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id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberal arts education</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="فنون متحررة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنون متحررة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_lliberales" title="Artes lliberales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Artes lliberales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_s%C9%99n%C9%99t_t%C9%99hsili" title="Liberal sənət təhsili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Liberal sənət təhsili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82" title="Ирекле ете сәнғәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ирекле ете сәнғәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Сем вольных мастацтваў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сем вольных мастацтваў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Сем вольных мастацтваў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сем вольных мастацтваў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_liberals" title="Arts liberals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arts liberals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%C3%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%C4%95_%D3%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ирĕклĕ çичĕ ӳнер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирĕклĕ çичĕ ӳнер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedm_svobodn%C3%BDch_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Sedm svobodných umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedm svobodných umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_celfyddydau_breiniol" title="Y celfyddydau breiniol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y celfyddydau breiniol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_frie_kunster" title="De frie kunster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De frie kunster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieben_freie_K%C3%BCnste" title="Sieben freie Künste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sieben freie Künste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabad_kunstid" title="Vabad kunstid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabad kunstid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ελευθέριες τέχνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελευθέριες τέχνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_liberales" title="Artes liberales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artes liberales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalaj_artoj" title="Liberalaj artoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liberalaj artoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_liberalen_hezkuntza" title="Arte liberalen hezkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arte liberalen hezkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="علوم مقدماتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم مقدماتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_lib%C3%A9raux" title="Arts libéraux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arts libéraux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_liberales" title="Artes liberales – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Artes liberales" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_liberais" title="Artes liberais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artes liberais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A9th%C5%A9ng%C5%A9c%C4%A9" title="Mũthũngũcĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mũthũngũcĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EA%B3%BC" title="자유과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ազատ արվեստներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ արվեստներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep_arti_libera" title="Sep arti libera – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sep arti libera" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetahuan_budaya" title="Pengetahuan budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengetahuan budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti_liberali" title="Arti liberali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arti liberali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שבע האמנויות החופשיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבע האמנויות החופשיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="შვიდი თავისუფალი ხელოვნება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შვიდი თავისუფალი ხელოვნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өнердің ерікті жеті саласы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өнердің ерікті жеті саласы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_liberales" title="Artes liberales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Artes liberales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septyni_laisvieji_menai" title="Septyni laisvieji menai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Septyni laisvieji menai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9t_szabad_m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Hét szabad művészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hét szabad művészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastera_liberal" title="Sastera liberal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sastera liberal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeven_vrije_kunsten" title="Zeven vrije kunsten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeven vrije kunsten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="リベラル・アーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リベラル・アーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_frie_kunstene" title="De frie kunstene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De frie kunstene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_frie_kunstene" title="Dei frie kunstene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei frie kunstene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_liberalas" title="Arts liberalas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arts liberalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetti_erkin_san%CA%BCat" title="Yetti erkin sanʼat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yetti erkin sanʼat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuki_wyzwolone" title="Sztuki wyzwolone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuki wyzwolone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional academic course in Western higher education</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liberal arts" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Liberal arts (disambiguation)">Liberal arts (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Deliciarum,_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.JPG/220px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.JPG/330px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.JPG/440px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="4508" /></a><figcaption><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Philosophia et septem artes liberales</i></span></i>, "philosophy and the seven liberal arts." From the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Herrad_of_Landsberg" title="Herrad of Landsberg">Herrad of Landsberg</a> (12th century)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Liberal arts education</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liberalis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:liberalis">liberalis</a></i></i> 'free' and <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ars#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ars">ars</a></i></i> 'art or principled practice')<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the traditional academic course in Western higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Liberal arts</i> takes the term <i><a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">art</a></i> in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically the <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a>. <i>Liberal arts education</i> can refer to studies in a liberal arts degree course or to a university education more generally. Such a course of study contrasts with those that are principally <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocational</a>, professional, or technical, as well as religiously based courses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>liberal arts</i> for an educational curriculum dates back to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> in the West, but has changed its meaning considerably, mostly expanding it. The seven subjects in the ancient and medieval meaning came to be divided into the <a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. Since the late 1990s, major universities have gradually dropped the term <i>liberal arts</i> from their curriculum or created schools for liberal art disciplines to categorize programs outside of science and technology. Common rebrandings for liberal arts colleges and schools include: <i>arts and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a></i>, <i>arts and sciences</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a></i>. The name changing at American institutions comes as the result of modern statistics suggesting a <i>Liberal Arts</i> degree offers graduates a considerably lower income when compared to science and technology graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the rebranding, liberal arts degrees traditionally describe the following disciplines: <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">Fine arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign languages">Foreign languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creative_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative arts">Creative arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>. Degrees in <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Liberal_Studies" title="Bachelor of Liberal Studies">Liberal studies</a> are often confused with those in a liberal arts discipline. Liberal studies refers to degrees with a broad curriculum, across multiple liberal arts disciplines and/or sciences and technologies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before they became known by their Latin variations (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">artes liberales</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">septem artes liberales</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">studia liberalia</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>liberal arts</b> were the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> methods of inquiry that began with a "desire for a universal understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> argued that there was a mathematical (and geometric) harmony to the cosmos or the universe; his followers linked the four arts of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> into one area of study to form the "disciplines of the <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval">mediaeval</a> <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th-century-BC Athens, the government of the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, or city-state, respected the ability of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> or public speaking above almost everything else.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually rhetoric, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>) became the educational programme of the <a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a>. Together they came to be known as the <b>seven liberal arts</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally these subjects or skills were held by <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> to be essential for a free person (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">liberalis</i></span>, "worthy of a free person")<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to acquire in order to take an active part in civic life, something that included among other things participating in public debate, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and participating in military service. While the arts of the quadrivium might have appeared prior to the arts of the trivium, by the Middle Ages educational programmes taught the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) first while the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy) were the following stage of education.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maerten_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_the_liberal_arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Maerten_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_the_liberal_arts.jpg/220px-Maerten_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_the_liberal_arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Maerten_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_the_liberal_arts.jpg/330px-Maerten_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_the_liberal_arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Maerten_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_the_liberal_arts.jpg/440px-Maerten_de_Vos_-_Allegory_of_the_liberal_arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><i>Allegory of the seven liberal arts,</i> <a href="/wiki/The_Phoebus_Foundation" title="The Phoebus Foundation">The Phoebus Foundation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rooted in the basic curriculum – the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eukuklios paideia</i></span> or "well-rounded education" – of late <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a>, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">liberalia studia</i></span>) were already called so in formal education during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">artes liberales</i></span>) occurs in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>, but it is unclear if he created the term.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> discusses liberal arts in education from a critical <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> point of view in <i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral Epistles">Moral Epistles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times,<sup id="cite_ref-H._Lausberg,_1998_p._10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Lausberg,_1998_p._10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was only after <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a> in the 5th century influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the <i><a href="/wiki/De_nuptiis" class="mw-redirect" title="De nuptiis">Marriage of Mercury and Philology</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they took on canonical form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Seven_liberal_arts"></span><span class="anchor" id="The_seven_liberal_arts"></span> </p><p>The four "scientific" <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">artes</i></span> – music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy – were known from the time of <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> onwards as the <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a></i>. After the 9th century, the remaining three arts of the "<a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>" – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were grouped as the <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)"><i>trivium</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Lausberg,_1998_p._10_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Lausberg,_1998_p._10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in that two-fold form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval Western university</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner1983_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner1983-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the <i>trivium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the 12th century the iconic image – <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Philosophia et septem artes liberales</i></span> (Philosophy and seven liberal arts) <i>–</i> was produced by an <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian</a> nun and abbess <a href="/wiki/Herrad_of_Landsberg" title="Herrad of Landsberg">Herrad of Landsberg</a> with her community of women as part of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hortus deliciarum</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tidbury_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidbury-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended as a teaching tool for women of the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image <i>Philosophy and seven liberal arts</i> represents the circle of philosophy, and is presented as a rosette of a cathedral: a central circle and a series of semicircles arranged all around. It shows learning and knowledge organised into seven relations, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Septem Artes Liberales</i></span> or Seven Liberal Arts. Each of these arts find their source in the Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-Tidbury_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidbury-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Albert the Great, a doctor of the Catholic Church, asserted that the seven liberal arts were referred to in Sacred Scripture, saying: "It is written, 'Wisdom hath built herself a house, she hath hewn her out seven pillars' (Proverbs 9:1). This house is the Blessed Virgin; the seven pillars are the seven liberal arts."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gherardo_di_giovannid_el_fora,_musica,_in_marziano_capella_de_nuptiis_philologiae_et_mercurii,_ms._urb_lat_329_f_149v_bibl_ap_vat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gherardo_di_giovannid_el_fora%2C_musica%2C_in_marziano_capella_de_nuptiis_philologiae_et_mercurii%2C_ms._urb_lat_329_f_149v_bibl_ap_vat.jpg/220px-Gherardo_di_giovannid_el_fora%2C_musica%2C_in_marziano_capella_de_nuptiis_philologiae_et_mercurii%2C_ms._urb_lat_329_f_149v_bibl_ap_vat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gherardo_di_giovannid_el_fora%2C_musica%2C_in_marziano_capella_de_nuptiis_philologiae_et_mercurii%2C_ms._urb_lat_329_f_149v_bibl_ap_vat.jpg/330px-Gherardo_di_giovannid_el_fora%2C_musica%2C_in_marziano_capella_de_nuptiis_philologiae_et_mercurii%2C_ms._urb_lat_329_f_149v_bibl_ap_vat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gherardo_di_giovannid_el_fora%2C_musica%2C_in_marziano_capella_de_nuptiis_philologiae_et_mercurii%2C_ms._urb_lat_329_f_149v_bibl_ap_vat.jpg/440px-Gherardo_di_giovannid_el_fora%2C_musica%2C_in_marziano_capella_de_nuptiis_philologiae_et_mercurii%2C_ms._urb_lat_329_f_149v_bibl_ap_vat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption>Page, with illustration of Music, from <i><a href="/wiki/De_nuptiis" class="mw-redirect" title="De nuptiis">Marriage of Mercury and Philology</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, reversed that process.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-christening the old trivium with a new and more ambitious name: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Studia humanitatis</a></i></span>, and also increasing its scope, they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new emphasis on poetry as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">educational curriculum of humanism</a> spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical languages and literature</a>, persisted in Europe until the middle of the twentieth century; in the United States, it had come under increasingly successful attack in the late 19th century by academics interested in reshaping American higher education around the natural and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_model_of_higher_education" title="Humboldtian model of higher education">educational model</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (now Germany), which later became the role model for higher education also in North America, went beyond vocational training. In a letter to the Prussian king, he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are undeniably certain kinds of knowledge that must be of a general nature and, more importantly, a certain cultivation of the mind and character that nobody can afford to be without. People obviously cannot be good craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are good, upstanding and – according to their condition – well-informed human beings and citizens. If this basis is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily acquired later on, and a person is always free to move from one occupation to another, as so often happens in life.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Julian_Nida-R%C3%BCmelin" title="Julian Nida-Rümelin">Julian Nida-Rümelin</a> has criticized discrepancies between Humboldt's ideals and the contemporary European education policy, which narrowly understands education as a preparation for the labor market, arguing that we need to decide between "<a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey</a> and Humboldt".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/General_education" class="mw-redirect" title="General education">General education</a></div> <p>The modern use of the term <i><b>liberal arts</b></i> consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>. Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">Life science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">Physical science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_science" title="Formal science">Formal science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">english literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>)</li></ul> <p>For example, the core courses for Georgetown University's <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Liberal_Studies" title="Doctor of Liberal Studies">Doctor of Liberal Studies</a> program<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cover philosophy, theology, history, art, literature, and the social sciences. <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_in_Liberal_Studies" title="Master of Arts in Liberal Studies">Master of Arts in Liberal Studies</a> program includes courses in visual arts, art history, <a href="/wiki/Creative_writing" title="Creative writing">creative</a> and professional writing, literature, history, mathematics, film, government, education, biology, psychology, and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_school">Secondary school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secondary school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares students for higher education at a university.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, music, history, philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">civics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and foreign languages.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Liberal arts colleges in the United States">Liberal arts colleges in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creative_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative arts">Creative arts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thompson_Library_(Vassar_College).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Thompson_Library_%28Vassar_College%29.jpg/220px-Thompson_Library_%28Vassar_College%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Thompson_Library_%28Vassar_College%29.jpg/330px-Thompson_Library_%28Vassar_College%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Thompson_Library_%28Vassar_College%29.jpg/440px-Thompson_Library_%28Vassar_College%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Memorial_Library" title="Thompson Memorial Library">Thompson Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> in New York</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teaching at liberal arts colleges is often <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic</a>, typically with small classes; professors are often allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than are <a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States" title="Professors in the United States">professors</a> at research universities.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, most four-year colleges are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees, and offer <a href="/wiki/STEM" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM">STEM</a> programs. In fact, STEM graduates at liberal arts colleges have been demonstrated to be more likely to apply to graduate school in STEM than their peers and make up a higher proportion of National Academy of Science members than would usually be expected for the number of STEM graduates produced by an institution.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, a bachelor's degree in one particular area within liberal arts, with substantial study outside that main area, is earned over four years of full-time study. However, some universities such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Leo_University" title="Saint Leo University">Saint Leo University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology" title="Florida Institute of Technology">Florida Institute of Technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_England_College" title="New England College">New England College</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have begun to offer an <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate degree</a> in liberal arts. Colleges like the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_College_of_Liberal_Arts" title="Thomas More College of Liberal Arts">Thomas More College of Liberal Arts</a> offer a unique program with only one degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, while the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Harvard Extension School</a> offers both a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Liberal_Arts" title="Bachelor of Liberal Arts">Bachelor of Liberal Arts</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Liberal Arts">Master of Liberal Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-extension.harvard.edu_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extension.harvard.edu-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, colleges like the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_College_of_Liberal_Studies" title="University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies">University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies</a> and the Harvard Extension School<sup id="cite_ref-extension.harvard.edu_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extension.harvard.edu-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer an online, part-time option for adult and nontraditional students.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most students earn either a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree or a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Books_movement">Great Books movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Great Books movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1937 <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)" title="St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St. John's College</a> radically shifted its curriculum to focus on the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a>,</i> aiming to provide a form of liberal arts education that stood apart from increasingly specialized nature of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new approach emphasized a broad-based education rooted in classical texts from philosophy, literature, science, and other disciplines, in contrast to the growing trend toward technical and vocational training in universities. </p><p>In 1952, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> published a 54 volume set titled the <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World#History" title="Great Books of the Western World"><i>Great Books of the Western World</i></a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Hutchins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Mortimer Adler</a>. This monumental work was designed to serve as a comprehensive anthology of the foundational texts of Western civilization, spanning authors from Homer and Plato to Shakespeare and Newton. The collection aimed to promote critical thinking and engagement with the ideas that have shaped Western thought. In 1990, a second edition was released, expanding the collection to 60 volumes and updating its content to reflect more contemporary works and scholarship. </p><p>In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in the Great Books and the broader Liberal Arts tradition within some contemporary Muslim educational institutions. Notably, neo-traditional Muslim scholars like <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Yusuf" title="Hamza Yusuf">Shaykh Hamza Yusuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Winter" title="Timothy Winter">Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad</a> (also known as Tim Winter) have advocated for incorporating the study of these classical works into the curriculum. These scholars emphasize that Muslims historically engaged deeply with the classical liberal arts, particularly the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy), both of which are foundational to the Western liberal arts tradition. </p><p>Institutions like <a href="/wiki/Zaytuna_College" title="Zaytuna College">Zaytuna College</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Muslim_College" title="Cambridge Muslim College">Cambridge Muslim College</a> in the United Kingdom have integrated elements of the Great Books and the liberal arts into their educational models, fostering a greater appreciation for the interconnectedness of intellectual traditions across cultures. These colleges encourage students to study classical Islamic texts alongside Western works, fostering a holistic education that draws on both Islamic and Western intellectual heritage. The engagement with the trivium and quadrivium in these institutions highlights the enduring value of liberal arts education, not only in Western contexts but also within broader, more global educational traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_di_bonaiuto,_cappellone_degli_spagnoli_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_cappellone_degli_spagnoli_09.jpg/300px-Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_cappellone_degli_spagnoli_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_cappellone_degli_spagnoli_09.jpg/450px-Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_cappellone_degli_spagnoli_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_cappellone_degli_spagnoli_09.jpg/600px-Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_cappellone_degli_spagnoli_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><i>Triumph of St.<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas</a> & Allegory of the Sciences</i> by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365–68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system it is called '<i>humanistische Bildung'</i> (humanistic education). The term is not to be confused with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)"><i>Gymnasium</i></a> (high school, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education (<i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i>) to form personality with regard to a pupil's own humanity as well as their innate intellectual skills.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic thinking</a> and re-shaped by the theorists of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>; in particular, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at <i>gymnasia</i>, very often the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the US educational system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Students are expected to use their skills received at the <i>gymnasium</i> to further develop their personality in their own responsibility, e.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university's curriculum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term <i>liberal arts college</i> usually denotes <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Liberal arts colleges in the United States">liberal arts colleges in the United States</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the exception of pioneering institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Franklin_University_Switzerland" title="Franklin University Switzerland">Franklin University Switzerland</a> (formerly known as Franklin College), established as a Europe-based, US-style liberal arts college in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts education to continental Europe, as with <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_College_The_Hague" title="Leiden University College The Hague">Leiden University College The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Utrecht" title="University College Utrecht">University College Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Maastricht" title="University College Maastricht">University College Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_College" title="Amsterdam University College">Amsterdam University College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Academy">Roosevelt Academy</a> (now University College Roosevelt), University College Twente (ATLAS), <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_College" title="Erasmus University College">Erasmus University College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bratislava_International_School_of_Liberal_Arts" title="Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts">Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuphana_University_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Leuphana University of Lüneburg">Leuphana University of Lüneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bard_College_Berlin" title="Bard College Berlin">Bard College Berlin</a>, formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/European_College_of_Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="European College of Liberal Arts">European College of Liberal Arts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> launched a liberal arts undergraduate degree in Culture, Politics, and Society <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2020 as part of its move to Vienna and accreditation in Austria. As well as the colleges listed above, some universities in the Netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (<a href="/wiki/Tilburg_University" title="Tilburg University">Tilburg University</a>). Liberal arts (as a degree program) is just beginning to establish itself in Europe. For example, University College Dublin offers the degree, as does <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_University_College_(Belfast)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's University College (Belfast)">St. Marys University College Belfast</a>, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In the Netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_arts_colleges_at_universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Liberal arts colleges at universities in the Netherlands"><i>university college</i></a> since the late 1990s. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Liberal Arts degree program in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> University in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>'s Campus <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> in the autumn of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Liberal Arts program in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education (AGILE),<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an NGO. Thanks to their collaboration, <a href="/wiki/Ilia_State_University" title="Ilia State University">Ilia State University</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the first higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Chavagnes_Studium" title="Chavagnes Studium">Chavagnes Studium</a>, a Liberal Arts Study Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a former Catholic seminary, is launching a two-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may become part of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (now Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2009 it introduced a four-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In England, the first institution<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at the undergraduate level was the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winchester" title="University of Winchester">University of Winchester</a> with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts program which launched in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> began its interdisciplinary <a href="/wiki/UCL_Arts_and_Sciences" title="UCL Arts and Sciences">Arts and Sciences</a> BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> created the School of Liberal Arts and Natural Sciences, home of a suite of flexible 4-year programs in which students study a broad range of subjects drawn from across the university, and gain qualifications including both traditional Liberal Arts and Natural Sciences, but also novel thematic combinations linking both areas.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_College_of_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="New College of the Humanities">New College of the Humanities</a> also launched a new liberal education programme. Richmond American University London is a private liberal arts university where all undergraduate degrees are taught with a US liberal arts approach over a four-year programme. <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> has both a popular BA Liberal Arts and a BA Combined Honours in Social Sciences programme, both of which allow for interdisciplinary approaches to education. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> also has a Liberal Arts BA with study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> launched a three/four-year liberal arts BA degree, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and <a href="/wiki/Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">problem-based learning</a> techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary routes and bespoke pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the four-year undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)" title="Master of Arts (Scotland)">Master of Arts</a>, has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus. In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of different subjects before specialising in their Honours years (third and fourth year). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, the Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA) is located in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Bratislava" title="Old Town, Bratislava">Old Town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>. It is the first <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts college</a> in Central Europe. A private, accredited three-year degree-granting undergraduate institution, it opened in September 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commission on Higher Education of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> mandates a General Education curriculum required of all higher education institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ethics, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities have much more robust liberal arts core curricula; most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> universities such as <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a> have a strong liberal arts core curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. <a href="/wiki/Forman_Christian_College" title="Forman Christian College">Forman Christian College</a> is a liberal arts university in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan. It is one of the oldest institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It is a chartered university recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Education Commission of Pakistan">Higher Education Commission of Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a> offers a worldclass liberal arts education in the arts and sciences in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan, and <a href="/wiki/Habib_University" title="Habib University">Habib University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal core program which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, there are many institutions that offer undergraduate UG or bachelor's degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or master's degree/diploma as well as doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and research, in this academic discipline. The highly ranked <a href="/wiki/IIT_Guwahati" title="IIT Guwahati">IIT Guwahati</a> offers a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iitg.ac.in/hss/course-details.php?slno=RnUrSzB1cnpWMHRFL01Bc2s5QXVVUT09&crs=%20Master%20of%20Liberal%20Arts">"Master's Degree in Liberal Arts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Master%27s+Degree+in+Liberal+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iitg.ac.in%2Fhss%2Fcourse-details.php%3Fslno%3DRnUrSzB1cnpWMHRFL01Bc2s5QXVVUT09%26crs%3D%2520Master%2520of%2520Liberal%2520Arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Manipal_Academy_of_Higher_Education" title="Manipal Academy of Higher Education">Manipal Academy of Higher Education</a> – MAHE, an Institution of Eminence as recognised by MHRD of Govt of India in 2018, houses a Faculty of Liberal Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and also others like Symbiosis & <a href="/wiki/FLAME_University" title="FLAME University">FLAME University</a> in Pune, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_University" title="Ahmedabad University">Ahmedabad University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Deendayal_Energy_University" title="Pandit Deendayal Energy University">Pandit Deendayal Energy University</a> (PDEU) <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Ahmedabad, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_University" title="Ashoka University">Ashoka University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji_University" title="Azim Premji University">Azim Premji University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_University_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan University (Hong Kong)">Lingnan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_University_for_Women" title="Asian University for Women">Asian University for Women</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liberal_Arts_Bangladesh" title="University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh">University of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB)</a> are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_University" title="International Christian University">International Christian University</a> in Tokyo is the first and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan. Fulbright University Vietnam is the first liberal arts institution in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Australia">In Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Campion_College" title="Campion College">Campion College</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> dedicated liberal arts college, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Millis Institute is the School of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. Founded by Dr. Ryan Messmore, former President of Campion College, the Millis Institute offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts in which students can choose to major in philosophy, theology, history or literature. It also endorses a 'Study Abroad' program whereby students can earn credit towards their degree by undertaking two units over a five-week program at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. As of 2022, Elizabeth Hillman is currently the President of the Millis Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new school of Liberal Arts has been formed in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a>; the new Arts course entitled 'Western Civilisation' was first offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on the classic intellectual and artistic literature of the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western tradition</a>. Courses in the liberal arts have recently been developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia" title="University of Notre Dame Australia">University of Notre Dame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/42px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/56px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artes_Mechanicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Artes Mechanicae">Artes Mechanicae</a>  –  Latin for "the mechanical arts"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_General_Studies" title="Bachelor of General Studies">Bachelor of General Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Liberal_Arts" title="Bachelor of Liberal Arts">Bachelor of Liberal Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Liberal_Studies" title="Bachelor of Liberal Studies">Bachelor of Liberal Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Classical education (disambiguation)">Classical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Arts and Sciences">College of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative arts">Creative arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Liberal_Studies" title="Doctor of Liberal Studies">Doctor of 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title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit education">Jesuit education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eloquentia_perfecta" title="Eloquentia perfecta">Eloquentia perfecta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_education" title="Liberal education">Liberal education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_arts_colleges" title="List of liberal arts colleges">List of liberal arts colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winchester.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/courses/ma-liberal-arts">"MA Liberal Arts | Course Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winchester" title="University of Winchester">University of Winchester</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Winchester&rft.atitle=MA+Liberal+Arts+%7C+Course+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinchester.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fpostgraduate%2Fcourses%2Fma-liberal-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.org.uk/liberal-arts">"What is Liberal Arts? – Ancient, Medieval, Modern"</a>. <i>Liberal Arts UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberal+Arts+UK&rft.atitle=What+is+Liberal+Arts%3F+%E2%80%93+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+Modern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberalarts.org.uk%2Fliberal-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admission.princeton.edu/academics/what-does-liberal-arts-mean">"Liberal Arts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberal+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmission.princeton.edu%2Facademics%2Fwhat-does-liberal-arts-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/classroom/daily-news-lessons/2024/10/university-works-to-revive-liberal-arts-as-key-part-of-the-college-experience">"University works to revive liberal arts as a key part of the college experience"</a>. <i>pbs.org</i>. public broadcasting system<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=University+works+to+revive+liberal+arts+as+a+key+part+of+the+college+experience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fclassroom%2Fdaily-news-lessons%2F2024%2F10%2Funiversity-works-to-revive-liberal-arts-as-key-part-of-the-college-experience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/liberal-arts/liberal-arts-field-of-degree.htm">"Field of degree: Liberal arts"</a>. <i>bls.gov/</i>. Bureau of Labor and Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bls.gov%2F&rft.atitle=Field+of+degree%3A+Liberal+arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fooh%2Ffield-of-degree%2Fliberal-arts%2Fliberal-arts-field-of-degree.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/blog/what-liberal-arts-education">"What does Liberal Arts Mean?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+Liberal+Arts+Mean%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-liberal-arts-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball1995" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Bruce A. (1995). <i>Orators & philosophers: a history of the idea of liberal education</i> (Expanded ed.). New York: College Entrance Examination Board. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87447-514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87447-514-7"><bdi>0-87447-514-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32776486">32776486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orators+%26+philosophers%3A+a+history+of+the+idea+of+liberal+education&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Expanded&rft.pub=College+Entrance+Examination+Board&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32776486&rft.isbn=0-87447-514-7&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubbs2014" class="citation book cs1">Tubbs, Nigel (2014). <i>Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Learn</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35891-2"><bdi>978-1-137-35891-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882530818">882530818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Modern+Liberal+Arts+Education%3A+Freedom+is+to+Learn&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882530818&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35891-2&rft.aulast=Tubbs&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubbs2014" class="citation book cs1">Tubbs, Nigel (2014). <i>Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Learn</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35891-2"><bdi>978-1-137-35891-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882530818">882530818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Modern+Liberal+Arts+Education%3A+Freedom+is+to+Learn&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882530818&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35891-2&rft.aulast=Tubbs&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.online/trivium-and-quadrivium/">"Trivium and Quadrivium | The Seven Liberal Arts | Study Liberal Arts"</a>. <i>Liberal Arts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberal+Arts&rft.atitle=Trivium+and+Quadrivium+%7C+The+Seven+Liberal+Arts+%7C+Study+Liberal+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberalarts.online%2Ftrivium-and-quadrivium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberalarts.org.uk/philosophy-and-the-liberal-arts/">"Philosophy and the Liberal Arts | Essays"</a>. <i>Liberal Arts</i>. 25 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberal+Arts&rft.atitle=Philosophy+and+the+Liberal+Arts+%7C+Essays&rft.date=2020-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberalarts.org.uk%2Fphilosophy-and-the-liberal-arts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtius,_Ernst_Robert1973" class="citation book cs1">Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanliteratu0000curt"><i>European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanliteratu0000curt/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691097398" title="Special:BookSources/9780691097398"><bdi>9780691097398</bdi></a>. <q>The classical sources include Cicero, <i>De Oratore</i>, I.72–73, III.127, and <i>De re publica</i>, I.30.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Literature+and+the+Latin+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780691097398&rft.au=Curtius%2C+Ernst+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanliteratu0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle,_E.B.1969" class="citation book cs1">Castle, E.B. (1969). <i>Ancient Education and Today</i>. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Education+and+Today&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Castle%2C+E.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, Bruce (1995). <i>Orators and Philosophers</i>. New York: College Entrance Examination Board. p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero. <i>De Inventione</i>. Book 1, Section 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneca" class="citation web cs1">Seneca. Schneider, Ben (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoics.com/seneca_epistles_book_2.html#%E2%80%98LXXXVIII1">"Epistle"</a>. Stoics.com. 88<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epistle&rft.pub=Stoics.com&rft.au=Seneca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoics.com%2Fseneca_epistles_book_2.html%23%25E2%2580%2598LXXXVIII1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Lausberg,_1998_p._10-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._Lausberg,_1998_p._10_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._Lausberg,_1998_p._10_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLausberg,_H.1998" class="citation book cs1">Lausberg, H. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812202113" title="Special:BookSources/9780812202113"><bdi>9780812202113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+Delights%3A+Reform+and+Renaissance+for+Women+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812202113&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Fiona+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kimball, Bruce A. <i>Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Education</i>. College Board, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLausberg,_H.1998" class="citation book cs1">Lausberg, H. (1998). <i>Handbook of Literary Rhetoric</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Literary+Rhetoric&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Lausberg%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2020" class="citation web cs1">Michael, William (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicalliberalarts.com/blog/the-virgin-mary-and-the-classical-liberal-arts/">"The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts"</a>. <i>Classical Liberal Arts Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Liberal+Arts+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Virgin+Mary+and+the+Classical+Liberal+Arts&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicalliberalarts.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-virgin-mary-and-the-classical-liberal-arts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidbury2019" class="citation web cs1">Tidbury, Iain (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberalarts.org.uk/liberal-arts-education-by-and-for-women/">"Liberal Arts Education by and for Women"</a>. <i>Liberal Arts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberal+Arts&rft.atitle=Liberal+Arts+Education+by+and+for+Women&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft.aulast=Tidbury&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberalarts.org.uk%2Fliberal-arts-education-by-and-for-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubbs2014" class="citation book cs1">Tubbs, Nigel (2014). <i>Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Learn</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35891-2"><bdi>978-1-137-35891-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882530818">882530818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Modern+Liberal+Arts+Education%3A+Freedom+is+to+Learn&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882530818&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35891-2&rft.aulast=Tubbs&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell,_Helen1968" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, Helen (1968). <i>The Wandering Scholars</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wandering+Scholars&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Waddell%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1983" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, David Leslie (1983). <i>The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35185-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+liberal+arts+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35185-2&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=David+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2019" class="citation book cs1">Anders, George (2019). <i>You Can Do Anything: The Surprising Power of a "Useless" Liberal Arts Education</i>. Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316548885" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316548885"><bdi>978-0316548885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Can+Do+Anything%3A+The+Surprising+Power+of+a+%22Useless%22+Liberal+Arts+Education&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0316548885&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun, Jacques</a>. <i>The House of Intellect,</i> Reprint Harper Perennial, 2002.</li> <li>Blaich, Charles, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021110926/http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/storage/Defining_Liberal_Education.pdf">Defining Liberal Arts Education.</a>" Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_Blanshard" title="Brand Blanshard">Blanshard, Brand</a>. <i>The Uses of a Liberal Education: And Other Talks to Students</i>. (Open Court, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9429-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9429-5">0-8126-9429-5</a>)</li> <li>Friedlander, Jack. <i>Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Education in Washington's Community Colleges</i>. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Community Colleges, 1982a. (ED 217 918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Jardine" title="Lisa Jardine">Lisa Jardine</a>. <i>From Humanism to the Humanities: The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century Europe</i>, Harvard University Press, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Guitton, Jean</a>. <i>A Student's Guide to Intellectual Work,</i> The University of Notre Dame Press, 1964.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Highet" title="Gilbert Highet">Highet, Gilbert</a>. <i>The Art of Teaching,</i> Vintage Books, 1950.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Miriam_Joseph" title="Sister Miriam Joseph">Joseph, Sister Miriam</a>. <i>The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric</i>. Paul Dry Books Inc, 2002.</li> <li>Kimball, Bruce A. <i>The Liberal Arts Tradition: A Documentary History</i>. University Press Of America, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Kaori_KitaoWilliam_R._Kenan,_Jr.1999" class="citation book cs1">T. Kaori Kitao; William R. Kenan, Jr. (27 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002134803/http://www.honors.ucr.edu/files/SUHP2006/usefulness.pdf"><i>The Usefulness Of Uselessness</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Keynote Address, The 1999 Institute for the Academic Advancement of Youth's Odyssey at Swarthmore College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honors.ucr.edu/files/SUHP2006/usefulness.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Usefulness+Of+Uselessness&rft.place=Keynote+Address%2C+The+1999+Institute+for+the+Academic+Advancement+of+Youth%27s+Odyssey+at+Swarthmore+College&rft.date=1999-03-27&rft.au=T.+Kaori+Kitao&rft.au=William+R.+Kenan%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honors.ucr.edu%2Ffiles%2FSUHP2006%2Fusefulness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>McGrath, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/education/edlife/harvard.html?pagewanted=all">"What Every Student Should Know"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 8 January 2006.</li> <li>Parker, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishhistorica05londuoft#page/416/mode/2up"><i>"The Seven Liberal Arts,"</i></a> The English Historical Review, Vol. V, 1890.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfnister1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pfnister, Allan O. (1984). "The Role of the Liberal Arts College: A Historical Overview of the Debates". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Higher_Education" title="The Journal of Higher Education">The Journal of Higher Education</a></i>. <b>55</b> (2). Ohio State University Press: 145–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1981183">10.2307/1981183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-4640">1538-4640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1981183">1981183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Liberal+Arts+College%3A+A+Historical+Overview+of+the+Debates&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-70&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=1538-4640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1981183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1981183&rft.aulast=Pfnister&rft.aufirst=Allan+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1930" class="citation journal cs1">Reeves, Floyd W. (1930). "The Liberal-Arts College". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Higher_Education" title="The Journal of Higher Education">The Journal of Higher Education</a></i>. <b>1</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>: 373–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1974170">10.2307/1974170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-4640">1538-4640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1974170">1974170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Liberal-Arts+College&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=373-80&rft.date=1930&rft.issn=1538-4640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1974170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1974170&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Floyd+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ruckdeschel, Christopher. <i>On the Nature of the Classical Liberal Arts</i>, Bookbaby, 2019.</li> <li>Saint-Victor, Hugh of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/didascaliconmedi00hugh"><i>The Didascalicon,</i></a> Columbia University Press, 1961.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V._Schall" title="James V. Schall">Schall, James V.</a> <i>Another Sort of Learning,</i> Ignatius Press, 1988.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidel1968" class="citation journal cs1">Seidel, George J. (1968). "Saving the Small College". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Higher_Education" title="The Journal of Higher Education">The Journal of Higher Education</a></i>. <b>39</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>: 339–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1979916">10.2307/1979916</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-4640">1538-4640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1979916">1979916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Saving+the+Small+College&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=339-42&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=1538-4640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1979916%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1979916&rft.aulast=Seidel&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Sertillanges" title="Antonin Sertillanges">Sertillanges, A. G.</a> <i>The Intellectual Life,</i> The Catholic University of America Press, 1998.</li> <li>Tubbs, N. (2011) <i>"Know Thyself: Macrocosm and Microcosm"</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11217-010-9209-4"><i>Studies in Philosophy and Education</i> Volume 30 no.1</a></li> <li>Winterer, Caroline. <i>The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910.</i> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wriston" title="Henry Wriston">Wriston, Henry M.</a> <i>The Nature of a Liberal College</i>. Lawrence University Press, 1937.</li> <li>Zakaria, Fareed. <i>In Defense of a Liberal Education</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Liberal_education" class="extiw" title="q:Liberal education">Liberal education</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="extiw" title="commons:Liberal arts"><span style="font-style:italic; 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seven_liberal_arts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seven liberal arts">Seven liberal arts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Arts, Liberal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Arts,_Liberal">"Arts, Liberal" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arts%2C+Liberal&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+arts+education" class="Z3988"></span> Definition and short history of the Seven Liberal Arts from 1905.</li> <li>Fr. Herve de la Tour, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031016100715/http://www.edocere.org/articles/7_liberal_arts.htm">"The Seven Liberal Arts"</a>, <i>Edocere, a Resource for Catholic Education</i>, February 2002. Thomas Aquinas's definition of and justification for a liberal arts education.</li> <li>Otto Willmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01760a.htm">"The Seven Liberal Arts"</a>. In <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Retrieved 13 August 2012. "[Renaissance] Humanists, over-fond of change, unjustly condemned the system of the seven liberal arts as barbarous. It is no more barbarous than the Gothic style, a name intended to be a reproach. The Gothic, built up on the conception of the old basilica, ancient in origin, yet Christian in character, was misjudged by the Renaissance on account of some excrescences, and obscured by the additions engrafted upon it by modern lack of taste… That the achievements of our forefathers should be understood, recognized, and adapted to our own needs, is surely to be desired."</li> <li>Andrew Chrucky (1 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/chrucky/aim.html">"The Aim of Liberal Education"</a>. "The content of a liberal education should be moral problems as provided by history, anthropology, sociology, economics, and politics. And these should be discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions, i.e., through a study of rhetoric and logic. Since discussion takes place in language, an effort should be made to develop a facility with language."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/libed/libed.html">"Philosophy of Liberal Education"</a> A bibliography, compiled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Chrucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Chrucky (page does not exist)">Andrew Chrucky</a>, with links to essays offering different points of view on the meaning of a liberal education.</li> <li>Mark Peltz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813231815/http://collegenews.org/editorials/2012/the-liberal-arts-and-leadership.html">"The Liberal Arts and Leadership"</a>, <i>College News (The Annapolis Group)</i>, 14 May 2012. A defense of liberal education by the Associate Dean of <a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell College</a> (first appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a></i>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-1/liberal.htm">"Liberal Arts at the Community College"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128185539/http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-1/liberal.htm">Archived</a> 28 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an ERIC Fact Sheet. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-926/liberal.htm">"A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128192844/http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-926/liberal.htm">Archived</a> 28 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821025525/http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/wabash-study-2010-overview/">The Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts.</a> Website about The Wabash Study (for improving liberal education). Sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at <a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>), the Wabash Study began in the fall of 2010 – scheduled to end in 2013. Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925061822/http://www.academiccommons.org/"><i>Academic Commons</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. An online platform in support of the liberal education community. It is a forum for sharing practices, outcomes, and lessons learned of online learning. Formerly sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, The Academic Commons is hosted by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitle.org">"NITLE".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302155911/http://www.nitle.org/">Archived</a> 2 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618033752/http://www.liberalartsadvantage.com/what-are-the-liberal-arts/"><i>The Liberal Arts Advantage – for Business</i></a>. Website dedicated to "Bridging the gap between business and the liberal arts". "A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the ability to think, reason, analyze, decide, discern, and evaluate. That's in contrast to a professional or technical education (business, engineering, computer science, etc.) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mla.winchester.ac.uk">Video explanation by Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester University, UK.</a>. "Liberal arts education (Latin: <i>liberalis</i>, free, and <i>ars</i>, art or principled practice) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject boundaries in the humanities, the social and natural sciences, and fine arts. The degree combines compulsory modules covering art, religion, literature, science and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a> with a wide range of optional modules. 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arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classical_education_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_education" title="Template:Classical education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_education" title="Template talk:Classical education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classical_education_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberal arts education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Greece" title="Education in ancient Greece">Education in ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_classics" title="Christian views on the classics">Christian views on the classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Mortimer J. Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_book" title="Classic book">Classic book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Miriam_Joseph" title="Sister Miriam Joseph">Sister Miriam Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Hirsch" title="E. D. Hirsch">E. D. Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilson_(theologian)" title="Douglas Wilson (theologian)">Douglas Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Perrin" title="Christopher Perrin">Christopher Perrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Classical_Christian_Schools" title="Association of Classical Christian Schools">Association of Classical Christian Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Press" title="Canon Press">Canon Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Academic_Press" title="Classical Academic Press">Classical Academic Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Learning_Test" title="Classic Learning Test">Classic Learning Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hearts_Academies" title="Great Hearts Academies">Great Hearts Academies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_College" title="Gutenberg College">Gutenberg College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Middleton_University" title="Harrison Middleton University">Harrison Middleton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College_of_the_Liberal_Arts" title="Magdalen College of the Liberal Arts">Magdalen College of the Liberal Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Saint_Andrews_College" title="New Saint Andrews College">New Saint Andrews College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimer_Great_Books_School" title="Shimer Great Books School">Shimer Great Books School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)" title="St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_College" title="Thomas Aquinas College">Thomas Aquinas College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_College_of_Liberal_Arts" title="Thomas More College of Liberal Arts">Thomas More College of Liberal Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Catholic_College" title="Wyoming Catholic College">Wyoming Catholic College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Classical_Christian_Studies" title="Academy of Classical Christian Studies">Academy of Classical Christian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cair_Paravel_Latin_School" title="Cair Paravel Latin School">Cair Paravel Latin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_Latin_School" title="Highlands Latin School">Highlands Latin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_School" title="Logos School">Logos School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_School_at_Greenlawn" title="Trinity School at Greenlawn">Trinity School at Greenlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivium_School" title="Trivium School">Trivium School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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