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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%DB%81%D9%88%DA%BA&returnto=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کھاتے میں داخل ہونے کی سفارش کی جاتی ہے؛ تاہم یہ ضروری نہیں [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>داخل ہوں</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="مزید اختیارات" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ذاتی آلات" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ذاتی آلات</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ur.wikipedia.org&uselang=ur"><span>عطیہ دیجیے</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&returnto=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کھاتہ بنانے یا اس میں داخل ہونے کی سفارش کی جاتی ہے؛ تاہم یہ ضروری نہیں"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>کھاتہ بنائیں</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%DB%81%D9%88%DA%BA&returnto=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کھاتے میں داخل ہونے کی سفارش کی جاتی ہے؛ تاہم یہ ضروری نہیں [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>داخل ہوں</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" aria-label="ترمیم کاری کے متعلق مزید تفصیلات"><span>مزید تفصیلات</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اس آئی پی پتے سے انجام دی جانے والی تمام ترامیم کی فہرست [y]" accesskey="y"><span>شراکتیں</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس آئی پی پتے کی ترامیم سے متعلق گفتگو [n]" accesskey="n"><span>تبادلۂ خیال</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ویب گاہ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مندرجات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مندرجات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">بغلی پٹی پر جائیں</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">چھپائیں</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">دیباچہ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-مزید_دیکھیے" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مزید_دیکھیے"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>مزید دیکھیے</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مزید_دیکھیے-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالہ_جات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالہ_جات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>حوالہ جات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالہ_جات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-کتابیات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#کتابیات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>کتابیات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-کتابیات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-بیرونی_روابط" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#بیرونی_روابط"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>بیرونی روابط</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-بیرونی_روابط-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مندرجات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="فہرست عناوین دیکھیں" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">فہرست عناوین دیکھیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ماہر گواہ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 زبانیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="شاهد خبير – عربی" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاهد خبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness – انگریزی" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Expert witness" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگریزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Вещо лице – بلغاری" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вещо лице" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudn%C3%AD_znalec" title="Soudní znalec – چیک" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soudní znalec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چیک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachverst%C3%A4ndiger" title="Sachverständiger – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sachverständiger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perito_judicial" title="Perito judicial – ہسپانوی" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perito judicial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ہسپانوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_judiciaire" title="Expert judiciaire – فرانسیسی" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expert judiciaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسیسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%AC%B8%EA%B0%80_%EC%A6%9D%EC%96%B8" title="전문가 증언 – کوریائی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전문가 증언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="विशेषज्ञ की राय – ہندی" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विशेषज्ञ की राय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ہندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksi_ahli" title="Saksi ahli – انڈونیثیائی" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saksi ahli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڈونیثیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulenza_tecnica_(processo_civile)" title="Consulenza tecnica (processo civile) – اطالوی" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consulenza tecnica (processo civile)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%94" title="עד מומחה – عبرانی" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עד מומחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبرانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85downy_ekspert" title="Sądowny ekspert – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sądowny ekspert" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazs%C3%A1g%C3%BCgyi_szak%C3%A9rt%C5%91" title="Igazságügyi szakértő – ہنگیرین" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Igazságügyi szakértő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ہنگیرین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Вештак – مقدونیائی" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вештак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدونیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerechtsdeskundige" title="Gerechtsdeskundige – ڈچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gerechtsdeskundige" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڈچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakkunnig_vitne" title="Sakkunnig vitne – نارویجین نینورسک" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sakkunnig vitne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="نارویجین نینورسک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8F" title="ਮਾਹਿਰ ਰਾਏ – پنجابی" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਹਿਰ ਰਾਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieg%C5%82y_s%C4%85dowy" title="Biegły sądowy – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biegły sądowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perito_criminal" title="Perito criminal – پُرتگالی" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perito criminal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پُرتگالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Судебный эксперт – روسی" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судебный эксперт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Expert witness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Стручни сведок – سربین" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стручни сведок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirki%C5%9Fi" title="Bilirkişi – ترکی" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilirkişi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Судовий експерт – یوکرینیائی" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Судовий експерт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="یوکرینیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q663272#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ترمیم بین اللسانی روابط" class="wbc-editpage">ترمیم روابط</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="فضائے نام"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" title="مواد پر مشتمل صفحہ دیکھیں [c]" accesskey="c"><span>صفحہ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%82_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84:%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" rel="discussion" title="مضمون کے متعلق گفتگو کریں [t]" accesskey="t"><span>تبادلۂ خیال</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81&url=https%3A%2F%2Fur.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581%25D8%25B1_%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581"><span>مختصر یوآرایل</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fur.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581%25D8%25B1_%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581"><span>ڈاؤن لوڈ کیوآر</span></a></li><li id="t-shorturl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/s/hgvj" title="اس مختصر ربط کو نقل کریں"><span>مختصر یوآرایل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> طباعت/برآمد </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81"><span>تخلیق کتاب</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81&page=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&action=show-download-screen"><span>ڈاؤن لوڈ بشکلPDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&printable=yes" title="اِس صفحہ کا قابلِ طبع نسخہ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>قابل طبع نسخہ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> دیگر منصوبے </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q663272" title="متعلقہ ڈیٹا سے منسلک کریں [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ڈیٹا آئٹم</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">بغلی پٹی پر جائیں</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">چھپائیں</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ur" dir="rtl"><p><b>ماہر گواہ</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="انگریزی">انگریزی</a>: Expert witness) ایک اصطلاح ہے جس کا <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلستان">انگلستان</a>، <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ویلز">ویلز</a> اور <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا">ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا</a> کے قانونی حلقوں میں بہ کثرت استعمال ہوتا تھا۔ اس کا اطلاق اس شخص پر ہوتا ہے جو اپنی <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تعلیم">تعلیمی قابلیت</a>، پیشہ ورانہ <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تربیت">تربیت</a>، <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="توصیفی سند (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">سند یافتگی</a> یا کام کے <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%81" title="تجربہ">تجربے</a> کی بنا پر کسی عدالت کے جج کی جانب سے <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1" title="ماہر">ماہر</a> کے طور پر تسلیم کیا جاتا ہے۔ جج اس گواہ کی خصوصی مہارت والی رائے (سائنسی، تکنیکی یا کسی اور شعبے سے متعلق) کو <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="شہادت">شہادت</a> کے معاملے میں یا <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA" title="حقیقت">حقائق</a> کے معاملے میں عدالت میں مخصوص اہمیت کی حامل متصور کر سکتا ہے، جسے "ماہرانہ رائے" کہا جاتا ہے۔<sup id="cite_ref-FRE702_1-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-FRE702-1">[1]</a></sup> ماہر گواہ خود سے "ماہرانہ شہادت" یا "ماہرانہ گواہی" پیش کر سکتے ہیں۔<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> اس گواہی کی تردید یا نفی دیگر ماہرین کی گواہی یا ان کے فراہم کردہ شواہد سے کی جا سکتی ہے یا پھر بطلان کے لیے مزید شہادت یا حقائق در کار ہوتے ہیں۔ </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مزید_دیکھیے"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B2.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D8.AF.DB.8C.DA.A9.DA.BE.DB.8C.DB.92"></span>مزید دیکھیے</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&action=edit&section=1" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: مزید دیکھیے"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالہ_جات"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.DB.81_.D8.AC.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>حوالہ جات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&action=edit&section=2" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: حوالہ جات"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4721619">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FRE702-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FRE702_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rule_702">"Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 702. Testimony by Expert Witnesses"</a>۔ Legal Information Institute۔ Cornell Law School<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 21 نومبر 2018</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&rft.atitle=Federal+Rules+of+Evidence%2C+Rule+702.+Testimony+by+Expert+Witnesses&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Frules%2Ffre%2Frule_702&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">تحقق من التاريخ في: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6342468">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-right:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B2_%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%88%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بلیکز لا ڈکشنری (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">بلیکز لا ڈکشنری</a></i>, articles "Evidence", "Expert", "Witness"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="کتابیات"><span id=".DA.A9.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.A8.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>کتابیات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&action=edit&section=3" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: کتابیات"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bronstein, DA, <i>Law for the Expert Witness</i>, CRC Press,2nd Ed (1999).</li> <li>Dwyer, D, <i>The Judicial Assessment of Expert Evidence</i>, Cambridge University Press (2008).</li> <li><span class="citation book">Federal Judicial Center، National Research Council، مدیران (2011)۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13163/reference-manual-on-scientific-evidence-third-edition">Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence</a> (3rd. ایڈیشن)۔ Washington, DC: National Academies Press۔ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/978-0-309-21421-6" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/978-0-309-21421-6">978-0-309-21421-6</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&rft.btitle=Reference+Manual+on+Scientific+Evidence&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-309-21421-6&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F13163%2Freference-manual-on-scientific-evidence-third-edition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="open access publication – free to read" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Jasanoff, Sheila, <i>Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997).</li> <li>Reynolds, MP and King, PSD, <i>The Expert Witness and his Evidence</i>, Blackwell (1992).</li> <li>Smith, D, <i>Being an Effective Expert Witness</i>, Thames Publishing (1993).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="بیرونی_روابط"><span id=".D8.A8.DB.8C.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.DB.8C_.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.A8.D8.B7"></span>بیرونی روابط</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81&action=edit&section=4" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: بیرونی روابط"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/ExpTesti.pdf/$file/ExpTesti.pdf">Expert Testimony in Federal Civil Trials: A Preliminary Analysis (pdf)</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/ExpTesti.pdf/$file/ExpTesti.pdf">آرکائیو شدہ</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Date missing)</span> بذریعہ fjc.gov <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Error: unknown archive URL)</span> (Federal Judicial Center, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_on_Scientific_Knowledge_and_Public_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002054317/http://www.defendingscience.org/upload/Daubert-The-Most-Influential-Supreme-Court-Decision-You-ve-Never-Heard-Of-2003.pdf"><i>Daubert</i>-The Most Influential Supreme Court Ruling You've Never Heard Of (pdf)</a></li> <li>Kenton K. Yee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1312222">Dueling Experts and Imperfect Verification</a>, 28.4 International Review of Law and Economics, 246-255 (2008)</li> <li>Cole, Simon A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1151&context=vlr">Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Thinking about Expert Evidence as Expert Testimony</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1151&context=vlr">آرکائیو شدہ</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Date missing)</span> بذریعہ digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Error: unknown archive URL)</span>). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villova_Law_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villova Law Journal (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Villova Law Journal</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villanova_University_School_of_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villanova University School of Law (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Villanova University School of Law</a>. Volume 52, Issue 4, Article 4. p. 803-840.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6353502">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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