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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Other useful terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_useful_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Doab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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href="/wiki/File:Khadir-and-bangar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Khadir-and-bangar.jpg/220px-Khadir-and-bangar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Khadir-and-bangar.jpg/330px-Khadir-and-bangar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Khadir-and-bangar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>In any <i><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doab</a></i>, <i>khadar</i> land (green) lies next to a river, while <i>bangur</i> land (olive) has greater elevation and lies further from the river</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Khādir</b> or <b>Khadar</b> and <b>Bangar</b>, <b>Bāngur</b> or <b>Bhangar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi language</a>: खादर और बांगर, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu language</a>کهادر اور بانگر) are terms used in <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plains">Indo-Gangetic plains</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to differentiate between two types of <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial soils">alluvial soils</a>. Bangur and Khadir areas are commonly found in the <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doab</a> regions. Some villages may have both Khadar and Bangar areas within their revenue boundaries. Bhangar soils are less fertile as they are above flood level whereas Khadar soils are more fertile as they are below the flood level. Bhanger is full of kankers (lime nodules) while khadar soil is composed of fine silt and clay. It is fertile land as it contains alluvial soil deposited by rivers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khadir_or_Nali_areas">Khadir or Nali areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadir_and_Bangar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Khadir or Nali areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Village_accountant" title="Village accountant">Detailed land and revenue terminology</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Khadir"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nali"></span><span class="anchor" id="Naali"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nalli"></span><span class="anchor" id="Naalli"></span><span class="anchor" id="Naili"></span> </p><p><b>Khadir</b> or <b>Khadar</b> (Hindi: <b>खादर</b> or <b>खादिर</b>), also called <b>Nali</b> or <b>Naili</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-nali1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nali1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are low-lying areas that are <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> of a river and which are usually relatively narrower compared to unflooded <i>bangar</i> area.<sup id="cite_ref-brink1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brink1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khadar areas are prone to flooding and sometimes include <a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">portions of former river-beds</a> that became available for agriculture when a <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">river changes course</a>. It is moisture retentive and sticky when wet.<sup id="cite_ref-ref07rejic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref07rejic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allsoil1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allsoil1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Khadir</i> soil consists of new <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial soil">alluvial soil</a> relatively higher in new <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> content from the river, gets replenished with each flooding cycle, and is often very fertile.<sup id="cite_ref-allsoil1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allsoil1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Khadir</i> is also called <i>Nali</i> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> which is the fertile <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> tract between the <a href="/wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_River" title="Ghaggar-Hakra River">Ghaggar</a> river and the southern limits of the <a href="/wiki/Drishadvati_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Drishadvati river">Saraswati channel depression</a> that gets flooded during the rains.<sup id="cite_ref-nali1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nali1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Sri Sri Ravi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Living_Foundation" title="Art of Living Foundation">Art of Living Foundation</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Living_Foundation#World_Culture_Festival_on_Yamuna_flood_plains" title="Art of Living Foundation">World Culture Festival, 2016</a> (11 March) was held on <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>'s Khadir floodplains and <a href="/wiki/National_Green_Tribunal_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Green Tribunal Act">National Green Tribunal</a> (NGT) recommended a fine of INR 50 million, on Art of Living Foundation for damaging ecology on Yamuna's Khadar flood plains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bangar_areas_and_subtypes">Bangar areas and subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadir_and_Bangar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bangar areas and subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bangar"></span><span class="anchor" id="Bangad"></span><span class="anchor" id="Bangar_areas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Barani"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nahri"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nehri"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chahi"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chali_Khalis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chali_Nahri"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chai_Nehri"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chari_Sailab"></span> </p><p><b>Bangar/Bangad/Bhangar</b> (Hindi: <b>बांगर</b>) areas are beyond the floodplains,<sup id="cite_ref-brink1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brink1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that lie more upland, and compared to Khadar it consists of older <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial soil">alluvial soil</a> which is higher in <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandy</a> <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-allsoil1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allsoil1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangar areas are less prone to flooding but are usually more sandy and less fertile as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ref05zuqom_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref05zuqom-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref72qoguq_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref72qoguq-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Bangar area, can be further subdivided into the following based on the type of irrigation:<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Barani</b> area are traditionally rain-fed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are any low rain area where <a href="/wiki/Rainfed_agriculture" title="Rainfed agriculture">rain-fed</a> <a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">dry farming</a> is practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-bag1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bag1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar tract</a></b>, the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab,<sup id="cite_ref-bag1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bag1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an example of Barani land. Not all the Barani lands are part of the Bagar tract. Some of Barani areas nowadays are dependent on tubewells for irrigation wherever groundwater level is not too low,<sup id="cite_ref-bag1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bag1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence technically they can now be termed as <i>Chahi</i> even though their legal classification in land revenue records may still be <i>Barani</i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Nahri</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a>-irrigated land,<sup id="cite_ref-nali1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nali1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the <i>Rangoi tract</i> is a Nahri area because it is irrigated by the <i>Rangoi canal</i> made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of <a href="/wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_River" title="Ghaggar-Hakra River">Ghagghar river</a> to the dry bangar areas.<sup id="cite_ref-rangoi1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rangoi1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landtypes1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landtypes1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <i>Nahri</i> lands, <b>Warabandi</b> is a roaster of water to be drawn from a canal by each farmer for irrigating their land.<sup id="cite_ref-brink1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brink1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Chak_(village)" title="Chak (village)">Chak</a></b>, based on <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India#Revenue_collection" title="Company rule in India">British Raj era revenue collection system</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">land revenue</a> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">settlement/assessment</a> circle marking a contiguous block of land,<sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has also become synonymous with the name of the village founded by migrant farmers within the revenue circle.<sup id="cite_ref-chak1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chak1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Chahi</b> is any land that is irrigated through <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>/<a href="/wiki/Water_pumping" title="Water pumping">tube wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Chahi Khalis</b> is the land irrigated only by the well.<sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Chahi Nahri</b> is the land partly irrigated by the well and partly by the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Chahi Sailab</b> is the land within Kadhir areas which is partly irrigated by the well and partly by the floods.<sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Chahi Taal</b> or <b>Taal</b> is land irrigated by <a href="/wiki/Johad" title="Johad">johad</a> (pond).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadir_and_Bangar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a> (landlord) is the Indian legal term for the owner of land.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Bangar and Kadhir land can also be classified based on the type of <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Banjar</b> is any uncultivated land.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kalar</b> is <a href="/wiki/Barren_vegetation" title="Barren vegetation">barren land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>Banjar Jadid</b> is any new <a href="/wiki/Fallow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fallow (disambiguation)">fallow land</a> that has been left uncultivated for the last four harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Banjar Kadid</b> is the old fallow land that has been left uncultivated for the last eight harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Jangal</b> is any uncultivated land covered with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brushwood" class="extiw" title="wikt:brushwood">brushwood</a> and small trees.<sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas <b>Bir</b> land means a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Abadi</b> is any inhabited area on any type of land [including the <i>Gair Mumkin</i> land where cultivation is not possible] and <b>Abadi Deh</b> is any inhabited area on the cultivatable land.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Abadi is an Urdu word which means a population, usually a large one, hence the name of the type of land. </p> <ul><li><b>Gair Mumkin</b> is any non-cultivable land,<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict3_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">parts of foothills</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">mountains</a>.</li> <li><b>Shamlat</b> (शामलात) is land that belongs to the community,<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jointly owned by the villagers in proportion to their land ownership of the cultivatable land and it is usually left uncultivated for community usage, such as grazing or for building future facilities like schools, dispensaries, <a href="/wiki/Johad" title="Johad">johad</a>, etc. <b>Shamlat Deh</b> (शामलात देह) is the community land jointly belonging to all land owners of the village.<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>Shamlat Panna</b> (शामलात पाना) is the community land belonging to all land owners of a <i>panna</i> in a village,<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas pana itself is a habitation subdivision of villagers in <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat</a> villages,<sup id="cite_ref-dict5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also called <b>Shamlat Patti</b> (शामलात पत्ती) in the non-Jat villages.<sup id="cite_ref-dict5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also called as <b>Taraf</b> (towards/direction). <ul><li><b>Shamlat Thola</b> (शामलात ठोला) is the community land belonging to a <i>thola</i> in a village,<sup id="cite_ref-dict2_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a habitation subdivision of <i>panna</i> in the Jat villages<sup id="cite_ref-dict5_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually made up of people belonging to the same <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a> lineage. Shamlat Thola is also called <b>Shamlat Thok</b> (शामलात ठोक) in the non-Jat villages.<sup id="cite_ref-dict5_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_useful_terms">Other useful terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadir_and_Bangar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other useful terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other useful terms in the <a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_land_in_Punjab" title="Measurement of land in Punjab">measurement of land in Haryana and Punjab</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bigha" title="Bigha">Bigha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasra" title="Khasra">Khasra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Patwari">Patwari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Village_accountant" title="Village accountant">Village accountant</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shajra" title="Shajra">Shajra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaildar" title="Zaildar">Zaildar</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doab">Doab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadir_and_Bangar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Doab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabdoabs1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/200px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/300px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/400px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">ca.</a> 1947 showing the different <i>doabs</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since North India and Pakistan is coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into <i><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doabs</a></i> (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, <i>khadir</i> and <i>bangar</i>. The centers of the <i>doabs</i> consist of <i>bangar</i> and the peripheries, which line the rivers, consist of <i>khadir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-encybritt2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encybritt2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, villages in the <i>doabs</i> have been officially classified as <i>khadir</i>, <i>khadir-bangar</i> (i.e. mixed) or <i>bangar</i> for many centuries and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.<sup id="cite_ref-ref81pifip_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref81pifip-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref23qixic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref23qixic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some areas, these terms have become incorporated in several village names themselves, such as <i>Murshidpur Bangar</i> and <i>Ranchi Bangar-Khadir</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mathura_district" title="Mathura district">Mathura district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jagran2010ksh_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jagran2010ksh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other places include <a href="/wiki/Chilla_Saroda_Bangar" title="Chilla Saroda Bangar">Chilla Saroda Bangar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gharonda_Neemka_Bangar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharonda Neemka Bangar">Gharonda Neemka Bangar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pehlad_Pur_Bangar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehlad Pur Bangar">Pehlad Pur Bangar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rampur_Bangar" title="Rampur Bangar">Rampur Bangar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salarpur_Khadar" title="Salarpur Khadar">Salarpur Khadar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadir_and_Bangar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_region" title="Bagar region">Bagar region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#Khadir,_bangar,_barani,_nali_and_bagar" title="Doab">Barani, Nehri, Nalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li>Deshwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bikaner" title="History of Bikaner">Jangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardak" title="Nardak">Nardak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages of related regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagri dialect">Bagri dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Related concepts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhani_(settlement_type)" title="Dhani (settlement type)">Dhani (settlement type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johad" title="Johad">Johad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardak" title="Nardak">Nardak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Similar sounding <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khaddar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaddar">Khaddar</a> cloth</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadir_and_Bangar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nali1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nali1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nali1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nali1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt">"The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, page 288.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brink1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brink1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brink1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brink1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">August 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/On%20The%20Brink_Water%20Governance_Yamuna%20River%20Basin_Haryana_PEACE_SPWD_2010.pdf">On The brink: Water governance in the Yamuna river basin in Haryana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306070810/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/On%20The%20Brink_Water%20Governance_Yamuna%20River%20Basin_Haryana_PEACE_SPWD_2010.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaceinst.org">PEACE Institute Charitable Trust</a>, page vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref07rejic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref07rejic_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYash_Pal_Singh" class="citation cs2">Yash Pal Singh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzSfcInDKD8C"><i>भूगोल (Geography)</i></a>, VK Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89611-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89611-21-7"><bdi>978-81-89611-21-7</bdi></a>, <q><i>... मैदान के उस भाग को बांगर कहते हैं जहाँ नदियों की बाढ़ का पानी नहीं पहुंच पाता ... पुरानी जलोढ़ मिट्टी ... खादर: यह वह क्षेत्र है जहाँ नदियों की बाढ़ का जल प्रतिवर्ष आ जाता है ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%28Geography%29&rft.pub=VK+Publications&rft.isbn=978-81-89611-21-7&rft.au=Yash+Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzSfcInDKD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhadir+and+Bangar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allsoil1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allsoil1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allsoil1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allsoil1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiran Prem,1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=bangar+belt+of+haryana">Haryana District Gazetteers: Faridabad</a>, Haryana, Page 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref05zuqom-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref05zuqom_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Macaulay_Markham" class="citation cs2">Alexander Macaulay Markham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpsIAAAAQAAJ"><i>Report on the Tenth Revision of Settlement</i></a>, <q><i>... The open plain country of Bijnour is, in common parlance, divided into two portions - 'Khadir' or low-lying land and 'Bangar' or upland ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Tenth+Revision+of+Settlement&rft.au=Alexander+Macaulay+Markham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpsIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhadir+and+Bangar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref72qoguq-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref72qoguq_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahnaz_Parveen" class="citation cs2">Shahnaz Parveen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_siAxtwoawC"><i>Changing face and challenges of urbanization: a case study of Uttar Pradesh</i></a>, Concept Publishing Company, 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-237-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-237-6"><bdi>978-81-8069-237-6</bdi></a>, <q><i>... Lithologically and structurally, the Ganga-Yamuna Plain is divided into 'Bangar' and 'Khadar'. 'Bangar' spelled also as 'Bhangar,' is the part beyond the reach of flood waters and is composed of older alluvium of a dark colour of pale reddish brown ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+face+and+challenges+of+urbanization%3A+a+case+study+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company%2C+2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-237-6&rft.au=Shahnaz+Parveen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_siAxtwoawC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhadir+and+Bangar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict2_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plronline.in/words-phrases/revenue-terms/">Punjab Law Reporter journal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dict1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunil Kumar Singh, 2001, Dictionary of Land Revenue Terms in India, Centre for Rural Studies, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_National_Academy_of_Administration" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration">Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration</a> [in association with] Greenfields Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bag1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bag1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bag1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bag1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Walter Coward, 1980, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0801498716">"Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801498716" title="Special:BookSources/0801498716">0801498716</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rangoi1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rangoi1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1987, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf">"gazetteer of India: Hisar District"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf">Archived</a> 1 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landtypes1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-landtypes1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1987, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf">"Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072120/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haryana" title="Government of Haryana">Government of Haryana</a>, page 162.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict3_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshandmakinternational.com/technical-terms-in-pakistani-land-revenue-and-land-law-urdu-persian-and-arabic/">Technical terms in land revenue and law</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chak1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chak1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randhir Singh, Sir William Roberts, 1932, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCvtAAAAMAAJ&q=villages+are+called+chak">An economic survey of Kala Gaddi Thamman (Chak 73 g. b. ) a village in the Lyallpur District of the Punjab</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dict5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict5_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict5_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict5_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A.R. Desai, 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKWWu7TLAb8C&dq=pana%2C+patti%2C+thola&pg=PA716">Rural Sociology in India</a>, page 716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encybritt2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encybritt2010_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1404392/bhangar"><i>Pakistan: Soils</i></a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010, <q><i>... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Soils&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1404392%2Fbhangar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhadir+and+Bangar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref81pifip-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref81pifip_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.C._Channing" class="citation cs2">F.C. Channing, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75kIAAAAQAAJ"><i>Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District</i></a>, Government of India, <q><i>... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Revenue+Settlement+of+the+Gurgaon+District&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.au=F.C.+Channing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75kIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhadir+and+Bangar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref23qixic-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref23qixic_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOswald_Wood,_R._Maconachie" class="citation cs2">Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23EIAAAAQAAJ"><i>Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District</i></a>, Government of India, 1882, <q><i>... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+report+on+the+settlement+of+land+revenue+in+the+Delhi+District&rft.pub=Government+of+India%2C+1882&rft.au=Oswald+Wood%2C+R.+Maconachie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23EIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhadir+and+Bangar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jagran2010ksh-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jagran2010ksh_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_5844146.html">"मथुरा-वृंदावन पालिकाओं का अस्तित्व होगा खत्म (Mathura-Vrindavan municipalities will cease operations)"</a>, <i>Dainik Jagran</i>, <q><i>... मथुरा नगर पालिका सीमा में मुर्शिदपुर बांगर, औरंगाबाद बांगर, दामोदरपुरा बांगरपुरा, दामोदरपुरा खादर, रांची बांगर, रांची बांगर खादर, कोयला अलीपुर बांगर, खादर, बाद, आजमपुर, नवादा, तंतूरा, बिर्जापुर, नरहौली, महौली, पालीखेड़ा, वाकलपुर, गनेशरा, सलेमपुर, छरौरा, गिरधरपुर, ईशापुर, लोहवन, गौसना को जोड़ा जाएगा ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Jagran&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE+%28Mathura-Vrindavan+municipalities+will+cease+operations%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.jagran.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Futtarpradesh%2F4_1_5844146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhadir+and+Bangar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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