Iowa</a>. Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the <a href="/wiki/Crow_River_(Minnesota)" title="Crow River (Minnesota)">Crow River</a> in Minnesota, the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Chippewa River (Wisconsin)">Chippewa River</a> in Wisconsin, the <a href="/wiki/Maquoketa_River" title="Maquoketa River">Maquoketa River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wapsipinicon_River" title="Wapsipinicon River">Wapsipinicon River</a> in Iowa, and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a> in Illinois. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG/220px-Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG/220px-Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG/330px-Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG/440px-Dubois_n_Mississippi_River_P7280468_Missouri_n_Mississippi_River.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Upper Mississippi River at its confluence with the Missouri River north of St. Louis</figcaption></figure> The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many <a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">bars</a> and islands. From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, Iowa</a>, the river is entrenched, with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side. The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque, though they are still significant through <a href="/wiki/Savanna,_Illinois" title="Savanna, Illinois">Savanna, Illinois</a>. This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi, which is a meandering river in a broad, flat area, only rarely flowing alongside a bluff (as at <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg/220px-CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg/220px-CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg/330px-CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg/440px-CairoIL_from_space_annotated.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the Mississippi (left) and Ohio (right) rivers at <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo</a>, Illinois, the demarcation between the Middle and the Lower Mississippi River</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Mississippi">Middle Mississippi</h3></div> The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River's confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, for 190 miles (310 km) to its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Corps_Middle_Mississippi-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMRP-37">[34]</a> The Middle Mississippi is relatively free-flowing. From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence, the Middle Mississippi falls 220 feet (67 m) over 180 miles (290 km) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile (23 cm/km). At its confluence with the Ohio River, the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet (96 m) above sea level. Apart from the Missouri and <a href="/wiki/Meramec_River" title="Meramec River">Meramec</a> rivers of Missouri and the <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia_River" title="Kaskaskia River">Kaskaskia River</a> of Illinois, no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Mississippi">Lower Mississippi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River_-_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lower Mississippi River at Algiers Point in New Orleans</figcaption></figure> The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 1,000 miles (1,600 km). At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi, the long-term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo, Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second (7,970 cubic meters per second),<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> while the long-term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes, Illinois (just upriver from Cairo) is 208,200 cu ft/s (5,900 m3/s).<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Thus, by volume, the main branch of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River system">Mississippi River system</a> at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River (and the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a> further upstream), rather than the Middle Mississippi. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Arkansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="White River (Arkansas)">White River</a>, flowing in at the <a href="/wiki/White_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="White River National Wildlife Refuge">White River National Wildlife Refuge</a> in east-central Arkansas; the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, joining the Mississippi at <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Post_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas Post National Memorial">Arkansas Post</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Big_Black_River_(Mississippi)" title="Big Black River (Mississippi)">Big Black River</a> in Mississippi; and the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo River</a>, meeting the Mississippi at <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>. Deliberate water diversion at the <a href="/wiki/Old_River_Control_Structure" title="Old River Control Structure">Old River Control Structure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> allows the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya River</a> in Louisiana to be a major <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributary</a> of the Mississippi River, with 30% of the combined flow of the Mississippi and Red Rivers flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route, rather than continuing down the Mississippi's current channel past <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> on a longer route to the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker1987-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-kemp-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> was once an additional tributary, its water now flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico through the Atchafalaya River.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Watershed">Watershed</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png/220px-Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="494"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png/220px-Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png/330px-Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png/440px-Mississippi_River_Watershed_Map_North_America.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the Mississippi River watershed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm/220px--The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm/The_Rivers_of_the_Mississippi_Watershed.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>An animation of the flows along the rivers of the Mississippi watershed</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins_by_area" title="List of drainage basins by area">List of drainage basins by area</a></div> The Mississippi River has the world's fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> ("watershed" or "catchment"). The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles (3,220,000 km2), including all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The drainage basin empties into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, part of the Atlantic Ocean. The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40% of the landmass of the continental United States. The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbert" title="Mount Elbert">Mount Elbert</a> at 14,440 feet (4,400 m).<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg/220px-MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="442" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="1085"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 442px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg/220px-MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="442" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg/330px-MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg/440px-MississippiRiver_GulfMex_MODIS_2004jul-aug.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sequence of NASA <a href="/wiki/Moderate-Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">MODIS</a> images showing the outflow of fresh water from the Mississippi (arrows) into the Gulf of Mexico (2004)</figcaption></figure> In the United States, the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, except for various regions drained to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River of the North</a>; to the Atlantic Ocean by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee</a> rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Appalachicola</a> rivers, and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf. The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles (160 km) downstream from New Orleans. Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat, but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>'s number is 2,340 miles (3,766 km). The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days;<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> while speed varies along the course of the river, this gives an overall average of around 26 mi (42 km) per day, or 1 mi (1.6 km) per hour. The <a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">stream gradient</a> of the entire river is 0.01%, a drop of 450 m over 3,766 km.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Outflow">Outflow</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second (6,000 and 20,000 m3/s).<a href="#cite_note-mississippirivercfs-47">[44]</a> The Mississippi is the fourteenth largest river in the world by volume. On average, the Mississippi has 8% the flow of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second (200,000 m3/s) during wet seasons. Before 1900, the Mississippi River transported an estimated 440 million short tons (400 million metric tons) of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico. During the last two decades, this number was only 160 million short tons (145 million metric tons) per year. The reduction in <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transported</a> down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams, <a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">meander cutoffs</a>, river-training structures, and bank revetments and soil <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> control programs in the areas drained by them.<a href="#cite_note-MeadelOthers1984-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixing_with_salt_water">Mixing with salt water</h3></div> Denser salt water from the Gulf of Mexico forms a <a href="/wiki/Salt_wedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt wedge">salt wedge</a> along the river bottom near the mouth of the river, while fresh water flows near the surface. In drought years, with less fresh water to push it out, salt water can travel many miles upstream—64 miles (103 km) in 2022—contaminating drinking water supplies and requiring the use of <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> constructed "saltwater sills" or "underwater levees" to contain this in 1988, 1999, 2012, and 2022. This consists of a large mound of sand spanning the width of the river 55 feet below the surface, allowing fresh water and large cargo ships to pass over.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately. The images from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moderate-Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">MODIS</a> show a large plume of fresh water, which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter-blue surrounding waters. These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately. Instead, it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico, into the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits of Florida</a>, and entered the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Course_changes">Course changes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Over geologic time, the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course, as well as additions, deletions, and other changes among its numerous tributaries, and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region. As Pangaea began to break up about 95 million years ago, North America passed over a volcanic "<a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a>" in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> (specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_hotspot" title="Bermuda hotspot">Bermuda hotspot</a>) that was undergoing a period of intense activity. The upwelling of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> from the hotspot forced the further uplift to a height of perhaps 2–3 km of part of the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Mountains" title="Ouachita Mountains">Appalachian-Ouachita</a> range, forming an <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">arch</a> that blocked southbound water flows. The uplifted land quickly eroded and, as North America moved away from the hot spot and as the hotspot's activity declined, the crust beneath the embayment region cooled, contracted and subsided to a depth of 2.6 km, and around 80 million years ago the <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelfoot Rift">Reelfoot Rift</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Trough_(geology)" title="Trough (geology)">trough</a> that was flooded by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. As sea levels dropped, the Mississippi and other rivers extended their courses into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">embayment</a>, which gradually became filled with sediment with the Mississippi River at its center.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Through a natural process known as <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">avulsion</a> or delta switching, the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico every thousand years or so. This occurs because the deposits of silt and sediment begin to clog its channel, raising the river's level and causing it to eventually find a steeper, more direct route to the Gulf of Mexico. The abandoned distributaries diminish in volume and form what are known as <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayous</a>. This process has, over the past 5,000 years, caused the coastline of south Louisiana to advance toward the Gulf from 15 to 50 miles (24 to 80 km). The currently active <a href="/wiki/River_delta#Formation" title="River delta">delta lobe</a> is called the Birdfoot Delta, after its shape, or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balize_Delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balize Delta (page does not exist)">Balize Delta</a>, after <a href="/wiki/La_Balize,_Louisiana" title="La Balize, Louisiana">La Balize, Louisiana</a>, the first French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_courses">Prehistoric courses</h3></div> The current form of the Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">most recent</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice Age</a>. The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present-day United States and Mississippi basin. When the ice sheet began to recede, hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited, creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley. During the melt, giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed, creating such features as the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Dakotas)" title="James River (Dakotas)">James River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milk_River_(Alberta%E2%80%93Montana)" title="Milk River (Alberta–Montana)">Milk River</a> valleys. When the ice sheet completely retreated, many of these "temporary" rivers found paths to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> or the Arctic Ocean, leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features "over-sized" for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period. Ice sheets during the <a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian Stage</a>, about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present, blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island, Illinois, diverting it to its present channel farther to the west, the current western border of Illinois. The <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_Canal_Parkway_State_Park" title="Hennepin Canal Parkway State Park">Hennepin Canal</a> roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to <a href="/wiki/Hennepin,_Illinois" title="Hennepin, Illinois">Hennepin, Illinois</a>. South of Hennepin, to <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a> follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the Illinoian Stage.<a href="#cite_note-McKay2007-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKayOther2008-54">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg/220px-Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg/220px-Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg/330px-Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg/440px-Reverie_TN_08_former_MS_river_S.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View along the former riverbed at the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> state line near <a href="/wiki/Reverie,_Tennessee" title="Reverie, Tennessee">Reverie, Tennessee</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> Timeline of outflow course changes<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <ul><li>c. 5000 BC: The <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a> ended; world sea level became what it is now.</li> <li>c. 2500 BC: <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Teche" title="Bayou Teche">Bayou Teche</a> became the main course of the Mississippi.</li> <li>c. 800 BC: The Mississippi diverted further east.</li> <li>c. 200 AD: <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Lafourche" title="Bayou Lafourche">Bayou Lafourche</a> became the main course of the Mississippi.</li> <li>c. 1000 AD: The Mississippi's present course took over.</li> <li>Before c. 1400 AD: The <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River of the South</a> flowed parallel to the lower Mississippi to the sea</li> <li>15th century: <a href="/wiki/Turnbull%27s_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnbull's Bend">Turnbull's Bend</a> in the lower Mississippi extended so far west that it captured the Red River of the South. The Red River below the captured section became the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya River</a>.</li> <li>1831: <a href="/wiki/Captain_Henry_M._Shreve" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Henry M. Shreve">Captain Henry M. Shreve</a> dug a new short course for the Mississippi through the neck of Turnbull's Bend.</li> <li>1833 to November 1873: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Raft" title="Great Raft">Great Raft</a> (a huge <a href="/wiki/Logjam" class="mw-redirect" title="Logjam">logjam</a> in the Atchafalaya River) was cleared. The Atchafalaya started to capture the Mississippi and to become its new main lower course.</li> <li>1963: The <a href="/wiki/Old_River_Control_Structure" title="Old River Control Structure">Old River Control Structure</a> was completed, controlling how much Mississippi water entered the Atchafalaya.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_course_changes">Historic course changes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg/220px-Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="978"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 349px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg/220px-Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="349" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg/330px-Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg/440px-Visual_guide_to_Mississippi_River_nomenclature.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Visual guide to Mississippi River nomenclature</figcaption></figure> In March 1876, the Mississippi suddenly changed course near the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Reverie,_Tennessee" title="Reverie, Tennessee">Reverie, Tennessee</a>, leaving a small part of <a href="/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee" title="Tipton County, Tennessee">Tipton County, Tennessee</a>, attached to <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and separated from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> by the new river channel. Since this event was an <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">avulsion</a>, rather than the effect of incremental erosion and deposition, the state line still follows the old channel.<a href="#cite_note-Arkansas_v._Tennessee,_246_U.S._158-56">[53]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia, Illinois</a> once stood on a peninsula at the confluence of the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia_River" title="Kaskaskia River">Kaskaskia (Okaw) Rivers</a>. Founded as a French colonial community, it later became the capital of the Illinois Territory and was the first state capital of Illinois until 1819. Beginning in 1844, successive flooding caused the Mississippi River to slowly encroach east. A major flood in 1881 caused it to overtake the lower 10 miles (16 km) of the Kaskaskia River, forming a new Mississippi channel and cutting off the town from the rest of the state. Later flooding destroyed most of the remaining town, including the original State House. Today, the remaining 2,300 acres (930 ha) island and community of 14 residents is known as an enclave of Illinois and is accessible only from the Missouri side.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone">New Madrid Seismic Zone</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Madrid Seismic Zone">New Madrid Seismic Zone</a>, along the Mississippi River near <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid, Missouri</a>, between Memphis and St. Louis, is related to an <a href="/wiki/Aulacogen" title="Aulacogen">aulacogen</a> (failed rift) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico. This area is still quite active seismically. <a href="/wiki/1812_New_Madrid_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 New Madrid earthquake">Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812</a>, estimated at 8 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</a>, had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area, and were felt in many other places in the Midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake" title="Reelfoot Lake">Reelfoot Lake</a> in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Length">Length</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> When measured from its traditional source at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a>, the Mississippi has a length of 2,340 miles (3,766 km). When measured from its longest stream source (most distant source from the sea), <a href="/wiki/Brower%27s_Spring" title="Brower's Spring">Brower's Spring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, the source of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, it has a length of 3,710 miles (5,971 km), making it the fourth longest river in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> When measured by the largest stream source (by water volume), the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, by extension the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a>, would be the source, and the Mississippi would begin in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Depth">Depth</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> At its source at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a>, the Mississippi River is about 3 feet (0.91 m) deep. The average depth of the Mississippi River between Saint Paul and Saint Louis is between 9 and 12 feet (2.7–3.7 m) deep, the deepest part being <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pepin" title="Lake Pepin">Lake Pepin</a>, which averages 20–32 feet (6–10 m) deep and has a maximum depth of 60 feet (18 m). Between where the Missouri River joins the Mississippi at Saint Louis, Missouri, and Cairo, Illinois, the depth averages 30 feet (9 m). Below Cairo, where the Ohio River joins, the depth averages 50–100 feet (15–30 m) deep. The deepest part of the river is in New Orleans, where it reaches 200 feet (61 m) deep.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Cultural_geography">Cultural geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_boundaries">State boundaries</h3></div> The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states, from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and is used to define portions of these states' borders, with <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> along the east side of the river, and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> along its west side. Substantial parts of both Minnesota and Louisiana are on either side of the river, although the Mississippi defines part of the boundary of each of these states. In all of these cases, the middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was used as the line to define the borders between adjacent states.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> In various areas, the river has since shifted, but the state borders have not changed, still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment, leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel, contiguous with the adjacent state. Also, due to a meander in the river, a <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Bend" title="Kentucky Bend">small part of western Kentucky</a> is contiguous with Tennessee but isolated from the rest of its state. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Pepin, the widest naturally occurring part of the Mississippi, is part of the Minnesota–Wisconsin border."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg/800px-Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="598"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 296px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg/800px-Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="800" data-height="296" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg/1200px-Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg/1600px-Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pepin_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Lake Pepin Panorama.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pepin" title="Lake Pepin">Lake Pepin</a>, the widest naturally occurring part of the Mississippi, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> border.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mississippi River in downtown Baton Rouge"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg/800px-Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10262" data-file-height="3792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 296px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg/800px-Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="800" data-height="296" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg/1200px-Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg/1600px-Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Panoramic.jpg" title="File:Mississippi River Panoramic.jpg"> </a></div>The Mississippi River in downtown <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_communities_along_the_river">Major communities along the river</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Metro Area </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> </td> <td>3,946,533 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> </td> <td>2,916,447 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis</a> </td> <td>1,316,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">New Orleans</a> </td> <td>1,214,932 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_metropolitan_area" title="Baton Rouge metropolitan area">Baton Rouge</a> </td> <td>802,484 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities, IA-IL</a> </td> <td>387,630 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Cloud metropolitan area">St. Cloud, MN</a> </td> <td>189,148 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="La Crosse Metropolitan Area">La Crosse, WI</a> </td> <td>133,365 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_%E2%80%93_Jackson_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Girardeau – Jackson metropolitan area">Cape Girardeau–Jackson MO-IL</a> </td> <td>96,275 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubuque_County,_Iowa" title="Dubuque County, Iowa">Dubuque, IA</a> </td> <td>93,653 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missrivermpls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missrivermpls.jpg/220px-Missrivermpls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missrivermpls.jpg/220px-Missrivermpls.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missrivermpls.jpg/330px-Missrivermpls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missrivermpls.jpg/440px-Missrivermpls.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In Minnesota, the Mississippi River runs through the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_%E2%80%93_Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis – Saint Paul">Twin Cities</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_communities_along_the_river">All communities along the river</h3></div> Notable communities listed from the source at Lake Itasca to the mouth the Mississippi Delta.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Designation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bemidji,_Minnesota" title="Bemidji, Minnesota">Bemidji, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cass_Lake,_Minnesota" title="Cass Lake, Minnesota">Cass Lake, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ball_Club,_Minnesota" title="Ball Club, Minnesota">Ball Club, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cohasset,_Minnesota" title="Cohasset, Minnesota">Cohasset, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Grand Rapids, Minnesota">Grand Rapids, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Prairie,_Minnesota" title="La Prairie, Minnesota">La Prairie, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coleraine,_Minnesota" title="Coleraine, Minnesota">Coleraine, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobson,_Minnesota" title="Jacobson, Minnesota">Jacobson, Minnesota</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palisade,_Minnesota" title="Palisade, Minnesota">Palisade, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota" title="Aitkin, Minnesota">Aitkin, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brainerd,_Minnesota" title="Brainerd, Minnesota">Brainerd, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baxter,_Minnesota" title="Baxter, Minnesota">Baxter, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ripley,_Minnesota" title="Fort Ripley, Minnesota">Fort Ripley, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Falls,_Minnesota" title="Little Falls, Minnesota">Little Falls, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice,_Minnesota" title="Rice, Minnesota">Rice, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sartell,_Minnesota" title="Sartell, Minnesota">Sartell, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauk_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Sauk Rapids, Minnesota">Sauk Rapids, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Minnesota" title="Clearwater, Minnesota">Clearwater, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Becker,_Minnesota" title="Becker, Minnesota">Becker, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monticello,_Minnesota" title="Monticello, Minnesota">Monticello, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Minnesota" title="Big Lake, Minnesota">Big Lake, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otsego,_Minnesota" title="Otsego, Minnesota">Otsego, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elk_River,_Minnesota" title="Elk River, Minnesota">Elk River, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Minnesota" title="Dayton, Minnesota">Dayton, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_Minnesota" title="Ramsey, Minnesota">Ramsey, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anoka,_Minnesota" title="Anoka, Minnesota">Anoka, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Champlin,_Minnesota" title="Champlin, Minnesota">Champlin, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Coon Rapids, Minnesota">Coon Rapids, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Park, Minnesota">Brooklyn Park, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fridley,_Minnesota" title="Fridley, Minnesota">Fridley, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Center,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Center, Minnesota">Brooklyn Center, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendota,_Minnesota" title="Mendota, Minnesota">Mendota, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilydale,_Minnesota" title="Lilydale, Minnesota">Lilydale, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_St._Paul,_Minnesota" title="South St. Paul, Minnesota">South St. Paul, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Minnesota" title="Newport, Minnesota">Newport, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Park,_Minnesota" title="St. Paul Park, Minnesota">St. Paul Park, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inver_Grove_Heights,_Minnesota" title="Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota">Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosemount,_Minnesota" title="Rosemount, Minnesota">Rosemount, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Grove,_Minnesota" title="Cottage Grove, Minnesota">Cottage Grove, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Minnesota" title="Hastings, Minnesota">Hastings, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Wisconsin" title="Prescott, Wisconsin">Prescott, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Indian_Community" title="Prairie Island Indian Community">Prairie Island, Minnesota</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota" title="Red Wing, Minnesota">Red Wing, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Bluff,_Wisconsin" title="Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin">Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hager_City,_Wisconsin" title="Hager City, Wisconsin">Hager City, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Wisconsin" title="Bay City, Wisconsin">Bay City, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Rock,_Wisconsin" title="Maiden Rock, Wisconsin">Maiden Rock, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm,_Wisconsin" title="Stockholm, Wisconsin">Stockholm, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_City,_Minnesota" title="Lake City, Minnesota">Lake City, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maple_Springs,_Minnesota" title="Maple Springs, Minnesota">Maple Springs, Minnesota</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camp_Lacupolis,_Minnesota" title="Camp Lacupolis, Minnesota">Camp Lacupolis, Minnesota</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pepin,_Wisconsin" title="Pepin, Wisconsin">Pepin, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reads_Landing,_Minnesota" title="Reads Landing, Minnesota">Reads Landing, Minnesota</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wabasha,_Minnesota" title="Wabasha, Minnesota">Wabasha, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Wisconsin" title="Nelson, Wisconsin">Nelson, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alma,_Wisconsin" title="Alma, Wisconsin">Alma, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City,_Wisconsin" title="Buffalo City, Wisconsin">Buffalo City, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weaver,_Minnesota" title="Weaver, Minnesota">Weaver, Minnesota</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minneiska,_Minnesota" title="Minneiska, Minnesota">Minneiska, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fountain_City,_Wisconsin" title="Fountain City, Wisconsin">Fountain City, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_City,_Minnesota" title="Minnesota City, Minnesota">Minnesota City, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goodview,_Minnesota" title="Goodview, Minnesota">Goodview, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Homer,_Minnesota" title="Homer, Minnesota">Homer, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trempealeau_(village),_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trempealeau (village), Wisconsin">Trempealeau, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brice_Prairie,_Wisconsin" title="Brice Prairie, Wisconsin">Brice Prairie, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakota,_Minnesota" title="Dakota, Minnesota">Dakota, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dresbach_Township,_Winona_County,_Minnesota" title="Dresbach Township, Winona County, Minnesota">Dresbach, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Island,_Wisconsin" title="French Island, Wisconsin">French Island, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Crescent,_Minnesota" title="La Crescent, Minnesota">La Crescent, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Minnesota" title="Brownsville, Minnesota">Brownsville, Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stoddard,_Wisconsin" title="Stoddard, Wisconsin">Stoddard, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa,_Wisconsin" title="Genoa, Wisconsin">Genoa, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Soto,_Wisconsin" title="De Soto, Wisconsin">De Soto, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Iowa" title="Lansing, Iowa">Lansing, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferryville,_Wisconsin" title="Ferryville, Wisconsin">Ferryville, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynxville,_Wisconsin" title="Lynxville, Wisconsin">Lynxville, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_Iowa" title="Harpers Ferry, Iowa">Harpers Ferry, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin">Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marquette,_Iowa" title="Marquette, Iowa">Marquette, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Iowa" title="McGregor, Iowa">McGregor, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyalusing,_Wisconsin" title="Wyalusing, Wisconsin">Wyalusing, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Iowa" title="Clayton, Iowa">Clayton, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagley,_Wisconsin" title="Bagley, Wisconsin">Bagley, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glen_Haven,_Wisconsin" title="Glen Haven, Wisconsin">Glen Haven, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guttenberg,_Iowa" title="Guttenberg, Iowa">Guttenberg, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassville,_Wisconsin" title="Cassville, Wisconsin">Cassville, Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Buena_Vista,_Iowa" title="North Buena Vista, Iowa">North Buena Vista, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Dubuque,_Illinois" title="East Dubuque, Illinois">East Dubuque, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Iowa" title="Bellevue, Iowa">Bellevue, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Savanna,_Illinois" title="Savanna, Illinois">Savanna, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabula,_Iowa" title="Sabula, Iowa">Sabula, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomson,_Illinois" title="Thomson, Illinois">Thomson, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa" title="Clinton, Iowa">Clinton, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Illinois" title="Fulton, Illinois">Fulton, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Illinois" title="Albany, Illinois">Albany, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camanche,_Iowa" title="Camanche, Iowa">Camanche, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordova,_Illinois" title="Cordova, Illinois">Cordova, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_Iowa" title="Princeton, Iowa">Princeton, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Byron,_Illinois" title="Port Byron, Illinois">Port Byron, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LeClaire,_Iowa" title="LeClaire, Iowa">LeClaire, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rapids_City,_Illinois" title="Rapids City, Illinois">Rapids City, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Illinois" title="Hampton, Illinois">Hampton, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_Island,_Illinois" title="Campbell's Island, Illinois">Campbell's Island, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Iowa" title="Riverdale, Iowa">Riverdale, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal" title="Rock Island Arsenal">Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_Iowa" title="Buffalo, Iowa">Buffalo, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andalusia,_Illinois" title="Andalusia, Illinois">Andalusia, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Iowa" title="Montpelier, Iowa">Montpelier, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairport,_Iowa" title="Fairport, Iowa">Fairport, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa" title="Muscatine, Iowa">Muscatine, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Boston,_Illinois" title="New Boston, Illinois">New Boston, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keithsburg,_Illinois" title="Keithsburg, Illinois">Keithsburg, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oquawka,_Illinois" title="Oquawka, Illinois">Oquawka, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Illinois" title="Gulfport, Illinois">Gulfport, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas_City,_Illinois" title="Dallas City, Illinois">Dallas City, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontoosuc,_Illinois" title="Pontoosuc, Illinois">Pontoosuc, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison,_Iowa" title="Fort Madison, Iowa">Fort Madison, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niota,_Illinois" title="Niota, Illinois">Niota, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Iowa" title="Montrose, Iowa">Montrose, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Iowa" title="Sandusky, Iowa">Sandusky, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa" title="Keokuk, Iowa">Keokuk, Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Illinois" title="Hamilton, Illinois">Hamilton, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw,_Illinois" title="Warsaw, Illinois">Warsaw, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Missouri" title="Alexandria, Missouri">Alexandria, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meyer,_Illinois" title="Meyer, Illinois">Meyer, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Missouri" title="Canton, Missouri">Canton, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Grange,_Missouri" title="La Grange, Missouri">La Grange, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri" title="Hannibal, Missouri">Hannibal, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saverton,_Missouri" title="Saverton, Missouri">Saverton, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana,_Missouri" title="Louisiana, Missouri">Louisiana, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Missouri" title="Clarksville, Missouri">Clarksville, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_Illinois" title="Hamburg, Illinois">Hamburg, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_Illinois" title="Grafton, Illinois">Grafton, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elsah,_Illinois" title="Elsah, Illinois">Elsah, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portage_Des_Sioux,_Missouri" title="Portage Des Sioux, Missouri">Portage Des Sioux, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Alton,_Missouri" title="West Alton, Missouri">West Alton, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Godfrey,_Illinois" title="Godfrey, Illinois">Godfrey, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Alton,_Illinois" title="East Alton, Illinois">East Alton, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wood_River,_Illinois" title="Wood River, Illinois">Wood River, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Illinois" title="Hartford, Illinois">Hartford, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Illinois" title="Madison, Illinois">Madison, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Illinois" title="Venice, Illinois">Venice, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Illinois" title="Brooklyn, Illinois">Brooklyn, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairmont_City,_Illinois" title="Fairmont City, Illinois">Fairmont City, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauget,_Illinois" title="Sauget, Illinois">Sauget, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Heights,_Illinois" title="Cahokia Heights, Illinois">Cahokia Heights, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Carondelet,_Illinois" title="East Carondelet, Illinois">East Carondelet, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemay,_Missouri" title="Lemay, Missouri">Lemay, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mehlville,_Missouri" title="Mehlville, Missouri">Mehlville, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Missouri" title="Oakville, Missouri">Oakville, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Missouri" title="Arnold, Missouri">Arnold, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_Missouri" title="Imperial, Missouri">Imperial, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnhart,_Missouri" title="Barnhart, Missouri">Barnhart, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pevely,_Missouri" title="Pevely, Missouri">Pevely, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum,_Missouri" title="Herculaneum, Missouri">Herculaneum, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crystal_City,_Missouri" title="Crystal City, Missouri">Crystal City, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Illinois" title="Chester, Illinois">Chester, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tower,_Illinois" title="Grand Tower, Illinois">Grand Tower, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Illinois" title="Thebes, Illinois">Thebes, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Commerce,_Missouri" title="Commerce, Missouri">Commerce, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo, Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyatt,_Missouri" title="Wyatt, Missouri">Wyatt, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wickliffe,_Kentucky" title="Wickliffe, Kentucky">Wickliffe, Kentucky</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hickman,_Kentucky" title="Hickman, Kentucky">Hickman, Kentucky</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiptonville,_Tennessee" title="Tiptonville, Tennessee">Tiptonville, Tennessee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caruthersville,_Missouri" title="Caruthersville, Missouri">Caruthersville, Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxora,_Arkansas" title="Luxora, Arkansas">Luxora, Arkansas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osceola,_Arkansas" title="Osceola, Arkansas">Osceola, Arkansas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Tennessee" title="Randolph, Tennessee">Randolph, Tennessee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis, Arkansas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunica_Resorts,_Mississippi" title="Tunica Resorts, Mississippi">Tunica Resorts, Mississippi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena-West_Helena,_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena-West Helena, Arkansas">Helena-West Helena, Arkansas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Napoleon,_Arkansas" title="Napoleon, Arkansas">Napoleon, Arkansas</a> </td> <td>Demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friars_Point,_Mississippi" title="Friars Point, Mississippi">Friars Point, Mississippi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Mississippi" title="Rosedale, Mississippi">Rosedale, Mississippi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, Mississippi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta,_Louisiana" title="Delta, Louisiana">Delta, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vidalia,_Louisiana" title="Vidalia, Louisiana">Vidalia, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morganza,_Louisiana" title="Morganza, Louisiana">Morganza, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Allen,_Louisiana" title="Port Allen, Louisiana">Port Allen, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brusly,_Louisiana" title="Brusly, Louisiana">Brusly, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Addis,_Louisiana" title="Addis, Louisiana">Addis, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Gabriel,_Louisiana" title="St. Gabriel, Louisiana">St. Gabriel, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemine, Louisiana">Plaquemine, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Goula,_Louisiana" title="Bayou Goula, Louisiana">Bayou Goula, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Castle,_Louisiana" title="White Castle, Louisiana">White Castle, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Donaldsonville,_Louisiana" title="Donaldsonville, Louisiana">Donaldsonville, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemannville,_Louisiana" title="Lemannville, Louisiana">Lemannville, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union,_Louisiana" title="Union, Louisiana">Union, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welcome,_Louisiana" title="Welcome, Louisiana">Welcome, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romeville,_Louisiana" title="Romeville, Louisiana">Romeville, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._James,_Louisiana" title="St. James, Louisiana">St. James, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convent,_Louisiana" title="Convent, Louisiana">Convent, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moonshine,_Louisiana" title="Moonshine, Louisiana">Moonshine, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hester,_Louisiana" title="Hester, Louisiana">Hester, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Point,_Louisiana" title="Grand Point, Louisiana">Grand Point, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paulina,_Louisiana" title="Paulina, Louisiana">Paulina, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Vacherie,_Louisiana" title="North Vacherie, Louisiana">North Vacherie, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutcher,_Louisiana" title="Lutcher, Louisiana">Lutcher, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallace,_Louisiana" title="Wallace, Louisiana">Wallace, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gramercy,_Louisiana" title="Gramercy, Louisiana">Gramercy, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garyville,_Louisiana" title="Garyville, Louisiana">Garyville, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgard,_Louisiana" title="Edgard, Louisiana">Edgard, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reserve,_Louisiana" title="Reserve, Louisiana">Reserve, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LaPlace,_Louisiana" title="LaPlace, Louisiana">LaPlace, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montz,_Louisiana" title="Montz, Louisiana">Montz, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Killona,_Louisiana" title="Killona, Louisiana">Killona, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taft,_Louisiana" title="Taft, Louisiana">Taft, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hahnville,_Louisiana" title="Hahnville, Louisiana">Hahnville, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norco,_Louisiana" title="Norco, Louisiana">Norco, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Sarpy,_Louisiana" title="New Sarpy, Louisiana">New Sarpy, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Destrehan,_Louisiana" title="Destrehan, Louisiana">Destrehan, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luling,_Louisiana" title="Luling, Louisiana">Luling, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Rose,_Louisiana" title="St. Rose, Louisiana">St. Rose, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ama,_Louisiana" title="Ama, Louisiana">Ama, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waggaman,_Louisiana" title="Waggaman, Louisiana">Waggaman, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/River_Ridge,_Louisiana" title="River Ridge, Louisiana">River Ridge, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harahan,_Louisiana" title="Harahan, Louisiana">Harahan, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Louisiana" title="Avondale, Louisiana">Avondale, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Louisiana" title="Elmwood, Louisiana">Elmwood, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bridge_City,_Louisiana" title="Bridge City, Louisiana">Bridge City, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson, Louisiana">Jefferson, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westwego,_Louisiana" title="Westwego, Louisiana">Westwego, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marrero,_Louisiana" title="Marrero, Louisiana">Marrero, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_Louisiana" title="Harvey, Louisiana">Harvey, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gretna,_Louisiana" title="Gretna, Louisiana">Gretna, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Incorporated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabi,_Louisiana" title="Arabi, Louisiana">Arabi, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meraux,_Louisiana" title="Meraux, Louisiana">Meraux, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Violet,_Louisiana" title="Violet, Louisiana">Violet, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poydras,_Louisiana" title="Poydras, Louisiana">Poydras, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belle_Chasse,_Louisiana" title="Belle Chasse, Louisiana">Belle Chasse, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pointe_%C3%A0_la_Hache,_Louisiana" title="Pointe à la Hache, Louisiana">Pointe à la Hache, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Sulphur,_Louisiana" title="Port Sulphur, Louisiana">Port Sulphur, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Empire,_Louisiana" title="Empire, Louisiana">Empire, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buras,_Louisiana" title="Buras, Louisiana">Buras, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triumph,_Louisiana" title="Triumph, Louisiana">Triumph, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boothville,_Louisiana" title="Boothville, Louisiana">Boothville, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilottown,_Louisiana" title="Pilottown, Louisiana">Pilottown, Louisiana</a> </td> <td>Non-designated </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG/220px-WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="1689"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG/220px-WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG/330px-WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG/440px-WinonaMNboathouses2006-05-09.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Community of boathouses on the Mississippi River in <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona, MN</a> (2006)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miss_R_dam_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Miss_R_dam_27.jpg/220px-Miss_R_dam_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Miss_R_dam_27.jpg/220px-Miss_R_dam_27.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Miss_R_dam_27.jpg/330px-Miss_R_dam_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Miss_R_dam_27.jpg/440px-Miss_R_dam_27.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks just north of St. Louis (2005)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dam_-27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dam_-27.JPG/170px-Dam_-27.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dam_-27.JPG/170px-Dam_-27.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dam_-27.JPG/255px-Dam_-27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dam_-27.JPG/340px-Dam_-27.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A low-water dam deepens the pool above the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Rocks_Lock" title="Chain of Rocks Lock">Chain of Rocks Lock</a> near St. Louis (2006)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge_crossings">Bridge crossings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River" title="List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River">List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Lower_Mississippi_River" title="List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River">List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River_from_the_Guthrie_Theater.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stone_Arch_Bridge_(Minneapolis)" title="Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis)">Stone Arch Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue_Bridge_(Minneapolis)" title="Third Avenue Bridge (Minneapolis)">Third Avenue Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_Avenue_Bridge" title="Hennepin Avenue Bridge">Hennepin Avenue Bridge</a> in Minneapolis (2004)</figcaption></figure> The road crossing highest on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert, through which the river (locally named "Nicolet Creek") flows north from Lake Nicolet under "Wilderness Road" to the West Arm of Lake Itasca, within <a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca State Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855. It spanned the river in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> where the current <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_Avenue_Bridge" title="Hennepin Avenue Bridge">Hennepin Avenue Bridge</a> is located.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River. The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856. It spanned the river between the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal" title="Rock Island Arsenal">Rock Island Arsenal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and Davenport, Iowa. Steamboat captains of the day, fearful of competition from the railroads, considered the new bridge a hazard to navigation. Two weeks after the bridge opened, the steamboat Effie Afton rammed part of the bridge, setting it on fire. Legal proceedings ensued, with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> defending the railroad. The lawsuit went to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, which ruled in favor of the railroad.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges that have notable engineering or landmark significance, with their cities or locations. They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi's source to the Lower Mississippi's mouth. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Arch_Bridge_(Minneapolis)" title="Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis)">Stone Arch Bridge</a> – Former <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a> (now pedestrian) bridge at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a> connecting downtown Minneapolis with the historic Marcy-Holmes neighborhood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-35W_Saint_Anthony_Falls_Bridge" title="I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge">I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge</a> – In Minneapolis, opened in September 2008, replacing the <a href="/wiki/I-35W_Mississippi_River_bridge" title="I-35W Mississippi River bridge">I-35W Mississippi River bridge</a> which had collapsed catastrophically on August 1, 2007, killing 13 and injuring over 100.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Bridge_(Mississippi_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Bridge (Mississippi River)">Eisenhower Bridge (Mississippi River)</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota" title="Red Wing, Minnesota">Red Wing, Minnesota</a>, opened by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in November 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-90_Mississippi_River_Bridge" title="I-90 Mississippi River Bridge">I-90 Mississippi River Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winona_County,_Minnesota" title="Winona County, Minnesota">Winona County, Minnesota</a>, located just south of <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._7" title="Lock and Dam No. 7">Lock and Dam No. 7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Bridge" title="Black Hawk Bridge">Black Hawk Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Iowa" title="Lansing, Iowa">Lansing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allamakee_County,_Iowa" title="Allamakee County, Iowa">Allamakee County, Iowa</a> and rural <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Wisconsin" title="Crawford County, Wisconsin">Crawford County, Wisconsin</a>; locally referred to as the Lansing Bridge and documented in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Engineering Record</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DubWisBridge051904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DubWisBridge051904.jpg/220px-DubWisBridge051904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DubWisBridge051904.jpg/220px-DubWisBridge051904.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DubWisBridge051904.jpg/330px-DubWisBridge051904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DubWisBridge051904.jpg/440px-DubWisBridge051904.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dubuque-Wisconsin_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge">Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge</a> (2004)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque-Wisconsin_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge">Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Wisconsin" title="Grant County, Wisconsin">Grant County, Wisconsin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Dubuque_Bridge" title="Julien Dubuque Bridge">Julien Dubuque Bridge</a> – Joins the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Dubuque,_Illinois" title="East Dubuque, Illinois">East Dubuque, Illinois</a>; listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna-Sabula_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna-Sabula Bridge">Savanna-Sabula Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">truss bridge</a> and causeway connecting the city of <a href="/wiki/Savanna,_Illinois" title="Savanna, Illinois">Savanna, Illinois</a>, and the island city of <a href="/wiki/Sabula,_Iowa" title="Sabula, Iowa">Sabula, Iowa</a>. The bridge carries <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_52" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 52">U.S. Highway 52</a> over the river, and is the terminus of both <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Highway_64" title="Iowa Highway 64">Iowa Highway 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Route_64" title="Illinois Route 64">Illinois Route 64</a>. Added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Schwengel_Memorial_Bridge" title="Fred Schwengel Memorial Bridge">Fred Schwengel Memorial Bridge</a> – A 4-lane steel girder bridge that carries <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80" title="Interstate 80">Interstate 80</a> and connects <a href="/wiki/LeClaire,_Iowa" title="LeClaire, Iowa">LeClaire, Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rapids_City,_Illinois" title="Rapids City, Illinois">Rapids City, Illinois</a>. Completed in 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Railroad_Bridge" title="Clinton Railroad Bridge">Clinton Railroad Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Swing_bridge" title="Swing bridge">swing bridge</a> that connects <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa" title="Clinton, Iowa">Clinton, Iowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Illinois" title="Fulton, Illinois">Fulton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albany,_Illinois" title="Albany, Illinois">Albany</a>), <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. Known as the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Bridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-74_Bridge" title="I-74 Bridge">I-74 Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf, Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline, Illinois</a>; originally known as the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Bridge" title="Government Bridge">Government Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a>, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._15" title="Lock and Dam No. 15">Lock and Dam No. 15</a>; the fourth crossing in this vicinity, built in 1896.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Centennial_Bridge" title="Rock Island Centennial Bridge">Rock Island Centennial Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a>; opened in 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_John_F._Baker,_Jr._Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant John F. Baker, Jr. Bridge">Sergeant John F. Baker, Jr. Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a>; opened in 1973.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg/220px-Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg/220px-Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg/330px-Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Muscatine-ia-bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Norbert F. Beckey bridge at <a href="/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa" title="Muscatine, Iowa">Muscatine</a>, Iowa, with <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> lighting</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_F._Beckey_Bridge" title="Norbert F. Beckey Bridge">Norbert F. Beckey Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa" title="Muscatine, Iowa">Muscatine, Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_County,_Illinois" title="Rock Island County, Illinois">Rock Island County, Illinois</a>; became first U.S. bridge to be illuminated with <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) lights decoratively illuminating the facade of the bridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Bridge" title="Great River Bridge">Great River Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> connecting Burlington, Iowa, to <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Port,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Port, Illinois">Gulf Port, Illinois</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison_Toll_Bridge" title="Fort Madison Toll Bridge">Fort Madison Toll Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison,_Iowa" title="Fort Madison, Iowa">Fort Madison, Iowa</a>, and unincorporated <a href="/wiki/Niota,_Illinois" title="Niota, Illinois">Niota, Illinois</a>; also known as the Santa Fe Swing Span Bridge; at the time of its construction the longest and heaviest electrified swing span on the Mississippi River. Listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> since 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%E2%80%93Hamilton_Bridge" title="Keokuk–Hamilton Bridge">Keokuk–Hamilton Bridge</a> – Connects <a href="/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa" title="Keokuk, Iowa">Keokuk, Iowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Illinois" title="Hamilton, Illinois">Hamilton, Illinois</a>; opened in 1985 replacing an older bridge which is still in use as a railroad bridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayview_Bridge" title="Bayview Bridge">Bayview Bridge</a> – A cable-stayed bridge bringing westbound <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_24" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 24">U.S. Highway 24</a> over the river, connecting the cities of <a href="/wiki/West_Quincy,_Missouri" title="West Quincy, Missouri">West Quincy, Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy, Illinois</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Memorial_Bridge" title="Quincy Memorial Bridge">Quincy Memorial Bridge</a> – Connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/West_Quincy,_Missouri" title="West Quincy, Missouri">West Quincy, Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy, Illinois</a>, carrying eastbound U.S. 24, the older of these two U.S. 24 bridges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Bridge" title="Clark Bridge">Clark Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/West_Alton,_Missouri" title="West Alton, Missouri">West Alton, Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>, also known as the Super Bridge as the result of an appearance on the PBS program, <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">Nova</a>; built in 1994, carrying <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_67" title="U.S. Route 67">U.S. Route 67</a> across the river. This is the northernmost river crossing in the St. Louis metropolitan area, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Old_Clark_Bridge" title="Old Clark Bridge">Old Clark Bridge</a>, a truss bridge built in 1928, named after explorer <a href="/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clark (explorer)">William Clark</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg/220px-ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg/220px-ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg/330px-ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg/440px-ChainOfRocksBridge_StLouisMO.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Rocks_Bridge" title="Chain of Rocks Bridge">Chain of Rocks Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Rocks_Bridge" title="Chain of Rocks Bridge">Chain of Rocks Bridge</a> – Located on the northern edge of St. Louis, notable for a 22-degree bend occurring at the middle of the crossing, necessary for navigation on the river; formerly used by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_66" title="U.S. Route 66">U.S. Route 66</a> to cross the Mississippi. Replaced for road traffic in 1966 by <a href="/wiki/New_Chain_of_Rocks_Bridge" title="New Chain of Rocks Bridge">a nearby pair of new bridges</a>; now a pedestrian bridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eads_Bridge" title="Eads Bridge">Eads Bridge</a> – A combined road and railway bridge, connecting St. Louis and <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis, Illinois</a>. When completed in 1874, it was the longest arch bridge in the world, with an overall length of 6,442 feet (1,964 m). The three ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring, as was the use of steel as a primary structural material; it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Bridge" title="Chester Bridge">Chester Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">truss bridge</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Route_51_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Route 51 (Missouri)">Route 51</a> in Missouri with <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Route_150" title="Illinois Route 150">Illinois Route 150</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Perryville,_Missouri" title="Perryville, Missouri">Perryville, Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Illinois" title="Chester, Illinois">Chester, Illinois</a>. The bridge can be seen at the beginning of the 1967 film <a href="/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(film)" title="In the Heat of the Night (film)">In the Heat of the Night</a>. In the 1940s, the main span was destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Emerson_Memorial_Bridge" title="Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge">Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge</a>—Connecting <a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau, Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Cape_Girardeau,_Illinois" title="East Cape Girardeau, Illinois">East Cape Girardeau, Illinois</a>, completed in 2003 and illuminated by 140 lights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caruthersville_Bridge" title="Caruthersville Bridge">Caruthersville Bridge</a> – A single tower cantilever bridge carrying <a href="/wiki/Interstate_155_(Missouri%E2%80%93Tennessee)" title="Interstate 155 (Missouri–Tennessee)">Interstate 155</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_412" title="U.S. Route 412">U.S. Route 412</a> across the Mississippi River between <a href="/wiki/Caruthersville,_Missouri" title="Caruthersville, Missouri">Caruthersville, Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyersburg,_Tennessee" title="Dyersburg, Tennessee">Dyersburg, Tennessee</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Memphis_Bridge.jpg/220px-Memphis_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Memphis_Bridge.jpg/220px-Memphis_Bridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Memphis_Bridge.jpg/330px-Memphis_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Memphis_Bridge.jpg/440px-Memphis_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_Bridge" title="Hernando de Soto Bridge">Hernando de Soto Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> (2009)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_Bridge" title="Hernando de Soto Bridge">Hernando de Soto Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Through_arch_bridge" title="Through arch bridge">through arch bridge</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40" title="Interstate 40">Interstate 40</a> across the Mississippi between <a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis, Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harahan_Bridge" title="Harahan Bridge">Harahan Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Cantilever_bridge" title="Cantilever bridge">cantilevered</a> through truss bridge, carrying two rail lines of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> across the river between <a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis, Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisco_Bridge" title="Frisco Bridge">Frisco Bridge</a> – A cantilevered <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">through truss bridge</a>, carrying a rail line across the river between <a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis, Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, previously known as the Memphis Bridge. When it opened on May 12, 1892, it was the first crossing of the Lower Mississippi and the longest span in the U.S. Listed as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_civil_engineering_landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic civil engineering landmarks">Historic Civil Engineering Landmark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_%26_Arkansas_Bridge" title="Memphis & Arkansas Bridge">Memphis & Arkansas Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Cantilever_bridge" title="Cantilever bridge">cantilevered</a> through truss bridge, carrying <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55" title="Interstate 55">Interstate 55</a> between Memphis and West Memphis; listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Bridge" title="Helena Bridge">Helena Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Bridge" title="Greenville Bridge">Greenville Bridge</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicksburg-bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vicksburg-bridge.JPG/220px-Vicksburg-bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vicksburg-bridge.JPG/220px-Vicksburg-bridge.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vicksburg-bridge.JPG/330px-Vicksburg-bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vicksburg-bridge.JPG/440px-Vicksburg-bridge.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Bridge" title="Vicksburg Bridge">Vicksburg Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Vicksburg_Bridge" title="Old Vicksburg Bridge">Old Vicksburg Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Bridge" title="Vicksburg Bridge">Vicksburg Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez-Vidalia_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Natchez-Vidalia Bridge">Natchez-Vidalia Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon_Bridge_(Mississippi_River)" title="John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)">John James Audubon Bridge</a> – The second-longest <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> in the Western Hemisphere; connects <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Coupee_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana">Pointe Coupee</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">West Feliciana</a> Parishes in Louisiana. It is the only crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez. This bridge was opened a month ahead of schedule in May 2011, due to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Mississippi_River_floods" title="2011 Mississippi River floods">2011 floods</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Long_Bridge_(Baton_Rouge)" title="Huey P. Long Bridge (Baton Rouge)">Huey P. Long Bridge</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">truss</a> cantilever bridge carrying <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_190" title="U.S. Route 190">US 190</a> (<a href="/wiki/Airline_Highway" title="Airline Highway">Airline Highway</a>) and one rail line between <a href="/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">East Baton Rouge</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">West Baton Rouge</a> Parishes in Louisiana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Wilkinson_Bridge" title="Horace Wilkinson Bridge">Horace Wilkinson Bridge</a> – A cantilevered <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">through truss</a> bridge, carrying six lanes of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10" title="Interstate 10">Interstate 10</a> between <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Allen,_Louisiana" title="Port Allen, Louisiana">Port Allen</a> in Louisiana. It is the highest bridge over the Mississippi River.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Bridge" title="Sunshine Bridge">Sunshine Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Bridge" title="Gramercy Bridge">Gramercy Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs_Memorial_Bridge" title="Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge">Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Long_Bridge_(Jefferson_Parish)" title="Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)">Huey P. Long Bridge</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson Parish, Louisiana</a>, the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_City_Connection" title="Crescent City Connection">Crescent City Connection</a> – Connects the east and west banks of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana; the fifth-longest <a href="/wiki/Cantilever_bridge" title="Cantilever bridge">cantilever bridge</a> in the world.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Navigation_and_flood_control">Navigation and flood control</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi,_Wisconsin_(24342209130).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg/220px-Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5732" data-file-height="3821"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg/220px-Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg/330px-Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg/440px-Grant_River_Recreation_Area_along_the_Mississippi_River_-_Potosi%2C_Wisconsin_%2824342209130%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Mississippi River frozen over near <a href="/wiki/Potosi,_Wisconsin" title="Potosi, Wisconsin">Potosi, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp/285px-Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="1285"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 285px;height: 76px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp/285px-Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp.png" data-width="285" data-height="76" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp/428px-Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp/570px-Mississippi_River_Levels_at_Memphis.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mississippi River levels at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Major flood stage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Moderate flood stage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Flood stage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Action stage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> River levels</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Minimum operating limit (−12 feet)</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barge_rates.webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Barge_rates.webp/220px-Barge_rates.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4438" data-file-height="1110"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 55px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Barge_rates.webp/220px-Barge_rates.webp.png" data-width="220" data-height="55" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Barge_rates.webp/330px-Barge_rates.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Barge_rates.webp/440px-Barge_rates.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Downbound barge rates In late 2022 there was low river levels that caused two backups on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a> that held up over 100 tow boats with 2,000 barge units and caused barge rates to soar<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_locks_and_dams_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River" title="List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River">List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg/220px-20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="782"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 91px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg/220px-20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="91" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg/330px-20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg/440px-20040711181620_Mississippi_Memphis_Ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Towboat and barges at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_ship_navigation.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mississippi_ship_navigation.png/220px-Mississippi_ship_navigation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="893"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mississippi_ship_navigation.png/220px-Mississippi_ship_navigation.png" data-width="220" data-height="109" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mississippi_ship_navigation.png/330px-Mississippi_ship_navigation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mississippi_ship_navigation.png/440px-Mississippi_ship_navigation.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ships on the lower part of the Mississippi</figcaption></figure> A clear channel is needed for the <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> and other vessels that make the <a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">main stem</a> Mississippi one of the great commercial <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> of the world. The task of maintaining a navigation channel is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>, which was established in 1802.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Earlier projects began as early as 1829 to remove snags, close off secondary channels and excavate rocks and <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbars</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg/220px-Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 92px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg/220px-Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="92" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg/330px-Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg/440px-Ship_on_lower_Mississippi.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Oil tanker on the Lower Mississippi near the Port of New Orleans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png/220px-Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 94px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png/220px-Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png" data-width="220" data-height="94" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png/330px-Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png/440px-Lower_Mississippi_River_barge.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Barge on the Lower Mississippi River</figcaption></figure> The upper backwaters of the Mississippi normally freeze over by December, while the main channel freezes over only in the coldest years, historically as far south as St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> A series of 29 <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> and dams on the upper Mississippi, most of which were built in the 1930s, is designed primarily to maintain a 9-foot-deep (2.7 m) channel for commercial barge traffic.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing. The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it. No <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a> is intended. During periods of high flow, the gates, some of which are submersible, are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function. Below St. Louis, the Mississippi is relatively free-flowing, although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous <a href="/wiki/Wing_dam" title="Wing dam">wing dams</a>. The scope and scale of the levees, built along either side of the river to keep it on its course, has often been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker1987-40">[37]</a> On the lower Mississippi, from <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> to the mouth of the Mississippi, the navigation depth is 45 feet (14 m), allowing container ships and cruise ships to dock at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_Orleans" title="Port of New Orleans">Port of New Orleans</a> and bulk cargo ships shorter than 150-foot (46 m) air draft that fit under the <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Long_Bridge_(Jefferson_Parish)" title="Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)">Huey P. Long Bridge</a> to traverse the Mississippi to Baton Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Feasibility_study" title="Feasibility study">feasibility study</a> to dredge this portion of the river to 50 feet (15 m) to allow <a href="/wiki/New_Panamax" class="mw-redirect" title="New Panamax">New Panamax</a> ship depths.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg/220px-Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg/220px-Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg/330px-Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg/440px-Lock_and_Dam_11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._11" title="Lock and Dam No. 11">Lock and Dam No. 11</a>, north of Dubuque, Iowa (2007)</figcaption></figure> In 1829, there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi, the <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Rapids" title="Des Moines Rapids">Des Moines Rapids</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Island_Rapids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Island Rapids (page does not exist)">Rock Island Rapids</a>, where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock. The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles (18 km) long and just above the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_River" title="Des Moines River">Des Moines River</a> at Keokuk, Iowa. The Rock Island Rapids were between <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline, Illinois</a>. Both rapids were considered virtually impassable. In 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> was built to connect the Mississippi River to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> via the Illinois River near <a href="/wiki/Peru,_Illinois" title="Peru, Illinois">Peru, Illinois</a>. The canal allowed shipping between these important waterways. In 1900, the canal was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal" title="Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal">Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</a>. The second canal, in addition to shipping, also allowed Chicago to address specific health issues (<a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and other waterborne diseases) by sending its waste down the Illinois and Mississippi river systems rather than polluting its water source of Lake Michigan. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_(Picturesque_America,_1872).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg/220px-A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="869"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg/220px-A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg/330px-A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg/440px-A_%22Crevasse%22_on_the_Mississippi_%28Picturesque_America%2C_1872%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Laborers fighting a "crevasse" in a riverfront levee that will flood the adjacent agricultural land if not repaired (<a href="/wiki/Picturesque_America" title="Picturesque America">Picturesque America</a>, 1872)</figcaption></figure> The Corps of Engineers recommended the excavation of a 5-foot-deep (1.5 m) channel at the Des Moines Rapids, but work did not begin until after Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> endorsed the project in 1837. The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids. By 1866, it had become evident that excavation was impractical, and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids. The canal opened in 1877, but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle. In 1878, Congress authorized the Corps to establish a 4.5-foot-deep (1.4 m) channel to be obtained by building <a href="/wiki/Wing_dam" title="Wing dam">wing dams</a> that direct the river to a narrow channel causing it to cut a deeper channel, by closing secondary channels and by dredging. The channel project was complete when the Moline Lock, which bypassed the Rock Island Rapids, opened in 1907. To improve navigation between St. Paul, Minnesota, and <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin">Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin</a>, the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area, including <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnibigoshish" title="Lake Winnibigoshish">Lake Winnibigoshish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pokegama_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokegama Dam">Lake Pokegama</a>. The dams, which were built beginning in the 1880s, stored spring run-off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth. <div style="float:right;clear:right"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="1332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._2" title="Lock and Dam No. 2">Lock and Dam No. 2</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Minnesota" title="Hastings, Minnesota">Hastings, Minnesota</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River_Lock_and_Dam_number_15.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._15" title="Lock and Dam No. 15">Lock and Dam No. 15</a>, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Roller_dam" title="Roller dam">roller dam</a> in the world <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>. (1990)</figcaption></figure> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> In 1907, Congress authorized a 6-foot-deep (1.8 m) channel project on the Mississippi River, which was not complete when it was abandoned in the late 1920s in favor of the 9-foot-deep (2.7 m) channel project. In 1913, construction was complete on <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._19" title="Lock and Dam No. 19">Lock and Dam No. 19</a> at <a href="/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa" title="Keokuk, Iowa">Keokuk, Iowa</a>, the first dam below St. Anthony Falls. Built by a private power company (<a href="/wiki/Union_Electric_Company" title="Union Electric Company">Union Electric Company</a> of St. Louis) to generate electricity (originally for <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_St._Louis" title="Streetcars in St. Louis">streetcars in St. Louis</a>), the Keokuk dam was one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Hydro-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro-electric">hydro-electric</a> plants in the world at the time. The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids. <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._1,_Mississippi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock and Dam No. 1, Mississippi River">Lock and Dam No. 1</a> was completed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917. <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._2" title="Lock and Dam No. 2">Lock and Dam No. 2</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Minnesota" title="Hastings, Minnesota">Hastings, Minnesota</a>, was completed in 1930. Before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>, the Corps's primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river. It was thought that the river's <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> would scour off bottom <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>, deepening the river and decreasing the possibility of flooding. The 1927 flood proved this to be so wrong that communities threatened by the flood began to create their own levee breaks to relieve the force of the rising river. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorized the 9-foot (2.7 m) channel project, which called for a navigation channel 9 feet (2.7 m) feet deep and 400 feet (120 m) wide to accommodate multiple-barge tows.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> This was achieved by a series of locks and dams, and by dredging. Twenty-three new locks and dams were built on the upper Mississippi in the 1930s in addition to the three already in existence. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg/220px-Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="847"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg/220px-Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg/330px-Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg/440px-Geomorphology_of_Old_River.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Formation of the Atchafalaya River and construction of the Old River Control Structure.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_flow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mississippi_River_flow.gif/170px-Mississippi_River_flow.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mississippi_River_flow.gif/170px-Mississippi_River_flow.gif" data-width="170" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mississippi_River_flow.gif/255px-Mississippi_River_flow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mississippi_River_flow.gif/340px-Mississippi_River_flow.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Project_design_flood" title="Project design flood">Project design flood</a> flow capacity for the Mississippi river in thousands of cubic feet per second.<a href="#cite_note-USACE_2008-78">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> Until the 1950s, there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton, Illinois. <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Rocks_Lock" title="Chain of Rocks Lock">Chain of Rocks Lock</a> (Lock and Dam No. 27), which consists of a low-water dam and an 8.4-mile-long (13.5 km) canal, was added in 1953, just below the confluence with the Missouri River, primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis. It also serves to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water. U.S. government scientists determined in the 1950s that the Mississippi River was starting to switch to the Atchafalaya River channel because of its much steeper path to the Gulf of Mexico. Eventually, the Atchafalaya River would capture the Mississippi River and become its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico, leaving New Orleans on a side channel. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> authorized a project called the <a href="/wiki/Old_River_Control_Structure" title="Old River Control Structure">Old River Control Structure</a>, which has prevented the Mississippi River from leaving its current channel that drains into the Gulf via New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-SJSU-79">[76]</a> Because the large scale of high-energy water flow threatened to damage the structure, an auxiliary flow control station was built adjacent to the standing control station. This $300 million project was completed in 1986 by the Corps of Engineers. Beginning in the 1970s, the Corps applied <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">hydrological transport models</a> to analyze flood flow and water quality of the Mississippi. Dam 26 at Alton, Illinois, which had structural problems, was replaced by the Mel Price Lock and Dam in 1990. The original Lock and Dam 26 was demolished. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg/220px-Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg/220px-Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg/330px-Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg/440px-Army_mil-2008-07-17-085659.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Army_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Army National Guard">Missouri Army National Guard</a> sandbag the River in <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Missouri" title="Clarksville, Missouri">Clarksville, Missouri</a>, June 2008, following flooding.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> The Corps now actively creates and maintains spillways and floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes, as well as route part of the Mississippi's flow into the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin" title="Atchafalaya Basin">Atchafalaya Basin</a> and from there to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, bypassing <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. The main structures are the <a href="/wiki/Birds_Point-New_Madrid_Floodway" title="Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway">Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway</a> in Missouri; the <a href="/wiki/Old_River_Control_Structure" title="Old River Control Structure">Old River Control Structure</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Morganza_Spillway" title="Morganza Spillway">Morganza Spillway</a> in Louisiana, which direct excess water down the west and east sides (respectively) of the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya River</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_Carr%C3%A9_Spillway" title="Bonnet Carré Spillway">Bonnet Carré Spillway</a>, also in Louisiana, which directs floodwaters to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> (see diagram). Some experts blame <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> for increases in both the risk and frequency of flooding on the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press-80">[77]</a> Some of the pre-1927 strategy remains in use today, with the Corps actively cutting the necks of <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">horseshoe bends</a>, allowing the water to move faster and reducing flood heights.<a href="#cite_note-US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers-81">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Approximately 50,000 years ago, the <a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central United States</a> was covered by an inland sea, which was drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries into the Gulf of Mexico—creating large <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> and extending the continent further to the south in the process. The soil in areas such as Louisiana was thereafter found to be very rich.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winona_(legend)" title="Winona (legend)">Winona (legend)</a></div> The area of the Mississippi River basin was first <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">settled</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American peoples</a> and is considered one of the few independent centers of <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of plants">plant domestication</a> in human history.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Evidence of early <a href="/wiki/Plant_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant cultivation">cultivation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">sunflower</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">goosefoot</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Iva_annua" title="Iva annua">marsh elder</a> and an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a> dates to the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>. The lifestyle gradually became more settled after around 1000 BC during what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>, with increasing evidence of shelter construction, <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> and other practices. A network of trade routes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell interaction sphere</a> was active along the waterways between about 200 and 500 AD, spreading common cultural practices over the entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. A period of more isolated communities followed, and agriculture introduced from <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a> (maize, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> and squash) gradually came to dominate. After around 800 AD there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, with evidence of highly <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a> <a href="/wiki/Complex_society" title="Complex society">complex</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">population centers</a>. The most prominent of these, now called <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, was occupied between about 600 and 1400 AD<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants, larger than London, England of that time. At the time of first contact with Europeans, Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> finds attest to increased social stress.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamaroa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamaroa (tribe)">Tamaroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moingwena" class="mw-redirect" title="Moingwena">Moingwena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>. The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabe</a> (Ojibwe or Algonquin) name for the river, Misi-ziibi (Great River).<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> called Lake Itasca Omashkoozo-zaaga'igan (Elk Lake) and the river flowing out of it Omashkoozo-ziibi (Elk River). After flowing into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bemidji" title="Lake Bemidji">Lake Bemidji</a>, the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaag-ziibi (River from the Traversing Lake). After flowing into <a href="/wiki/Cass_Lake_(Minnesota)" title="Cass Lake (Minnesota)">Cass Lake</a>, the name of the river changes to Gaa-miskwaawaakokaag-ziibi (Red Cedar River) and then out of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnibigoshish" title="Lake Winnibigoshish">Lake Winnibigoshish</a> as Wiinibiigoonzhish-ziibi (Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River), Gichi-ziibi (Big River) after the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake_River" title="Leech Lake River">Leech Lake River</a>, then finally as Misi-ziibi (Great River) after the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_River" title="Crow Wing River">Crow Wing River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> After the expeditions by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Beltrami" title="Giacomo Beltrami">Giacomo Beltrami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schoolcraft" title="Henry Schoolcraft">Henry Schoolcraft</a>, the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi-ziibi was named "Mississippi River". The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians">Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians</a>, known as the Gichi-ziibiwininiwag, are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known as the Gichi-ziibi. The <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River, called it the Máʼxe-éʼometaaʼe (Big Greasy River) in the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a> name for the river is Beesniicíe.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a> name is Kickaátit.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The Mississippi was spelled Mississipi or Missisipi during French Louisiana and was also known as the Rivière Saint-Louis.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration">European exploration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1948"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg/330px-Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg/440px-Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto A.D. 1541 by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Powell" title="William Henry Powell">William Henry Powell</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadores">Conquistadores</a> seeing the Mississippi River for the first time.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/220px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/220px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/330px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/440px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French settlements</a> (blue) in North America in 1750, before the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754 to 1763).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg/170px-Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="71" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="860"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 71px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg/170px-Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="71" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg/255px-Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg/340px-Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1681 map of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Marquette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Jolliet</a>'s 1673 expedition.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png/220px-Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4361"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 355px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png/220px-Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png" data-width="220" data-height="355" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png/330px-Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png/440px-Exploration_of_the_Upper_Mississippi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Route of the Marquette-Jolliete Expedition of 1673</figcaption></figure> In 1519 Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Alonso_%C3%81lvarez_de_Pineda" title="Alonso Álvarez de Pineda">Alonso Álvarez de Pineda</a> became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> who reached the river on May 8, 1541, and called it Río del Espíritu Santo ("River of the Holy Spirit"), in the area of what is now Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> In Spanish, the river is called Río Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> French explorers <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century. Marquette traveled with a <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> Indian who named it Ne Tongo ("Big river" in <a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux language</a>) in 1673. Marquette proposed calling it the River of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century, natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River. When he found the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Portage" title="Chicago Portage">Chicago Portage</a>, he remarked that a canal of "only half a <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a>" (less than 2 miles or 3 kilometers) would join the Mississippi and the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> In 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a> separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois and Michigan canal">Illinois and Michigan canal</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> This both accelerated the development, and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes. In 1682, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Tonti" title="Henri de Tonti">Henri de Tonti</a> claimed the entire Mississippi River valley for France, calling the river Colbert River after <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> and the region <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">King Louis XIV</a>. On March 2, 1699, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi, following the death of La Salle.<a href="#cite_note-CathEn-100">[97]</a> The French built the small fort of <a href="/wiki/La_Balize,_Louisiana" title="La Balize, Louisiana">La Balise</a> there to control passage.<a href="#cite_note-WDL1-101">[98]</a> In 1718, about 100 miles (160 km) upriver, New Orleans was established along the river crescent by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne,_Sieur_de_Bienville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville</a>, with construction patterned after the 1711 resettlement on Mobile Bay of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, the capital of French Louisiana at the time. In 1727, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Perier_(governor)" title="Étienne Perier (governor)">Étienne Perier</a> begins work, using enslaved African laborers, on the first <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> on the Mississippi River. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization">Colonization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flood_of_1851" title="Flood of 1851">Flood of 1851</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/220px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/220px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/330px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/440px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi" title="A Home on the Mississippi">A Home on the Mississippi</a> (1871)</figcaption></figure> Following <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years War">Britain's victory in the Seven Years War</a>, the Mississippi became the border between the British and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empires</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi. Spain also ceded <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> to Britain to regain <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, which the British occupied during the war. Britain then divided the territory into <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>. Article 8 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a> states, "The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States". With this treaty, which ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Britain also ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, which Spain had occupied during the war. Initial disputes around the ensuing claims of the U.S. and Spain were resolved when Spain was pressured into signing <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a> in 1795. However, in 1800, under duress from Napoleon of France, Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France in the secret <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Treaty of San Ildefonso</a>. The United States then secured effective control of the river when it bought the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> from France in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> of 1803. This triggered a dispute between Spain and the U.S. on which parts of West Florida Spain had ceded to France in the first place, which would decide which parts of West Florida the U.S. had bought from France in the Louisiana Purchase, versus which were unceded Spanish property. Due to ongoing U.S. colonization creating facts on the ground, and U.S. military actions, Spain ceded both West and East Florida in their entirety to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="2631"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Crop_of_1861_William_Momberger_Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The United States used a motley crew to defend the mouth of the Mississippi River in 1815; forces included Tennessee and Kentucky militiamen, free men of color, French Creoles, Choctaw Indians, slave-trading privateers based out of Galveston, and Mississippi plantation slaves recruited to dig earthworks for "Line Jackson"</figcaption></figure> The last serious European challenge to U.S. control of the river came at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, when British forces mounted an attack on <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> just 15 days after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>. The attack <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">was repulsed</a> by an American army under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to fix the border running from the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> along the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel north</a>. In effect, the U.S. ceded the northwestern extremity of the Mississippi basin to the British in exchange for the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River</a> basin. So many settlers traveled westward through the Mississippi river basin, as well as settled in it, that Zadok Cramer wrote a guidebook called <a href="/wiki/The_Navigator_(1801_guide_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Navigator (1801 guide book)">The Navigator</a>, detailing the features, dangers, and navigable waterways of the area. It was so popular that he updated and expanded it through 12 editions over 25 years. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="539"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River-sand_bars.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shifting <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sand bars</a> made early navigation difficult.</figcaption></figure> The colonization of the area was barely slowed by the three <a href="/wiki/1812_New_Madrid_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 New Madrid earthquake">earthquakes in 1811 and 1812</a>, estimated at 8 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</a>, that were centered near <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid, Missouri</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steamboat_era">Steamboat era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Mississippi" title="Steamboats of the Mississippi">Steamboats of the Mississippi</a></div> Mark Twain's book, <a href="/wiki/Life_on_the_Mississippi" title="Life on the Mississippi">Life on the Mississippi</a>, covered the <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> commerce, which took place from 1830 to 1870, before more modern ships replaced the steamer. <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> first published the book as a seven-part <a href="/wiki/Serial_(publishing)" title="Serial (publishing)">serial</a> in 1875. <a href="/wiki/James_R._Osgood" title="James R. Osgood">James R. Osgood</a> & Company published the full version, including a passage from the then unfinished <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a> and works from other authors, in 1885. The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Lower Mississippi from the Ohio River to New Orleans was the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_(steamboat)" title="New Orleans (steamboat)">New Orleans</a> in December 1811. Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of <a href="/wiki/1812_New_Madrid_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 New Madrid earthquake">New Madrid earthquakes</a> in 1811–12. The Upper Mississippi was treacherous, unpredictable and to make traveling worse, the area was not properly mapped out or surveyed. Until the 1840s, only two trips a year to the Twin Cities landings were made by steamboats, which suggests it was not very profitable.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Steamboat transport remained a viable industry, both in terms of passengers and freight, until the end of the first decade of the 20th century. Among the several Mississippi River system steamboat companies was the noted <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Line_(riverboat_company)" title="Anchor Line (riverboat company)">Anchor Line</a>, which, from 1859 to 1898, operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans. Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami wrote about his journey on the Virginia, which was the first steamboat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota. He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi. The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi, as well as of travel itself. The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourist trade.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi River in the American Civil War">Mississippi River in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Vicksburg,_Kurz_and_Allison.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png/220px-Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="623"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png/220px-Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png/330px-Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png/440px-Battle_of_Vicksburg%2C_Kurz_and_Allison.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Battle of Vicksburg</a> (ca. 1888)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_from_Eunice,_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River_from_Eunice%2C_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mississippi River from <a href="/wiki/Eunice,_Arkansas" title="Eunice, Arkansas">Eunice, Arkansas</a>, a settlement destroyed by gunboats during the Civil War.</figcaption></figure> Control of the river was a strategic objective of both sides in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, forming a part of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a>. In 1862, <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> forces coming down the river successfully cleared Confederate defenses at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Island_Number_Ten" title="Battle of Island Number Ten">Island Number 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, while Naval forces coming upriver from the Gulf of Mexico captured <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>. One of the last major Confederate strongholds was on the heights overlooking the river at <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>; the Union's <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Campaign">Vicksburg Campaign</a> (December 1862 – July 1863), and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Port_Hudson,_Louisiana" title="Port Hudson, Louisiana">Port Hudson</a>, completed control of the lower Mississippi River. The Union victory ended the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Siege of Vicksburg</a> on July 4, 1863, and was pivotal to the Union's final victory of the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_River_floods" title="List of Mississippi River floods">List of Mississippi River floods</a></div> The "Big Freeze" of 1918–19 blocked river traffic north of Memphis, Tennessee, preventing transportation of coal from southern Illinois. This resulted in widespread shortages, high prices, and rationing of coal in January and February.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> In the spring of 1927, the river broke out of its banks in 145 places, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a> and inundated 27,000 sq mi (70,000 km2) to a depth of up to 30 feet (9.1 m). In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Newton_(swimmer)" title="Fred Newton (swimmer)">Fred Newton</a> was the first person to swim the length of the river, from Minneapolis to New Orleans. The journey took 176 days and covered 1,836 miles.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> In 1962 and 1963, industrial accidents spilled 3.5 million US gallons (13,000 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> into the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota</a> rivers. The oil covered the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Lake Pepin, creating an ecological disaster and a demand to control <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> On October 20, 1976, the automobile ferry, <a href="/wiki/MV_George_Prince_ferry_disaster" title="MV George Prince ferry disaster">MV George Prince</a>, was struck by a ship traveling upstream as the ferry attempted to cross from <a href="/wiki/Destrehan,_Louisiana" title="Destrehan, Louisiana">Destrehan, Louisiana</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Luling,_Louisiana" title="Luling, Louisiana">Luling, Louisiana</a>. Seventy-eight passengers and crew died; only eighteen survived the accident. In 1988, the water level of the Mississippi fell to 10 feet (3.0 m) below zero on the Memphis gauge. The remains of wooden-hulled water craft were exposed in an area of 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) on the bottom of the Mississippi River at West Memphis, Arkansas. They dated to the late 19th to early 20th centuries. The State of Arkansas, the Arkansas Archeological Survey, and the Arkansas Archeological Society responded with a two-month data recovery effort. The fieldwork received national media attention as good news in the middle of a drought.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_and_Missouri_Rivers_Flood_of_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993">Great Flood of 1993</a> was another significant flood, primarily affecting the Mississippi above its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois. Two portions of the Mississippi were designated as <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Rivers" title="American Heritage Rivers">American Heritage Rivers</a> in 1997: the lower portion around Louisiana and Tennessee, and the upper portion around Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri and Wisconsin. The Nature Conservancy's project called "America's Rivershed Initiative" announced a 'report card' assessment of the entire basin in October 2015 and gave the grade of D+. The assessment noted the aging navigation and flood control infrastructure along with multiple environmental problems.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg/220px-Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="1181"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg/220px-Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg/330px-Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg/440px-Mississippi-River-Sandbar-Sunset.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Campsite at the river in Arkansas</figcaption></figure> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a> long-distance swimmer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Strel" title="Martin Strel">Martin Strel</a> swam the entire length of the river, from Minnesota to Louisiana, over the course of 68 days. In 2005, the Source to Sea Expedition<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> paddled the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya Rivers</a> to benefit the Audubon Society's Upper Mississippi River Campaign.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future">Future</h3></div> Geologists believe that the lower Mississippi could take a new course to the Gulf. Either of two new routes—through the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin" title="Atchafalaya Basin">Atchafalaya Basin</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a>—might become the Mississippi's main channel if flood-control structures are overtopped or heavily damaged during a severe flood.<a href="#cite_note-AmericasWetlands-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-DailyImpact-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-InteractiveMap-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nola_article_with_flood_volume-118">[115]</a> Failure of the <a href="/wiki/Old_River_Control_Structure" title="Old River Control Structure">Old River Control Structure</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morganza_Spillway" title="Morganza Spillway">Morganza Spillway</a>, or nearby levees would likely re-route the main channel of the Mississippi through Louisiana's <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin" title="Atchafalaya Basin">Atchafalaya Basin</a> and down the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya River</a> to reach the Gulf of Mexico south of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_City,_Louisiana" title="Morgan City, Louisiana">Morgan City</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. This route provides a more direct path to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> than the present Mississippi River channel through <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InteractiveMap-116">[113]</a> While the risk of such a diversion is present during any major flood event, such a change has so far been prevented by active human intervention involving the construction, maintenance, and operation of various levees, spillways, and other control structures by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg/220px-Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg/220px-Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg/330px-Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg/440px-Old_River_Control_Structure_Complex.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Old River Control Structure complex. View is to the <a href="/wiki/East-southeast" class="mw-redirect" title="East-southeast">east-southeast</a>, looking downriver on the Mississippi, with the three dams across channels of the <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya River</a> to the right of the Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Concordia Parish, Louisiana">Concordia Parish, Louisiana</a> is in the foreground, on the right, and <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_County,_Mississippi" title="Wilkinson County, Mississippi">Wilkinson County, Mississippi</a>, is in the background, across the Mississippi on the left.</figcaption></figure> The Old River Control Structure, between the present Mississippi River channel and the Atchafalaya Basin, sits at the normal water elevation and is ordinarily used to divert 30% of the Mississippi flow to the Atchafalaya River. There is a steep drop here away from the Mississippi's main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin. If this facility were to fail during a major flood, there is a strong concern the water would <a href="/wiki/Bridge_scour" title="Bridge scour">scour</a> and erode the river bottom enough to capture the Mississippi's main channel. The structure was nearly lost during the <a href="/wiki/1973_Mississippi_River_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Mississippi River floods">1973 flood</a>, but repairs and improvements were made after engineers studied the forces at play. In particular, the Corps of Engineers made many improvements and constructed additional facilities for routing water through the vicinity. These additional facilities give the Corps much more flexibility and potential flow capacity than they had in 1973, which further reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure in this area during other major floods, such as that of <a href="/wiki/2011_Mississippi_River_floods" title="2011 Mississippi River floods">2011</a>. Because the <a href="/wiki/Morganza_Spillway" title="Morganza Spillway">Morganza Spillway</a> is slightly higher and well back from the river, it is normally dry on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Even if it failed at the crest during a severe flood, the floodwaters would have to erode to normal water levels before the Mississippi could permanently jump channel at this location.<a href="#cite_note-USACE-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> During the 2011 floods, the Corps of Engineers opened the Morganza Spillway to 1/4 of its capacity to allow 150,000 cubic feet per second (4,200 m3/s) of water to flood the Morganza and Atchafalaya floodways and continue directly to the Gulf of Mexico, bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-usace-inundation-122">[119]</a> In addition to reducing the Mississippi River crest downstream, this diversion reduced the chances of a channel change by reducing stress on the other elements of the control system.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Some geologists have noted that the possibility for course change into the Atchafalaya also exists in the area immediately north of the Old River Control Structure. Army Corps of Engineers geologist Fred Smith once stated, "The Mississippi wants to go west. 1973 was a forty-year flood. The big one lies out there somewhere—when the structures can't release all the floodwaters and the levee is going to have to give way. That is when the river's going to jump its banks and try to break through."<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Another possible course change for the Mississippi River is a diversion into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> near <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. This route is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_Carr%C3%A9_Spillway" title="Bonnet Carré Spillway">Bonnet Carré Spillway</a>, built to reduce flooding in New Orleans. This spillway and an imperfect natural levee about 12–20 ft (3.7–6.1 m) high are all that prevents the Mississippi from taking a new, shorter course through Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Diversion of the Mississippi's main channel through Lake Pontchartrain would have consequences similar to an Atchafalaya diversion, but to a lesser extent, since the present river channel would remain in use past Baton Rouge and into the New Orleans area. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg/170px-MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 252px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg/170px-MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="252" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg/255px-MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg/340px-MississippiRiverBluffs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Road" title="Great River Road">Great River Road</a> in Wisconsin near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pepin" title="Lake Pepin">Lake Pepin</a> (2005)</figcaption></figure> The sport of <a href="/wiki/Waterskiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterskiing">water skiing</a> was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pepin" title="Lake Pepin">Lake Pepin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usaws-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Samuelson" title="Ralph Samuelson">Ralph Samuelson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_City,_Minnesota" title="Lake City, Minnesota">Lake City, Minnesota</a>, created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July 1922. He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 mph (130 km/h) by a Curtiss <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> later that year.<a href="#cite_note-usaws-126">[123]</a> There are seven <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> sites along the Mississippi River. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Mississippi National River and Recreation Area">Mississippi National River and Recreation Area</a> is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself. The other six National Park Service sites along the river are (listed from north to south): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Gateway Arch National Park</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_National_Military_Park" title="Vicksburg National Military Park">Vicksburg National Military Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_National_Historical_Park" title="Natchez National Historical Park">Natchez National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_National_Historical_Park" title="New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park">New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Park_and_Preserve" title="Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve">Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_System#Ecology" title="Mississippi River System">Mississippi River System § Ecology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg/220px-Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="469"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg/220px-Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg/330px-Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg/440px-Paddlefish_underwater.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_paddlefish" title="American paddlefish">American paddlefish</a> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> from the Mississippi</figcaption></figure> The Mississippi basin is home to a highly diverse aquatic <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and has been called the "mother fauna" of North American freshwater.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews1998-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3></div> About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin, far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basins exclusively within temperate/subtropical regions,<a href="#cite_note-Matthews1998-127">[124]</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Within the Mississippi basin, streams that have their source in the Appalachian and <a href="/wiki/Ozark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark">Ozark</a> highlands contain especially many species. Among the fish species in the basin are numerous <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemics</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relicts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/American_paddlefish" title="American paddlefish">paddlefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gar" title="Gar">gar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowfin" title="Bowfin">bowfin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews1998-127">[124]</a> Because of its size and high species diversity, the Mississippi basin is often divided into subregions. The Upper Mississippi River alone is home to about 120 fish species, including <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauger" title="Sauger">sauger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_bass" title="White bass">white bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegill" title="Bluegill">bluegill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">crappie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_catfish" title="Channel catfish">channel catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flathead_catfish" title="Flathead catfish">flathead catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_shiner" title="Common shiner">common shiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_drum" title="Freshwater drum">freshwater drum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shovelnose_sturgeon" title="Shovelnose sturgeon">shovelnose sturgeon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fauna">Other fauna</h3></div> A large number of reptiles are native to the river channels and basin, including <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligators</a>, several species of turtle, aquatic amphibians,<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambaridae" title="Cambaridae">cambaridae</a> crayfish, are native to the Mississippi basin.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> In addition, approximately 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory birds</a> in the US use the Mississippi River corridor during the Spring and Fall migrations; 60% of all migratory birds in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (326 species) use the river basin as their flyway.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduced_species">Introduced species</h3></div> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> are found in the Mississippi and some of these are <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a>. Among the introductions are fish such as <a href="/wiki/Asian_carp_in_North_America" title="Asian carp in North America">Asian carp</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver carp</a> that have become infamous for out-competing native fish and their potentially dangerous <a href="/wiki/Asian_carp_in_North_America#Jumping_ability" title="Asian carp in North America">jumping behavior</a>. They have spread throughout much of the basin, even approaching (but not yet invading) the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a> has designated much of the Mississippi River in the state as infested waters by the exotic species <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_watermilfoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian watermilfoil">Eurasian watermilfoil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin" title="Atchafalaya Basin">Atchafalaya Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capes_on_the_Mississippi_River" title="Capes on the Mississippi River">Capes on the Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemetco" title="Chemetco">Chemetco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Road" title="Great River Road">Great River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Lower_Mississippi_River" title="List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River">List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River" title="List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River">List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locks_and_dams_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River" title="List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River">List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Mississippi_River" title="List of tributaries of the Mississippi River">List of tributaries of the Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_the_United_States_(by_main_stem)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)">List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">List of most-polluted rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River floods">Mississippi River floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_System" title="Mississippi River System">Mississippi River System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waterways_Journal_Weekly" title="The Waterways Journal Weekly">The Waterways Journal Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River_National_Wildlife_and_Fish_Refuge" title="Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge">Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> recognizes two contrasting definitions of a river's <a href="/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source (river or stream)">source</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-4">[4]</a> By the stricter definition, the Mississippi would share its source with its longest tributary, the Missouri, at <a href="/wiki/Brower%27s_Spring" title="Brower's Spring">Brower's Spring</a> in Montana. The other definition acknowledges "somewhat arbitrary decisions" and places the Mississippi's source at Lake Itasca, which is publicly accepted as the source,<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-4">[4]</a> and which had been identified as such by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_V._Brower" title="Jacob V. Brower">Brower</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> However, the river continues for several miles upstream from Lake Itasca to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolet_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolet Lake (page does not exist)">Nicolet Lake</a> and its feeder stream. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>: Misi-ziibi,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a>: Mníšošethąka,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Myaamia</a>: Mihsi-siipiiwi,<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a>: Ma'xeé'ometāā'e,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a>: Xósáu,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a>: Beesniicie,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a>: Kickaátit<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Arguably, the Mississippi basin is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">drainage system</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, second only to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> drainage system, although Hudson Bay may rather be considered an arm of the ocean. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> James L. Shaffer and John T. Tigges. The Mississippi River: Father of Waters. Chicago, Ill.: Arcadia Pub., 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The Upper Mississippi River Basin: A Portrait of the Father of Waters As Seen by the Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Basin Study. Chicago, Ill.: Army Corps of Engineers, North Central Division, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Heilbron, Bertha L. "Father of Waters: Four Centuries of the Mississippi". American Heritage, vol. 2, no. 1 (Autumn 1950): 40–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSrivers-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSrivers_4-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKammerer1990" class="citation web cs1">Kammerer, J.C. (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/">"Largest Rivers in the United States"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630064901/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Rivers+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1990-05&rft.aulast=Kammerer&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F1987%2Fofr87-242%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/annual/?referred_module=sw&site_no=07289000&por_07289000_79165=1872479,00060,79165,2008,2021&start_dt=2008&end_dt=2021&year_type=W&format=html_table&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=parameter_selection_list">"USGS 07289000 Mississippi River at Vicksburg, MS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005185701/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/annual/?referred_module=sw&site_no=07289000&por_07289000_79165=1872479,00060,79165,2008,2021&start_dt=2008&end_dt=2021&year_type=W&format=html_table&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=parameter_selection_list">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2021. 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The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513171926/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1987/02/23/1987_02_23_039_TNY_CARDS_000347146">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Control+of+Nature%3A+Atchafalaya&rft.date=1987-02-23&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F1987%2F02%2F23%2F1987_02_23_039_TNY_CARDS_000347146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> Republished in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee,_John1989" class="citation book cs1">McPhee, John (1989). The Control of Nature. 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Retrieved May 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mississippi+Rising%3A+Apocalypse+Now%3F+%28April+28%2C+2011%29&rft.pub=Daily+Impact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyimpact.net%2F2011%2F04%2F28%2Fmississippi-rising-apocalypse-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InteractiveMap-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InteractiveMap_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InteractiveMap_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mappingsupport.com/p/gmap4.php?q=https://sites.google.com/site/gmap4files/p/news/mississippi_course_change.txt&ll=30.417887,-91.201416&t=h&z=9&label=on">"Will the Mississippi River change its course in 2011 to the red line?"</a>. Mappingsupport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223418/http://www.mappingsupport.com/p/gmap4.php?q=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fgmap4files%2Fp%2Fnews%2Fmississippi_course_change.txt&ll=30.417887%2C-91.201416&t=h&z=9&label=on">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+the+Mississippi+River+change+its+course+in+2011+to+the+red+line%3F&rft.pub=Mappingsupport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mappingsupport.com%2Fp%2Fgmap4.php%3Fq%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fgmap4files%2Fp%2Fnews%2Fmississippi_course_change.txt%26ll%3D30.417887%2C-91.201416%26t%3Dh%26z%3D9%26label%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1798">"Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog : Mississippi River sets all-time flood records; 2nd major spillway opens : Weather Underground"</a>. Wunderground.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108192306/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1798">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Jeff+Masters%27+WunderBlog+%3A+Mississippi+River+sets+all-time+flood+records%3B+2nd+major+spillway+opens+%3A+Weather+Underground&rft.pub=Wunderground.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fblog%2FJeffMasters%2Fcomment.html%3Fentrynum%3D1798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nola_article_with_flood_volume-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Nola_article_with_flood_volume_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContributing_Op-Ed_columnist" class="citation news cs1">Contributing Op-Ed columnist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/05/floods_are_a_reminder_of_the_m.html">"Floods are a reminder of the Mississippi River's power: John Barry"</a>. NOLA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515061347/http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/05/floods_are_a_reminder_of_the_m.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Floods+are+a+reminder+of+the+Mississippi+River%27s+power%3A+John+Barry&rft.au=Contributing+Op-Ed+columnist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fenvironment%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F05%2Ffloods_are_a_reminder_of_the_m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theadvertiser.com/article/20110512/NEWS01/105120319/Morganza-ready-flood?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Cimg%7CFRONTPAGE">"Morganza ready for flood | The Advertiser"</a>. theadvertiser.com. May 12, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morganza+ready+for+flood+%26%23124%3B+The+Advertiser&rft.pub=theadvertiser.com&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F20110512%2FNEWS01%2F105120319%2FMorganza-ready-flood%3Fodyssey%3Dtab%257Ctopnews%257Cimg%257CFRONTPAGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-USACE-120"><a href="#cite_ref-USACE_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111181513/http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/bcarre/morganza.asp">"Morganza Floodway"</a>. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/bcarre/morganza.asp">the original</a> on January 11, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morganza+Floodway&rft.pub=US+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvn.usace.army.mil%2Fbcarre%2Fmorganza.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/magazine/magazine-articles/reduce-mississippi-river-flooding/">"Letting the River Run: Using Nature to Decrease Mississippi River Flooding"</a>. The Nature Conservancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010092117/https://www.nature.org/en-us/magazine/magazine-articles/reduce-mississippi-river-flooding/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft.atitle=Letting+the+River+Run%3A+Using+Nature+to+Decrease+Mississippi+River+Flooding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.org%2Fen-us%2Fmagazine%2Fmagazine-articles%2Freduce-mississippi-river-flooding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usace-inundation-122"><a href="#cite_ref-usace-inundation_122-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511164822/http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/bcarre/NO_District_Inundation_Spring_May_2011.pdf">Estimated Inundation</a> (US Army Corps of Engineers) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Schleifstein,_The_Times-Picayune" class="citation news cs1">Mark Schleifstein, The Times-Picayune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/weather/index.ssf/2011/05/army_corps_fears_massive_flood.html">"Mississippi River flooding in New Orleans area could be massive if Morganza spillway stays closed"</a>. 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Newyorker.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052013/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1987/02/23/1987_02_23_039_TNY_CARDS_000347146?currentPage=all">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McPhee%2C+The+Control+of+Nature%3A+Atchafalaya&rft.pub=Newyorker.com&rft.date=1987-02-23&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F1987%2F02%2F23%2F1987_02_23_039_TNY_CARDS_000347146%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515092839/http://www.johnweeks.com/river_mississippi/pages/lmiss25.html">"Bonnet Carre Spillway, Norco, LA"</a>. Johnweeks.com. April 10, 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usawaterski.org/pages/USA-WS%20Profile.htm">the original</a> on September 27, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beginning&rft.pub=USA+Water+Ski.org&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usawaterski.org%2Fpages%2FUSA-WS%2520Profile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews1998-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews1998_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews1998_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews1998_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews,_W.J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, W.J. (1998). Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. Springer. pp. 5 and 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-4066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-4066-3"><bdi>978-1-4615-4066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+in+Freshwater+Fish+Ecology&rft.pages=5+and+236&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-4066-3&rft.au=Matthews%2C+W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe,_S.Li,_Z.Liu,_J.Zhang,_T.2011" class="citation book cs1">Ye, S.; Li, Z.; Liu, J.; Zhang, T.; Xie, S. (2011). "Distribution, Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin, China". Ecosystems Biodiversity. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestdamfishingfloat.com/fish-species-of-the-mississippi-river/">the original</a> on October 12, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fish+Species+of+the+Mississippi+River&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestdamfishingfloat.com%2Ffish-species-of-the-mississippi-river%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConant,_R.J.T._Collins1998" class="citation book cs1">Conant, R.; J.T. Collins (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0">Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central North America</a>. Peterson Field Guides (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-90452-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-90452-8"><bdi>0-395-90452-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025033222/https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reptiles+and+Amphibians%2C+Eastern+and+Central+North+America&rft.series=Peterson+Field+Guides&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-395-90452-8&rft.au=Conant%2C+R.&rft.au=J.T.+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldguidetorept00cona_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs,_H.H._Jr.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Hobbs, H.H. Jr. (1989). "An Illustrated Checklist of the American Crayfishes (Decapoda, Astacidae, Cambaridae, Parastacidae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 480 (480): 1–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810282.480">10.5479/si.00810282.480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Contributions+to+Zoology&rft.atitle=An+Illustrated+Checklist+of+the+American+Crayfishes+%28Decapoda%2C+Astacidae%2C+Cambaridae%2C+Parastacidae%29&rft.volume=480&rft.issue=480&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00810282.480&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+H.H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlvdPaulUs" class="citation web cs1">Blvd, Mailing Address: 111 E. Kellogg; Paul, Suite 105 Saint; Us, MN 55101 Phone: 651 293-0200 This is the general phone line at the Mississippi River Visitor Center Contact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm">"Mississippi River Facts – Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. www.nps.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117213831/https://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Mississippi+River+Facts+%E2%80%93+Mississippi+National+River+and+Recreation+Area+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Blvd&rft.aufirst=Mailing+Address%3A+111+E.+Kellogg&rft.au=Paul%2C+Suite+105+Saint&rft.au=Us%2C+MN+55101+Phone%3A+651+293-0200+This+is+the+general+phone+line+at+the+Mississippi+River+Visitor+Center+Contact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmiss%2Friverfacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheny,_K.2016" class="citation news cs1">Matheny, K. (December 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/12/22/asian-carp-great-lakes-michigan/93970746/">"Invasive Asian carp less than 50 miles from Lake Michigan"</a>. Detroit Free Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625090825/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/12/22/asian-carp-great-lakes-michigan/93970746/">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Invasive+Asian+carp+less+than+50+miles+from+Lake+Michigan&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.au=Matheny%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2016%2F12%2F22%2Fasian-carp-great-lakes-michigan%2F93970746%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/infested.html">"Designation of Infested Waters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601003658/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ais/infested.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designation+of+Infested+Waters&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Finvasives%2Fais%2Finfested.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2023" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Michael (2023). Mississippi River Valley: The Course of American Civilization. Ames, IA: <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_Digital_Press" title="Iowa State University Digital Press">Iowa State University Digital Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31274%2Fisudp.2023.135">10.31274/isudp.2023.135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-958291-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-958291-00-9"><bdi>978-1-958291-00-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259469983">259469983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mississippi+River+Valley%3A+The+Course+of+American+Civilization&rft.place=Ames%2C+IA&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+Digital+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259469983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31274%2Fisudp.2023.135&rft.isbn=978-1-958291-00-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ambrose, Stephen. The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation: From the Louisiana Purchase to Today (National Geographical Society, 2002) heavily illustrated</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnfinsonThomas_MadiganDrew_M._ForsbergPatrick_Nunnally2003" class="citation web cs1">Anfinson, John O.; Thomas Madigan; Drew M. Forsberg; Patrick Nunnally (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110135/https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/historyculture/upload/hrs-full-comp.pdf">"The River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area"</a> (PDF). St. Paul, MN: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53911450">53911450</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/historyculture/upload/hrs-full-comp.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 22, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+River+of+History%3A+A+Historic+Resources+Study+of+the+Mississippi+National+River+and+Recreation+Area&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers%2C+St.+Paul+District&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53911450&rft.aulast=Anfinson&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft.au=Thomas+Madigan&rft.au=Drew+M.+Forsberg&rft.au=Patrick+Nunnally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmiss%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fupload%2Fhrs-full-comp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Anfinson, John Ogden. Commerce and conservation on the Upper Mississippi River (US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1994)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1984" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Richard A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rollingriversenc00bart">Rolling rivers: an encyclopedia of America's rivers</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-003910-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-003910-0"><bdi>0-07-003910-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10807295">10807295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rolling+rivers%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+America%27s+rivers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10807295&rft.isbn=0-07-003910-0&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frollingriversenc00bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Botkin, Benjamin Albert. A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore: stories, ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country (1984).</li> <li>Carlander, Harriet Bell. A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River (PhD Diss. Iowa State College, 1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativefishlab.net/library/textpdf/17391.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430134438/http://www.nativefishlab.net/library/textpdf/17391.pdf">Archived</a> April 30, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</li> <li>Daniel, Pete. Deep'n as it come: The 1927 Mississippi River flood (University of Arkansas Press, 1977)</li> <li>Fremling, Calvin R. Immortal river: the Upper Mississippi in ancient and modern times (U. of Wisconsin Press, 2005), popular history</li> <li>Knox, James C. The Mississippi River System. In Avijit Gupta, ed., Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. 2nd Ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 205–252. ISBN 9781119412601</li> <li>Milner, George R. "The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley: Foundations, florescence, and fragmentation." Journal of World Prehistory (1990) 4#1 pp: 1–43.</li> <li>Morris, Christopher. The Big Muddy: An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples From Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina (Oxford University Press; 2012) 300 pages; links drought, disease, and flooding to the impact of centuries of increasingly intense human manipulation of the river.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn2001" class="citation book cs1">Penn, James R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversofworldsoc00penn">Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-042-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-042-5"><bdi>1-57607-042-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260075679">260075679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+the+world%3A+a+social%2C+geographical%2C+and+environmental+sourcebook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260075679&rft.isbn=1-57607-042-5&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friversofworldsoc00penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Thomas Ruys (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riverofdreamsima0000smit">River of dreams: imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain</a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3233-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3233-3"><bdi>978-0-8071-3233-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182615621">182615621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+of+dreams%3A+imagining+the+Mississippi+before+Mark+Twain&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182615621&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3233-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Ruys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friverofdreamsima0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2010" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Quinta (2010). The Mississippi: A Visual Biography. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1840-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1840-7"><bdi>978-0-8262-1840-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277196207">277196207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mississippi%3A+A+Visual+Biography&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277196207&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1840-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Quinta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasquier2013" class="citation book cs1">Pasquier, Michael (2013). Gods of the Mississippi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00806-0"><bdi>978-0-253-00806-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Mississippi&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00806-0&rft.aulast=Pasquier&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippi+River" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" class="extiw" title="commons:Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mississippi_River#Q1497" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mississippi_River" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610102737/http://www.alcnet.org/projects/overview/mississippi">Mississippi River</a> – project of the <a href="/wiki/American_Land_Conservancy" title="American Land Conservancy">American Land Conservancy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfm.info/publications/casestudies/cs_usa_mississippi_full.pdf">Flood management in the Mississippi River</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818030107/http://www.apfm.info/publications/casestudies/cs_usa_mississippi_full.pdf">Archived</a> August 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmr.org/">Friends of the Mississippi River</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314162338/https://fmr.org/">Archived</a> March 14, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225132047/http://mississippiriverchallenge.org/">Mississippi River Challenge</a> – annual canoe & kayak event on the Twin Cities stretch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208170052/http://fieldguide.fmr.org/">Mississippi River Field Guide</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_River&oldid=1275951489">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_River&oldid=1275951489</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_River&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 01:02 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippirivier" title="Mississippirivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mississippirivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mississippi River" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9A%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B2%E1%8D%92_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D" title="ሚሲሲፒ ወንዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሚሲሲፒ ወንዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_%C4%93a" title="Mississippi ēa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mississippi ēa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="نهر المسيسيبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر المسيسيبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Mississippi" title="Río Mississippi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Río Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%9D" title="ܢܗܪܐ ܕܡܝܣܝܣܝܦܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܗܪܐ ܕܡܝܣܝܣܝܦܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="মিছিছিপি নদী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মিছিছিপি নদী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Mississippi" title="Ríu Mississippi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysyry_Misisipi" title="Ysyry Misisipi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ysyry Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1" title="Missisipi çayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Missisipi çayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="میسیسیپی چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میسیسیپی چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukad_Mississippi" title="Tukad Mississippi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tukad Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="মিসিসিপি নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিসিসিপি নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_H%C3%B4" title="Mississippi Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mississippi Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0)" title="Миссисипи (йылға) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Миссисипи (йылға)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96" title="Місісіпі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Місісіпі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%96_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Місысыпі (рака) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Місысыпі (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="मिसीसिपी नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मिसीसिपी नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Mississippi" title="Salog Mississippi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Salog Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Мисисипи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мисисипи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mississippi River" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་སི་སི་ཕི་གཙང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་སི་སི་ཕི་གཙང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(rijeka)" title="Mississippi (rijeka) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mississippi (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(st%C3%AAr)" title="Mississippi (stêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mississippi (stêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Миссисипи мүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Миссисипи мүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississipi_(riu)" title="Mississipi (riu) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mississipi (riu)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Миссисипи (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Миссисипи (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_(suba)" title="Mississippi River (suba) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mississippi River (suba)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(%C5%99eka)" title="Mississippi (řeka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mississippi (řeka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje_wa_Mississippi" title="Mtsinje wa Mississippi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje wa Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Mississippi" title="Afon Mississippi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippifloden" title="Mississippifloden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mississippifloden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A" title="لواد د لميسيسيپي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لواد د لميسيسيپي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mississippi River" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी नदी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मिसिसिपी नदी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Μισσισσιππής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μισσισσιππής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Misisipi" title="Río Misisipi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipo_(rivero)" title="Misisipo (rivero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Misisipo (rivero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(ibaia)" title="Mississippi (ibaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mississippi (ibaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="رود می‌سی‌سی‌پی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود می‌سی‌سی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Naddi" title="Mississippi Naddi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mississippi Naddi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%C3%A1" title="Mississippiá – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mississippiá" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fleuve)" title="Mississippi (fleuve) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mississippi (fleuve)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippy_(rivier)" title="Mississippy (rivier) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mississippy (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn_Mississippi" title="Abhainn Mississippi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhainn Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(abhainn)" title="Mississippi (abhainn) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mississippi (abhainn)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Mississippi" title="Río Mississippi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ميسيسيپي رۊبار – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ميسيسيپي رۊبار" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9_(%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%88%F0%90%8C%B0)" title="𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌴𐌹 (𐌰𐍈𐌰) – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌴𐌹 (𐌰𐍈𐌰)" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CC%8Dt-s%C3%AE-s%C3%AE-p%C3%AD-h%C3%B2" title="Me̍t-sî-sî-pí-hò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Me̍t-sî-sî-pí-hò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EC%8B%9C%ED%94%BC%EA%B0%95" title="미시시피강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미시시피강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(kogi)" title="Mississippi (kogi) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mississippi (kogi)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Միսիսիպի գետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միսիսիպի գետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिप्पी नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिसिसिप्पी नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(rijeka)" title="Mississippi (rijeka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mississippi (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvio_Mississippi" title="Fluvio Mississippi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fluvio Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayan_Mississippi" title="Karayan Mississippi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karayan Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Mississippi" title="Sungai Mississippi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvio_Mississippi" title="Fluvio Mississippi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fluvio Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%86%C3%A6%D1%83%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Миссисипи (цæугæдон) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Миссисипи (цæугæдон)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippiflj%C3%B3t" title="Mississippifljót – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mississippifljót" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fiume)" title="Mississippi (fiume) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mississippi (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99_(%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8)" title="מיסיסיפי (נהר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיסיסיפי (נהר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Mississippi" title="Kali Mississippi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipii_P%C9%94%C9%94" title="Misisipii Pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Misisipii Pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಿಸ್ಸಿಸಿಪ್ಪಿ ನದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಸ್ಸಿಸಿಪ್ಪಿ ನದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="მისისიპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მისისიპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Миссисипи (өзен) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миссисипи (өзен)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowr_Mississippi" title="Dowr Mississippi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dowr Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto_Mississippi" title="Mto Mississippi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mto Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi_(rivy%C3%A8)" title="Misisipi (rivyè) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Misisipi (rivyè)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi_(fl%C3%A8v)" title="Misisipi (flèv) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Misisipi (flèv)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEs%C3%AEs%C3%AEp%C3%AE_(%C3%A7em)" title="Mîsîsîpî (çem) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîsîsîpî (çem)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(r%C3%BC)" title="Mississippi (rü) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mississippi (rü)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippius" title="Mississippius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mississippius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi_(upe)" title="Misisipi (upe) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Misisipi (upe)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mississippi River" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisip%C4%97_(up%C4%97)" title="Misisipė (upė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Misisipė (upė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(reveer)" title="Mississippi (reveer) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mississippi (reveer)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Mississippi" title="Rio Mississippi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fium)" title="Mississippi (fium) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mississippi (fium)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(foly%C3%B3)" title="Mississippi (folyó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mississippi (folyó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Мисисипи (река) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мисисипи (река)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(ony)" title="Mississippi (ony) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mississippi (ony)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="മിസിസിപ്പി നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിസിസിപ്പി നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिसिसिपी नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="მისისიპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მისისიპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%89" title="نهر الميسيسيبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الميسيسيبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="می‌سی‌سی‌پی درکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="می‌سی‌سی‌پی درکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Mississippi" title="Sungai Mississippi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_%C3%92%CC%A4" title="Mississippi Ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mississippi Ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Mississippi" title="Riu Mississippi – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Riu Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Миссисипи мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Миссисипи мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="မစ္စစ္စပီမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မစ္စစ္စပီမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(rivier)" title="Mississippi (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mississippi (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="मिसिसिपी नदी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिसिसिपी नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="मिसिसिपि खुसि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिसिसिपि खुसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E5%B7%9D" title="ミシシッピ川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミシシッピ川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%85%D0%B8)" title="Миссисипи (хи) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Миссисипи (хи)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mississippi River" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(elv)" title="Mississippi (elv) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mississippi (elv)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippielva" title="Mississippielva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mississippielva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississip%C3%AD_(flume)" title="Mississipí (flume) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mississipí (flume)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%8D%D2%A5%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Миссисипи (эҥер) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Миссисипи (эҥер)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(daryo)" title="Mississippi (daryo) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mississippi (daryo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਮਿਸੀਸਿੱਪੀ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਸੀਸਿੱਪੀ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دریائے مسیسپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریائے مسیسپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF" title="مسي سي پي سيند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسي سي پي سيند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fium)" title="Mississippi (fium) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mississippi (fium)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(Stroom)" title="Mississippi (Stroom) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mississippi (Stroom)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_(rzeka)" title="Missisipi (rzeka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Missisipi (rzeka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Mississippi" title="Rio Mississippi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_d%C3%A1ryas%C4%B1" title="Missisipi dáryası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Missisipi dáryası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_(%C3%B6zen)" title="Missisipi (özen) – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Missisipi (özen)" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fluviu)" title="Mississippi (fluviu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mississippi (fluviu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_mayu" title="Mississippi mayu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mississippi mayu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96_(%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Міссісіпі (ріка) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Міссісіпі (ріка)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Миссисипи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миссисипи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%81)" title="Миссисиипи (өрүс) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миссисиипи (өрүс)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fr%C3%B9mene)" title="Mississippi (frùmene) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mississippi (frùmene)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi_i_Misisipit" title="Lumi i Misisipit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lumi i Misisipit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(ciumi)" title="Mississippi (ciumi) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mississippi (ciumi)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mississippi River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="مسيسپي ندي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مسيسپي ندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(rieka)" title="Mississippi (rieka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mississippi (rieka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misisipi" title="Misisipi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_(rzyka)" title="Missisipi (rzyka) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Missisipi (rzyka)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webiga_Mississipi" title="Webiga Mississipi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Webiga Mississipi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="ڕووباری میسیسیپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووباری میسیسیپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Мисисипи (река) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мисисипи (река)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(rijeka)" title="Mississippi (rijeka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mississippi (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(joki)" title="Mississippi (joki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mississippi (joki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippifloden" title="Mississippifloden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mississippifloden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Mississippi" title="Ilog Mississippi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="மிசிசிப்பி ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிசிசிப்பி ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_n_Mississippi" title="Asif n Mississippi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asif n Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi,_jume" title="Mississippi, jume – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mississippi, jume" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Миссисипи (елга) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Миссисипи (елга)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="మిసిసిపీ నది – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మిసిసిపీ నది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5" title="แม่น้ำมิสซิสซิปปี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำมิสซิสซิปปี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27xe%C3%A9%27ome%27t%C3%A4%C3%A4%27e" title="Ma'xeé'ome'tää'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'xeé'ome'tää'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(nehir)" title="Mississippi (nehir) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mississippi (nehir)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_der%C3%BDasy" title="Missisipi derýasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Missisipi derýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Міссісіпі (річка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міссісіпі (річка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دریائے مسیسپی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے مسیسپی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_(fiume)" title="Mississippi (fiume) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mississippi (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississipi_(jogi)" title="Mississipi (jogi) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mississipi (jogi)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Mississippi" title="Sông Mississippi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_j%C3%B5gi" title="Mississippi jõgi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mississippi jõgi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3" title="密西西比河 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="密西西比河" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Misisipi" title="Salog Misisipi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salog Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3" title="密西西比河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="密西西比河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="מיסיסיפי טייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיסיסיפי טייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3" title="密西西比河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="密西西比河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97s%C4%97s%C4%97p%C4%97_(op%C4%97s)" title="Mėsėsėpė (opės) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mėsėsėpė (opės)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3" title="密西西比河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="密西西比河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Misisipi" title="Okwaan̄ Misisipi – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ Misisipi" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Mississippi" title="Way Mississippi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Way Mississippi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisipi_ru" title="Missisipi ru – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Missisipi ru" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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