The role of deep processes in late 20th century subsidence of New Orleans and coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Mississippi

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html class="no-js" lang="en">  <head> <title>The role of deep processes in late 20th century subsidence of New Orleans and coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Mississippi - ADS</title>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//styles/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//styles/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//styles/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" /> <link rel="manifest" href="//styles/favicon/site.webmanifest" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//styles/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="ADS" /> <meta name="application-name" content="ADS" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NT2453N');</script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/styles/css/styles.css"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <link rel="canonical" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRB..116.6403D/abstract"/> <meta name="description" content="Geodetic leveling observations from Biloxi, MS, to New Orleans, LA, and water level gauge measurements in the New Orleans-Lake Pontchartrain area were analyzed to infer late 20th century vertical motions. These data were used to test the validity of previous subsidence rate measurements and the models that predict the location and causes of subsidence. Water gauges attached to bridge foundations and benchmarks affixed to deep rods that penetrate Holocene strata subsided as much as 0.8 m locally between 1955 and 1995. The observed deep-seated subsidence far exceeds model predictions and demonstrates that shallow processes such as compaction and consolidation of Holocene sediments are inadequate by themselves to explain late 20th century subsidence. Deep-seated subsidence occurring east and north of the normal faults marking the Gulf of Mexico basin margin can be explained by local groundwater withdrawal, and regional tectonic loading of the lithosphere by the modern Mississippi River delta (MRD). Sharp changes in subsidence coincide with strands of the basin margin normal faults. Displacements are consistent with activity and show motions consonant with fault creep. Deep subsidence of the region to the south, including New Orleans, can be explained by a combination of groundwater withdrawal from shallow upper Pleistocene aquifers, the aforementioned lithospheric loading, and perhaps, nongroundwater-related faulting. Subsidence due to groundwater extraction from aquifers ∼160 to 200 m deep dominated urbanized areas and is likely responsible for helping to lower local flood protection structures and bridges by as much as ∼0.8 m.">  <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="The role of deep processes in late 20th century subsidence of New Orleans and coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Mississippi"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ADS"> <meta property="og:description" content="Geodetic leveling observations from Biloxi, MS, to New Orleans, LA, and water level gauge measurements in the New Orleans-Lake Pontchartrain area were analyzed to infer late 20th century vertical motions. These data were used to test the validity of previous subsidence rate measurements and the models that predict the location and causes of subsidence. Water gauges attached to bridge foundations and benchmarks affixed to deep rods that penetrate Holocene strata subsided as much as 0.8 m locally between 1955 and 1995. The observed deep-seated subsidence far exceeds model predictions and demonstrates that shallow processes such as compaction and consolidation of Holocene sediments are inadequate by themselves to explain late 20th century subsidence. Deep-seated subsidence occurring east and north of the normal faults marking the Gulf of Mexico basin margin can be explained by local groundwater withdrawal, and regional tectonic loading of the lithosphere by the modern Mississippi River delta (MRD). Sharp changes in subsidence coincide with strands of the basin margin normal faults. Displacements are consistent with activity and show motions consonant with fault creep. Deep subsidence of the region to the south, including New Orleans, can be explained by a combination of groundwater withdrawal from shallow upper Pleistocene aquifers, the aforementioned lithospheric loading, and perhaps, nongroundwater-related faulting. Subsidence due to groundwater extraction from aquifers ∼160 to 200 m deep dominated urbanized areas and is likely responsible for helping to lower local flood protection structures and bridges by as much as ∼0.8 m."> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRB..116.6403D/abstract"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/styles/img/transparent_logo.svg"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="06/2011"> <meta property="article:author" content="Dokka, Roy K.">  <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth)"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Dokka, Roy K."> <meta name="citation_title" content="The role of deep processes in late 20th century subsidence of New Orleans and coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Mississippi"> <meta name="citation_date" content="06/2011"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="116"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="B6"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="B06403"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1029/2010JB008008"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0148-0227"> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Geodesy and Gravity: Tectonic deformation (6924)"> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Geodesy and Gravity: Non-tectonic deformation"> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tectonophysics: Continental tectonics: extensional (0905)"> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Tectonophysics: Tectonics and landscape evolution"> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="subsidence"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRB..116.6403D/abstract"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="06/2011"> <link title="schema(PRISM)" rel="schema.prism" href="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/" /> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="06/2011" /> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="JGRB" /> <meta name="prism.issn" content="0148-0227" /> <meta name="prism.volume" content="116" /> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="B06403" /> <link title="schema(DC)" rel="schema.dc" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1029/2010JB008008" /> <meta name="dc.date" content="06/2011" /> <meta name="dc.source" content="JGRB" /> <meta name="dc.title" content="The role of deep processes in late 20th century subsidence of New Orleans and coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Mississippi" /> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dokka, Roy K.">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Geodetic leveling observations from Biloxi, MS, to New Orleans, LA, and water level gauge measurements in the New Orleans-Lake Pontchartrain area were analyzed to infer late 20th century vertical motions. These data were used to test the validity of previous subsidence rate measurements and the models that predict the location and causes of subsidence. Water gauges attached to bridge foundations and benchmarks affixed to deep rods that penetrate Holocene strata subsided as much as 0.8 m locally between 1955 and 1995. The observed deep-seated subsidence far exceeds model predictions and demonstrates that shallow processes such as compaction and consolidation of Holocene sediments are inadequate by themselves to explain late 20th century subsidence. Deep-seated subsidence occurring east and north of the normal faults marking the Gulf of Mexico basin margin can be explained by local groundwater withdrawal, and regional tectonic loading of the lithosphere by the modern Mississippi River delta (MRD). Sharp changes in subsidence coincide with strands of the basin margin normal faults. Displacements are consistent with activity and show motions consonant with fault creep. Deep subsidence of the region to the south, including New Orleans, can be explained by a combination of groundwater withdrawal from shallow upper Pleistocene aquifers, the aforementioned lithospheric loading, and perhaps, nongroundwater-related faulting. Subsidence due to groundwater extraction from aquifers ∼160 to 200 m deep dominated urbanized areas and is likely responsible for helping to lower local flood protection structures and bridges by as much as ∼0.8 m."/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The role of deep processes in late 20th century subsidence of New Orleans and coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Mississippi"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@adsabs"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="ADS"/> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/styles/img/transparent_logo.svg"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@adsabs"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <base href="/"> <style> .btn-full-ads { color: #fff !important; background-color: #1a1a1a !important; border-color: #1a1a1a !important; margin-top: 9px !important; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-top: 10px !important; } .btn-full-ads:hover, .btn-full-ads:focus, .btn-full-ads:active, .btn-full-ads.active, .open>.dropdown-toggle.btn-full-ads { color: #000 !important; 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These data were used to test the validity of previous subsidence rate measurements and the models that predict the location and causes of subsidence. Water gauges attached to bridge foundations and benchmarks affixed to deep rods that penetrate Holocene strata subsided as much as 0.8 m locally between 1955 and 1995. The observed deep-seated subsidence far exceeds model predictions and demonstrates that shallow processes such as compaction and consolidation of Holocene sediments are inadequate by themselves to explain late 20th century subsidence. Deep-seated subsidence occurring east and north of the normal faults marking the Gulf of Mexico basin margin can be explained by local groundwater withdrawal, and regional tectonic loading of the lithosphere by the modern Mississippi River delta (MRD). Sharp changes in subsidence coincide with strands of the basin margin normal faults. Displacements are consistent with activity and show motions consonant with fault creep. Deep subsidence of the region to the south, including New Orleans, can be explained by a combination of groundwater withdrawal from shallow upper Pleistocene aquifers, the aforementioned lithospheric loading, and perhaps, nongroundwater-related faulting. Subsidence due to groundwater extraction from aquifers ∼160 to 200 m deep dominated urbanized areas and is likely responsible for helping to lower local flood protection structures and bridges by as much as ∼0.8 m. </p> </div> <br> <dl class="s-abstract-dl-horizontal"> <dt>Publication:</dt> <dd> <div id="article-publication">Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth)</div> </dd> <dt>Pub Date:</dt> <dd>June 2011</dd> <dt>DOI:</dt> <dd> <p class="doi-p"> <a href="/link_gateway/2011JGRB..116.6403D/doi:10.1029/2010JB008008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1029/2010JB008008</a> <i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> </p> </dd> <dt>Bibcode:</dt> <dd> <a href="/abs/2011JGRB..116.6403D/abstract"> 2011JGRB..116.6403D </a> <i class="icon-help" title="The bibcode is assigned by the ADS as a unique identifier for the paper."></i> </dd> <dt>Keywords:</dt> <dd> <ul class="list-inline"> <li>Geodesy and Gravity: Tectonic deformation (6924);</li> <li>Geodesy and Gravity: Non-tectonic deformation;</li> <li>Tectonophysics: Continental tectonics: extensional (0905);</li> <li>Tectonophysics: Tectonics and landscape evolution;</li> <li>subsidence</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </article> </div> <div data-widget="ShowCitations"></div> <div data-widget="ShowReferences"></div> <div data-widget="ShowCoreads"></div> <div data-widget="ShowSimilar"></div> <div data-widget="ShowTableofcontents"></div> <div data-widget="ShowGraphics"></div> <div data-widget="ShowExportcitation" data-origin="abstract"></div> <div data-widget="ShowMetrics" data-allow-redirect="false"></div> <div data-widget="MetaTagsWidget"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="s-right-col-container col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3 col-lg-2 s-right-column" id="right-col-container" > <div data-widget="ShowResources"> <div data-reactroot="" class="s-right-col-widget-container" style="padding: 10px" > <div> <div class="resources__container"> <div class="resources__full__list"> <div class="resources__header__row"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <div class="resources__header__title">full text sources</div> </div> <div class="resources__content"> <div class="resources__content__title"> Publisher </div> <div class="resources__content__links"> <span> <div class="resources__content__link__separator">|</div> </span> <span> <a href="/link_gateway/2011JGRB..116.6403D/PUB_HTML" rel="noopener" class="resources__content__link unlock" > <i class="fa fa-file-text" aria-hidden="true"> </i> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-widget="ShowAssociated"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-widget="ShowGraphicsSidebar"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-container"> <div data-widget="FooterWidget"> <div class="footer s-footer"> <footer> <div class="__footer_wrapper"> <div class="__footer_brand"> © The SAO Astrophysics Data System <div class="__footer_brand_extra"> <p> <i class="fa fa-envelope"></i> adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu </p> <p> The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement <em>80NSSC21M0056</em> </p> </div> <div class="__footer_brand_logos"> <div class="logo1"> <a href="http://www.si.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> <img id="smithsonian-logo" src="/styles/img/smithsonian-logo.svg" alt="Smithsonian logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="logo2"> <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> <img src="/styles/img/cfa.png" alt="Harvard Center for Astrophysics logo" id="cfa-logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="logo3"> <a href="http://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> <img src="/styles/img/nasa-partner.svg" alt="NASA logo" id="nasa-logo" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="__footer_brand_disclaimer"> *The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. 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// Add class "autocomplete-active": x[currentFocus].classList.add("autocomplete-active"); } function removeActive(x) { // Remove the "active" class from all autocomplete items: for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) { x[i].classList.remove("autocomplete-active"); } } function closeAllLists(elmnt) { // Close all autocomplete lists in the document, except the one passed as an argument: var x = document.getElementsByClassName("autocomplete-items"); for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) { if (elmnt != x[i] && elmnt != searchBox) { x[i].parentNode.removeChild(x[i]); } } } // Any other clicks in the document: document.addEventListener("click", function (e) { closeAllLists(e.target); }); } var autoList = [ { value: 'author:""', label: 'Author', match: 'author:"' }, { value: 'author:"^"', label: 'First Author', match: 'first author' }, { value: 'author:"^"', label: 'First Author', match: 'author:"^' }, { value: 'bibcode:""', label: 'Bibcode', desc: 'e.g. bibcode:1989ApJ...342L..71R', match: 'bibcode:"' }, { value: 'bibstem:""', label: 'Publication', desc: 'e.g. bibstem:ApJ', match: 'bibstem:"' }, { value: 'bibstem:""', label: 'Publication', desc: 'e.g. bibstem:ApJ', match: 'publication (bibstem)' }, { value: 'arXiv:', label: 'arXiv ID', match: 'arxiv:' }, { value: 'doi:', label: 'DOI', match: 'doi:' }, { value: 'full:""', label: 'Full text search', desc: 'title, abstract, and body', match: 'full:' }, { value: 'full:""', label: 'Full text search', desc: 'title, abstract, and body', match: 'fulltext' }, { value: 'full:""', label: 'Full text search', desc: 'title, abstract, and body', match: 'text' }, { value: 'year:', label: 'Year', match: 'year' }, { value: 'year:1999-2005', label: 'Year Range', desc: 'e.g. 1999-2005', match: 'year range' }, { value: 'aff:""', label: 'Affiliation', match: 'aff:' }, { value: 'abs:""', label: 'Search abstract + title + keywords', match: 'abs:' }, { value: 'database:astronomy', label: 'Limit to papers in the astronomy database', match: 'database:astronomy' }, { value: 'database:physics', label: 'Limit to papers in the physics database', match: 'database:physics' }, { value: 'title:""', label: 'Title', match: 'title:"' }, { value: 'orcid:', label: 'ORCiD identifier', match: 'orcid:' }, { value: 'object:', label: 'SIMBAD object (e.g. object:LMC)', match: 'object:' }, { value: 'property:refereed', label: 'Limit to refereed', desc: '(property:refereed)', match: 'refereed' }, { value: 'property:refereed', label: 'Limit to refereed', desc: '(property:refereed)', match: 'property:refereed' }, { value: 'property:notrefereed', label: 'Limit to non-refereed', desc: '(property:notrefereed)', match: 'property:notrefereed' }, { value: 'property:notrefereed', label: 'Limit to non-refereed', desc: '(property:notrefereed)', match: 'notrefereed' }, { value: 'property:eprint', label: 'Limit to eprints', desc: '(property:eprint)', match: 'eprint' }, { value: 'property:eprint', label: 'Limit to eprints', desc: '(property:eprint)', match: 'property:eprint' }, { value: 'property:openaccess', label: 'Limit to open access', desc: '(property:openaccess)', match: 'property:openaccess' }, { value: 'property:openaccess', label: 'Limit to open access', desc: '(property:openaccess)', match: 'openaccess' }, { value: 'doctype:software', label: 'Limit to software', desc: '(doctype:software)', match: 'software' }, { value: 'doctype:software', label: 'Limit to software', desc: '(doctype:software)', match: 'doctype:software' }, { value: 'property:inproceedings', label: 'Limit to papers in conference proceedings', desc: '(property:inproceedings)', match: 'proceedings' }, { value: 'property:inproceedings', label: 'Limit to papers in conference proceedings', desc: '(property:inproceedings)', match: 'property:inproceedings' }, { value: 'citations()', label: 'Citations', desc: 'Get papers citing your search result set', match: 'citations(' }, { value: 'references()', label: 'References', desc: 'Get papers referenced by your search result set', match: 'references(' }, { value: 'trending()', label: 'Trending', desc: 'Get papers most read by users who recently read your search result set', match: 'trending(' }, { value: 'reviews()', label: 'Review Articles', desc: 'Get most relevant papers that cite your search result set', match: 'reviews(' }, { value: 'useful()', label: 'Useful', desc: 'Get papers most frequently cited by your search result set', match: 'useful(' }, { value: 'similar()', label: 'Similar', desc: 'Get papers that have similar full text to your search result set', match: 'similar(' }, ]; // initiate the autocomplete function on the "q" element, and pass along the operators array as possible autocomplete values: inputBox = document.getElementById("q") if (inputBox) { inputBox.focus() // autofucs inputBox.setSelectionRange(inputBox.value.length, inputBox.value.length); // bring cursor to the end autocomplete(inputBox, autoList); } </script> <script> (function() { // turn off no-js if we have javascript document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js", "js"); function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var decodedCookie = decodeURIComponent(document.cookie); var ca = decodedCookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') { c = c.substring(1); } if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) { return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } } return ""; } (function() { // looks for the cookie, and sets true if its 'always' const coreCookie = getCookie('core') === 'always'; // only load bumblebee if we detect the core cookie and we are on abstract page if (coreCookie || (!(/^\/abs\//.test(document.location.pathname)) && !coreCookie)) { return; 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