CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913630eafe71ce1e',cH: 'spQcGmqsUVznC.KnejLFK5PFAWUz3f8e7aknbJrO4lQ-1739799645-1.2.1.1-r.qABvGud3dciIXbpkI0A4oqriAJx.4c1bhEy_4lZ3H2yfSTeSZAwMtZT4uRh5D2',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=improving%20productivity&__cf_chl_tk=NaKnnS_JpyxmDNYtT1Sv72NCrutswjNUQVG.Phttsnk-1739799645-1.0.1.1-O_dMYX3izD1k.WvyJDK48O6kQ_u9PziEgXkR3mZWBhA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739799645',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=improving%20productivity&__cf_chl_f_tk=NaKnnS_JpyxmDNYtT1Sv72NCrutswjNUQVG.Phttsnk-1739799645-1.0.1.1-O_dMYX3izD1k.WvyJDK48O6kQ_u9PziEgXkR3mZWBhA",md: "jVvpfcuMWtYgluN1mA0x2TdESn_CEEyhvb0gxv50KL0-1739799645-1.2.1.1-UqPPg8864lH7wUSCSXHbGqVBBMjhWu4ddpkkKRNtjvDJtalYzMNZf0EhQAJhJ7UuAIZ0kKnVMTdOjAt_.zsRGmhNXJo_l52_raEaIpWddDYgOuT4CHzUXRY_lIECisrUiliIgUmyeCFP_BhwEqwUEw5Npf7.gLrI9cc2wMKcLwme1Ce6xLVxf1iE2zE4unsD4B3eCwI5dst.4As.zQaG4pih33jf0N5dl1ABPFEkqkMqhsMle4p19AxdiNZHwlipRb1MngNL8tnZdHpP5WyDB45sVz3pHQ0IKbkqyFcRNrDTAAfNgRaFr9mxJfNXpj4blwJNcKoeleGBeXdANjYCcUQaGGHqSgRqcSjh1AVJzJXqeuvxZp3tJrh_EcTYmqSotUyuOr5RGNw7er1_Kbj99ti5rAlMhEatQqqQUYFS0XTl9L4ruMyO5uelM1mXHIRb3tJLXRmG8ADIHza9KEdo_joQAyHOscHWiRGyjODqOp3uSqAefDSs1_sw9NijrhTTOtokdsFUej8NUDcvtWUlvKKfKuHdDB33gIL6X9A7xdtd9m_366OVD03Zby7dF9bah3D4kYl3gvpOBr_uSGmj5G2zPar4wprR8zsBApbcUzTnzmQr7snwyh04LA29DStFKBf2enmzd93IihGxylT4yWSpGfcmoRHtpxB7u3GW_YRhGVbUvnYbIhMI.he4iNx9sDAPE5lRRiMeDT94jT0TBRaeDqEl4XxUF.Ve1olBxEL5RzMx9XZHwfbH18RHejEOhSz4B7iD9kATN1jUm3AfMitA6dncVfg6UnW23IKLZbTgBjuSvx4gNvVQar31s48wRikV6UFwVy3OyJZX3TYOWtQktjvO2PaJdoePGyd3_8EOd96PwV4VXCrGmRY2CEQXZg27tcJYLBTFUJHRgCswceW6Cn7EPzwwS3G48BzxQM3n42Eug3O3eSRmR6Yt2RMOIFyMPuUeu4sX7sfimPJrRzRy81cVu2Aoc_UmUsCEwnjx8r00p8xMmMZJurfcMjcyEWEnv47WbS1xpe0uOygeRZK2VzsQ8o.xQUUiiXDOV2wxNj.QpThksUw67ybOk2kUoJj5ge6Czw89YTtwhCkdjVPJRFUu0231jEY81PzuhcQxEa4_A.ZwRhxqsoUpBHzPoq1C6L8Hm.FZ6o5rWQDDyvZkFDwUjpVjg4Xpxc5PPzThqZQG6STC6f4qpWUaW0fCB8MBhsaafcLFZkLytISeRBMYuShZUuYSZwGbcGTXNSQT_NRvxzsoDHpJBNaGxBmZZqHqH2nXQmAUcofMvnwpmUEr47oceW72wRZOyYLACQExHmePYXxXBF7pR8WotDK1Pe8SFg.Opuho4LYK9vhs7jrOZlUmbpLc7nxBGAzmf2dA0eh8rUfOkvaNateAvdXUPpVYAvlE7y4vZ9AJIb_gUbl5xJxdPIm1O8nFz0R0X6LsS.GPr6oQMxFwJt8QHZWQev0152IiQzn1HysEqoIPq5LTaecJpsKAUb5ItMeaVu_bvIHVVku_4yKhjNE47QFNWIQVSP4laQyGLccVPQEzwgYviMqVwXaTqiOW8r.SrQnQYORIBAXxTaThyZ8y0klhihGak7E4rtus_bflp7QSqK2R2ZovbhtihsDZUaPc9vJnoWVFcIcpz.YWC304b5uuXyi2yPpSLHdvRkfDOQSIRVbD8K0OZfNCfUcEzvq_c9ss41deGmVZQowarDJUYmP3B7Fpgf1N12OV14zv0ucAnPq_6IYUtmTMU4Ij60xc3pnMmOGkoNlT8LuJ8W2jM5XH7kq6AarwcxTwvFJUE5qnKGkGG.gCvQ_MS4F6LybM7LTqpE4b8cE7nuvSBNtURQzy_qY4dqFubnEDnpGP7irSZFJXC19A6y3YhG63cU1YnNC0XY_BgbAu88_YgYdur__pXh7BzYsQA59vlKIbFVNalVHnE68eDFcXNyk9DnKhVKH7j_d32YJWYo9Osju.RlPM",mdrd: "p5NyR27hrYGymQvhsr2LIUom_50_H1Os8D_XKOTfi_4-1739799645-1.2.1.1-MMLrmHn1nAztRYshOJYfN2jUjC5sQ5tgmwkb9dXglYT.NRNMiMMISm4BnpC7FEXEkaByzG2oTj7Ffnu.IVlZZpmJKgAWQSWargehK.SdsCnM8qZhgBxuZhGJK0_S1waQ6lSdPzKw_gUI9as_s65TTzJz1yk0xU0jRpbOnCmZwxpnc.PjlbBM7x6ybNJxhHjhWvnfi03LIcrAwHghDbDnSprox1J8W.VVU7B0pZMakRdMfhDpau8.95VKPps0wbyEIxfgf7QDX7jooA9CDjpNwNbeJ70.avpCTP6NFzjXgagEuB1P.H8hVHJ0aKXNHweqeeB7BLur8wLWMwCWl9XQUNgj.BwrJHEK5ujSA23rJu.1LFRNNWXjAPoK87RtNbw0ac0yJH.F7iDDAPu2GNH46t4oJj9_0QPAZYyT3cGNAU3Nd90bzkMmrEC90aZLze7KJgw5Jm8iCTrjewQ.DQ0Qgz2GO_NJVg0Nfe3nY1ChOCprMgG_yo6LlLJ30MOhoKP.NYKbLRFCHKOIF3kOcU2KBtYZk4zH0fk9vfYw71kwA0ybNKYO9QrO8IIGtNiZWpg4U7J6PlcgdollRLgqRhlHqZXpHqg6QqWaW6ISBfdtuSMWZRX9yHU2q4mBTntCwx2MLBg90ecOEv7_38NZnvOaIURaz3C1IZtWtaU7dQNsp.DtacPskP6Qls5AOBWY.EbrZI_dp_AEIiAPrSSbtYWaKJLvuoSFmxPa2bWttxzvNnL9UZPQHtgWUX7xitIm8Jouv3AxVXgiveEtdcONI7d5oUn_F3PIsGlsdFjYyn1SlmQ5RycLoJd9B0HpI_vZ.CKsW.miEx68PdJNuXULkPH_HeB2ALRELXxYmGqJ05xCdNuTppKgZ4i3Mla61gmQnDuiy3i8vmWGqjo8nsyr3zayeyE_rOFungVimUp3Yj2lqSyLb5cY6UG1pBWy5SO3D6BKQacqveXHepF9OtiroheMtYjhIBxxG7tTCjuilrE71BKOwsgdT.u6MT5lmoR_py7_sjPWnSPN3.X2oQW_lFJ1iuRpHG8QZTyrimTTeQ64ig.p_SOUi.Q9Jn7xLTdiTU9lExJ3RHEBmTlHRaFepFxTjRb2517qMKrJ7ziFE67v5q5e5gkWPlkPqqJbDfg2SAp7gyWXLC5jdqqDcKINp3HUaCb2ihV_nzyKuSfV3fGBlc5m92xZRUoUpR_bcNn4Lm9U_vVAUjvRCJKzrxZjqbscKoVEGrQa0kP0AV6QN1AbWbTGV0tc8.A2jOr7_Iy3psHL1Ehj7NS1iVuG8JIcJiKTixjzNiLDPEg0BGPf4UGpY7ZaVsdJzvSKvv5JVIWiHegY2mW8vDvyJyOUVi2Qu77HTDzz4JQ7kS5fgdyULDanoxvabV0lyjFK2HepY9U.iFVNJZMxWxGn6UWM37btPN2twqaMkcvVCRIGoeEebOYmK5QpBbEZw4QcG1831OCOjSdV_m9vtT1lFpuC.inak7zTHqtZ9LFugUrIAut.t6e0VuGo_JPCuvZMCu9XFCZS8MDm2WcGgtFAIKpaYfqI6nOctVufxE1EkTdnP_QADrawa2dywBKZ6MRCFvnpudzRkZBUHyo7ZU7mXemf3EE71EnoDW0QKti8mjNYvZSvid2whCGFfExvAwJRDV7snQIt6N.lROmMfNfmqu1ciXshNUxcBH2tTZq_onC92Stf5p4Orm8tQIQb_oNlU9Cm7L30HsUDc4r3CUQqPgSrV7Whiod.squrs4Y5cKU42YO8wVMDhlroQ8Cwt6Ge1ydtN0CH_0Sh72VpvvlAzb4Ghw_8c_s1zgOooxcdtyUc6Zgzw6_ke7hP.g5d6jOQDliQ_29HL_Mygs4upW1U5tsbtJKDqOoZyyHhignWthvMiMX.ZO.UEUYl.rhRCucpSmVSQrMBC6CUw6bKdkwAqRiPo2YjmBvuvxwMPtOT8hrLFuzBXJIEfUuQFRVIPYxXb.xw_pzqxe7e"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913630eafe71ce1e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=improving%20productivity&__cf_chl_rt_tk=NaKnnS_JpyxmDNYtT1Sv72NCrutswjNUQVG.Phttsnk-1739799645-1.0.1.1-O_dMYX3izD1k.WvyJDK48O6kQ_u9PziEgXkR3mZWBhA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>