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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign affairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panama:_Operation_Just_Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama:_Operation_Just_Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Panama: Operation Just Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama:_Operation_Just_Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>End of the Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Eastern_Bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Fall of the Eastern Bloc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Eastern_Bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Dissolution of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Desert_Storm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Desert_Storm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Operation Desert Storm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Desert_Storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NAFTA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NAFTA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>NAFTA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NAFTA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Domestic affairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestic affairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_budget_reconciliation_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_budget_reconciliation_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1990 budget reconciliation process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_budget_reconciliation_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employee_Leave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employee_Leave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Employee Leave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employee_Leave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savings_and_loan_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savings_and_loan_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Savings and loan crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savings_and_loan_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Points_of_Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Points of Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Points_of_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Other initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pardons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Pardons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Elections during the Bush presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elections during the Bush presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990_mid-term_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_mid-term_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1990 mid-term elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_mid-term_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992_re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>1992 re-election campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lost_re-election_and_transition_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_re-election_and_transition_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Lost re-election and transition period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_re-election_and_transition_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Evaluation and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evaluation and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evaluation_of_his_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_of_his_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Evaluation of his foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_of_his_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%B4._%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88._%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="رئاسة جورج إتش. دبليو. بوش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئاسة جورج إتش. دبليو. بوش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_George_H._W._Bush" title="Présidence de George H. W. Bush – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Présidence de George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenza_di_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidenza di George H. W. Bush – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidenza di George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%86_%DA%89%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د جورج ايچ ډبليو بوش ولسمشري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جورج ايچ ډبليو بوش ولسمشري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabinet_George%E2%80%99a_H.W._Busha" title="Gabinet George’a H.W. Busha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gabinet George’a H.W. Busha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presid%C3%AAncia_de_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidência de George H. W. Bush – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidência de George H. W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Президентство Джорджа Герберта Вокера Буша – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Президентство Джорджа Герберта Вокера Буша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1719914#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. presidential administration from 1989 to 1993</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with that of his son, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the administration in which he served as vice president under Ronald Reagan, see <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency of Ronald Reagan</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><img alt="George H. W. Bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal; padding-top:2px;">Official portrait, 1989</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><span style="font-size:120%">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</span></b></span><br />January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993</td></tr><tr><th><div align="left">Vice President</div></th><td><div><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#Administration">See list</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Election</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 8px;" /> <div class="center"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:6px 0 2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div><br /><div style="line-height:normal; min-height:1px; padding-bottom:;"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the president of the United States">Seal of the President</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="margin-top:7px; padding-top:0;"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bush41.org/">Library website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>'s tenure as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">41st president of the United States</a> began with <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">his inauguration</a> on January 20, 1989, and ended on January 20, 1993. Bush, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> for two terms under President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, took office following his landslide victory over <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>. His presidency ended following his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 presidential election</a> to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, after one term in office. Bush was the father of the 43rd president, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. </p><p>International affairs drove the Bush presidency, which navigated the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and a new era of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">U.S.–Soviet relations</a>. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, Bush successfully pushed for the <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunification of Germany</a> in close cooperation with West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, overcoming the reluctance of <a href="/wiki/Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>. He also led an <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">international coalition of countries</a> which invaded and defeated <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> after it invaded <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. On a smaller scale he directed a <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">military invasion to overthrow a dictator in Panama</a>. Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>, which created a trilateral <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> consisting of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. </p><p>In domestic affairs, Bush faced a large <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">federal budget deficit</a>. Despite insisting he was <a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">pledged to not raise taxes</a>, Bush agreed to a budget with the Democratic-controlled Congress that raised taxes and cut spending. </p><p>In the aftermath of allied victory in the Gulf War, Bush was widely considered likely to win re-election, but Clinton defeated Bush with third party candidate Ross Perot taking a large chunk of the electorate. Despite his defeat, Bush left office with a 56 percent job approval rating, and he remained popular with the public until his death in 2018. In <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">polls of historians and political scientists</a>, George H.W. Bush is generally ranked as an above-average president. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1988_election">1988 election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1988 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/75px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/113px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1634" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">George H. W. Bush</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of things named after George H. W. Bush">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George H. W. Bush">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_%26_Public_Service" title="Bush School of Government & Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Points_of_Light" title="Points of Light">Points of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">43rd Vice President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">first inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">second inauguration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">Reagan assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Vice presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1980 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1984 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">41st President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">Thousand points of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Operation Restore Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Policies</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Foreign</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Federal judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"No new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush's signature"><img alt="George H. W. Bush's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/150px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/225px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/300px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="132" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush_series" title="Template:George H. W. Bush series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush_series" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_H._W._Bush_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George H. W. Bush series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_elections" title="1988 United States elections">1988 United States elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">1988 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 Republican National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1988 Electoral College vote results</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_George_Bush_Barbara_Bush_Dan_Quayle_Marilyn_Quayle_Photo_Op_with_Newly_Elected_George_Bush_and_Dan_Quayle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_George_Bush_Barbara_Bush_Dan_Quayle_Marilyn_Quayle_Photo_Op_with_Newly_Elected_George_Bush_and_Dan_Quayle.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_George_Bush_Barbara_Bush_Dan_Quayle_Marilyn_Quayle_Photo_Op_with_Newly_Elected_George_Bush_and_Dan_Quayle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_George_Bush_Barbara_Bush_Dan_Quayle_Marilyn_Quayle_Photo_Op_with_Newly_Elected_George_Bush_and_Dan_Quayle.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_George_Bush_Barbara_Bush_Dan_Quayle_Marilyn_Quayle_Photo_Op_with_Newly_Elected_George_Bush_and_Dan_Quayle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_George_Bush_Barbara_Bush_Dan_Quayle_Marilyn_Quayle_Photo_Op_with_Newly_Elected_George_Bush_and_Dan_Quayle.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_George_Bush_Barbara_Bush_Dan_Quayle_Marilyn_Quayle_Photo_Op_with_Newly_Elected_George_Bush_and_Dan_Quayle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2685" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a>, Vice President and President-elect George H. W. Bush with his wife <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara</a>, and Vice President-elect <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Quayle" title="Marilyn Quayle">Marilyn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden" title="White House Rose Garden">White House Rose Garden</a> on November 9, 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>Having served in various government positions, particularly the position of <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the CIA">Director of the CIA</a>, Bush sought the presidential nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980 Republican primaries</a>. He was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, a conservative former governor from California. Seeking to balance the ticket with an ideological moderate, Reagan <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selected</a> Bush as his running mate. Reagan triumphed over incumbent <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 presidential election</a>, and Bush took office as vice president in 1981. Bush enjoyed warm relations with Reagan, and the vice president served as an important adviser and made numerous public appearances on behalf of the Reagan administration.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush entered the <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">1988 Republican presidential primaries</a> in October 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promised to provide "steady, experienced leadership", and Reagan privately supported his candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's major rivals for the Republican nomination were Senate Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> of New York, and Christian <a href="/wiki/Televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Televangelist">televangelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though considered the early front-runner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucus</a>, behind Dole and Robertson.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due in part to a financial advantage over Dole, Bush rebounded with a victory in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, then won South Carolina and 16 of the 17 states holding a primary on <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>. Bush's competitors dropped out of the race soon after Super Tuesday.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush, occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan, delivered a well-received speech at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 Republican National Convention</a>. Known as the "<a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">thousand points of light</a>" speech, it described Bush's vision of America: he endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">prayer in schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">capital punishment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">gun rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also pledged that he would not raise taxes, stating: "Congress will push me to raise taxes, and I'll say no, and they'll push, and I'll say no, and they'll push again. And all I can say to them is: read my lips. No new taxes."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selected</a> little-known Senator <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> as his running mate. Though Quayle had compiled an unremarkable record in Congress, he was popular among many conservatives, and the campaign hoped that Quayle's youth would appeal to younger voters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Bush won a swift victory in the Republican primaries, many in the press referred to the Democratic presidential candidates as the "Seven Dwarfs" due to a lack of notable party leaders in the field. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> and Governor <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a> both declined to enter the race, while the campaigns of former Senator <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> both ended in controversy. Ultimately, Governor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a>, known for presiding over an economic turnaround in Massachusetts, emerged as the Democratic presidential nominee, defeating <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, and several other candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading in the polls, Dukakis launched a low-risk campaign that proved ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of strategist <a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Lee Atwater</a>, the Bush campaign attacked Dukakis as an unpatriotic liberal extremist. The campaign seized on <a href="/wiki/Willie_Horton" title="Willie Horton">Willie Horton</a>, a convicted felon from Massachusetts who had raped a woman while on a <a href="/wiki/Prison_furlough" title="Prison furlough">prison furlough</a>; the Bush campaign charged that Dukakis presided over a "<a href="/wiki/Revolving_door" title="Revolving door">revolving door</a>" that allowed dangerous convicted felons to leave prison.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis damaged his own campaign with a widely mocked ride in an <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tank and a poor performance at the second presidential debate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush defeated Dukakis by a margin of 426 to 111 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>, and he took 53.4 percent of the national popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush ran well in all the major regions of the country, but especially in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the first sitting vice president to be elected president since <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> in 1836, as well as the first person to succeed a president from his own party via election since <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the concurrent <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_elections" title="1988 United States elections">congressional elections</a>, Democrats retained control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inauguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration of George H. W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg/220px-George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg/440px-George_H._W._Bush_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> administering the oath of office to President Bush during Inaugural ceremonies at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, January 20, 1989.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">inaugurated</a> on January 20, 1989, succeeding Ronald Reagan. He entered office at a period of change in the world; the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> came in his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-white_house_bio_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white_house_bio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his inaugural address, Bush said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Bush would go on to describe his vision of the nation, saying:</p><blockquote><p>America today is a proud, free nation, decent and civil, a place we cannot help but love. We know in our hearts, not loudly and proudly, but as a simple fact, that this country has meaning beyond what we see, and that our strength is a force for good. But have we changed as a nation even in our time? Are we enthralled with material things, less appreciative of the nobility of work and sacrifice? My friends, we are not the sum of our possessions. They are not the measure of our lives. In our hearts we know what matters. We cannot hope only to leave our children a bigger car, a bigger bank account. We must hope to give them a sense of what it means to be a loyal friend, a loving parent, a citizen who leaves his home, his neighborhood and town better than he found it. What do we want the men and women who work with us to say when we are no longer there? That we were more driven to succeed than anyone around us? Or that we stopped to ask if a sick child had gotten better, and stayed a moment there to trade a word of friendship?</p></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_H._W._Bush_poses_with_his_cabinet_for_the_1992_Official_Cabinet_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/President_George_H._W._Bush_poses_with_his_cabinet_for_the_1992_Official_Cabinet_portrait.jpg/260px-President_George_H._W._Bush_poses_with_his_cabinet_for_the_1992_Official_Cabinet_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/President_George_H._W._Bush_poses_with_his_cabinet_for_the_1992_Official_Cabinet_portrait.jpg/390px-President_George_H._W._Bush_poses_with_his_cabinet_for_the_1992_Official_Cabinet_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/President_George_H._W._Bush_poses_with_his_cabinet_for_the_1992_Official_Cabinet_portrait.jpg/520px-President_George_H._W._Bush_poses_with_his_cabinet_for_the_1992_Official_Cabinet_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>President George H. W. Bush and his cabinet in 1992</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Bush cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a></th><td>1989–1992</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a></th><td>1992–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a></th><td>1988–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a></th><td>1988–1991</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a></th><td>1991–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lujan_Jr." title="Manuel Lujan Jr.">Manuel Lujan Jr.</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a></th><td>1989–1991</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Madigan" title="Ed Madigan">Ed Madigan</a></th><td>1991–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mosbacher" title="Robert Mosbacher">Robert Mosbacher</a></th><td>1989–1992</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Franklin" title="Barbara Franklin">Barbara Franklin</a></th><td>1992–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></th><td>1989–1990</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_M._Martin" title="Lynn M. Martin">Lynn M. Martin</a></th><td>1991–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and<br />Human Services</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_W._Sullivan" title="Louis W. Sullivan">Louis W. Sullivan</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and<br />Urban Development</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Skinner" title="Samuel K. Skinner">Samuel K. Skinner</a></th><td>1989–1991</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a></th><td>1992–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">James D. Watkins</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a></th><td>1988–1990</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></th><td>1991–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">Ed Derwinski</a></th><td>1989–1992</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of<br />Management and Budget</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Darman" title="Richard Darman">Richard Darman</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">United States Trade Representative</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Anderson Hills</a></th><td>1989–1993</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">none</th><td>1989–1992</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a></th><td>1992–1993</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bush's first major appointment was that of <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> as Secretary of State; Baker was Bush's closest friend and had served as Reagan's <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greene5355_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene5355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's first pick for Defense Secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a>, was rejected by the Senate, becoming the first cabinet nominee of an incoming president to be rejected. Leadership of the Department of Defense instead went to <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, who had previously served as <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>'s Chief of Staff and would later serve as vice president under <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemp joined the administration as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, while <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a>, the wife of Bob Dole and a former Secretary of Transportation, became the Secretary of Labor under Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush retained several Reagan officials, including Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a>, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a>, and Secretary of Education <a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most of his predecessors since <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, Bush concentrated executive power in the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Hampshire Governor <a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">John H. Sununu</a>, a strong supporter of Bush during the 1988 campaign, became chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-greene5355_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene5355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sununu would oversee the administration's domestic policy until his resignation in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson,_p._232_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson,_p._232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Darman" title="Richard Darman">Richard Darman</a>, who had previously served in the Treasury Department, became the Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a>, a role he had also held under Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the Reagan era <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>, Bush and Scowcroft reorganized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>, vesting power in it as an important policy-making body. Scowcroft's deputy, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a>, emerged as an influential member of the National Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important foreign policy adviser was General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, a former National Security Advisor who Bush selected as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning mid-May 1991, several damaging stories about Sununu, many of them involving taxpayer funded trips on air force jets, surfaced. Bush was reluctant to dismiss Sununu until December 1991, when Sununu was forced to resign. Secretary of Transportation <a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Skinner" title="Samuel K. Skinner">Samuel K. Skinner</a>, who earned plaudits for his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a>, replaced Sununu as chief of staff. <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a> also joined the administration as a <a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a> for domestic policy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baker became chief of staff in August 1992 and was succeeded as Secretary of State by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Vice President Quayle enjoyed warm relations with Bush, and he served as a liaison to conservative members of Congress. However, his influence did not rival that of leading staffers and cabinet members like Baker and Sununu. Quayle was often mocked for his verbal gaffes, and opinion polls taken in mid-1992 showed him to be the least popular vice president since <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>. Some Republicans urged Bush to dump Quayle from the ticket in 1992, but Bush decided that picking a new running mate would be a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-quaylesenate_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quaylesenate-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judicial appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <p>Bush appointed two justices to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. In 1990, Bush appointed a largely unknown state appellate judge, <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>, to replace liberal icon <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Brennan, Jr.">William Brennan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-souter1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Souter had come under consideration for the Supreme Court vacancy through the efforts of Chief of Staff Sununu, a fellow native of New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Souter was easily confirmed and served until 2009, but joined the liberal bloc of the court, disappointing Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-souter1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Bush nominated conservative federal judge <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, a long-time liberal stalwart. Thomas, the former head of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC), <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">faced heavy opposition</a> in the Senate, as well as from <a href="/wiki/United_States_pro-choice_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States pro-choice movement">pro-choice groups</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. His nomination faced another difficulty when <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> accused Thomas of having sexually harassed her during his time as the chair of EEOC. Thomas won confirmation in a narrow 52–48 vote; 43 Republicans and 9 Democrats voted to confirm Thomas's nomination, while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans voted against confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas became one of the most conservative justices of his era, who would go on to contribute to landmark Supreme Court decisions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022).<sup id="cite_ref-ntotenberg_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntotenberg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_courts">Other courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies</a></div> <p>Bush sent candidates selected by the Justice Department to the Senate, including 42 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a>, and 148 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>. Among these appointments were future Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_R._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughn R. Walker">Vaughn R. Walker</a>, who was later revealed to be the earliest known gay federal judge.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_20110406_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_20110406-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also experienced a number of <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">judicial appointment controversies</a>, as 11 nominees for 10 <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal appellate judgeships</a> were not processed by the Democratically controlled <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, by the end of Bush's tenure, Republican appointees made up a majority of the membership of each of the thirteen federal appeals courts.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_HW_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/George_HW_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/310px-George_HW_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/George_HW_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/465px-George_HW_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/George_HW_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/620px-George_HW_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">Bush made 26 international trips</a> to 37 different countries during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_on_telephone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/George_H._W._Bush_on_telephone.jpg/310px-George_H._W._Bush_on_telephone.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/George_H._W._Bush_on_telephone.jpg/465px-George_H._W._Bush_on_telephone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/George_H._W._Bush_on_telephone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Bush speaks on the telephone regarding Operation Just Cause with General <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> and Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">John H. Sununu</a>, 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>The main themes of the Bush foreign policy were:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>End of the Cold War: The most significant foreign policy achievement of the Bush administration was overseeing the peaceful end of the Cold War. Bush played a crucial role in managing the transition as the Soviet Union dissolved, ensuring stability and avoiding a potential conflict between the two superpowers.</li> <li>Strategic Arms Reduction: Bush pursued arms control agreements with the Soviet Union to reduce the nuclear weapons arsenals of both countries. He signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, leading to substantial reductions in nuclear weapons stockpiles.</li> <li>Gulf War: Bush led an international coalition in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The Gulf War aimed to liberate Kuwait and protect regional stability. The operation, known as Operation Desert Storm, successfully expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait but stopped short of removing Saddam Hussein from power.</li> <li>Multilateralism and Coalition-Building: Bush emphasized the importance of multilateralism and building international coalitions to address global challenges. This approach was evident in the Gulf War, where he garnered support from numerous nations and assembled a coalition of forces.</li> <li>Support for Democracy and Human Rights: Bush advocated for democracy and human rights worldwide. He backed democratic transitions in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall and supported pro-democracy movements in countries like China and Myanmar (formerly Burma). He invaded Panama to remove a dictator who violated human rights.</li> <li>Free Trade: Bush was a strong advocate for free trade. He negotiated and signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, aiming to enhance economic cooperation and remove trade barriers.</li> <li>China Policy: Bush sought to improve relations with China and expand economic ties while also urging progress on human rights. He played a role in normalizing diplomatic relations with China and supported its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO).</li> <li>Mideast Peace Process: Bush made efforts to advance the Middle East peace process. He hosted the 1991 Madrid Conference, which brought together Israeli and Arab leaders for peace talks, setting the stage for future negotiations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama:_Operation_Just_Cause">Panama: Operation Just Cause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Panama: Operation Just Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></div> <p>During the 1980s, the U.S. had supplied aid to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>, an anti-Communist dictator of Panama who engaged in drug trafficking. In May 1989, Noriega annulled the results of a democratic presidential election. Bush objected to the annulment of the election and worried about the status of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> seeing Noriega as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson226227_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson226227-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an American serviceman was killed by Noriega forces in December 1989, Bush ordered 24,000 troops into the country with an objective of removing Noriega from power. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a>, known as "Operation Just Cause", was the first large-scale American military operation in more than 40 years that was not related to the Cold War. American forces quickly took control of the Panama Canal Zone and <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>. Noriega surrendered on January 3, and was quickly transported for trial in the United States. Twenty-three Americans died in the operation, while another 394 were wounded. Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992. Historian Stewart Brewer argues that the invasion "represented a new era in American foreign policy" because Bush did not justify the invasion under the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> or the threat of Communism, but rather on the grounds that it was in the best interests of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Cold_War">End of the Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: End of the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_the_Eastern_Bloc">Fall of the Eastern Bloc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fall of the Eastern Bloc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.svg/170px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.svg/255px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.svg/340px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the division of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> until 1990, with <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reagan and <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> had eased Cold War tensions during Reagan's second term, but Bush was initially skeptical of Soviet intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first year of his tenure, Bush pursued what Soviets referred to as the <i>pauza</i>, a break in Reagan's détente policies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Bush implemented his <i>pauza</i> policy in 1989, Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe challenged Soviet domination.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Communist governments fell in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, while the governments of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> instituted major reforms. In November 1989, the government of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, and it was subsequently demolished by gleeful Berliners.<sup id="cite_ref-herring904906_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herring904906-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Soviet leaders urged Gorbachev to crush the dissidents in Eastern Europe, but Gorbachev declined to send in the Soviet military, effectively abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene,_pp._122–123_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene,_pp._122–123-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. was not directly involved in these upheavals, but the Bush administration avoided the appearance of gloating over the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> to avoid undermining further democratic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-herring904906_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herring904906-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also helped convince Polish leaders to allow democratic elections and became the first sitting U.S. president to visit Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-1989, as unrest blanketed Eastern Europe, Bush requested a meeting with Gorbachev, and the two agreed to hold the December 1989 <a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene,_pp._122–123_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene,_pp._122–123-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Malta summit, Bush sought cooperative relations with Gorbachev throughout the remainder of his term, believing that the Soviet leader was the key to peacefully ending the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1990 Bush identified free elections, political pluralism, and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> as the cornerstones of freedom and urged that they be enshrined among the principles of the 35-nation <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (CSCE). By June, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Max_Kampelman" title="Max Kampelman">Max Kampelman</a>, this major historic achievement the security architecture of Europe was anchored.<sup id="cite_ref-bush41doc_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bush41doc-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Britain and France were wary of a re-unified Germany, Bush pushed for German reunification alongside <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heilbrunn_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heilbrunn-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorbachev also resisted the idea of a reunified Germany, especially if it became part of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, but the upheavals of the previous year had sapped his power at home and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Two-Plus-Four" talks among the U.S., the Soviet Union, France, Britain, West Germany, and East Germany began in 1990. After extensive negotiations, Gorbachev eventually agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO. With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany_(Two-Plus-Four_Treaty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (Two-Plus-Four Treaty)">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a>, Germany officially reunified in October 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/220px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/330px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/440px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Bush and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a> in 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>Gorbachev suppressed nationalist movements within the Soviet Union itself.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union had <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupied</a> and annexed the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in the 1940s, and many of the residents had never accepted Soviet rule. Lithuania's March 1990 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">proclamation of independence</a> was strongly opposed by Gorbachev, who feared that the Soviet Union could fall apart if he allowed Lithuania's independence. The United States had never recognized the Soviet incorporation of the Baltic states, and the crisis in Lithuania left Bush in a difficult position. Bush needed Gorbachev's cooperation in the reunification of Germany, and he feared that the collapse of the Soviet Union could leave nuclear arms in dangerous hands. Bush warned independence movements of the disorder that could come with secession from the Soviet Union; in a 1991 address that critics labeled the "<a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev speech</a>", he cautioned against "suicidal nationalism".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">coup</a> against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">general secretary of the Communist party</a>, and Russian president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> ordered Russia to seize property previously controlled by the Kremlin. Gorbachev's power evaporated but he clung to nominal office as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President of the Soviet Union</a> until December 1991, when the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Fifteen states</a> emerged from the USSR, and of those states, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> was the largest and most populous. Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of friendship. In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a>, which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States and the Soviet Union had been the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, and now only the USA remained in that status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gulf War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bush_troops.jpg/220px-Bush_troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bush_troops.jpg/330px-Bush_troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bush_troops.jpg/440px-Bush_troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>President Bush visited American troops in Saudi Arabia on <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a>, 1990</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg/220px-Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg/330px-Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg/440px-Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Iraq (green) invaded Kuwait (orange) in 1990</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iraqi invasion of Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> had invaded <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1980, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, which finally ended in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson230232_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson230232-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">U.S. had supported Iraq</a> during that war due to U.S. hostility towards Iran, but Bush decided not to renew loans to Iraq because of Hussein's brutal crack-down on dissent and his threats to attack <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Faced with massive debts and low oil prices, Hussein decided to conquer the country of Kuwait, a small, oil-rich country situated on Iraq's southern border.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Iraq <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invaded</a> Kuwait in August 1990, Bush imposed <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">economic sanctions</a> on Iraq and assembled a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">multi-national coalition</a> opposed to the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson230232_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson230232-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration feared that a failure to respond to the invasion would embolden Hussein to attack <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> or Israel, and wanted to discourage other countries from similar aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the international community agreed; <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> stated that "if Iraq wins, no small state is safe."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also wanted to ensure continued access to oil, as Iraq and Kuwait collectively accounted for 20 percent of the world's oil production, and Saudi Arabia produced another 26 percent of the world's oil supply.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation for a military operation against Iraq, the United States transferred thousands of soldiers to Saudi Arabia, and General <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.</a> developed an invasion plan.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For several weeks, the Bush administration considered the possibility of foregoing the use of force against Iraq, with the hope that economic sanctions and international pressure would eventually convince Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Bush's insistence, in November 1990, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> approved a resolution authorizing the use of force if Iraq did not withdrawal from Kuwait by January 15, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson,_p._232_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson,_p._232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorbachev's support, as well as China's abstention, helped ensure passage of the UN resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush convinced Britain, France, and other nations to commit soldiers to an operation against Iraq, and he won important financial backing from Germany, Japan, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Desert_Storm">Operation Desert Storm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operation Desert Storm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1991, Bush asked Congress to approve a joint resolution authorizing a war against Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson232233_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson232233-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush believed that the UN resolution had already provided him with the necessary authorization to launch a military operation against Iraq, but he wanted to show that the nation was united behind a military action.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking before a joint session of the Congress regarding the authorization of air and land attacks, Bush laid out four immediate objectives: "Iraq must withdraw from Kuwait completely, immediately, and without condition. Kuwait's legitimate government must be restored. The security and stability of the Persian Gulf must be assured. And American citizens abroad must be protected." He then outlined a fifth, long-term objective: "Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective – a new world order – can emerge: a new era – freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and live in harmony.... A world where the rule of law supplants the rule of the jungle. A world in which nations recognize the shared responsibility for freedom and justice. A world where the strong respect the rights of the weak."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the opposition of a majority of Democrats in both the House and the Senate, Congress approved the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_1991" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson232233_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson232233-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell,_General_Scowcroft,_Secretary_James_Baker,_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/220px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/330px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg/440px-President_Bush_meets_with_General_Colin_Powell%2C_General_Scowcroft%2C_Secretary_James_Baker%2C_Vice_President_Quayle..._-_NARA_-_186429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption>Bush meets with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, Secretary <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and others about the situation in the Persian Gulf and Operation <a href="/wiki/Desert_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Shield">Desert Shield</a>, January 15, 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>After the January 15 deadline passed without an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, U.S. and coalition forces began a 39-day bombing of the Iraqi capital of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and other Iraqi positions. The bombing devastated Iraq's power grid and communications network, and resulted in the desertion of about 100,000 Iraqi soldiers. In retaliation, Iraq launched <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> missiles at Israel and Saudi Arabia, but most of the missiles did little damage. On February 23, coalition forces began a ground invasion into Kuwait, evicting Iraqi forces by the end of February 27. About 300 Americans, as well as approximately 65 soldiers from other coalition nations, died during the military action.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson233235_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson233235-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cease fire was arranged on March 3, and the UN passed a resolution establishing a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission">peacekeeping force</a> in a demilitarized zone between Kuwait and Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A March 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll showed that Bush had an approval rating of 89 percent, the highest presidential approval rating in the history of Gallup polling.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the military action, the coalition forces did not pursue Iraqi forces across the border, leaving Hussein and his elite <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a> in control of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson233235_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson233235-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred incalculable human and political costs.... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His decision not to press the attack remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Secretary of Defense Cheney noted, "Once we had rounded <a href="/wiki/Hussein" title="Hussein">Hussein</a> up and gotten rid of his government, then the question is what do you put in his place?"<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the war, the Bush administration encouraged rebellions against Iraq, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Shia Arabs</a> both <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">rose against Hussein</a>. The U.S. declined to intervene in the rebellion, and Hussein violently suppressed the uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1991, the UN maintained economic sanctions against Iraq, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations Special Commission</a> was assigned to ensure that Iraq did not revive its <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></div> <p>One of Bush's priorities was strengthening relations between the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC), and Bush had developed a warm relationship with Chinese leader <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> prior to taking office. Despite the personal rapport between Bush and Deng, human rights issues presented a serious challenge to Bush's China policy.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1989, students and other individuals protested in favor of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">democracy</a> and intellectual freedom across two hundred cities in the PRC. In June 1989, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> violently suppressed a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square Massacre">Tiananmen Square Massacre</a>. Bush was eager to maintain good relations with the PRC, which had drawn increasingly closer to the United States since the 1970s, but he was outraged by the PRC's handling of the protests. In response to the Tiananmen Square Massacre, the United States imposed economic sanctions and cut military ties.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bush also decided that Tiananmen should not interrupt Sino-U.S. relations. Thus he secretly sent special envoy <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> to Beijing to meet with Deng, and, the economic sanctions that had been levied against China were lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Washington University revealed that, through high-level secret channels on 30 June 1989, the US government conveyed to the government of the People's Republic of China that the events around the Tiananmen Square protests were an "internal affair".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a> and his wife remained in the US Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed by Chinese authorities to leave the embassy and board a U.S. Air Force C-135 transport plane to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resolution partly came about after confidential negotiations between <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, acting on behalf of US President Bush, and Deng.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors were a <a href="/wiki/False_confession" title="False confession">false confession</a> by Fang, an attempted intervention by Scowcroft, and an offer from the Japanese government to resume loans to the PRC in return for the resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem."<sup id="cite_ref-Confession_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confession-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NAFTA">NAFTA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: NAFTA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/330px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/440px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: (standing) President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Salinas">Carlos Salinas</a>, President Bush, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>; (seated) <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Serra_Puche" title="Jaime Serra Puche">Jaime Serra Puche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Carla Hills">Carla Hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> at the NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, the U.S. and Canada had reached a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> that eliminated many tariffs between the two countries. President Reagan had intended it as the first step towards a larger trade agreement to eliminate most tariffs among the United States, Canada, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico had resisted becoming involved in the agreement at the time, but <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> expressed a willingness to negotiate a free trade agreement after he took office in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-greene222223_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene222223-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bush administration, along with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prime Minister">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, spearheaded the negotiations of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) with Mexico. In addition to lowering tariffs, the proposed treaty would restrict patents, copyrights, and trademarks.<sup id="cite_ref-fedex_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedex-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Bush sought <a href="/wiki/Fast_track_(trade)" title="Fast track (trade)">fast track</a> authority, which grants the president the power to submit an international trade agreement to Congress without the possibility of amendment. Despite congressional opposition led by House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a>, both houses of Congress voted to grant Bush fast track authority. NAFTA was signed in December 1992, after Bush lost re-election,<sup id="cite_ref-greene222223_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene222223-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but President Clinton won ratification of NAFTA in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAFTA remains controversial for its impact on wages, jobs, and overall economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jzarroli_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jzarroli-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Donald Trump denounced NAFTA but signed a new treaty with Canada and Mexico in 2020 that made few changes.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Domestic affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faced with several issues, Bush refrained from proposing major domestic programs during his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did, however, make frequent use of the presidential veto, and used the threat of the veto to influence legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene7273_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene7273-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:1em; text-align:center"> <caption>Federal finances and GDP during the George H. W. Bush presidency<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fiscal<br />Year </th> <th>Receipts </th> <th>Outlays </th> <th>Surplus/<br />Deficit </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (in billions) </th> <th>Debt as a %<br />of GDP<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1989 </th> <td>991.1 </td> <td>1,143.7 </td> <td>−152.6 </td> <td>5,554.7 </td> <td>39.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td>1,032.0 </td> <td>1,253.0 </td> <td>−221.0 </td> <td>5,898.8 </td> <td>40.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1991 </th> <td>1,055.0 </td> <td>1,324.2 </td> <td>−269.2 </td> <td>6,093.2 </td> <td>44.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td>1,091.2 </td> <td>1,381.5 </td> <td>−290.3 </td> <td>6,416.3 </td> <td>46.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1993 </th> <td>1,154.3 </td> <td>1,409.4 </td> <td>−255.1 </td> <td>6,775.3 </td> <td>47.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ref. </th> <td colspan="3"><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The U.S. economy had generally performed well since emerging from <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">recession in late 1982</a>, but finally slipped into a mild <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1990s recession in the United States">recession in 1990</a>. The unemployment rate rose from 5.9 percent in 1989 to a high of 7.8 percent in mid-1991. A number of highly publicized early layoffs by companies like <a href="/wiki/Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna</a> led some to call it a "white-collar recession".<sup id="cite_ref-Accepting_the_Harsh_Truth_Of_a_Blue-Collar_Recession,_New_York_Times,_Dec._25,_1991_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accepting_the_Harsh_Truth_Of_a_Blue-Collar_Recession,_New_York_Times,_Dec._25,_1991-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blue-collar_Towns_Have_Highest_Jobless_Numbers,_Hartford_Courant,_Sept._1,_1991_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue-collar_Towns_Have_Highest_Jobless_Numbers,_Hartford_Courant,_Sept._1,_1991-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In point of fact, by late 1991 there had been more than a million blue-collar jobs lost compared to approximately 200,000 white-collar jobs lost for a 5-to-1 ratio. Even so, this was still more of a "white collar" recession by comparison than the early 1980s double-dip recession had been.<sup id="cite_ref-Accepting_the_Harsh_Truth_Of_a_Blue-Collar_Recession,_New_York_Times,_Dec._25,_1991_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accepting_the_Harsh_Truth_Of_a_Blue-Collar_Recession,_New_York_Times,_Dec._25,_1991-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Federal_Reserve_of_St._Louis,_graph_of_GDP_growth_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Reserve_of_St._Louis,_graph_of_GDP_growth-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Explanations for the economic slowdown varied; some Bush supporters blamed <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve Chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> for failing to lower interest rates.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">federal deficits</a>, spawned during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan years</a>, rose from $152.1 billion in 1989<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to $220 billion for 1990;<sup id="cite_ref-NYT10-27-90_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT10-27-90-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the $220 billion deficit represented a threefold increase since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene7273_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene7273-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief factors pushing the federal deficit upward going in to 1991 were the weak economy, which was depressing both corporate profits and household incomes, and a bailout for the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">savings and loans industry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT10-27-90_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT10-27-90-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which cost more than $100 billion over multiple years.<sup id="cite_ref-millercenter2_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millercenter2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1991, polls showed significant public discontent with Bush's handling of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the public became increasingly concerned about the economy and other domestic affairs, Bush's well-received handling of foreign affairs became less of an issue for most voters. Several congressional Republicans and economists urged Bush to respond to the recession, but the administration was unable to develop an economic plan.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_budget_reconciliation_process">1990 budget reconciliation process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1990 budget reconciliation process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As he was opposed to major defense spending cuts<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had pledged to not raise taxes, the president had major difficulties in balancing the budget.<sup id="cite_ref-millercenter2_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millercenter2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush and congressional leaders agreed to avoid major changes to the budget for <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 1990, which began in October 1989. However, both sides knew that spending cuts or new taxes would be necessary in the following year's budget in order to avoid the draconian automatic domestic spending cuts required by the <a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Rudman%E2%80%93Hollings_Balanced_Budget_Act" title="Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act">Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The administration engaged in lengthy negotiations for the passage of the fiscal year 1991 budget. In January 1990, Bush submitted his budget for fiscal year 1991; the budget included cuts to defense spending and the capital gains tax. In March, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a> put forward the Democratic counter-proposal, which included an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Fuel taxes in the United States">gasoline tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greene100104_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene100104-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement released in late June 1990, Bush said that he would be open to a deficit reduction program which included spending cuts, incentives for economic growth, budget process reform, as well as tax increases.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatives</a> in the Republican Party, Bush's statement represented a betrayal, and they heavily criticized him for compromising so early in the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1990, Bush and Congressional Democrats announced a compromise to cut funding for mandatory and discretionary programs while also raising revenue, partly through a higher gas tax. The compromise additionally included a <a href="/wiki/PAYGO" title="PAYGO">"pay as you go"</a> provision that required that new programs be paid for at the time of implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-greene100104_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene100104-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he had previously promised to support the bill, House Minority Whip <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> led the conservative opposition to the bill. Liberals also criticized the budget cuts in the compromise, and in October, the House rejected the deal, resulting in a brief government shutdown. Without the strong backing of the Republican Party, Bush was forced to agree to another compromise bill, this one more favorable to Democrats. The <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1990" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990">Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990</a> (OBRA-90), enacted on October 27, 1990, dropped much of the gasoline tax increase in favor of higher income taxes on top earners. It included cuts to domestic spending, but the cuts were not as deep as those that had been proposed in the original compromise. Bush's decision to sign the bill damaged his standing with conservatives and the general public, but it also laid the groundwork for the budget surpluses of the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Bush generally refrained from making major proposals for new domestic programs, he stated his intention to be an education and environmental president.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1983 report, titled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_at_Risk" title="A Nation at Risk">A Nation at Risk</a></i>, had raised concern about the quality of the American educational system.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson238239_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson238239-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush proposed the Educational Excellence Act of 1989, a plan to reward high-performing schools with federal grants and provide support for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">magnet schools</a>. Bush's education platform consisted mainly of offering federal support for a variety of innovations, such as open enrollment, incentive pay for outstanding teachers, and rewards for schools that improve performance with underprivileged children.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservatives, who generally sought to shrink the role of the federal government in education, opposed the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-greene8386_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene8386-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberals opposed the proposed <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">vouchers</a> for private schools, were wary of the student testing designed to ensure higher educational standards, and favored higher levels of federal spending on educational programs for minorities and the economically disadvantaged. Bush believed that educational costs should primarily be borne by state and local governments, and he did not favor dramatically raising the overall level of federal funding for education.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson238239_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson238239-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the lack of support from both liberals and conservatives, Congress did not act on his education proposals. Bush later introduced the voluntary "America 2000" program, which sought to rally business leaders and local governments around education reform.<sup id="cite_ref-greene8386_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene8386-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Bush did not pass a major educational reform package during his presidency, his ideas influenced later reform efforts, including <a href="/wiki/Goals_2000" title="Goals 2000">Goals 2000</a> and the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg/300px-Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg/450px-Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Bush signs the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> had not received legal protections under the landmark <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, and many faced discrimination and segregation as Bush took office. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Lowell_P._Weicker_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell P. Weicker Jr.">Lowell P. Weicker Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Coelho" title="Tony Coelho">Tony Coelho</a> had introduced the Americans with Disabilities Act, which barred employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. The bill had passed the Senate but not the House, and it was reintroduced in 1989. Though some conservatives opposed the bill due to its costs and potential burdens on businesses, Bush strongly supported it, partly because his son, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil</a>, had struggled with <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>. After the bill passed both houses of Congress, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> into law in July 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-greene9092_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene9092-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act required employers and public accommodations to make "reasonable accommodations" for the disabled, while providing an exception when such accommodations imposed an "undue hardship".<sup id="cite_ref-griffin1_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffin1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Supreme Court handed down rulings that limited the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination_law_in_the_United_States" title="Employment discrimination law in the United States">employment discrimination</a>, Senator Ted Kennedy led passage of a bill known as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1990" title="Civil Rights Act of 1990">Civil Rights Act of 1990</a> which was designed to facilitate launching employment discrimination lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-greene7980_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene7980-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In vetoing the bill, Bush argued that it would lead to racial quotas in hiring.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holmes1_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress failed to override the veto, but re-introduced the bill in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-holmes2_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes2-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1991, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991" title="Civil Rights Act of 1991">Civil Rights Act of 1991</a>, which was largely similar to the bill he had vetoed in the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-greene7980_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene7980-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1989, the Bush administration proposed a bill to amend the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>. Working with Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a>, the administration won passage of the amendments over the opposition of business-aligned members of Congress who feared the impact of tougher regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation sought to curb <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> and smog by requiring decreased emissions of chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cleanair1_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleanair1-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure was the first major update to the Clean Air Act since 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-pshabecoff1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pshabecoff1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also signed the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act of 1990</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters">League of Conservation Voters</a> criticized some of Bush's other environmental actions, including his opposition to stricter <a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">auto-mileage standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrown1_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrown1-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employee_Leave">Employee Leave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Employee Leave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 29, 1990, Bush vetoed a bill that would have provided leave for workers in situations of a child's birth, adoption, or family illness.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 22, 1992, Bush vetoed a bill that would have allowed workers to take at least 12 weeks of unpaid leave.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate successfully voted to override Bush's veto, but the House didn't.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savings_and_loan_crisis">Savings and loan crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Savings and loan crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">Savings and loan crisis</a></div> <p>In 1982, Congress had passed the <a href="/wiki/Garn%E2%80%93St._Germain_Depository_Institutions_Act" title="Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act">Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act</a>, which deregulated savings and loans associations and increased <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">FDIC</a> insurance for savings and loans associations. As the real estate market declined in the late 1980s, hundreds of savings and loans associations collapsed. In February 1989, Bush proposed a $50 billion package to rescue the saving and loans industry, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Thrift_Supervision" title="Office of Thrift Supervision">Office of Thrift Supervision</a> to regulate the industry, and establishment the <a href="/wiki/Resolution_Trust_Corporation" title="Resolution Trust Corporation">Resolution Trust Corporation</a> to liquidate the assets of insolvent companies. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989</a>, which incorporated most of Bush's proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the savings and loan crisis, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics">Senate Ethics Committee</a> investigated five senators, collectively referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Keating_Five" title="Keating Five">Keating Five</a>", for allegedly providing improper aid to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Keating" title="Charles Keating">Charles Keating</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Savings_and_Loan_Association" title="Lincoln Savings and Loan Association">Lincoln Savings and Loan Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Points_of_Light">Points of Light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Points of Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Points_of_Light" title="Points of Light">Points of Light</a></div> <p>President Bush devoted attention to voluntary service as a means of solving some of America's most serious social problems. He often used the "<a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">thousand points of light</a>" theme to describe the power of citizens to solve community problems. In his 1989 inaugural address, President Bush said, "I have spoken of a thousand points of light, of all the community organizations that are spread like stars throughout the Nation, doing good."<sup id="cite_ref-President's_Report_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-President's_Report-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, in his report to the nation on The Points of Light Movement, President Bush said, "Points of Light are the soul of America. They are ordinary people who reach beyond themselves to touch the lives of those in need, bringing hope and opportunity, care and friendship. By giving so generously of themselves, these remarkable individuals show us not only what is best in our heritage but what all of us are called to become."<sup id="cite_ref-President's_Report_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-President's_Report-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the Points of Light Foundation was created as a nonprofit organization in Washington to promote this spirit of <a href="/wiki/Volunteerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteerism">volunteerism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the Points of Light Foundation merged with the <a href="/wiki/Hands_On_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands On Network">Hands On Network</a> with the goal of strengthening volunteerism, streamlining costs and services and deepening impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Points_of_Light" title="Points of Light">Points of Light</a>, the organization created through this merger, has approximately 250 affiliates in 22 countries and partnerships with thousands of nonprofits and companies dedicated to volunteer service around the world. In 2012, Points of Light mobilized 4 million volunteers in 30 million hours of service worth $635 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Year_in_Review_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year_in_Review-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_initiatives">Other initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act of 1990</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to a 40 percent increase in legal <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill more than doubled the number of visas given to immigrants on the basis of job skills, and advocates of the bill argued that it would help fill projected labor shortages for various jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-rpear1_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpear1-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush had opposed an earlier version of the bill that allowed for higher immigration levels, but supported the bill that Congress ultimately presented to him.<sup id="cite_ref-rpear1_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpear1-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush became a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a> (NRA) early in 1988 and had campaigned as a "pro-gun" candidate with the NRA's endorsement during the 1988 election.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman2011_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2011-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1989, he placed a temporary ban on the import of certain semiautomatic rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action cost him endorsement from the NRA in 1992. In 1995, after leaving office, Bush publicly resigned his life membership in the organization after receiving a form letter from the NRA depicting agents of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_and_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms</a> as "jack-booted thugs".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1989 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a>,</i> the Supreme Court held that it was unconstitutional to criminalize burning the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a>. In response, Bush introduced a constitutional amendment empower Congress to outlaw the desecration of the American flag. Congress did not pass the amendment, but Bush did sign the <a href="/wiki/Flag_Protection_Act" title="Flag Protection Act">Flag Protection Act</a> of 1989, which was later overturned by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">William Bennett</a> to serve as the first Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a>, an agency that had been established by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1988" title="Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988">Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988</a>. Like Bennett, Bush favored an escalation of the federal role in the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>", including the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> to aid local law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardons">Pardons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pardons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush</a></div> <p>As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On December 24, 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former government employees implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a> of the late 1980s, most prominently former Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scientists_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientists-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush described Weinberger, who was scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, as a "true American patriot".<sup id="cite_ref-scientists_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientists-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Clarridge, Clair E. George, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McFarlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. McFarlane">Robert C. McFarlane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Fiers" title="Alan Fiers">Alan Fiers</a>, all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of criminal charges by an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_the_Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Office of the Independent Counsel">Independent Counsel</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Walsh" title="Lawrence Walsh">Lawrence Walsh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pardons effectively brought an end to Walsh's investigation of the Iran-Contra scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency">Elections during the Bush presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Elections during the Bush presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption>Congressional party leaders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Senate leaders </th> <th colspan="2">House leaders </th></tr> <tr> <th>Congress </th> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a> </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><small>1989</small> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><small>1989–1990</small> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Foley1989_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley1989-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a> </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><small>1991–1992</small> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><small>1993</small> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Republican seats in Congress</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Congress </th> <th>Senate </th> <th>House </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>45 </td> <td>175 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a> </th> <td>44 </td> <td>167 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">103rd</a><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>43 </td> <td>176 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_mid-term_elections">1990 mid-term elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1990 mid-term elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_elections" title="1990 United States elections">1990 United States elections</a></div> <p>In the 1990 mid-term elections, Democrats retained the majorities of the House and the Senate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_re-election_campaign">1992 re-election campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1992 re-election campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_elections" title="1992 United States elections">1992 United States elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">1992 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 Republican National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElectoralCollege1992.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElectoralCollege1992.svg/495px-ElectoralCollege1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElectoralCollege1992.svg/660px-ElectoralCollege1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> defeated President Bush in the 1992 presidential election</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush announced his reelection bid in early 1992; with a coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high approval ratings, Bush's reelection initially looked likely.<sup id="cite_ref-skornacki_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skornacki-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pundits believed that Democrats were unlikely even to improve on Dukakis's 1988 showing. As a result, many leading Democrats, including <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, declined to seek their party's presidential nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bush's tax increase had angered many conservatives, and he faced a challenge from the right in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">1992 Republican primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative political columnist <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> rallied the party's right-wing with attacks on Bush's flip-flop on taxes and his support for the Civil Rights Act of 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan shocked observers by finishing a strong second in the New Hampshire Republican presidential primary.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush fended off Buchanan's challenge and won his party's nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 Republican National Convention</a>, but the convention adopted a socially conservative platform strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the economy grew worse and Bush's approval ratings declined, several Democrats decided to enter the <a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1992 Democratic primaries</a>. Former Senator <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Paul Tsongas</a> of Massachusetts won the New Hampshire primary, but Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> of Arkansas emerged as the Democratic front-runner. A moderate who was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a> (DLC), Clinton favored welfare reform, deficit reduction, and a tax cut for the middle class. Clinton withstood attacks on his personal conduct and defeated Tsongas, former California Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>, and other candidates to win the Democratic nomination. Clinton selected Senator Al Gore of Tennessee, a fellow Southerner and <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby boomer</a>, as his running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polling taken shortly after the Democratic convention showed Clinton with a twenty-point lead.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton focused his campaign on the economy, attacking the policies of Reagan and Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1992, the race took an unexpected twist when Texas billionaire <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> launched a third party bid, claiming that neither Republicans nor Democrats could eliminate the deficit and make government more efficient. His message appealed to voters across the political spectrum disappointed with both parties' perceived fiscal irresponsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot later bowed out of the race for a short time, then reentered.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot also attacked NAFTA, which he claimed would lead to major job losses.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot dropped out of the race in July 1992, but rejoined the race in early October.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lost_re-election_and_transition_period">Lost re-election and transition period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lost re-election and transition period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Presidential transition of Bill Clinton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_H._W._Bush_and_President-Elect_Bill_Clinton_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_George_H._W._Bush_and_President-Elect_Bill_Clinton_%281%29.jpg/220px-President_George_H._W._Bush_and_President-Elect_Bill_Clinton_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_George_H._W._Bush_and_President-Elect_Bill_Clinton_%281%29.jpg/330px-President_George_H._W._Bush_and_President-Elect_Bill_Clinton_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_George_H._W._Bush_and_President-Elect_Bill_Clinton_%281%29.jpg/440px-President_George_H._W._Bush_and_President-Elect_Bill_Clinton_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President George H. W. Bush and President-elect <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on November 18, 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>Clinton won the election, taking 43 percent of the popular vote and 370 electoral votes, while Bush won 37.5 percent of the popular vote and 168 electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot won 19% of the popular vote, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_third_party_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third party performances in United States presidential elections">highest totals for a third-party candidate</a> in U.S. history, drawing equally from both major candidates, according to exit polls.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton performed well in the Northeast, the Midwest, and the West Coast, while also waging the strongest Democratic campaign in the South since the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 election</a>. Bush won a majority of the Southern states and also carried most of the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain States">Mountain States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Plains</a> states. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several factors were important in Bush's defeat. The ailing economy which arose from recession may have been the main factor in Bush's loss, as 7 in 10 voters said on election day that the economy was either "not so good" or "poor".<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of the 1992 election, the unemployment rate stood at 7.8%, which was the highest it had been since 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's re-election campaign, which could no longer rely on Lee Atwater due to Atwater's incapacity in 1990 and death in 1991, was far less effective than the 1988 Bush campaign. The president was also damaged by his alienation of many conservatives in his party.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation_and_legacy">Evaluation and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Evaluation and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png/495px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png/660px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Graph of Bush's approval ratings in <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> polls</figcaption></figure> <p>At the elite level, a number of commentators and political experts deplored the state of American politics in 1991–1992, and reported the voters were angry. Many analysts blamed the poor quality of national election campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush was widely seen as a "pragmatic caretaker" president who lacked a unified and compelling long-term theme in his efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Bush's <a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">sound bite</a> where he refers to the issue of overarching purpose as "the vision thing" has become a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> applied to other political figures accused of similar difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing a Democratic Congress and a large budget deficit, Bush focused much of his attention on foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-knottlegacy_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knottlegacy-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, this would become a point of criticism for his presidency, with opponents such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> claiming that he ignored domestic issues and exclusively solved foreign ones. His ability to gain broad international support for the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the war's result were seen as both a diplomatic and military triumph,<sup id="cite_ref-white_house_bio_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white_house_bio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rousing bipartisan approval,<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though his decision to withdraw without removing <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> left mixed feelings, and attention returned to the domestic front and a souring economy.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s recession</a>, his image shifted from "conquering hero" to "politician befuddled by economic matters".<sup id="cite_ref-snopes_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snopes-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal92_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal92-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_I_approval_rating.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bush_I_approval_rating.png/220px-Bush_I_approval_rating.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bush_I_approval_rating.png/330px-Bush_I_approval_rating.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bush_I_approval_rating.png/440px-Bush_I_approval_rating.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Bush's approval ratings (red) compared to his disapproval ratings (blue) for his four-year presidency.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite his defeat, Bush climbed back from low election day approval ratings to leave office in 1993 with a 56% job approval rating.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's oldest son, George W. Bush, served as the country's 43rd president from 2001 to 2009. The Bushes were the second father and son pair to serve as president, following <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-millercenter1_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millercenter1-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 2008, 60% of Americans gave George H. W. Bush's presidency a positive rating.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, Bush was fondly remembered for his willingness to compromise, which contrasted with the intensely partisan era that followed his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-jshesol1_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jshesol1-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polls of historians and political scientists have generally <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> Bush as an average president. A 2018 poll of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>’s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Bush as the 17th best president.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> poll of historians ranked Bush as the 20th best president.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard Rose described Bush as a "guardian" president, and many other historians and political scientists have similarly described Bush as a passive, hands-off president who was "largely content with things as they were".<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian John Robert Greene notes, however, that Bush's frequent threat of a veto allowed him to influence legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush is widely regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist</a> in international relations; Scowcroft labeled Bush as a practitioner of "enlightened realism". Greene argues that the Bush administration's handling of international issues was characterized by a "flexible response to events" influenced by Nixon's realism and Reagan's idealism.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluation_of_his_foreign_policy">Evaluation of his foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Evaluation of his foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Roger Harrison in reviewing Sparrow's biography of Scowcroft: </p> <dl><dd>What the Bush administration achieved in its four years, as Sparrow reminds us, is perhaps without parallel in any similar period of our history: the peaceful demise of the Soviet Union and the emergence of independent states from what had been its empire, the reunification of Germany and its integration within NATO, and the creation of a broad coalition that expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait and crippled Iraq as a disruptive force in the Middle East. None of this was preordained, and much might have gone wrong without the adept diplomacy and level-headed policy of President Bush and his aides.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>David Rothkopf argues: </p> <dl><dd>In the recent history of U.S. foreign policy, there has been no president, nor any president’s team, who, when confronted with profound international change and challenges, responded with such a thoughtful and well-managed foreign policy....[the Bush administration was] a bridge over one of the great fault lines of history [that] ushered in a ‘new world order’ it described with great skill and professionalism.”<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a> praise Bush's handling of the USSR, especially how he prodded Gorbachev in terms of releasing control over the satellites and permitting German unification—and especially a united Germany in NATO. However Bush had an exaggerated view of Gorbachev as the best leader of a new Russia, and missed the more important role of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> as the true spokesman for public opinion in Russia in its disdain for Gorbachev and his unyielding devotion to Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Andrew Bacevich</a> judges the Bush administration was “morally obtuse” in the light of its “business-as-usual” attitude towards China after the massacre in Tiananmen Square and the uncritical support of Gorbachev as the Soviet Union disintegrated.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summing up assessments of Bush's presidency, Knott writes: </p> <blockquote><p>George Herbert Walker Bush came into the presidency as one of the most qualified candidates to assume the office. He had a long career in both domestic politics and foreign affairs, knew the government bureaucracy, and had eight years of hands-on training as vice president. Still, if presidential success is determined by winning reelection, Bush was unsuccessful because he failed to convince the American public to give him another four years in office. Generally the Bush presidency is viewed as successful in foreign affairs but a disappointment in domestic affairs. In the minds of voters, his achievements in foreign policy were not enough to overshadow the economic recession, and in 1992, the American public voted for change.<sup id="cite_ref-knottlegacy_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knottlegacy-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidency of George H. 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Bush</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1988 presidential election remains the only presidential election since 1948 in which either party won a third consecutive term.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Foley1989-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foley1989_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Wright resigned as Speaker of the House on June 6, 1989. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Tom Foley</a> was elected to replace Wright as Speaker of the House on June 6, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_161-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">17 days of the 101st Congress (January 3, 1989 – January 19, 1989) took place under President Reagan, and 17 days of the 103rd Congress (January 3, 1993 – January 19, 1993) took place during Bush's single term.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene (2015), pp. 20–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.duke.edu/lib/researchguides/nafta.html">the original</a> on April 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAFTA&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.duke.edu%2Flib%2Fresearchguides%2Fnafta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Skonieczny, "Constructing NAFTA: Myth, representation, and the discursive construction of US foreign policy." <i>International Studies Quarterly</i> 45.3 (2001): 433–454 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/45547176/ISQ_NAFTA_article.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jzarroli-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jzarroli_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarroli2013" class="citation news cs1">Zarroli, Jim (December 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2013/12/08/249570005/nafta-turns-20-to-mixed-reviews">"NAFTA Turns 20, To Mixed Reviews"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NAFTA+Turns+20%2C+To+Mixed+Reviews&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.aulast=Zarroli&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F12%2F08%2F249570005%2Fnafta-turns-20-to-mixed-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Beaulieu and Dylan Klemen. "You Say USMCA or T-MEC and I Say CUSMA: The New NAFTA-Let's Call the Whole Thing On." <i>The School of Public Policy Publications</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/sppp/article/view/70040/54002">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene7273-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene7273_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene7273_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All figures, except for debt percentage, are presented in billions of dollars. The receipt, outlay, deficit, GDP, and debt figures are calculated for the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>, which ends on September 30. For example, fiscal year 2020 ended on September 30, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Represents the national debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/historical-tables/">"Historical Tables"</a>. <i>White House</i>. Office of Management and Budget. Table 1.1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House&rft.atitle=Historical+Tables&rft.pages=Table+1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fomb%2Fhistorical-tables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/historical-tables/">"Historical Tables"</a>. <i>White House</i>. Office of Management and Budget. Table 1.2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House&rft.atitle=Historical+Tables&rft.pages=Table+1.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fomb%2Fhistorical-tables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/historical-tables/">"Historical Tables"</a>. <i>White House</i>. Office of Management and Budget. Table 7.1<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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W. Bush: Domestic Affairs"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+the+Federal+Budget+Negotiations&rft.date=1990-06-26&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D18635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeclo2014" class="citation book cs1">Heclo, Hugh (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eR35AgAAQBAJ&q=%22Conservatives+began+to+smell+betrayal+in+the+Washington+air%22&pg=PA68">"Chapter 2: George Bush and American Conservatism"</a>. In Nelson, Michael; Perry, Barbara A. (eds.). <i>41: Inside the Presidency of George H. W. Bush</i>. Cornell University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7927-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7927-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-7927-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+George+Bush+and+American+Conservatism&rft.btitle=41%3A+Inside+the+Presidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7927-4&rft.aulast=Heclo&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeR35AgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Conservatives%2Bbegan%2Bto%2Bsmell%2Bbetrayal%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWashington%2Bair%2522%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 104–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRockman1991" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Colin; Rockman, Bert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bushpresidencyfi0000unse/page/69"><i>The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals</i></a>. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bushpresidencyfi0000unse/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934540-90-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-934540-90-X"><bdi>0-934540-90-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bush+Presidency%3A+First+Appraisals&rft.place=Chatham%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Chatham+House+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-934540-90-X&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Rockman%2C+Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbushpresidencyfi0000unse%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patterson238239-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patterson238239_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patterson238239_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, pp. 238–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRockman1991" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Colin; Rockman, Bert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bushpresidencyfi0000unse/page/83"><i>The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals</i></a>. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bushpresidencyfi0000unse/page/83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934540-90-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-934540-90-X"><bdi>0-934540-90-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bush+Presidency%3A+First+Appraisals&rft.place=Chatham%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Chatham+House+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-934540-90-X&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Rockman%2C+Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbushpresidencyfi0000unse%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene8386-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greene8386_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene8386_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 83–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, pp. 239–240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene9092-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greene9092_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 90–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffin1-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-griffin1_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1991" class="citation news cs1">Griffin, Rodman (December 27, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1991122700">"The Disabilities Act"</a>. 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"Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill; Measure Said to Encourage Job Quotas; Women, Minorities Sharply Critical". <i>The Washington Post</i> October 23, 1990, Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmes1-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holmes1_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1990" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Steven A. (October 23, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/23/us/president-vetoes-bill-on-job-rights-showdown-is-set.html">"President Vetoes Bill on Job Rights; Showdown is Set"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Points of Light. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pointsoflight.org/sites/default/files/site-content/files/pol_endofyearappeal_5x8_webversion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Points+of+Light+2012+Year+in+Review&rft.pub=Points+of+Light&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pointsoflight.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsite-content%2Ffiles%2Fpol_endofyearappeal_5x8_webversion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&pg=PA282">Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans</a></i>". Jeffrey D. Schultz (2000). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 282. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57356-148-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57356-148-7">1-57356-148-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUJGWwD-9x8C&pg=PA304">The Paper curtain: employer sanctions' implementation, impact, and reform</a></i>". Michael Fix (1991). The Urban Institute. p. 304. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87766-550-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87766-550-8">0-87766-550-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpear1-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rpear1_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpear1_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPear1990" class="citation news cs1">Pear, Robert (October 29, 1990). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/29/us/major-immigration-bill-is-sent-to-bush.html">"Major Immigration Bill Is Sent to Bush"</a></span>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202020404/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/29/us/major-immigration-bill-is-sent-to-bush.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Major+Immigration+Bill+Is+Sent+to+Bush&rft.date=1990-10-29&rft.aulast=Pear&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F10%2F29%2Fus%2Fmajor-immigration-bill-is-sent-to-bush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman2011-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman2011_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2011" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zi5yAwWxa50C"><i>Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-13100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-13100-8"><bdi>978-1-118-13100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ricochet%3A+Confessions+of+a+Gun+Lobbyist&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-13100-8&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzi5yAwWxa50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2002" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Gregg Lee (2002). <i>Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law</i>. 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Sparrow</i> <i>Strategic Studies Quarterly</i> (2015) 9#2 pp. 142–147 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26271079">online</a>, quoting p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Rothkopf2009" class="citation book cs1">David Rothkopf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1N1DleUGufwC&pg=PA261"><i>Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power</i></a>. PublicAffairs. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786736003" title="Special:BookSources/9780786736003"><bdi>9780786736003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+the+World%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+National+Security+Council+and+the+Architects+of+American+Power&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780786736003&rft.au=David+Rothkopf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1N1DleUGufwC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, <i>At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War</i> (Boston, 1993), pp 470–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew J. Bacevich, <i>American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy</i> (2002), 64–68, quoted in Sparrow, p 143.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Further_reading" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush § Further reading</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Barilleaux, Ryan J. <i>Power and prudence : the presidency of George H.W. Bush</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerprudencepre0000bari">online</a></li> <li>Congressional Quarterly. <i>Congress and the Nation: Volume 8: 1989–1992</i> (CQ Press, 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressnation00cqpr">online</a> 1520pp</li> <li>David, Charles‐Philippe. "Who was the real George Bush? Foreign policy decision‐making under the Bush administration." <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 7.1 (1996): 197–220.</li> <li>Dobel, J. Patrick. "Prudence and presidential ethics: the decisions on Iraq of the two presidents Bush." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 40.1 (2010): 57–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J-Dobel/publication/227947694_Prudence_and_Presidential_Ethics_The_Decisions_on_Iraq_of_the_Two_Presidents_Bush/links/5a84850c4585159152b804f0/Prudence-and-Presidential-Ethics-The-Decisions-on-Iraq-of-the-Two-Presidents-Bush.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Duffy, Michael. <i>Marching in place : the status quo presidency of George Bush</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marchinginplaces00duff">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Engel, Jeffrey A. "A Better World...but Don't Get Carried Away: The Foreign Policy of George HW Bush Twenty Years On." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 34.1 (2010): 25–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24916032online">[1]</a></li> <li>Feldman, Leslie Dale, and Rosanna Perotti, eds. <i>Honor and loyalty: inside the politics of the George HW Bush White House</i> (Greenwood, 2002) * Graff, Henry F., ed. <i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i> (3rd ed. 2002)</li> <li>Greene, John Robert (2015). <i>The Presidency of George Bush</i> (2nd ed. UP of Kansas). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofgeor00gree">online free to borrow</a>, a major scholarly survey.</li> <li>Han, Lori Cox. <i>A presidency upstaged: The public leadership of George HW Bush</i> (Texas A&M University Press, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Upstaged-Public-Leadership-George/dp/1603442200">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Henriksen, Thomas H. <i>Cycles in US Foreign Policy since the Cold War</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017) pp. 29–85.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr"><i>From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i></a>. Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holzer, Harold. <i>The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media--from the Founding Fathers to Fake News</i> (Dutton, 2020) pp. 325–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=siY6EAAAQBAJ&dq=HOLZER+PRESS+Harold&pg=PR15">online</a></li> <li>Levantrosser, William F., and Rosanna Perotti, eds. <i>A Noble Calling: Character and the George HW Bush Presidency</i> (Greenwood, 2004).</li> <li>Mann, James. <i>Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet.</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofvulcanshis00mann_0">online</a></li> <li>Maynard, Christopher. <i>Out of the shadow: George HW Bush and the end of the Cold War</i> (Texas A&M University Press, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Out-Shadow-Foreign-Relations-Presidency/dp/1603440399/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham,_Jon2015" class="citation book cs1">Meacham, Jon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMgOCAAAQBAJ"><i>Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6765-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-6765-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny+and+Power%3A+The+American+Odyssey+of+George+Herbert+Walker+Bush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6765-7&rft.au=Meacham%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMgOCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Medhurst, Martin J., ed. <i>The rhetorical presidency of George HW Bush</i> (Texas A&M University Press, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rhetorical-Presidency-Presidential-Political-Communication/dp/1585444715/">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Mervin, David. <i>George Bush and the guardianship presidency</i> (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgebushguardi00merv">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaftali2007" class="citation book cs1">Naftali, Timothy (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgehwbush0000naft_v9m8"><i>George H. W. Bush</i></a></span>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6966-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-6966-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6966-2&rft.aulast=Naftali&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgehwbush0000naft_v9m8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nelson, Michael, and Barbara A. Perry, eds. <i>41: Inside the presidency of George HW Bush</i> (Cornell University Press, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/41-Inside-Presidency-George-Affairs/dp/0801452635/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2005" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/restlessgiantuni00patt_0"><i>Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195122169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195122169"><bdi>978-0195122169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Giant%3A+The+United+States+from+Watergate+to+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195122169&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frestlessgiantuni00patt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Perotti, Rosanna, ed. <i>Principle Over Politics? The Domestic Policy of the George HW Bush Presidency</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2004); essays by experts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Principle-Over-Politics-Presidency-Contributions/dp/0313321329/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodhoretz1993" class="citation book cs1">Podhoretz, John (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellofridebackst00podh"><i>Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989–1993</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-79648-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-79648-8"><bdi>0-671-79648-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+of+a+Ride%3A+Backstage+at+the+White+House+Follies%2C+1989%E2%80%931993&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-671-79648-8&rft.aulast=Podhoretz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellofridebackst00podh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossinow2015" class="citation book cs1">Rossinow, Douglas C. (2015). <i>The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231538657" title="Special:BookSources/9780231538657"><bdi>9780231538657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reagan+Era%3A+A+History+of+the+1980s&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780231538657&rft.aulast=Rossinow&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgebushswar00smit"><i>George Bush's War</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-1388-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-1388-1"><bdi>0-8050-1388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Bush%27s+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8050-1388-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgebushswar00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSununu2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">Sununu, John H.</a> (2015). <i>The Quiet Man: The Indispensable Presidency of George H. W. Bush</i>. Broadside Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-238428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-238428-7"><bdi>978-0-06-238428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Man%3A+The+Indispensable+Presidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Broadside+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-238428-7&rft.aulast=Sununu&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Troy, Gil. "Stumping in the bookstores: A literary history of the 1992 presidential campaign." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> (1995): 697–710. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551506">online</a></li> <li>Vanhoonacker, Sophie. <i>The Bush administration (1989–1993) and the development of a European security identity</i> (Routledge, 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Waterman, Richard W. (1996). "Storm Clouds on the Political Horizon: George Bush at the Dawn of the 1992 Presidential Election". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551581">27551581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Storm+Clouds+on+the+Political+Horizon%3A+George+Bush+at+the+Dawn+of+the+1992+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waterman&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicker2004" class="citation book cs1">Wicker, Tom (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeherbertwal00wick"><i>George Herbert Walker Bush</i></a>. Lipper/Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670033030" title="Special:BookSources/0670033030"><bdi>0670033030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Walker+Bush&rft.pub=Lipper%2FViking&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0670033030&rft.aulast=Wicker&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgeherbertwal00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreaganhisto00wile"><i>The Age of Reagan</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074480-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074480-9"><bdi>978-0-06-074480-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reagan&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-074480-9&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofreaganhisto00wile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+H.+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baker, James A. <i>The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992.</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofdiplom00bake">online</a></li> <li>Bush, George H. W., and Brent Scowcroft. <i>A World Transformed</i> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00bush">online</a></li> <li>Gates, Robert M. <i>From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents</i> (1996), director of CIA 1991–1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromshadowsultim0000gate">online</a></li> <li>Powell, Colin L. and Joseph Persico. <i>My American Journey: An Autobiography</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myamericanjourne0001powe">online</a></li> <li><i>Public papers of the Presidents of the United States: George Bush 1989</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Public%20papers%20of%20the%20Presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States%20george%20bush%29">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bush41.org/">Bush Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/bush">in-depth coverage by Miller Center at University Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_H._W._Bush1202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template:George H. 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Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">41st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1989–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> (1971–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">TX–7</a> (1967–1971)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1989)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1989)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1990)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1991)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)#January_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">January 1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_broccoli_comments" title="George H. W. Bush broccoli comments">Broccoli comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">White House horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administration">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#1980_presidential_election" title="George H. W. Bush">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Public_image" title="George H. W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush">Saturday Night Live parodies</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a></i> (2010 short film)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Bush:_The_Life_of_a_Lone_Star_Yankee" title="George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee">George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_(film)" title="George H.W. Bush (film)">George H.W. Bush</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_and_Power" title="Destiny and Power">Destiny and Power</a></i> (2015 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Monument" title="George H. W. Bush Monument">George H. W. Bush Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Reagan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS <i>George H.W. Bush</i> (CVN-77)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Bush Coyne</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Bush">Pierce Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Walker Bush">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Bush</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(dog)" title="Sully (dog)">Sully (service dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">← Ronald Reagan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">← Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dan_Quayle678" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dan_Quayle" title="Template:Dan Quayle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dan_Quayle" title="Template talk:Dan Quayle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dan_Quayle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dan Quayle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dan_Quayle678" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana">from Indiana</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Indiana%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Indiana's 4th congressional district">IN–4</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Dan_Quayle" title="Electoral history of Dan Quayle">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana">1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="1980 United States Senate election in Indiana">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="1986 United States Senate election in Indiana">1986</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates#October_5:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Omaha_Civic_Auditorium)" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates#October_13:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Georgia_Tech)" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Dan Quayle 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senator,_you%27re_no_Jack_Kennedy" title="Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy">Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle#Murphy_Brown" title="Dan Quayle"><i>Murphy Brown</i> speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle#Gaffes" title="Dan Quayle">Gaffes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Danny_Goes_to_Mars" title="Danny Goes to Mars">Danny Goes to Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quayle_Vice_Presidential_Learning_Center" title="Quayle Vice Presidential Learning Center">Quayle Vice Presidential Learning Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management" title="Cerberus Capital Management">Cerberus Capital Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and<br />personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_C._Pulliam" title="Eugene C. Pulliam">Eugene C. Pulliam</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Quayle" title="James C. Quayle">James C. Quayle</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Mason_Pulliam" title="Nina Mason Pulliam">Nina Mason Pulliam</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Quayle" title="Marilyn Quayle">Marilyn Quayle</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Quayle" title="Ben Quayle">Ben Quayle</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore →</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li>2019</li> <li>2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush703" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush703" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">State funeral of Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">State funeral of Gerald Ford</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (Feb 2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_the_Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington">Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">"Axis of evil"</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a></i> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a></i> (2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11"><i>Fahrenheit 9/11</i> (2004 documentary)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)"><i>W.</i> (2008 film)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">presidency</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&oldid=1275061868">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush&oldid=1275061868</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency of George H. W. 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