CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913426b48bbed083',cH: 'C23MRJaM8VwsmuhMvjfziAvmHaXq1eIZ3aN6MVx8wm8-1739778256-1.2.1.1-YXvMJq7WMtCedlM3QPc7VA2grw59St1uujqnuNfrUUagAaPCLeYamJG7l3MEcooP',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=transition&__cf_chl_tk=K81sMVsfez4RzPHuf1D23mXkZ6bpPPE4lqpXO0eYEIY-1739778256-1.0.1.1-06HiiyHhhdInivgUl8atPFvz3XJcmxqu6pT8Y4aj_c8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739778256',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=transition&__cf_chl_f_tk=K81sMVsfez4RzPHuf1D23mXkZ6bpPPE4lqpXO0eYEIY-1739778256-1.0.1.1-06HiiyHhhdInivgUl8atPFvz3XJcmxqu6pT8Y4aj_c8",md: "y2O2ue_ApI0IfAi.MCEq36WHis9eJImqyYSjYSYDbxU-1739778256-1.2.1.1-UHv7I9k2fxTxzZ606QFgvMwGUHdD9YvtoZfPdkKLffMqUQTkV_uovSYLpjGSbikOLX6pN6yuJoFu1Qr5s.gdxpq3Vw5MmS7R7lpLyFg8eMwsODqjAtwyzsFA5u_rGnxkx8LkrCLXthbzolHxGwNkdL8hy23O_5LvCrgCMMxxnQI8cKFQsYnu2W_XhnO1jtTY6gClIZ7nbk66P23R6tTeETMTB9IdhSP9CVFno6Y5HGImwmyYXj9k7c6_KWHF15V21DmPshQgSmnPTAViXgCA0J7fe.pl9VfB46o48lgyaAIqVh8A6.RNoyskroqN9su.b7.YLEeaBDbpA935cYiIWxn8Fh7ObNmmCKLEz1RDj59ljr_4UpfvOD7efz3jZLjbpUW0DBIvgyhhZ_hDCz5KY.WYbfQ8Ivmsuakb7nO5RNmaxm9nOZnWIFBK0Mvxu7rJGQV2IW1SiDDsk9BTC5ErH_RD9wZ9RvqB5OAe7W55EhsKVqx4rZGjkOr6aF3ozoxXv7y.RKDO914oSQHw.ywXoDlLYrPW1JCsyimX5LJiINP4aAeEkwlGS.ZBhe6Qzpzr_M1cb1O9LB59wSsqO0_9QormQ7dRcbqSw3_W9f2WbplfczWIZu7e0BuSf7xS9Af1wrhY00qMVz3TdbbikNIo9IgCzW69PLREMxdI84YNPRk6Phn7vshUPLL07HvtTa7kHuBfsHcYV2tc_hLvtXVe9XOL0yF0jqHd.ZYQO2EFBphUw7YC.iv58piJnTnLvc_KEiPV8JwjegGwOa.7wzyi2IdNrvxT5UI1a8NKLSn7QpxcNZigzTnGJJpphZJxHI_LPny3RO8EP1lzAjXQc8s5TWSjVjocAI0LapWVs9VDIm2krynbSuSEzp8TVLJw43qt3u15xf7Gqy0ieE_8kNxFzqfI_yO3yDF1Am61S1OdwdUIid.BQGOYMlt8pNxdPTbB_uosudNpwp8BJZ7qAEN6IhHEFUfEDC7KqIBVkgdtFWCMkXc0lYmEt_cpdAfGEoZ2CVKKr09RZcEmmr3OoMz8ljWtLPW9ldft0yVHhAb7pk_aNtrGIz4bFpq7SQddrzjAcrfn0i0ML.vqZlNNysI1Nw3NW.cUPLwzEgTxkRbTjfS29sXloTHGLHAIjx7zY_Tym6gWMk_YZu.wqDIdNTqMn_Ttr5LXCtVzxhAgwg0MzNmLEUBowzPDnEwwbIbSGtMCczXotvYXToRk7jNWKAJ.ghzg5kWJKxx0E6wFdGtxconcWUMWkg16DUL8._ZYg93zZjf3GMLmRyaLDvXeqB4pDeTEGt9.0T6kAvDEnHQ3OXx16gXlF5_WAbHYB.sgfjzAyr8KSwXqUUWcynScqci8KefqD44iw6wD3wRbFzfdT8veTLsvGOyI6_SSCOfOIoCGicINKPlhCJ7nWdssGxJNPiV2wwydduPwryR2Cu__ia0gYK1AOIxYGf0mxOwOmnIAYujm25344Bo6KI9327Kexe23eMqkdS9UhTd5opmTV4f8AgpvfamApa5iSIuR25.nxeqAoRxG4a2RvxIaTDZukMIJIAQ.0JfhORK.Ymw3SGxgqqrEnHrrnOr3szUSRa1FPTSpjWca8gqtPiBe9JE4vjtza0KZQyyETSBvf2Tod4zCEovxKuQ_Z2F.bGL5KAvPYPnvsRqNse5IoB4II_7cX4rGCr_vOC3wXbqYG7yxa9gl71tQr34BU_ZXQBfiI0SHV4rjT8Q1FZgIgUkWTYWjmCysWv3qRSMkXu7hNwnMPIz.kA6aoQGM5v8ILq22lGPLdTDiXPqgC5gvuvGo.lDFBBOZlcRDEvxrKSaiEZM70Ftne4QHRmMj9Td00oZBbmVMAkZ6imMkGjMyh_UskoTApHJlTruDDnpnmKJoC8t6PDBK.kOFJuzM51X.LNXW_kC8vl7.5pI21TcVZ_T7QWgx6Q",mdrd: "UaMnaMBuNBzKMrA09uxU9xIU9s8VhFcmtgtGgQ9YuIk-1739778256-1.2.1.1-pzPK5W8PqOmQBcxE6vVCJ9ghpDHvk6ymArANddthlkV9UlHw4IERJQY.U.VVpuul83sFCGfbQzfxiic_gwwKS4HUDJBqH8KcCVrCBKUgrcdpnuY06QoYFNPkAYr1hIQfL.j7SxbuUsNqRuOJcT_k.eg.OwiN1wuympDfqGNoKyvL_P_sOro8bDCEtplvsEEqed0702tH._cyTaHNGk9FYEJd0hh._QGHexxGInIM17DVhx6qhL0YQahe7m9ieT1EUoFeqGUMd9eOcyGs.m1QspG6vE.iCBh_K6aukfTPSWHrlya3_s1m.6cb7KhMmlQceQGQ97kQpwG_hV1YTLFZJZnrsuTwKyf6MeU5rr7yYdEF2CV_hrQThU8vXsDGFXLxAQFgKS3qSW01us_E_X6dfa4cz3gq0FGi8fR8dAB3zYTeT3U9uOXbsUgPqlfhnGPMSM2E8cbAWnq4om6FZV47ZGMcapBalCn_wGAKvgflK40bhjvmnQ0BksTOucN7Ik1wscfv_hhvor48glQr.NrrHLiqKbH_5MADi8g4.3nMuBWlv3Ay4DWYZxSnXqMipP8vhL4.EvYzpqiXVlyWM3OR2DLJiWQ9ryyyl7ETLmkmfBvimeIoB1nIA.zyFpop1HO2SPjnBAWmFo1FePLGyMGoyUBmTAcADkNIelPWjMfuicUO.2XI10knfWw5PalqdnM_jgpjKYJxAbU6Hy6YOFKAnO2oqFKrX5_jmAxPcq2XKQvRgzkgb6Zngx6_w8pBoIOLY9_4qWHJ8P7YhOJ0horNs5HFE3dlwobrkwNVvzvPX3KJSYVKvyGBl8hNo3GIrrAAWIenwJBXAO3Fb2Tf7Q1wjZMVdZJ7xZWFnJB8EIpqJu0BGNYXJhgY4x9QqoQwn6oCAuSRSnPvOFeTbXEuNwy2uMlWjeHqXLtN6ii.qK3aVJEr1s14wxIdDvT.Q.ooWfeE.7og0JekO22sVW_4wpkZD4cNbn_58pIWq6wBSN8Xla0nQ3LfO_.2FbIfEJmbwJD77uNVHxp6I6Te0utkAH6uqvnbJTPkXhyf0DJX71NhRLp9nodWssN2RP5EGPWtVZgrCyNwj7_da4TUF2RL2ydeqf3Ldel0JYmnI74Jprog24pSx78tRnQmEKaAzglS91CihfTdjWSVunIdCkGd75O4TCx5icNOCYUMqRHvCR_oVw1K7N.v_tIj_P9Q.az05lH5W_iNQY.H79esucVM85rDwh_PiyQtP5j7xh.pZQwF0G1iHNl1PXeUH9HFBQXGze51vde7Uc.9e4hPTM9R6fbdIHYD_braisq8y.3KOw7Obw0iHGWTxQcpVvZl0Pc__o6LRjm1FA4r9b3cD7KFDEdvENn14RqgEMnUT_dkAn2va6_Xott2vX5RFi39Oyl9JcE6SL.V3qJj30b7tHorr60fE95zXkCzbzCOij9JAdSfbM4S4UO_HQEilufqL9dPdpPQ8FaEKqnfKovhqhcp42Nn7RHtx5QawwGx1cUHz2kr0HEMBWBF0RZli3B.UkAgdDExJzjr6v0FtKTGKoFqHr8nN_ewOfBP270nGu8wntXBuv08rzDTUNj_TgCo9eeozqOJ8h6ew8uG0g9gx_obwKiojHLhuFsO7zHtF8u5hlxsGd_rUPl9a4i0lSj1VJkNG9P0FLVcXio.90fRwnElxGrRq.DnDvhg_UNYT27_s2KZ8OAN3ff9y6a20SE6OX87u8_3R.embY8GHMEd48EQRRifP6.kLOaPn7HygxboIA_JyXGmVxNvtlSCVrAFo.m7gZhCnEbYJhiNzkqAHTVZl3MMcHnRdl0Sw3RfWi_RtO06MgsK.gcKzZn49ivMPPLJ1r63wMbhXs2UbxTvhoU.XY6jHmBR9k_d0aLtN3fNNXPSmOANTaiAfceaHbRQaUMUMMYYa.qUxj72ARz2VX70JFniSQWatN.2kb0dvEw_2RgpmkprZXq9XurVuWHPdWKgo7pgJNiJOgzYRhiILRUSoRmq.A"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913426b48bbed083';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=transition&__cf_chl_rt_tk=K81sMVsfez4RzPHuf1D23mXkZ6bpPPE4lqpXO0eYEIY-1739778256-1.0.1.1-06HiiyHhhdInivgUl8atPFvz3XJcmxqu6pT8Y4aj_c8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>