Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" > <head itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" > <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">  <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ed1a5a1f-b279-475e-88e3-75f261729818/CACHE/css/output.5ecf62baa0fa.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ed1a5a1f-b279-475e-88e3-75f261729818/CACHE/css/output.452c70ce66f7.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ed1a5a1f-b279-475e-88e3-75f261729818/CACHE/css/output.7bf600913d6e.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ed1a5a1f-b279-475e-88e3-75f261729818/CACHE/css/output.0bfa59184c7a.css" type="text/css"> <title>Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant - PubMed</title> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ed1a5a1f-b279-475e-88e3-75f261729818/uswds/dist/fonts/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.png" />  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-192.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-72.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-114.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-144.png">  <meta name="ncbi_sg_optimize_id" content="">  <meta name="theme-color" content="#20558a">  <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="ncbi_pinger_gtm_track" content="true"/>  <meta name="ncbi_app" content="pubmed" /> <meta name="ncbi_db" content="pubmed" /> <meta name="ncbi_phid" content="91BA00011E821A950000314FAD10DA77.1.m_7" /> <meta name="ncbi_pinger_stat_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/stat" /> <meta name="log_category" content="literature" /> <meta name="ncbi_cost_center" content="pubmed" />  <meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="abstract" /> <meta name="log_op" content="retrieve" /> <meta name="uid" content="12517231" /> <meta name="ncbi_uid" content="12517231" /> <meta name="log_displayeduids" content="12517231" /> <meta name="log_source_db" content="pubmed" /> <meta name="log_icons_present" content="true" />  <meta name="description" content="Neonatal HSV infection rates can be reduced by preventing maternal acquisition of genital HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection near term. It can also be reduced by cesarean delivery and limiting the use of invasive monitors among women shedding HSV at the time of labor."><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:12517231, doi:10.1001/jama.289.2.203, Multicenter Study, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Zane A Brown, Anna Wald, Lawrence Corey, Antibodies, Viral / blood, Cervix Uteri / virology, Cesarean Section*, Delivery, Obstetric, Female, Herpes Simplex / blood, Herpes Simplex / congenital*, Herpes Simplex / prevention & control, Herpes Simplex / transmission*, Herpesvirus 1, Human / isolation & purification*, Herpesvirus 2, Human / isolation & purification*, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* / prevention & control, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / blood, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / physiopathology*, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Virus Shedding, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12517231/"><meta property="og:description" content="Neonatal HSV infection rates can be reduced by preventing maternal acquisition of genital HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection near term. 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It can also be reduced by cesarean delivery and limiting the use of invasive monitors among women shedding HSV at the time of labor."><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ed1a5a1f-b279-475e-88e3-75f261729818/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Brown ZA;Wald A;Morrow RA;Selke S;Zeh J;Corey L;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="01/08/2003"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="JAMA"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="JAMA"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="12517231"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12517231/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="289"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1001/jama.289.2.203"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0098-7484"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12517231/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O85h6nccR9s7u7VMOCC5ydoEMYslmpHSMILwZC0yZO93MgHjqKuSHIV5DIFmiAHB"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O85h6nccR9s7u7VMOCC5ydoEMYslmpHSMILwZC0yZO93MgHjqKuSHIV5DIFmiAHB"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O85h6nccR9s7u7VMOCC5ydoEMYslmpHSMILwZC0yZO93MgHjqKuSHIV5DIFmiAHB"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O85h6nccR9s7u7VMOCC5ydoEMYslmpHSMILwZC0yZO93MgHjqKuSHIV5DIFmiAHB"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="12517231"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/vol/289/pg/203" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=7898&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=12517231&db=pubmed&nlmid=7501160" title="See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Silverchair Information Systems" data-ga-label="12517231" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--jama.jamanetwork.com-images-PUBMED_JAMA_full.gif" alt="full text provider logo"><span class="text"> Silverchair Information Systems </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="short-view"> <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"> Full text links </a> </div> </div> <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/12517231/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/12517231/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="12517231" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12517231%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O85h6nccR9s7u7VMOCC5ydoEMYslmpHSMILwZC0yZO93MgHjqKuSHIV5DIFmiAHB"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="social-sharing"> <h3 class="title"> Share </h3> <ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list"> <li> <a 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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2003 Jan 8;289(2):203-9.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1001/jama.289.2.203. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Brown+ZA&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Zane A Brown">Zane A Brown</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, USA. zbrown@u.washington.edu" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wald+A&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Anna Wald">Anna Wald</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Morrow+RA&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="R Ashley Morrow">R Ashley Morrow</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Selke+S&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stacy Selke">Stacy Selke</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zeh+J&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Judith Zeh">Judith Zeh</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Corey+L&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Lawrence Corey">Lawrence Corey</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/12517231/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, USA. zbrown@u.washington.edu</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">12517231</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1001/jama.289.2.203&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.203" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1001/jama.289.2.203 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <div class="publication-type" >Multicenter Study</div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Zane A Brown</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> JAMA<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2003">2003</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/12517231/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" 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href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wald+A&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Anna Wald">Anna Wald</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Morrow+RA&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="R Ashley Morrow">R Ashley Morrow</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Selke+S&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stacy Selke">Stacy Selke</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zeh+J&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Judith Zeh">Judith Zeh</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Corey+L&cauthor_id=12517231" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Lawrence Corey">Lawrence Corey</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, USA. zbrown@u.washington.edu</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">12517231</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1001/jama.289.2.203&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.203" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1001/jama.289.2.203 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/12517231/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/12517231/export/"><span 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<h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Context: </strong> Neonatal herpes most commonly results from fetal exposure to infected maternal genital secretions at the time of delivery. The risk of transmission from mother to infant as it relates to maternal herpes simplex virus (HSV) serologic status and exposure to HSV in the maternal genital tract at the time of labor has not been quantified. Furthermore, no data exist on whether cesarean delivery, the standard of care for women with genital herpes lesions at the time of delivery, reduces HSV transmission. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Objective: </strong> To determine the effects of viral shedding, maternal HSV serologic status, and delivery route on the risk of transmission of HSV from mother to infant. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Design: </strong> Prospective cohort of pregnant women enrolled between January 1982 and December 1999. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Settings: </strong> A university medical center, a US Army medical center, and 5 community hospitals in Washington State. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Patients: </strong> A total of 58 362 pregnant women, of whom 40 023 had HSV cultures obtained from the cervix and external genitalia and 31 663 had serum samples tested for HSV. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Main outcome measure: </strong> Rates of neonatal HSV infection. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Results: </strong> Among the 202 women from whom HSV was isolated at the time of labor, 10 (5%) had neonates with HSV infection (odds ratio [OR], 346; 95% confidence interval [CI], 125-956 for neonatal herpes when HSV was isolated vs not isolated). Cesarean delivery significantly reduced the HSV transmission rate among women from whom HSV was isolated (1 [1.2%] of 85 cesarean vs 9 [7.7%] of 117 vaginal; OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-1.08; P =.047). Other risk factors for neonatal HSV included first-episode infection (OR, 33.1; 95% CI, 6.5-168), HSV isolation from the cervix (OR, 32.6; 95% CI, 4.1-260), HSV-1 vs HSV-2 isolation at the time of labor (OR, 16.5; 95% CI, 4.1-65), invasive monitoring (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.4-32), delivery before 38 weeks (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.2-16), and maternal age less than 21 years (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.1-15). Neonatal HSV infection rates per 100 000 live births were 54 (95% CI, 19.8-118) among HSV-seronegative women, 26 (95% CI, 9.3-56) among women who were HSV-1-seropositive only, and 22 (95% CI, 4.4-64) among all HSV-2-seropositive women. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Conclusion: </strong> Neonatal HSV infection rates can be reduced by preventing maternal acquisition of genital HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection near term. It can also be reduced by cesarean delivery and limiting the use of invasive monitors among women shedding HSV at the time of labor. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="linked-articles" id="linked-commentary"> <h2 class="title"> Comment in </h2> <ul class="item-list usa-unstyled-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/12734123/" ref="article_id=12734123&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary"> Cesarean delivery and risk of herpes simplex virus infection. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Rouse DJ, Stringer JS.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Rouse DJ, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">JAMA. 2003 May 7;289(17):2208; author reply 2208-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.17.2208-a.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">JAMA. 2003.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">12734123</span></span> <span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item citation-part">No abstract available.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/12734124/" ref="article_id=12734124&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary"> Cesarean delivery and risk of herpes simplex virus infection. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Cohan D.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Cohan D.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">JAMA. 2003 May 7;289(17):2208; author reply 2208-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.17.2208-b.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">JAMA. 2003.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">12734124</span></span> <span class="no-abstract spaced-citation-item citation-part">No abstract available.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/1849612/" ref="article_id=1849612&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="1849612" data-ga-label=""> Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in relation to asymptomatic maternal infection at the time of labor. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors 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class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2002.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">12122323</span></span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> <span class="language spaced-citation-item citation-part">French.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12517231" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all similar articles </a> </div> </div> <div class="citedby-articles" id="citedby"> <h2 class="title"> Cited by </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="citedby-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/38784760/" ref="article_id=38784760&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="38784760" data-ga-label=""> Summary of the Centers for 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2023 Jun 22;11(7):1637. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11071637.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Microorganisms. 2023.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">37512810</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=12517231" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all "Cited by" articles </a> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Multicenter Study" tabindex="0" 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data-ga-label="Multicenter Study"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Multicenter Study"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Multicenter Study"[pt]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S." tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. </button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+U.S.+Gov%27t%2C+P.H.S.%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+U.S.+Gov%27t%2C+P.H.S.%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="pub_type" data-ga-label="Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+U.S.+Gov%27t%2C+P.H.S." data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="pub_type_link" data-ga-label="Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S."[pt]" data-ga-category="search" 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data-href="/?term=%22Antibodies%2C+Viral%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Antibodies, Viral/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Antibodies, Viral / blood"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Antibodies%2C+Viral" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Antibodies, Viral / blood"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Antibodies, Viral/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Antibodies, Viral/blood"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cervix Uteri / virology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cervix Uteri / virology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cervix Uteri / virology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cervix+Uteri%2Fvirology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cervix+Uteri%2Fvirology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cervix Uteri/virology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cervix Uteri / virology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cervix+Uteri" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cervix Uteri / virology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cervix Uteri/virology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cervix Uteri/virology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cesarean Section*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cesarean Section* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cesarean Section*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cesarean+Section%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cesarean+Section%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cesarean Section"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cesarean Section*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cesarean+Section" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cesarean Section*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cesarean Section"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cesarean Section"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Delivery, Obstetric" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Delivery, Obstetric </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Delivery, Obstetric"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Delivery%2C+Obstetric%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Delivery%2C+Obstetric%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Delivery, Obstetric"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Delivery, Obstetric"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Delivery%2C+Obstetric" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Delivery, Obstetric"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Delivery, Obstetric"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Delivery, Obstetric"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Female </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Female"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / blood" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Herpes Simplex / blood </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / blood"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Herpes Simplex/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / blood"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Herpes+Simplex" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / blood"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Herpes Simplex/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Herpes Simplex/blood"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / congenital*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Herpes Simplex / congenital* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / congenital*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Fcongenital%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Fcongenital%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Herpes Simplex/congenital"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / congenital*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Herpes+Simplex" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / congenital*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Herpes Simplex/congenital"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Herpes Simplex/congenital"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / prevention & control" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Herpes Simplex / prevention & control </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / prevention & control"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Herpes Simplex/prevention and control"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / prevention & control"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Herpes+Simplex" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / prevention & control"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Herpes Simplex/prevention and control"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Herpes Simplex/prevention and control"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / transmission*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Herpes Simplex / transmission* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Herpes Simplex / transmission*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Ftransmission%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Herpes+Simplex%2Ftransmission%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Herpes Simplex/transmission"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / transmission*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Herpes+Simplex" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Herpes Simplex / transmission*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Herpes Simplex/transmission"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Herpes Simplex/transmission"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Herpesvirus 1, Human / isolation & purification*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Herpesvirus 1, Human / isolation & purification* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Herpesvirus 1, Human / isolation & purification*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Herpesvirus+1%2C+Human%2Fisolation+and+purification%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Herpesvirus+1%2C+Human%2Fisolation+and+purification%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation and purification"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Herpesvirus 1, Human / isolation & purification*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Herpesvirus+1%2C+Human" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Herpesvirus 1, Human / isolation & purification*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation and purification"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation and purification"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Herpesvirus 2, Human / isolation & purification*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Herpesvirus 2, Human / isolation & purification* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Herpesvirus 2, Human / isolation & purification*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Herpesvirus+2%2C+Human%2Fisolation+and+purification%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Herpesvirus+2%2C+Human%2Fisolation+and+purification%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation and purification"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Herpesvirus 2, Human / isolation & purification*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Herpesvirus+2%2C+Human" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Herpesvirus 2, Human / isolation & purification*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation and purification"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation and purification"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Infant, Newborn" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Infant, Newborn </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Infant, Newborn"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Infant%2C+Newborn%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Infant%2C+Newborn%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Infant, Newborn"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Infant, Newborn"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Infant%2C+Newborn" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Infant, Newborn"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Infant, Newborn"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Infant, Newborn"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* / prevention & control" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* / prevention & control </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* / prevention & control"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Infectious+Disease+Transmission%2C+Vertical%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Infectious+Disease+Transmission%2C+Vertical%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention and control"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* / prevention & control"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Infectious+Disease+Transmission%2C+Vertical" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* / prevention & control"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention and control"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention and control"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pregnancy" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Pregnancy </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pregnancy"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Pregnancy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Pregnancy%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Pregnancy"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Pregnancy"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pregnancy" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Pregnancy"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pregnancy"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pregnancy"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / blood" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / blood </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / blood"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Pregnancy+Complications%2C+Infectious%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Pregnancy+Complications%2C+Infectious%2Fblood%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / blood"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pregnancy+Complications%2C+Infectious" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / blood"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / physiopathology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / physiopathology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / physiopathology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Pregnancy+Complications%2C+Infectious%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Pregnancy+Complications%2C+Infectious%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/physiopathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / physiopathology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pregnancy+Complications%2C+Infectious" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / physiopathology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/physiopathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/physiopathology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Prospective Studies" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Prospective Studies </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Prospective Studies"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Prospective+Studies%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Prospective+Studies%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Prospective Studies"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Prospective Studies"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Prospective+Studies" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Prospective Studies"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Prospective Studies"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Prospective Studies"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Risk Factors" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Risk Factors </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Risk Factors"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Risk+Factors%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Risk+Factors%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Risk Factors"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Risk Factors"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Risk+Factors" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Risk Factors"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Risk Factors"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Risk Factors"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Virus Shedding" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Virus Shedding </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Virus Shedding"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Virus+Shedding%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Virus+Shedding%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Virus Shedding"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Virus Shedding"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Virus+Shedding" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Virus Shedding"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Virus Shedding"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Virus Shedding"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Antibodies, Viral" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Antibodies, Viral </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword 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Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant - PubMed