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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quotations,_titles,_etc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations,_titles,_etc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Quotations, titles, etc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations,_titles,_etc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-breaking_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-breaking_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Non-breaking spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-breaking_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chronological items</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronological_items-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronological items subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronological_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statements_likely_to_become_outdated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements_likely_to_become_outdated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Statements likely to become outdated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statements_likely_to_become_outdated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates,_months,_and_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates,_months,_and_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dates, months, and years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates,_months,_and_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consistency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Consistency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Strong national ties to a topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retaining_existing_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retaining_existing_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3</span> <span>Retaining existing format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retaining_existing_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Era style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Julian and Gregorian calendars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Times_of_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Times_of_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Times of day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Times_of_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Time zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days_of_the_week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days_of_the_week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Days of the week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days_of_the_week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasons_of_the_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons_of_the_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Seasons of the year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons_of_the_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Decades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centuries_and_millennia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centuries_and_millennia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Centuries and millennia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centuries_and_millennia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_periods_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_periods_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Long periods of time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_periods_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Numbers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers_as_figures_or_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_as_figures_or_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Numbers as figures or words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_as_figures_or_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ordinals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Number ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_scores,_vote_tallies,_etc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_scores,_vote_tallies,_etc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sport scores, vote tallies, etc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_scores,_vote_tallies,_etc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singular_versus_plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singular_versus_plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Singular versus plural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singular_versus_plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractions_and_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractions_and_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Fractions and ratios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractions_and_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decimals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decimals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Decimals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decimals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grouping_of_digits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouping_of_digits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Grouping of digits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouping_of_digits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percentages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percentages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Percentages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percentages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_and_engineering_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_and_engineering_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Scientific and engineering notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_and_engineering_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncertainty_and_rounding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncertainty_and_rounding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Uncertainty and rounding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncertainty_and_rounding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non–base-10_notations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non–base-10_notations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Non–base-10 notations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non–base-10_notations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_formulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_formulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Mathematical formulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_formulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units_of_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_of_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Units of measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Units_of_measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Units of measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Units_of_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unit_choice_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_choice_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Unit choice and order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_choice_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_conversions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_conversions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Unit conversions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_conversions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_names_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_names_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unit names and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_names_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Specific units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Quantities of bytes and bits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currencies_and_monetary_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currencies_and_monetary_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Currencies and monetary values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currencies_and_monetary_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_mathematical_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_mathematical_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Common mathematical symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_mathematical_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_coordinates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_coordinates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Geographical coordinates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_coordinates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/تاریخ‌ها و اعداد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/تاریخ‌ها و اعداد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conventions_concernant_les_nombres" title="Wikipédia:Conventions concernant les nombres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Conventions concernant les nombres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a 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Any <i>substantive</i> edit to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">talk page</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NUM"></span><span id="WP:MOSNUM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NUM&redirect=no">MOS:NUM</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MOSNUM&redirect=no">WP:MOSNUM</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page guides the presentation of numbers, dates, times, measurements, currencies, coordinates, and similar items in articles. The aim is to promote clarity, cohesion, and consistency, and to make the encyclopedia easier and more intuitive to use. For numbers, dates, and similar items in Wikipedia article titles, see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(numbers_and_dates)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates)">"Naming conventions (numbers and dates)"</a> guideline. </p><p>Where this manual gives options, maintain consistency within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a> has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">edit-warring</a> over optional styles is unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If discussion fails to resolve the question of which style to use in an article, defer to the style used by the first major contributor. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="General_notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-General_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General_notes"></span>General notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General_notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotations,_titles,_etc." data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotations,_titles,_etc.-General_notes"><span id="Quotations.2C_titles.2C_etc."></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotations,_titles,_etc.-General_notes"></span>Quotations, titles, etc.<span id="ExternException"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotations,_titles,_etc.-General_notes"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quotations, titles, etc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Quotations</a></div> <p>Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they use formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via [bracketed interpolation], article text, or footnotes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-breaking_spaces" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-breaking_spaces-General_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-breaking_spaces-General_notes"></span>Non-breaking spaces<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-breaking_spaces-General_notes"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-breaking spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guidance on the use of <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking spaces</a> ("hard spaces") is given in some sections below, but not all situations in which hard spaces (<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <code>&nbsp;</code>) or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code> may be appropriate are described. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For further information see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Non-breaking_spaces" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Non-breaking spaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Line-break_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Line-break handling">Wikipedia:Line-break handling</a>.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Chronological_items" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chronological_items"></span>Chronological items<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chronological_items"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronological items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_likely_to_become_outdated" data-mw-thread-id="h-Statements_likely_to_become_outdated-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Statements_likely_to_become_outdated-Chronological_items"></span>Statements likely to become outdated<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Statements_likely_to_become_outdated-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statements likely to become outdated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SINCE"></span><span id="MOS:DATED"></span><span id="MOS:CURRENT"></span><span id="MOS:RECENT"></span><span id="MOS:NOW"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SINCE&redirect=no">MOS:SINCE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATED&redirect=no">MOS:DATED</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CURRENT&redirect=no">MOS:CURRENT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RECENT&redirect=no">MOS:RECENT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOW&redirect=no">MOS:NOW</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch § Relative time references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Updating_information" title="Wikipedia:Updating information">Wikipedia:Updating information</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:As_of" title="Wikipedia:As of">Wikipedia:As of</a></div> <p>Except on pages that are inherently time-sensitive and updated regularly (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_the_Current_events_page_works" title="Wikipedia:How the Current events page works">the "Current events" portal</a>), terms such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">now</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">today</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">currently</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">present</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">to date</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">so far</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">soon</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">upcoming</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ongoing</span>, and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">recently</span> should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">during the 2010s</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">since 2010</span>, and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">in August 2020</span>. Wording can usually be modified to remove the "now" perspective: not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">she is the current director</span> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">she became director on 1 January 2024</span>; not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2010–present</span> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">beginning in 2010</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">since 2010</span>. Terms likely to go out of date include <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">best known for</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">holds the record for</span>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For current and future events, use phrases such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">as of November 2024</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">since the beginning of 2024</span> to signal the time-dependence of the information; use the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:As_of" title="Template:As of">as of</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Updated" title="Template:Updated">updated</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>) in conjunction. Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Humans diverged from other primates long ago, but <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)#legislature" class="extiw" title="q:Samuel Butler (novelist)">only recently developed state legislatures</a>.</span> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Dates"></span><span class="anchor" id="dates"></span><span class="anchor" id="Years"></span><span class="anchor" id="years"></span><span class="anchor" id="Months"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dates_and_years"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dates,_months_and_years"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates,_months,_and_years" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dates,_months,_and_years-Chronological_items"><span id="Dates.2C_months.2C_and_years"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dates,_months,_and_years-Chronological_items"></span>Dates, months, and years<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dates,_months,_and_years-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dates, months, and years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:YEAR" redirects here. For WikiProject Years, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:YEARS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:YEARS">WP:YEARS</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATE"></span><span id="MOS:DATEFORMAT"></span><span id="MOS:YEAR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATE&redirect=no">MOS:DATE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATEFORMAT&redirect=no">MOS:DATEFORMAT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:YEAR&redirect=no">MOS:YEAR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Quotations</a></span>.</li> <li>Special rules apply to citations; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation style</a></span>.</li> <li>See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overview_of_date_formatting_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines">Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formats" data-mw-thread-id="h-Formats-Dates,_months,_and_years"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Formats-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span>Formats<span id="Acceptable_date_formats"></span><span id="Date_formats"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Formats-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Acceptable date formats </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:40pt;">General use </th> <th style="width:40pt;"><span class="nowrap">Only in limited situations<br/>where brevity is helpful</span><sup id="cite_ref-brevity_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brevity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 2001</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Sep 2001</span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="DMYCOMMA"></span><span class="anchor" id="DMY_COMMA"></span><span class="anchor" id="dmy_comma"></span> A comma doesn't follow the year unless otherwise required by context: <div><ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The 5 May 1922 meeting was cancelled.</span></li><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Except Jones, who left London on 5 March 1847, every delegate attended the signing.</span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">September<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, 2001</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sep<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, 2001</span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="MDYCOMMA"></span><span class="anchor" id="MDY_COMMA"></span><span class="anchor" id="mdy_comma"></span> A comma follows the year unless <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Commas" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">other punctuation obviates it</a>: <div><ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The weather on March 12, 2005, was clear and warm.</span></li><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Everyone remembers July<span class="nowrap"> </span>20, 1969 – when humans first landed on the Moon. </span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2<span class="nowrap"> </span>September</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Sep</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity: <div><ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The 2012 London Olympics ran from 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>July to 12<span class="nowrap"> </span>September.</span></li><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">January<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 is New Year's Day.</span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">September<span class="nowrap"> </span>2</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sep<span class="nowrap"> </span>2</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small><i>No equivalent for <span class="nowrap">general use</span></i></small></span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2001-09-02</span> </td> <td>Use <span class="nowrap"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var></span> format only with <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> dates from 1583 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">September 2001</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sep 2001</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:UNLINKDATES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:UNLINKDATES&redirect=no">MOS:UNLINKDATES</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Date_autoformatting"></span><span class="anchor" id="Autoformatting_and_linking"></span><span class="anchor" id="Linking_and_autoformatting_of_dates"></span><span class="anchor" id="Things_to_avoid"></span> </p><ul><li>Dates, years, and other chronological items should be linked only when they are relevant to the subject <i>and</i> likely to be useful to a reader; this rule does not apply to articles that are explicitly on a chronological item, e.g. <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(as discussed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking#Chronological_items" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Linking">Wikipedia:Linking § Chronological items</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For issues related to dates in sortable tables, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Help:Sortable_tables#Configuring_the_sorting" title="Help:Sortable tables">Help:Sortable tables § Configuring the sorting</a></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference"><a href="/wiki/Help:Sortable_tables#Date_sorting_problems" title="Help:Sortable tables">Help:Sortable tables § Date sorting problems</a></span>, or consider using <span class="nowrap"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Dts" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dts">dts</a>|Nov 1, 2008}}</code>.</span></li> <li>Phrases such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth of July">Fourth of July</a></span> (or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">July<span class="nowrap"> </span>Fourth</span>, but not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">July<span class="nowrap"> </span>4th</span>), <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_of_March_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh of March Speech">Seventh of March Speech</a></span>, and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Brazil)" title="Independence Day (Brazil)">Sete de Setembro</a></span> are proper names, to which rules for dates do not apply (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A typical Fourth of July celebration includes fireworks</span>).</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATESNO"></span><span id="MOS:BADDATE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATESNO&redirect=no">MOS:DATESNO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BADDATE&redirect=no">MOS:BADDATE</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Unacceptable_date_formats"></span> </p><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unacceptable date formats (except in <a href="#ExternException">external titles and quotes</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:95pt;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/17px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/22px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span> Unacceptable </th> <th style="width:80pt;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/17px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/22px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span> Corrected </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Sep<b>.</b> 2</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sep 2</span><sup id="cite_ref-brevity_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brevity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">Do not add a full stop (period) to an abbreviated month or to the <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator#Ordinal_dot" title="Ordinal indicator">day-of-month</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">9<b>.</b> June</span> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">9<span class="nowrap"> </span>June</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">June<span class="nowrap"> </span>9</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">9 june</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">june 9</span> </td> <td>Months should be capitalized. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">9th June</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">June 9th</span><br/><span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the 9th of June</span></span> </td> <td>Do not use <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_numeral" title="Ordinal numeral">ordinals</a> (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1st</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2nd</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3rd</span>, etc.). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">09-06</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">06-09</span> </td> <td>Do not use these formats. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">09 June</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">June 09</span> </td> <td>Do not zero-pad day<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2007-4-15</span> </td> <td rowspan="6"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2007-04-15</span><sup id="cite_ref-brevity_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brevity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>... except in all-numeric <span class="nowrap">(<var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>) format</span>, in which month and day are zero-padded to two<span class="nowrap"> </span>digits. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2007/04/15</span> </td> <td>Do not use separators other than hyphens. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">20070415</span> </td> <td>Do not omit hyphens. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">07-04-15</span> </td> <td>Do not abbreviate year. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">15-04-2007</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">04-15-2007</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2007-15-04</span> </td> <td>Do not use <span class="nowrap"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var></span>, <span class="nowrap"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var></span> or <span class="nowrap"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var></span> formats.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2007 April 15</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2007 Apr 15</span> </td> <td>Do not use these formats. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">7/2001</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">7-2001</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">07-2001</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2001-07</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2001 July</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">July of 2001</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">July 2001</span> </td> <td>Do not use these<span class="nowrap"> </span>formats. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">July<b>,</b> 2001</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">No comma between month and<span class="nowrap"> </span>year. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3 July<b>,</b> 2001</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3<span class="nowrap"> </span>July 2001</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">July 3 2001</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">July<span class="nowrap"> </span>3<b>,</b> 2001</span> </td> <td>Comma required between day and<span class="nowrap"> </span>year. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span><b><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></b>97 elections</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>97 elections</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">the 1997 elections</span></span> </td> <td>Do not abbreviate year. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Copyright MMII</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Copyright 2002</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> are not normally used for<span class="nowrap"> </span>dates. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">Two thousand one</span></span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2001</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">Years and days of the month are not normally written in<span class="nowrap"> </span>words. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the first of May</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">May the first</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1<span class="nowrap"> </span>May</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">May<span class="nowrap"> </span>1</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">June 0622</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">June 622</span> </td> <td>Do not zero-pad years. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">June 2<b>,</b>015</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">June 2015</span> </td> <td>Do not add a comma to a four-digit year. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">sold in the year 1995</span></span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">sold in 1995</span> </td> <td>Write "the year" only where needed for clarity (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">About 200 ships</span> arrived in <span class="nowrap">the year 300</span></span>). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consistency" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consistency-Formats"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consistency-Formats"></span>Consistency<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consistency-Formats"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consistency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Format_consistency"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATEUNIFY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATEUNIFY&redirect=no">MOS:DATEUNIFY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <div><ul><li><b>Dates in article body text</b><sup id="cite_ref-body_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-body-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should all use the same format: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She fell ill on <span class="nowrap">25 June 2005</span> and died on <span class="nowrap">28 June</span></span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">She fell ill on <span class="nowrap">25 June 2005</span> and died on <span class="nowrap">June 28</span></span>.</li><li><b>Publication dates</b> in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:<div><ul><li>the format used in the article body text,</li><li>an abbreviated format from the <a href="#Dates_and_years">"Acceptable date formats" table</a>, provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body</li><li>the format expected in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a> being used (but all-numeric date formats other than <span class="nowrap"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var></span> must still be avoided).</li></ul></div> For example, publication dates within a single article might be in one, but only one, of these formats (among others):<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.5em"><ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jones, J. (20 September 2008)</span></li><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jones, J. (September 20, 2008)</span></li></ul></div> If an article uses a template such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">Use mdy dates</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">Use dmy dates</a>}}</code>, then <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">2</a> templates automatically render dates (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code>, etc) in the specified format, regardless of the format they are entered in. (The <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|cs1-dates=</code> parameter can be used to fine-tune the generated output, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates#Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">Template:Use mdy dates § Auto-formatting citation template dates</a></span>.)</li><li><b>Access and archive dates</b> in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:<div><ul><li>the format used for publication dates in the article (see above);</li><li>the format expected in the citation style adopted in the article; or</li><li><span class="nowrap"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var></span></li></ul></div> For example, access/archive dates within a single article might be in one, but only one, of these formats (among others):<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.5em"><ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jones, J. (September 20, 2008)<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Retrieved February 5, 2009.</span></li><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jones, J. (20 Sep 2008)<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Retrieved 5 Feb 2009.</span></li><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jones, J. (20 September 2008)<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Retrieved 2009-02-05.</span></li></ul></div> When a citation style does not expect differing date formats, it is permissible to normalize publication dates to the article body text date format, and/or access/archive dates to either, with date consistency being preferred.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic" data-mw-thread-id="h-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic-Formats"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic-Formats"></span>Strong national ties to a topic<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic-Formats"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Strong national ties to a topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATETIES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATETIES&redirect=no">MOS:DATETIES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For any given article, the choice of date format and the choice of national variety of English (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Strong national ties to a topic</a>) are independent issues. </p> <ul><li>Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is (for example) <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">July 4, 1976</span></span>; for most other English-speaking countries it is <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">4 July 1976</span></span>.</li> <li>Articles related to Canada may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see Retaining existing format</span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:MILFORMAT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MILFORMAT&redirect=no">MOS:MILFORMAT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> In topics where a date format that differs from the usual national one is in customary usage, that format should be used for related articles: for example, articles on the modern US military, including biographical articles related to the modern US military, should use day-before-month, in accordance with US military usage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Retaining_existing_format" data-mw-thread-id="h-Retaining_existing_format-Formats"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Retaining_existing_format-Formats"></span>Retaining existing format<span id="Retaining_the_existing_format"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Retaining_existing_format-Formats"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retaining existing format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATERET"></span><span id="MOS:DATEVAR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATERET&redirect=no">MOS:DATERET</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATEVAR&redirect=no">MOS:DATEVAR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Retaining_existing_styles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining existing styles</a></div> <ul><li>If an article has evolved using predominantly one date format, this format should be used throughout the article, unless there are reasons for changing it based on the topic's strong ties to a particular English-speaking country, or consensus on the article's talk page.</li> <li>The date format chosen in the first major contribution in the early stages of an article (i.e., the first non-stub version) should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on the topic's strong ties to a particular English-speaking country, or consensus on the article's talk page.</li> <li>Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Era_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-Era_style-Dates,_months,_and_years"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Era_style-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span>Era style<span id="Year_numbering_systems"></span><span id="Eras_and_other_very_long_periods"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Era_style-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Era style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:BCE" redirects here. For the copyediting guide, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">Wikipedia:Basic copyediting</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ERA"></span><span id="MOS:BCE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ERA&redirect=no">MOS:ERA</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BCE&redirect=no">MOS:BCE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>The default <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar eras</a> are <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">BC</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">AD</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">BCE</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">CE</span>). Either convention may be appropriate for use in Wikipedia articles depending on the article context. Apply <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Retaining_existing_styles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining existing styles</a> with regard to changes from one era to the other. <ul><li>Use either the BC–AD or the BCE–CE notation consistently within the same article. Exception: do not change <a href="/wiki/MOS:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:QUOTE">direct quotations</a>, titles, etc.</li> <li>An article's established era style should not be changed without reasons specific to its content; seek consensus on the talk page first (applying <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Retaining_existing_styles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining existing styles</a>) by opening a discussion under a heading using the word <i>era</i>, or another similarly expressive heading, and briefly stating why the style should be changed.</li> <li>BCE and CE or BC and AD are written in upper case, unspaced, without a full stop (period), and separated from the numeric year by a space (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">5BC</span>). It is advisable to use a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Non-breaking_spaces" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">non-breaking space</a>.</li> <li>AD appears before or after a year (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>106</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">106<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD</span>); BCE, CE, and BC always appear <em>after</em> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">106<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3700<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3700<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC</span>).</li> <li>In general, omit CE or AD, except to avoid ambiguity or awkwardness. <ul><li>Typically, write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> took place in 1066</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1066<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>1066</span>.</li> <li>But <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> lived at the end of the 3rd century AD</span> (not simply <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">at the end of the 3rd century</span>) may avoid confusion unless the era is clear from context.</li> <li>One- and two-digit years may look more natural with an era marker (<span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">born in 2 AD</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">born January 15, 22 CE</span></span>, not <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">born in 2</span></span> nor <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">January 15, 22</span>).</span></li> <li>Ranges beginning in BC / BCE should specify the ending era: write <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">450 to 200 BCE</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">450 BC to 200 BC</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">450 BCE to 200 CE</span></span>, but not <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">450 BCE to 200</span></span>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Ranges">Ranges</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Uncalibrated (BCE) radiocarbon dates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Calibrated_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibrated years">Calibrated and uncalibrated</a> dates can diverge widely, and some sources distinguish the two only via BCE or BC (for calibrated dates) versus bce or bc (uncalibrated). When feasible, avoid uncalibrated dates except in direct quotations, and even then ideally give the calibrated date in a footnote or square-bracketed note – <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[3250<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE calibrated]</span>, or at least indicate the date type – <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[uncalibrated]</span>. This also applies to other dating systems in which a calibration distinction is drawn.</li> <li><b>BP or YBP</b>: In scientific and academic contexts, BP (Before Present) or YBP (years Before Present) are often used. (<i>Present</i> in this context by convention refers to January<span class="nowrap"> </span>1, 1950.) Write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3000 years<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3000<span class="nowrap"> </span>YBP</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3000<span class="nowrap"> </span>years before present</span> but not forms such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3000 before present</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3000 years before the present</span>. If one of the abbreviated forms is used, link to <i><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></i> on first use: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Jones artifact was dated to 4000<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">YBP</a>, the Smith artifact to 5000 YBP.</span></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Other_era_systems"></span><b>Other era systems</b> may be appropriate in an article. In such cases, dates should be followed by a conversion to Anno Domini or Common Era, and the first instance linked: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Qasr-al-Khalifa was built in <span class="nowrap">221 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> (836 CE)</span></span>, or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">in 836 AD (221 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>)</span></span>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a> is similar to the Common Era. There is no need to follow a year expressed with astronomical year numbering with a conversion to Common Era. The first instance of a non-positive year should still be linked: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The March equinox passed into Pisces in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">year<span class="nowrap"> </span>−67</a>.</span> (The expressions <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">−67</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">68<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE</span> refer to the same year.)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars" data-mw-thread-id="h-Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars-Dates,_months,_and_years"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span>Julian and Gregorian calendars<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Julian and Gregorian calendars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:OSNS"></span><span id="MOS:JG"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:OSNS&redirect=no">MOS:OSNS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:JG&redirect=no">MOS:JG</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></div> <p>A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a> may give dates in both <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear. </p> <ul><li>Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.</li> <li>Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Timeline" title="Gregorian calendar">Continent of Europe from 1582</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from 14<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 1752, and Russia from 14<span class="nowrap"> </span>February 1918 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a>)</span>.</li> <li>Dates before 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar.</li> <li>Dates after 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>October<span class="nowrap"> </span>1582 in a place where the Julian calendar was observed should be given in the Julian calendar.</li> <li>For either the Julian or Gregorian calendars, the beginning of the year should be treated as 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>January even if a different start-of-year date was observed in the place being discussed.</li> <li>Dates for Roman history before 45<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC are given in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.</li> <li>For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.</li></ul> <p>The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnote</a>). The guidance above is in line with the usage of reliable sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where it is not obvious that a given date should be given in Julian alone or in Gregorian alone, consider giving both styles, for example by using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:OldStyleDate" title="Template:OldStyleDate">OldStyleDate</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. If a date appears without being specified as Old Style or New Style, tagging that date with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Which_calendar%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Which calendar?">which calendar?</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> will add the page to <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_ambiguous_dates" title="Category:Articles containing ambiguous dates">Category:Articles containing ambiguous dates</a> for further attention. </p><p>If an article contains Julian calendar dates after 4 October 1582 (as in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>), or if a start-of-year date other than 1 January was in force in the place being discussed, or both, a footnote should be provided on the first usage, explaining the calendar usage adopted for the article. The calendar usage should be compatible with this guideline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ranges" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ranges-Dates,_months,_and_years"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ranges-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span>Ranges<span id="Date_ranges"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ranges-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Other_date_ranges"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dates_of_birth_and_death"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATERANGE"></span><span id="MOS:DOB"></span><span id="MOS:YEARRANGE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATERANGE&redirect=no">MOS:DATERANGE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DOB&redirect=no">MOS:DOB</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:YEARRANGE&redirect=no">MOS:YEARRANGE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Number_ranges" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Number ranges</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:DIED" redirects here. For euphemisms for "died", see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Euphemisms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch § Euphemisms</a>.</div> <ul><li>A simple <b>year–year</b> range is written using an <a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a> (<code>–</code>, <code>&ndash;</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Ndash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}</code>, or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nbnd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbnd">nbnd</a>}}</code> for a non-breaking en dash), not an em dash, hyphen, or slash; this dash is <em>unspaced</em> (that is, with no space on either side); and the end year is usually given in full: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1881–1882</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1881–1886</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1881–86</span>);<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1881–1892</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1881–92</span>) <ul><li><i>Markup:</i> <code>1881<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ndash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>1882</code> or <code>1881&ndash;1882</code></li></ul></li> <li>Although non-abbreviated years are generally <em>preferred</em>, <b>two-digit ending years</b> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1881–82</span>, but never <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1881–882</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1881–2</span>) <em>may</em> be used in any of the following cases: (1) two consecutive years; (2) <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a> and tables where space is limited (using a single format consistently in any given table column); and (3) in certain topic areas if there is a very good reason, such as matching the established convention of reliable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For consistency, avoid abbreviated year ranges when they would be used alongside non-abbreviated ranges within an article (or related pages, if in titles). Never use abbreviated years for ranges across centuries (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1999–2000</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1999–00</span>) or for years from the first millennium (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">886–887</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">886–87</span>).</li> <li>The <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="slash_notation"></span><span class="vanchor-text">slash notation</span></span></b> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2005/2006</span>) may be used to signify a fiscal year or other special period, if that convention is used in reliable sources.</li></ul></li> <li>Other "simple" ranges use an <em>unspaced</em> en dash as well: <ul><li><b>day–day</b>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5–7<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1979</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">January<span class="nowrap"> </span>5–7, 1979</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">elections were held March 5–8</span>.</li> <li><b>month–month</b>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the 1940 peak period was May–July</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the peak period was May–July<span class="nowrap"> </span>1940</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> (but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the peak period was <span class="nowrap">May 1940 – July</span> 1940</span> uses a <em>spaced</em> en dash; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see below</span>)</li></ul></li> <li>In certain cases where at least one item on either side of the en dash contains a space, then a <em>spaced</em> en dash (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">snd</a>}}</code>) is used. For example: <ul><li><b>between specific dates in different months</b>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">They travelled <span class="nowrap">June 3 – August<span class="nowrap"> </span>18,</span> 1952</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">They travelled 3 June – 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>August 1952</span></li> <li><b>between dates in different years</b>: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Charles Robert Darwin</b> (12<span class="nowrap"> </span>February <span class="nowrap">1809 – 19 April</span> 1882) was an English naturalist<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span> <ul><li><i>Markup:</i> <code>12<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>February 1809<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">snd</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>19<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>April 1882</code> or <span class="nowrap"><code>12&nbsp;February 1809&nbsp;&ndash; 19&nbsp;April 1882</code></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Abraham Lincoln</b> (February<span class="nowrap"> </span>12, 1809 – April<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 1865) was the 16th president of<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li></ul></li> <li><b>between months in different years</b>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The exception was in force August <span class="nowrap">1892 – January</span> 1903</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Ghent Incursion (March 1822 – January<span class="nowrap"> </span>1, 1823) was ended by the New Year's Treaty</span> <ul><li><i>Markup:</i> <code>March 1822<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">snd</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>January<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>1, 1823</code> or <span class="nowrap"><code>March 1822&nbsp;&ndash; January&nbsp;1, 1823</code></span></li></ul></li> <li>Where <b>era designations</b>, <b>c.</b> or <b>other modifiers</b> are present (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates">§ Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates</a></span>): <ul><li>if the modifier <b>applies to only one of the two endpoints of the range</b>, use a <em>spaced</em> en dash: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">150 BCE – 50 BCE</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5 BC – 12 AD</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">c. 1393 – 1414</span></span></li> <li>if the modifier <b>applies to the range as a whole</b>, <em>disregard</em> the modifier: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">150–50 BCE</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">reigned 150 BCE – 50 BCE</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">reigned 150–50 BCE</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1393</span> – 1414</span></span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">r. 1393–1414</span></span></span>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Use an en dash, or a word such as <i>from</i> or <i>between</i>, but not both: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">from 1881 to 1886</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">from 1881–1886</span></span>);<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">between June<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 and July<span class="nowrap"> </span>3</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">between June<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 – July<span class="nowrap"> </span>3</span></span>)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATETOPRES"></span><span id="MOS:TOPRESENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATETOPRES&redirect=no">MOS:DATETOPRES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TOPRESENT&redirect=no">MOS:TOPRESENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Date_range_to_present"></span> </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS:DATED" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATED">MOS:DATED</a> says "terms such as ... 'present' should usually be avoided". For ranges, if <b>"to present"</b> or <b>"–present"</b> is used, the current year (or, in cases where necessary, date) of "present" at the time of writing should be included. Thus <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1982–present (as of 2024)</span></span> – if writing in 2024 – is preferable to <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1982–present</span></span>. If the "from" date has an internal space, a spaced en dash is used. Other constructions may be more appropriate in prose <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Statements_likely_to_become_outdated">§ Statements likely to become outdated</a>)</span>. An alternative form is <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Since 1982</span>.</li></ul> <dl><dd>In tables and infoboxes where space is limited, <i>pres.</i> may be used (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1982–pres.</span>). Do not use incomplete-looking constructions such as <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1982–</span></span> and <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1982–... </span> .</span> <ul><li>Consider adding the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:As_of" title="Template:As of">As of</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Update_after" title="Template:Update after">Update after</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates to such constructions, depending on how important it is for editors to keep "present" up to date.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><p>For a <b>person still living</b>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Serena Williams</b> (born September<span class="nowrap"> </span>26, 1981) is a<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">(September<span class="nowrap"> </span>26, 1981 – )</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">(born on September<span class="nowrap"> </span>26, 1981)</span>.</p><p>Do not use <code>*</code> to indicate <i>born</i>; use <code>b.</code> only where space is limited, e.g., in tables and infoboxes; use either <code>born</code> or <code>b.</code> consistently in any given table column.</p></li> <li><p>Where <b>birthdate is unknown</b>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>John Smith</b> (died May<span class="nowrap"> </span>1, 1622)</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>John Smith</b> (died 1622)</span></p><p>Do not use <code>†</code> to indicate <i>died</i>; use <code>d.</code> only where space is limited, with consistency within any given table column.</p></li> <li><p>An <b>overnight period</b> may be expressed using a slash between two contiguous dates: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the night raids of 30/31<span class="nowrap"> </span>May 1942</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">raids of 31<span class="nowrap"> </span>May<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 1942</span>.</p><p>Or use an en dash: (unspaced) <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">raids of 30–31<span class="nowrap"> </span>May 1942</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> (spaced) <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">raids of <span class="nowrap">31<span class="nowrap"> </span>May – 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>June</span> 1942</span>.</p></li> <li>The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Age" title="Template:Age">Age</a>}}</code> template can keep ages current in infoboxes and so on: <ul><li><code>{{age|1989|7|23}}</code> returns: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="currentage"></span>35</span></li> <li><code>{{age|1989|7|23}}-year-old</code> returns: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="currentage"></span>35-year-old</span></li> <li><code>{{age|1989|7|23}} years old</code> returns: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="currentage"></span>35 years old</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Date_mathematics_templates" title="Category:Date mathematics templates">Date mathematics templates</a> are available for other age calculations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates-Dates,_months,_and_years"><span id="Uncertain.2C_incomplete.2C_or_approximate_dates"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span>Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates-Dates,_months,_and_years"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:APPROXDATE"></span><span id="MOS:CIRCA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:APPROXDATE&redirect=no">MOS:APPROXDATE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CIRCA&redirect=no">MOS:CIRCA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>To indicate "around", "approximately", or "about", the use of the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">circa</a>}}</code> template is preferred at first occurrence over just <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">c.</span> At later occurrences, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">c.</span> is preferred over <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">circa</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">c</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ca</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ca.</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">around</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">approximately</span>, or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">approx.</span>: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>John Sayer</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span> – 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1818)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Igehalkid dynasty of Elam, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li></ul></li> <li>Where both endpoints of a range are approximate, <code>c.</code> should appear before each date (the two-argument form of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">circa</a>}}</code> does this): <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Dionysius Exiguus</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span>)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Dionysius Exiguus</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470 – 540)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Rameses III</b> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE</span>)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Rameses III</b> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180 – 1150<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span>)</li></ul></li> <li>Where birth/death limits have been inferred from known dates of activity: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Offa of Mercia</b> (before 734 – 26<span class="nowrap"> </span>July 796)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Robert Menli Lyon</b> (1789 – after 1863)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce</b> (June 24, 1842 – after December 26, 1913)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li></ul></li> <li>When birth and death dates are unknown, but the person is known to have been active ("flourishing") during certain years, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fl.</span>, <code>[[Floruit|fl.]]</code>, or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Fl." class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fl.">fl.</a>}}</code> may be used: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Jacobus Flori</b> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>1571–1588) ...</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Jacobus Flori <i>fils</i></b> (fl.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – 1616</span>) ...</span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>The corresponding template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:R." class="mw-redirect" title="Template:R.">r.</a>}}</code> produces reign output: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 540–562</span></span>, though it is often clearer to write out <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">reigned 540–562</span>, especially in the lead. With both of these templates, linked forms should not be used on disambiguation pages, and "active" followed by the range is a better alternative for occupations not relating to the composition of works, whether it be musical, grammatical, historical, or any other such work.</dd></dl> <ul><li>When a date is known to be either of two years (e.g. from a <a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnal years of English monarchs">regnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> year conversion, or a known age at death): <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Anne Smith</b> (born 1912 or 1913; died 2013)<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li></ul></li> <li>Other forms of uncertainty should be expressed in words, either in article text or in a footnote: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">April<span class="nowrap"> </span>14, 1224 (unattested date)</span>. Do not use a question mark (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1291?</span>), because it fails to communicate the nature of the uncertainty.</li> <li>Where <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">c.</span> or a similar form appears <i>which applies only to one of the two endpoints of the range</i>, use a spaced en dash (<code>{{snd}}</code>). <ul><li><i>Examples</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">1896 – after 1954</span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">470 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span></span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span> – 540</span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span></span></span>.</li> <li><i>Markup</i>: <span class="nowrap"><code>1896{{snd}}after 1954</code></span>, <span class="nowrap"><code>470{{snd}}{{c.|540}}</code></span>, <span class="nowrap"><code>{{c.|470}}{{snd}}540</code></span>, <span class="nowrap"><code>{{c.|470|540}}</code></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Where a modifier <i>applies to the range as a whole</i>, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fl.</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr></span>, use a spaced or unspaced en dash as appropriate to the range if this modifier is disregarded. <ul><li><i>Examples</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>1571–1588</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fl.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – 1616</span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1353</span> – 1336</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">r. 1989–2019</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>CE</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">r. 2019<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE – present</span></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Some modifiers, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">traditionally</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">around</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">BH</span>, and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">CE</span>, sometimes apply to only one endpoint, and sometimes to the whole range. Whether the en dash should be spaced or unspaced should still be determined by the above guidelines, but consider rephrasing if the result is ambiguous or possibly confusing. <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">traditionally 1571–1588</span></span> and <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">traditionally 1571 – 1588</span></span> mean two different things, which may not be obvious to the reader.</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">traditionally 1585 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span></span></span> can have two different meanings, and which one is meant may not be clear.</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">400 BCE – 200</span></span> clearly has <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">BCE</span> applying only to one endpoint, but the range is ambiguous. Consider using <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">400–200 BCE</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">400 BCE – 200 BCE</span></span>, or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">400 BCE – 200 CE</span></span>, depending on what is meant.</li> <li>Technically, <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō</a> 13 – 57</span></span> is currently unambiguous (because there is no Taishō 57), but it is better to use both era designations in this case: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō</a> 13 – <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa</a> 57</span></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Ideally a non-breaking space should follow very short modifiers such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">c.</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fl.</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">r.</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr></span>, and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Times_of_day" data-mw-thread-id="h-Times_of_day-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Times_of_day-Chronological_items"></span>Times of day<span id="Time_of_day"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Times_of_day-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Times of day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TIME"></span><span id="MOS:AMPM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TIME&redirect=no">MOS:TIME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:AMPM&redirect=no">MOS:AMPM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Context determines whether the <a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-</a> or <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour</a> clock is used. In all cases, colons separate hours, minutes, and (where present) seconds, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1:38:09<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">13:38:09</span>. Use figures (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">11<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m.</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12:45<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m.</span>) rather than words (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">twelve forty-five p.m.</span>). </p> <ul><li><b>12-hour clock times</b> end with lower-case <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">a.m.</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">p.m.</span>, or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">am</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">pm</span>, preceded by a <a href="#Non-breaking_spaces">non-breaking space</a>, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m.</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm</span> (markup: <code>2:30<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>p.m.</code> or <code>2:30<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>pm</code>), not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2:30p.m.</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2:30pm</span>. Hours should not have a leading zero (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m.</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">02:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m.</span>). Usually, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">noon</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">midnight</span> rather than <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">12 pm</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">12 am</span>; whether "midnight" refers to the start or the end of a date should be explicitly specified unless clear from the context. Where several times that are all a.m. or all p.m. appear in close proximity, then <i>a.m.</i> or <i>p.m.</i> need be given only once if there is no risk of confusion.</li> <li><b>24-hour clock times</b> have no a.m., p.m., noon or midnight suffix, and include a colon (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">15:30</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1530</span>). Hours under 10 should have a leading zero (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">08:15</span>). The time <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">00:00</span> refers to midnight at the start of a date, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12:00</span> to noon, and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">24:00</span> to midnight at the end of a date, but <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">24</span> should not be used for the first hour of the next day (e.g. use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">00:10</span> for ten minutes after midnight, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">24:10</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_zones" data-mw-thread-id="h-Time_zones-Times_of_day"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Time_zones-Times_of_day"></span>Time zones<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Time_zones-Times_of_day"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Time zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TIMEZONE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TIMEZONE&redirect=no">MOS:TIMEZONE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Give dates and times appropriate to the <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a> where an event took place. For example, the date of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> should be December<span class="nowrap"> </span>7, 1941 (Hawaii time/date). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker in Monaco attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases, the best solution may be to add the date and time in <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC). For example: </p><p> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">8<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time (North America)">Eastern Standard Time</a> on January<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 2001 (01:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC, January<span class="nowrap"> </span>16)</span> </p><p>Alternatively, include just the <a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">UTC offset</a>: </p><p> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">21:00<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>) on 27<span class="nowrap"> </span>July 2012</span> </p><p>Rarely, the time zone in which an event took place has since changed; for example, China until 1949 was divided into <a href="/wiki/Historical_time_zones_of_China" title="Historical time zones of China">five time zones</a>, whereas all of modern China is one time zone; <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a>. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1960;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">Universal Time</a> (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">prime meridian (Greenwich)</a> when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ. </p><p><span id="Day,_month_and_season_names"></span><span id="Longer_periods"></span><span id="Other_periods"></span><span id="Other"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_of_the_week" data-mw-thread-id="h-Days_of_the_week-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Days_of_the_week-Chronological_items"></span>Days of the week<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Days_of_the_week-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Days of the week"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Where space is limited (e.g. tables), days of the week may be abbreviated as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sun</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Mon</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Tue</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Wed</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Thu</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Fri</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sat</span> (without dots, i.e. not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Sun<b>.</b></span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Mon<b>.</b></span>, etc.).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasons_of_the_year" data-mw-thread-id="h-Seasons_of_the_year-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Seasons_of_the_year-Chronological_items"></span>Seasons of the year<span id="Seasons"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Seasons_of_the_year-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seasons of the year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SEASON"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SEASON&redirect=no">MOS:SEASON</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Avoid using seasons to refer to a particular time of year, as they are often unduly ambiguous: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Spring 1995</span> began in the Southern Hemisphere six months after it did in the Northern Hemisphere; winter spans two calendar years in the Northern Hemisphere, but not in the Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, areas near the Equator have only <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a>. Unambiguous alternatives include <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">early<span class="nowrap"> </span>1995</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the second quarter of 1995</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">March to June<span class="nowrap"> </span>1995</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">spent the southern autumn in Antarctica</span>. <ul><li>Referring to a season by name is appropriate when it is part of a conventional name or designation (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">annual mid-winter festival</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the autumn harvest</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the court's winter term</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the magazine's summer 2015 issue</span>).</li></ul></li> <li>Season names are generally not capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a hot summer</span>), except when personified (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Old Man Winter</span>) or when part of a formal name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2018<span class="nowrap"> </span>Winter Olympics</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Arab Spring</span>) that is capitalized under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">guidelines for capitalization</a>. They are capitalized when part of the title of a work (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Science Fiction Quarterly</i>, Summer 1942</span>), except that seasonal editions may be lower-cased in running text (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Summer 1985 issue of <i>Interzone</i></span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the summer 1985 issue of <i>Interzone</i></span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decades" data-mw-thread-id="h-Decades-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Decades-Chronological_items"></span>Decades<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Decades-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Decades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DECADE"></span><span id="MOS:DECADES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DECADE&redirect=no">MOS:DECADE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DECADES&redirect=no">MOS:DECADES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>To refer to a decade as a chronological period <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">per se</i></span> (not with reference to a social era or cultural phenomenon), always use four digits and an <i>s</i>, as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>1980s</span>. Do not use <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>1980's</span>, or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>1980‑ies</span>. <ul><li>Prefixes should be hyphenated (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>mid‑1980s</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pre‑1960s social attitudes</span>).</li> <li>Adjectives should not be hyphenated (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the late 1950s, the early 1970s</span>).</li></ul></li> <li>For a social era or cultural phenomenon associated with a particular decade: <ul><li>Two digits (with a preceding apostrophe) may be used as an alternative to four digits, but only in well-established phrases seen in reliable sources: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>Roaring<span class="nowrap"> </span>'20s</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gay<span class="nowrap"> </span>'90s</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">condemning the '60s counterculture</span>—but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">grew up in 1960s Boston, moving to Dallas in<span class="nowrap"> </span>1971</span>. Do not write: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>90's</span>; <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>90s</span>; or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>90s'</span>.</li> <li>Another alternative (where seen in reliable sources) is to spell the decade out, capitalized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">changing attitudes of the Sixties</span>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centuries_and_millennia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Centuries_and_millennia-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Centuries_and_millennia-Chronological_items"></span>Centuries and millennia<span id="centuries"></span><span id="millennia"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Centuries_and_millennia-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Centuries and millennia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CENTURY"></span><span id="MOS:MILLENNIUM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CENTURY&redirect=no">MOS:CENTURY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MILLENNIUM&redirect=no">MOS:MILLENNIUM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The sequence of numbered years in dates runs <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">...<span class="nowrap"> </span>2<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD, 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span>; there is no "<a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>". </p> <ul><li>Treat the 1st century AD as years <span class="nowrap">1–100</span>, the 17th century as <span class="nowrap">1601–1700</span>, and the second millennium as <span class="nowrap">1001–2000</span>; similarly, the 1st century BC / BCE was <span class="nowrap">100–1</span> BC / BCE, the 17th century BC / BCE was <span class="nowrap">1700–1601</span> BC / BCE, and the second millennium <span class="nowrap">2000–1001</span> BC / BCE.</li> <li>Centuries and millennia are identified using either Arabic numerals (<span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the 18th century</span></span>) or words (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the second millennium</span>), with in-article consistency (<a href="/wiki/MOS:ORDINAL" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:ORDINAL">MOS:ORDINAL</a> notwithstanding). When used adjectivally they contain a hyphen (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">nineteenth-century painting</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">19th-century</span> painting</span>). Do not use superscripts (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">19<sup>th</sup> century</span>).</li> <li>Do not capitalize (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the best Nineteenth-century paintings</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">during the Nineteenth Century</span>)</li> <li>Do not use <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">XVIII<span class="nowrap"> </span>century</span>).</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The 18th century</span> refers to the period (<span class="nowrap">1701–1800</span>), while strictly <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the 1700s</span> refers either to (<span class="nowrap">1700–1799</span>) or (<span class="nowrap">1700–1709</span>) <ul><li>When using forms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the 1900s</span>, ensure there is no ambiguity as to whether the century or the decade is meant.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#En_dashes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § En dashes</a> for use of hyphens and dashes in obscure situations.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_periods_of_time" data-mw-thread-id="h-Long_periods_of_time-Chronological_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Long_periods_of_time-Chronological_items"></span>Long periods of time<span id="Abbreviations_for_long_periods_of_time"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Long_periods_of_time-Chronological_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Long periods of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When the term is frequent, combine <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">yr</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(years) or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">ya</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(years ago) with <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">k</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(thousand): <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">kya</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">kyr</span>; <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">M</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(million): <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Mya</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Myr</span>; and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">b</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">short-scale</a> billion): <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">bya</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">byr</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Year § Abbreviations yr and ya</a> for more information.)</span></li> <li>In academic contexts, <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviation" title="Year">annus</a>-based units are often used with an <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a>: <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">ka</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(kiloannus), <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Ma</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(megaannus), and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Ga</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(gigaannus). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Year § SI prefix multipliers</a> for more information.)</span></li> <li>Show the meaning parenthetically, and consider linking to the appropriate section of the <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a> article <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(<a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Year § Abbreviations yr and ya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Year § SI prefix multipliers</a>)</span> on first occurrence and where the use is a standalone topic of interest. In source quotations, use square brackets: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"a potassium-argon date of 35.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mya [million years ago]<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Numbers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Numbers"></span>Numbers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Numbers"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:FIGURE" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/MOS:IMAGE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMAGE">MOS:IMAGE</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers_as_figures_or_words" data-mw-thread-id="h-Numbers_as_figures_or_words-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Numbers_as_figures_or_words-Numbers"></span>Numbers as figures or words<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Numbers_as_figures_or_words-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Numbers as figures or words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NUMERAL"></span><span id="MOS:SPELL09"></span><span id="MOS:MILLION"></span><span id="MOS:BILLION"></span><span id="MOS:TRILLION"></span><span id="MOS:LAKH"></span><span id="MOS:CRORE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NUMERAL&redirect=no">MOS:NUMERAL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SPELL09&redirect=no">MOS:SPELL09</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MILLION&redirect=no">MOS:MILLION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BILLION&redirect=no">MOS:BILLION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TRILLION&redirect=no">MOS:TRILLION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LAKH&redirect=no">MOS:LAKH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CRORE&redirect=no">MOS:CRORE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">Information on specific situations is scattered elsewhere on this page.</span> </p><p><b>Generally, in article text:</b> </p> <ul><li>Integers from zero to nine are spelled out in words.</li> <li>Integers greater than nine <em>expressible in one or two words</em> may be expressed either in numerals or in words (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">16</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">sixteen</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">84</span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">eighty-four</span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">200</span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">two hundred</span></span>). When written as words, integers from 21 to 99 that are not multiples of 10 are hyphenated (including when part of a larger number): <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fifty-six</span></span> and <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fifty-six thousand</span></span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">five<span class="nowrap"> </span>hundred</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">five<span class="nowrap"> </span>thousand</span>.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Numeral_notes"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NUMNOTES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NUMNOTES&redirect=no">MOS:NUMNOTES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><b>Notes and exceptions:</b> </p> <ul><li>Avoid beginning a sentence with a figure: <ul><li>Use: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">There were many matches<b>;</b> 23 ended in a draw.</span></span> Or: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">There were many matches<b>.</b> Twenty-three ended in a draw.</span></span></li> <li>Not: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">There were many matches<b>.</b> 23 ended in a draw.</span></li> <li>Use: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">No elections were held in 1945 and 1950.</span></li> <li>Not: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1945 and 1950 had no elections.</span></span> (Nor: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Nineteen forty-five and 1950 had no elections</span>—</span>comparable numbers near one another should all be written in words or all in figures.)</li></ul></li> <li>In tables and infoboxes, quantities are expressed in figures (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Years in office:<span class="nowrap"> </span>5</span>); but numbers within a table's explanatory text and comments follow the general rule.</li> <li>Numbers in mathematical formulae are never spelled out (<span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3 < π < <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">22</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">7</span></span>⁠</span></span></span> not <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">three < pi < twenty-two sevenths</span></span>), and "numbers as numbers" are rarely spelled out in other mathematical contexts (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the first three primes are 2, 3, and 5</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the first three primes are two, three, and five</span>; but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">zero-sum game</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">roots of unity</span>).</li> <li>Sport scores and vote tallies should be given as numerical figures (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a <span class="nowrap">25–7</span> victory</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">passed with 7 ayes, 2 nays, and 1 abstention</span>, though <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">passed with 7 ayes, 2 nays, and no abstentions</span> would be acceptable, instead of <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">...<span class="nowrap"> </span>0 abstentions</span>).</li> <li>Comparable values near one another should be all spelled out or all in figures, even if one of the numbers would normally be written differently: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">patients' ages were five, seven, and thirty-two</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ages were<span class="nowrap"> </span>5, 7, and<span class="nowrap"> </span>32</span>, but not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ages were <span class="nowrap">five, seven, and 32</span></span>. <ul><li>Similar guidance applies where "mixed units" are used to represent a single value (as is often done with time durations, and in the imperial and US customary systems): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">5 feet 11 inches</span> tall</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">five feet eleven inches</span> tall</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">3 minutes 27 seconds</span></span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">three minutes twenty-seven seconds</span></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Adjacent quantities not comparable should ideally be in <em>different formats:</em> <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">twelve 90-minute volumes</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12 ninety-minute volumes</span></span>, not <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">12 90-minute volumes</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">twelve ninety-minute volumes</span></span>. <ul><li>Avoid awkward juxtapositions: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">On February 25, 2011, twenty-one more were chosen</span>, not <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">On February 25, 2011, 21 more were chosen</span></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Sometimes figures and words carry different meanings; for example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Every locker except one was searched</span> implies there is a single exception (without specifying which), while <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Every locker except<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 was searched</span> implies that locker number<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 was the only locker not searched.</li> <li>Proper names, technical terms, and the like are never altered: <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 Downing Street</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Nine Inch Nails</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Channel_8_(Thailand)" title="Channel 8 (Thailand)"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Channel 8</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <a href="/wiki/C7_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="C7 vertebra"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">C7 vertebra</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Sense" title="The Sixth Sense"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Sixth Sense</span></a></i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chanel_No._5" title="Chanel No. 5"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Chanel No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>5</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Fourth Estate</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Third Man</span></a></i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Second Coming</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">First Amendment</span></a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Zero_Hour!" title="Zero Hour!"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Zero Hour!</span></a></i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span> "<a href="/wiki/Less_than_Zero_(Elvis_Costello_song)" title="Less than Zero (Elvis Costello song)"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Less than Zero</span></a>".</li> <li>Figures as figures: Use a figure when the figure itself (its <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a>, shape, etc.) is meant: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a figure-8 pattern</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">in the shape of the numeral <i>6</i></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Words_as_words" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Words as words</a>.)</span></li> <li>Only figures are used with unit <em>symbols</em> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12 min</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">twelve min</span>); but figures or words may be used with unit <em>names</em> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12 minutes</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">twelve minutes</span>), subject to the provisions above.</li></ul> <p><b>Other numbers</b> </p> <ul><li>Other numbers are given in numerals (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3.75</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">544</span>) or in forms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">21<span class="nowrap"> </span>million</span> (or <i>billion</i>, <i>trillion</i>, etc. – but rarely <i>thousand</i> or <i>hundred</i>). Markup: <span class="nowrap"><code>21{{nbsp}}million</code></span> <ul><li><i>Billion</i> and <i>trillion</i> are understood to represent their <a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Long and short scale">short-scale</a> values of 10<sup>9</sup><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1,000,000,000) and 10<sup>12</sup><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1,000,000,000,000), respectively. Keep this in mind when translating articles from non-English or older sources.</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">M</span> (unspaced, capitalized) or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bn</span> (unspaced), respectively, may be used for "million" or "billion" after a number, when the word has been spelled out at the first occurrence (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her estate of £61<span class="nowrap"> </span>million was split among her husband (£1M), her son (£5M), her butler (£10M), and her three Weimaraners (£15M each).</span>).</li> <li>SI prefixes and symbols, such as <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">mega-</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">M</span>), <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">giga-</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">G</span>) and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">tera-</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">T</span>), should be used only with units of measure as appropriate to the field and not to express large quantities in other contexts. Examples of misuse: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">In a population of 1.3G<span class="nowrap"> </span>people, 300<span class="nowrap"> </span>megadeaths would be expected.</span></li> <li>Sometimes, the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">variety of English</a> used in an article may suggest the use of a numbering system other than the Western thousands-based system. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a> is conventionally used for certain things (especially monetary amounts) in <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asian English</a>. This is discouraged in Wikipedia articles by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Opportunities_for_commonality" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Opportunities for commonality</a>. <ul><li>When it is done anyway, for contextually important reasons, link the first spelled-out instance of each quantity (e.g. <code>[[crore]]</code>, which yields: <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a>). If no instances are spelled out, provide a note after the first instance, directing the reader to the article about the numbering system.</li> <li>Provide a conversion to Western numbers for the first instance of each quantity (For Indian figures, the templates <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lakh" title="Template:Lakh">lakh</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Crore" title="Template:Crore">crore</a>}}</code> may be used for this purpose), and provide conversions for subsequent instances if they do not overwhelm the content of the article. For example, write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">three <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (thirty million)</span>. When converting a currency amount, use the exchange rate that applied at the time being written about; the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:FXConvert" title="Template:FXConvert">FXConvert</a>}}</code> template can be used for this purpose, or specialized templates for a currency such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:INRConvert" title="Template:INRConvert">INRConvert</a>}}</code> (for Indian Rupees) or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:KRWConvert" title="Template:KRWConvert">KRWConvert</a>}}</code> (for Korean Won) can be used.</li> <li>Group digits in Western thousands-based style (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">30,000,000</span>; not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3,00,00,000</span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="#Delimiting_(grouping_of_digits)">§ Delimiting (grouping of digits)</a>, below</span>.</li> <li>An article's variety of English does not uniquely determine its formatting of numbers. Other considerations – such as conventions used in mathematics, science, and engineering – may also apply. In general, choice and order of formats and conversions is a matter of editorial discretion and consensus at the article.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ORDINAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ORDINAL&redirect=no">MOS:ORDINAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordinals" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ordinals-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ordinals-Numbers"></span>Ordinals<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ordinals-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ordinals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="1st"></span><span class="anchor" id="1ST"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:1ST" redirects here. For the guideline on the first sentence in articles, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:FIRST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FIRST">MOS:FIRST</a>.</div> <ul><li>The general principles set out in <a href="#Numbers_as_figures_or_words">§ Numbers as figures or words</a> apply to ordinals. In particular, do not start a sentence with a figure, and generally use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">first</span> through <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ninth</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1st</span> through <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">9th</span>, for single-digit ordinals.</li> <li>In "suffix" forms, use two-letter suffixes: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th</span> and so on (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2nd<span class="nowrap"> </span>Battalion</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">2d<span class="nowrap"> </span>Battalion</span>). Do not superscript (e.g. <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">123<sup>rd</sup></span>).</li> <li>Do not use ordinals for dates (see <a href="/wiki/MOS:BADDATE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BADDATE">MOS:BADDATE</a>).</li> <li>In English text, do not use a dot (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">.</span>) or the <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a> (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">º</span>). The masculine <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">º</span> or feminine <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ª</span> ordinal indicator is acceptable in names, quotations, etc. from languages that conventionally use it. An Italian example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">313º Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico</i></span></span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">313º Acrobatic Training Group</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the 313º</span>. Use HTML markup for languages that do not have a special character but conventionally use a superscript, like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">2<sup>e</sup></i></span></span> in French.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal numbers</a> are normally written with ASCII <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numerals</a> (without suffix, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Elizabeth II</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Elizabeth IInd</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Elizabeth 2nd</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_ranges" data-mw-thread-id="h-Number_ranges-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Number_ranges-Numbers"></span>Number ranges<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Number_ranges-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Number ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NUMRANGE"></span><span id="MOS:PAGERANGE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NUMRANGE&redirect=no">MOS:NUMRANGE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PAGERANGE&redirect=no">MOS:PAGERANGE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference"><a href="#Date_ranges">date ranges</a></span>, number ranges and page ranges should state the full value of both the beginning and end of the range, separated by an <a href="/wiki/MOS:DASH" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DASH">en dash</a>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1902–1911</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">entries<span class="nowrap"> </span>342–349</span>. Except within quotations, avoid abbreviated forms such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1902–11</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">342–9</span>, which are not understood universally, are sometimes ambiguous, and can cause inconsistent metadata to be created in citations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_scores,_vote_tallies,_etc." data-mw-thread-id="h-Sport_scores,_vote_tallies,_etc.-Numbers"><span id="Sport_scores.2C_vote_tallies.2C_etc."></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sport_scores,_vote_tallies,_etc.-Numbers"></span>Sport scores, vote tallies, etc.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sport_scores,_vote_tallies,_etc.-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sport scores, vote tallies, etc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:VOTE"></span><span id="MOS:SCORES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:VOTE&redirect=no">MOS:VOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SCORES&redirect=no">MOS:SCORES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Sport scores, vote tallies, or other presentations that juxtapose two opposing quantities use an unspaced en dash: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Smith beat Jones <span class="nowrap">7–3</span>.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Polls predicted Alice would defeat Bob <span class="nowrap">74–20</span> percent, with 6 percent undecided.</span></li></ul> <p>To avoid potential line breaks, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code> around the entire score construction, or use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nbnd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbnd">nbnd</a>}}</code> instead of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Ndash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singular_versus_plural" data-mw-thread-id="h-Singular_versus_plural-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Singular_versus_plural-Numbers"></span>Singular versus plural<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Singular_versus_plural-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Singular versus plural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nouns following <a href="/wiki/Simple_fractions" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple fractions">simple fractions</a> are singular (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">took <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> dose</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">net change was −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> point</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> dose</span>).</li> <li>Nouns following <a href="/wiki/Mixed_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed number">mixed numbers</a> are plural (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> doses</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">another 4<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> miles</span>).</li> <li>Nouns following the lone, unsigned digit 1 (one) are singular, but those following other decimal numbers (i.e. base-10 numbers not involving fractions) are plural (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">increased 0.7 percentage points</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">365.25<span class="nowrap"> </span>days</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">paid 5 dollars per work hour, 1 dollar per travel hour, 0 dollars per standby hour</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">increased by 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>point</span> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">net change +1<span class="nowrap"> </span>points</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">net change −1<span class="nowrap"> </span>points</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">net change 1.0<span class="nowrap"> </span>points</span>).</li> <li>The same rules apply to numbers given in words (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">one dose</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">one and one-half doses</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">zero dollars</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">net change of negative one points</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractions_and_ratios" data-mw-thread-id="h-Fractions_and_ratios-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Fractions_and_ratios-Numbers"></span>Fractions and ratios<span id="Fractions"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Fractions_and_ratios-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fractions and ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FRAC"></span><span id="MOS:RATIO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FRAC&redirect=no">MOS:FRAC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RATIO&redirect=no">MOS:RATIO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Where numerator and denominator can each be expressed in one word, a fraction is usually <a href="/wiki/Fractions#Pronunciation_and_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractions">spelled out</a> (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a two-thirds majority</span>; <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">moved one-quarter mile</span>); use figures if a fraction appears with a symbol (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>mi</span> (markup: <code><span class="nowrap">{{frac|1|4}}</span>&nbsp;mi</code>), not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a quarter of a mi</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">one-quarter mi</span>). A common exception is a series of values: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The distances were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mile, respectively</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed numbers">Mixed numbers</a> may be given in figures or words (perhaps applying the guidance <a href="#Numbers_as_figures_or_words">above</a> to the integer part). If given in figures, they are unspaced (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Platform 9<span class="nowrap"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Platform 9-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></span> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Platform <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></span> (markup: <code>{{frac|9|3|4}}</code>)). In any case the integer and fractional parts should be consistent (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Platform nine and<span class="nowrap"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></span>).</li> <li>Metric (SI) measurements generally use decimals, not fractions (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5.25<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>mm</span>).</li> <li>Non-metric (imperial and US customary) measurements may use fractions or decimals (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>inches</span>;<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5.25<span class="nowrap"> </span>inches</span>); the practice of reliable sources should be followed, and within-article consistency is desirable.</li> <li>In science and mathematics articles, mixed numbers are rarely used (use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> the original</span> rather than <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> times the original voltage</span>). The use of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Frac" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Frac">frac</a>}}</code> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Fractions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">is discouraged</a>; instead use one of these styles: <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f4b147775b52f71eacf8937ff124ac92f0574d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}}"/></span> (markup: <code><<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MATH">math</a>>\textstyle\frac{1}{2}</math></code>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span></span> (markup: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfrac" title="Template:Sfrac">sfrac</a>|1|2}}</code>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1/2</span> (markup: <code>1/2</code>)</li></ul></li> <li>Do not use <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Precomposed fraction">precomposed fraction</a> characters such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">½</span> (deprecated markup: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">&frac12;</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">&#189;</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Except: If ¼, ½, and ¾<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the only fractions needed, they may be used in an article, or category name, maintaining typographical consistency within an article where possible. (Examples: <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD" title="Ranma ½">Ranma ½</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">chess notation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:4_ft_6%C2%BD_in_gauge_railways" title="Category:4 ft 6½ in gauge railways">Category:4 ft 6½ in gauge railways‎</a>.)</li> <li>For other fractions, where templates cannot be used due to technical limitations, use the ASCII representation with spaces. For example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:4_ft_10_7/8_in_gauge_railways&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:4 ft 10 7/8 in gauge railways (page does not exist)">Category:4 ft 10 7/8 in gauge railways</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Ordinal suffixes such as <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">-th</span> should not be used with fractions expressed in figures (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">each US state has 1/50th of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate's</a> votes</span>; <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1/8th mile</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">one-fiftieth of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate's</a> votes</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1/8 mile</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">one-eighth mile</span>).</li> <li>For dimensionless ratios (i.e. those without accompanying units), place a colon between integers, or place <i>to</i> between numbers-as-words: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">favored by a 3:1 ratio</span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a three-to-one ratio</span></span>, not <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a 3/1 ratio</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a 3–1 ratio</span>.</span> The same style is used to express <a href="/wiki/Odds" title="Odds">odds</a> in sport, gambling, and other statistical predictions. <ul><li>Use a colon (spaced) when one or more decimal points is present <span class="nowrap">(<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 3.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>:<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 ratio</span> (markup:</span> <span class="nowrap"><code>a 3.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;1 ratio</code>)).</span></li> <li>Do not use the colon form where units are involved (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">dissolve using a <span class="nowrap">3 ml : 1 g ratio</span></span>)‍—‌instead see <i>ratios</i> section of table at <a href="#Unit_names_and_symbols">§<span class="nowrap"> </span>Unit names and symbols</a>, below.</li></ul></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Fractions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics § Fractions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decimals" data-mw-thread-id="h-Decimals-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Decimals-Numbers"></span>Decimals<span id="Decimal_points"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Decimals-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Decimals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DECIMAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DECIMAL&redirect=no">MOS:DECIMAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Use a period/full point (<code>.</code>) as the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, <em>never</em> a comma: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">6.57</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">6,57</span>.</li> <li>Numbers between −1 and +1 require a leading zero (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">0.02</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">.02</span>); exceptions are sporting performance averages (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">.430 <a href="/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)" title="Batting average (baseball)">batting average</a></span>) and conventional terms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">.22<span class="nowrap"> </span>caliber</span>.</li> <li>Although repeating digits may be indicated with an <a href="/wiki/Vinculum_(symbol)" title="Vinculum (symbol)">overbar</a> (e.g. <span class="nowrap"><code>14.31{{overline|28}}</code></span> gives <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">14.31<span style="text-decoration:overline;">28</span></span>), users of screen readers will not hear any indication of the overbar. Apart from in mathematics articles, consider rounding to a reasonable resolution instead (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Half_farthing" title="Half farthing">half farthing</a> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">≈£0.00052</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">£0.0005208<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span></span>, an <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">≈0.333 <a href="/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)">palms</a></span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">0.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> <a href="/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)">palms</a></span>), or showing initial repeats before the overbar (e.g. 0.33<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>). If overbars are used, consider explaining the notation on first use. Do not write e.g. <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">14.31(28)</span></span> because it resembles <a href="#Uncertainty">notation for uncertainty</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grouping_of_digits" data-mw-thread-id="h-Grouping_of_digits-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Grouping_of_digits-Numbers"></span>Grouping of digits<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Grouping_of_digits-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Grouping of digits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Delimiting_(grouping_of_digits)"></span><span id="Grouping_of_digits"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DIGITS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DIGITS&redirect=no">MOS:DIGITS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>In general, digits should be grouped and separated either by commas or by narrow gaps (<em>never</em> a period/full point). <ul><li>Grouping with commas <ul><li>Left of the decimal point, five or more digits are grouped into threes separated by commas (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12,200</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">255,200<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">8,274,527th</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">86,400</span></span></span>).</li> <li>Numbers with exactly four digits left of the decimal point may optionally be grouped (either <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1,250</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1250</span>), consistently within any given article.</li> <li>Do not use commas to the right of the decimal point, or with numbers not in base 10.</li> <li>Markup: <span class="nowrap"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Help:Parser_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Parser functions">formatnum:</a>}}</code></span> produces this formatting.</li></ul></li> <li>Grouping with narrow gaps <ul><li>Digits are grouped both sides of the decimal point (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006654321012345600♠"></span>6<span style="margin-left:.25em;">543</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">210</span>.123<span style="margin-left:.25em;">456</span></span></span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002793162340000000♠"></span>520.012<span style="margin-left:.25em;">34</span> °C</span></span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005101325000000000♠"></span>101<span style="margin-left:.25em;">325</span></span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span></span>).</li> <li>Digits are generally grouped into threes. Right of the decimal point, <em>usual</em> practice is to have a final group of four in preference to leaving an "orphaned" digit at the end (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001991234567000000♠"></span>99.123<span style="margin-left:.25em;">4567</span></span></span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap">99.123<span style="margin-left:0.25em">456</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">7</span></span></span> would also be acceptable). In mathematics-oriented articles long strings may be grouped into fives (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space:nowrap">3.14159<span style="margin-left:0.25em">26535</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">89793</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">23846</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">...</span></span></span>).</li> <li>This style is especially recommended for articles related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics, though in these contexts there may be cases in which grouping confuses rather than clarifies. (For example, for fractions written in horizontal format, adding spaces to a fraction like 123456/127 would cause it to be misread as 123<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">456</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">127</span></span>⁠</span> or 1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">23456</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">127</span></span>⁠</span>.)</li> <li>Markup: Templates <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Gaps" title="Template:Gaps">gaps</a>}}</code> may be used to produce this formatting. Note that use of <em>any</em> space character as a separator in numbers, including non-breaking space, is problematic for <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="#Non-breaking_spaces">§ Non-breaking spaces</a>.)</span> Screen readers read out each <em>group</em> of digits as separate numbers (e.g. <code>30<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Thin_space" title="Template:Thin space">thin space</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>000</code> is read as "thirty zero zero zero"). The output of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Gaps" title="Template:Gaps">gaps</a>}}</code> is compatible with screen readers.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Delimiting style should be consistent throughout a given article. <ul><li>Either use commas or narrow gaps, but not both in the same article.</li> <li>Either group the thousands in a four-digit number or do not, but not mixed use in the same article.</li> <li>However, grouping by threes and fives may coexist.</li></ul></li> <li>Four-digit page numbers and four-digit calendar years should never be grouped (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">sailed in 1,492</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">dynasty collapsed around 10,400<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">by <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004137270000000000♠"></span>13<span style="margin-left:.25em;">727</span> AD</span>, Vega will be the northern pole star</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percentages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Percentages-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Percentages-Numbers"></span>Percentages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Percentages-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Percentages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PERCENT"></span><span id="MOS:%"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PERCENT&redirect=no">MOS:PERCENT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%25&redirect=no">MOS:%</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Throughout scientific/technical articles, and in tables and infoboxes in <i>any</i> article, the symbol <code>%</code> is generally preferred. Omit space (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3%</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3<span class="nowrap"> </span>%</span>), and do not use mixed forms such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">three<span class="nowrap"> </span>%</span>.</li> <li>The body<sup id="cite_ref-body_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-body-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of non-scientific/non-technical articles may use either the <code>%</code> symbol or the word(s) <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">percent</span> (American English) or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">per<span class="nowrap"> </span>cent</span> (British English): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 percent</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten percent</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">4.5 per cent</span>.</li> <li>Ranges are written <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10–12%</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten to twelve per cent</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten to twelve percent</span>; not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ten–twelve per cent</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10%–12%</span>, or <span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10 to 12%</span></span>.</li> <li>When expressing the difference between two percentages, do not confuse a percentage change with a change in <a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">percentage points</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_and_engineering_notation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scientific_and_engineering_notation-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scientific_and_engineering_notation-Numbers"></span>Scientific and engineering notation<span id="Scientific_notation,_engineering_notation,_and_uncertainty"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scientific_and_engineering_notation-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scientific and engineering notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SCIENGNOTATION"></span><span id="MOS:10^X"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SCIENGNOTATION&redirect=no">MOS:SCIENGNOTATION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:10%5EX&redirect=no">MOS:10^X</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">Scientific notation</a> always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602200000000000♠"></span>60.22<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>22</sup></span></span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602200000000000♠"></span>6.022<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup></span></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_notation" title="Engineering notation">Engineering notation</a> is similar, but with the exponent adjusted to a multiple of three: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023602200000000000♠"></span>602.2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>21</sup></span></span>.</li> <li>Avoid mixing scientific and engineering notations: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">A <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002223000000000000♠"></span>2.23<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>2</sup> m<sup>2</sup></span> region covered by <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008234000000000000♠"></span>234.0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> grains of sand</span></span>.</li> <li>In a table column (or other presentation) in which all values can be expressed with a single power of 10, consider giving e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000700000000000000♠"></span>7</span></sup></span> once in the column header, and omitting it in the individual entries. (Markup: <code>{{e|7}}</code>)</li> <li>In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003500000000000000♠"></span>5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span></span> means rounded to the nearest thousand; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003500000000000000♠"></span>5.0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span></span> to the nearest hundred; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003500000000000000♠"></span>5.00<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span></span> to the nearest ten; and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003500000000000000♠"></span>5.000<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>3</sup></span></span> to the nearest unit.</li></ul> <p>Markup: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:E" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:E">e</a>}}</code> may be used to format exponential notation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncertainty_and_rounding" data-mw-thread-id="h-Uncertainty_and_rounding-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Uncertainty_and_rounding-Numbers"></span>Uncertainty and rounding <span id="Uncertainty"></span> <span id="Large_numbers"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Uncertainty_and_rounding-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Uncertainty and rounding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:UNCERTAINTY"></span><span id="MOS:LARGENUM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:UNCERTAINTY&redirect=no">MOS:UNCERTAINTY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LARGENUM&redirect=no">MOS:LARGENUM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Where explicit uncertainty information (such as a <a href="/wiki/Margin_of_error" title="Margin of error">margin of error</a>) is available and appropriate for inclusion, it may be written in various ways: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">(1.534 ± 0.035) × 10<sup>23</sup> m</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12.34<span class="nowrap"> </span>m<sup>2</sup> ± 5%</span> (not used with scientific notation)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">15.34 <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+0.43</sup><br/><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−0.23</sub></span></span> × 10<sup>23</sup> m</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1.604(48) × 10<sup>−4</sup> J</span> (equivalent to <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">(1.604 ± 0.048) × 10<sup>−4</sup> J</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Polls estimated Jones's share of the vote would be 55 percent, give or take about 3 percent</span></li> <li>Markup: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:%2B-" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:+-">+-</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Su" title="Template:Su">su</a>}}</code>, and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a>}}</code> may be used to format uncertainties.</li></ul></li> <li>Where explicit <em>uncertainty is unavailable</em> (or is unimportant for the article's purposes), round to an appropriate number of <a href="/wiki/Significant_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant digit">significant digits</a>; the precision presented should usually be conservative. Precise values (often given in sources for formal or matter-of-record reasons) should be used only where stable and appropriate to the context, or significant in themselves for some special reason. <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The speed of light is defined to be 299,792,458<span class="nowrap"> </span>m/s</span></li> <li><em>but</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Particle velocities eventually reached almost two-thirds the 300-million-metre-per-second speed of light.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">checks worth $250 (equivalent to $1,800 in 2016)</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">$1,845.38 in 2016</span>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The city's 1920 population was 10,000</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">population was 9,996</span> – an official figure unlikely to be accurate at full precision)</li> <li><em>but</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The town was ineligible because its official census figure (9,996) fell short of the statutory minimum of ten thousand </span> (unusual case in which the full-precision official figure is truly informative)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> The accident killed 337 passengers and crew, and 21 people on the ground </span> (likely that accurate and precise figures were determined)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> At least 800 persons died in the ensuing mudslides </span> (unlikely that any precise number can be accurate, even if an official figure is issued)</li> <li><em>or</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> Officials listed 835 deaths, but the Red Cross said dozens more may have gone unreported </span> (in reporting conflicting information, give detail sufficient to make the contrast intelligible)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The jury's award was $8.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">$8,462,247.63</span>). <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The appeals court reduced this to $3,000,001 (one dollar in actual damages, the remainder in punitive damages).</span></li></ul></li> <li>The number of decimal places should be consistent within a list or context (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The response rates were 41.0 and 47.4 percent, respectively</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">41 and 47.4 percent</span>), unless different precisions are actually intended.</li> <li>It may sometimes be appropriate to note the <em>lack</em> of uncertainty information, especially where such information is normally provided and necessary for full interpretation of the figures supplied. <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A local newspaper poll predicted 52 percent of the vote would go to Smith, but did not include information on the uncertainty of this estimate</span></li></ul></li> <li>The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Undue_precision" title="Template:Undue precision">undue precision</a>}}</code> template may be added to figures appearing to be overprecise.</li> <li>Avoid using "approximately", "about", and similar terms with figures that have merely been approximated or rounded in a normal and expected way, unless the reader might otherwise be misled. <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The tallest player was 6 feet 3 inches</span> (<span class="nowrap">not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">... about 6 feet 3 inches</span></span> – heights are conventionally reported only to the nearest inch, even though greater precision may be available in principle)</li> <li><em>but</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The witness said the assailant was about 5 feet 8 inches tall</span> ("about" because here the precise value is unknown, with substantial uncertainty)</li></ul></li> <li>The reader may be assumed to interpret large round numbers (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">100,000 troops</span>) as approximations. Writing a quantity in words (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">one hundred thousand troops</span>), especially if the <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a> (<i>a</i>/<i>an</i>) is used instead of the word <i>one</i> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a hundred thousand troops</span>), can further emphasize its approximate nature.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="#Unit_conversions">§ Unit conversions</a> below for precision issues when converting units.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non–base-10_notations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non–base-10_notations-Numbers"><span id="Non.E2.80.93base-10_notations"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non–base-10_notations-Numbers"></span>Non–base-10 notations<span class="anchor" id="Non–base_10_notations"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non–base-10_notations-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Non–base-10 notations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BASE"></span><span id="MOS:RADIX"></span><span id="MOS:BINARY"></span><span id="MOS:HEX"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BASE&redirect=no">MOS:BASE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RADIX&redirect=no">MOS:RADIX</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BINARY&redirect=no">MOS:BINARY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HEX&redirect=no">MOS:HEX</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>In computer-related articles, use the prefix <code>0x</code> for hexadecimal and <code>0b</code> for binary,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless there is a strong reason to use some other notation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Explain these prefixes in the article's introduction or on first use.</li> <li>In all other articles, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Base" title="Template:Base">base</a>}}</code>: 137<sub>9</sub>, 201<sub>3</sub>. Markup: <code>{{base|137|9}}</code>, <code>{{base|201|3}}</code></li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">bases</a> above 10, use symbols conventional for that base (as seen in reliable sources) e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Base_16" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 16">base 16</a> use <span class="nowrap">0–9 and A–F</span>.</li> <li>For octal, use 200<sub>8</sub>. Avoid using a prefix unless it is needed for computer code samples, in which case explain the prefix on first use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_formulae" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mathematical_formulae-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mathematical_formulae-Numbers"></span>Mathematical formulae<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mathematical_formulae-Numbers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mathematical formulae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics</a></div> <p>There are multiple ways to display mathematical formulae, covered in detail at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Typesetting_of_mathematical_formulae" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics § Typesetting of mathematical formulae</a>. One uses special MediaWiki <code class="nowrap" style=""><math>...</math></code> markup using <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> syntax, which is capable of complex formulae; the other relies on conventionalized <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> formatting of simple formulae. </p><p>The <code class="nowrap" style=""><math></code> markup is displayed as a <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a> image by default. Logged-in users can optionally have it rendered in <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>, or in HTML (via <a href="/wiki/MathJax" title="MathJax">MathJax</a>); detailed instructions are at <a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Help:Displaying a formula</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Section_headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Do not put <code class="nowrap" style=""><math></code> markup in headings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Units_of_measurement" data-mw-thread-id="h-Units_of_measurement"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Units_of_measurement"></span>Units of measurement<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Units_of_measurement"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Units of measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:UNIT"></span><span id="MOS:UNITS"></span><span id="MOS:METRIC"></span><span id="MOS:MEASUREMENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:UNIT&redirect=no">MOS:UNIT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:UNITS&redirect=no">MOS:UNITS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:METRIC&redirect=no">MOS:METRIC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MEASUREMENT&redirect=no">MOS:MEASUREMENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit_choice_and_order" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unit_choice_and_order-Units_of_measurement"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unit_choice_and_order-Units_of_measurement"></span>Unit choice and order<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unit_choice_and_order-Units_of_measurement"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Unit choice and order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quantities are typically expressed using an appropriate "primary unit", displayed first, followed, when appropriate, by a conversion in parentheses e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">200 kilometres (120 mi)</span>. For details on when and how to provide a conversion, see the section <a href="#Unit_conversions">§ Unit conversions</a>. The choice of primary units depends on the circumstances, and should respect the principle of "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strong_national_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Strong national ties">strong national ties</a>", where applicable: </p> <ul><li>In <b>non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United States</b>, the primary units are <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary</a> (pounds, <a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">miles</a>, feet, inches, etc.)</li> <li>In <b>non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United Kingdom</b>, the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except that: <ul><li>UK engineering-related articles, including those on bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units in which the subject project was <a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">drawn up</a> (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversion – see next bullet);</li> <li>the primary units for distance/length, speed and fuel consumption are <a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">miles</a>, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);</li> <li>the primary units for personal height and weight are feet/inches and stones/pounds;</li> <li>imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/cider and bottled milk;</li></ul></li> <li>In <b>all other articles</b>, the primary units chosen will be <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> units (such as kilograms), <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">non-SI units officially accepted for use with the SI</a>, or such other units as are conventional in reliable sources discussing the article topic (such as <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a> (rpm) for <a href="/wiki/Rotational_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational speed">rotational speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> for heights of horses, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Manual_of_Style#Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomy/Manual of Style">mass and luminosity of the Sun</a>, etc.) <ul><li>the primary SI units for personal height and weight are centimetres and kilograms.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><em>Special considerations:</em> </p> <ul><li>Quantities set via definition (as opposed to measured quantities) should be given first in the units used in the definition, even if this makes the structure of presentation inconsistent: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">During metrication, the speed limit was changed from 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph (48<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h) to 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h (31<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph)</span>. <ul><li>Or use <i>about</i> to emphasize which is the statutory, exact value: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">...from 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph (about 48<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h) to 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h (about 31<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph)</span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Nominal quantities (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2<span class="nowrap"> </span>×<span class="nowrap"> </span>4</span> <a href="/wiki/Lumber#North_American_softwoods" title="Lumber">lumber</a>) require consideration of whether the article is concerned with the item's actual dimensions or merely with its function. In some cases, the nominal quantity may suffice; in others it may be necessary to give the nominal size (often in non-SI units), the actual size in non-SI units, and the actual size in SI units.</li> <li>Whenever a conversion is given, the converted quantity's value should match the precision of the source <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Unit_conversions">§ Unit conversions</a>)</span>.</li> <li>Where the article's primary units differ from the units given in the source, the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a>}}</code> template's <code>|order=flip</code> flag can be used; this causes the <em>original</em> unit to be shown as secondary in the article, and the <em>converted</em> unit to be shown as primary: <code>{{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}}</code> → <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The two cities are 320 kilometres (200 mi) apart.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit_conversions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unit_conversions-Units_of_measurement"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unit_conversions-Units_of_measurement"></span>Unit conversions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unit_conversions-Units_of_measurement"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Unit conversions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Currency_conversions">§ Currency conversions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Manual_of_Style#Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomy/Manual of Style">Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomy/Manual of Style § Units</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CONVERSIONS"></span><span id="MOS:CVT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONVERSIONS&redirect=no">MOS:CONVERSIONS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CVT&redirect=no">MOS:CVT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, provide a conversion in parentheses: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Mississippi River is 2,320 miles (3,734 km) long</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Murray River is 2,508 kilometres (1,558 mi) long</span>. But in science-related articles, supplying such conversion is not required unless there is some special reason to do so. </p> <ul><li>Where an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial unit">imperial unit</a> is not part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary system</a>, or vice versa – and in particular, where those systems give a single term different definitions – a double conversion may be appropriate: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Rosie weighed 80 kilograms (180 lb; 12 st 8 lb)</span> (markup: <code>{{convert|80|kg|lb stlb}}</code>); <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">The car</span> had a fuel economy of 5 L/100 km (47 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>; 56 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>)</span> (markup: <code>{{convert|5|L/100km|mpgus mpgimp|abbr=on}}</code>).</li> <li>Generally, conversions to and from metric units and US or imperial units should be provided, except: <ul><li>When inserting a conversion would make a common or linked expression awkward (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The four-minute mile</span>).</li> <li>In some topic areas (for example, maritime subjects where nautical miles are the primary units, American football where <a href="/wiki/Yard_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard (unit)">yards</a> are primary, and articles like <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> where many interplanetary distances are given) it can be excessive to provide a conversion for every quantity. In such cases consider noting that the article will use a particular unit – possibly giving the conversion factor to other, familiar units in a parenthetical note or a footnote – and link the first occurrence of each unit but not give a conversion every time it occurs. Applying this principle may require editorial discretion; for example, in scientific articles the expected level of reader sophistication should be taken into account.</li> <li>For distances on the scale of between <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">star systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxies">galaxies</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>" or "ly" should be used as primary units, with a conversion to "parsecs" or "pc", but no conversion to SI units. The units should be linked on first mention. For larger quantities, use <a href="/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers" title="Names of large numbers">large number words</a> in prose (million or billion but not thousand) and metric prefixes (kly, Mly, Gly, kpc, Mpc, Gpc) in compact contexts. Examples: <ul><li>First mention in prose: 34.6 ± 2.3 million <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (10.6 ± 0.705 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Megaparsecs_and_gigaparsecs" title="Parsec">Mpc</a>) <ul><li>Wikitext: {{convert|34.6|±|2.3|e6ly|Mpc|sigfig=3|lk=on}}</li></ul></li> <li>Infobox or table: 2.50 <a href="/wiki/Light-year#Definitions" title="Light-year">Mly</a> (765 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs" title="Parsec">kpc</a>) <ul><li>Wikitext: {{cvt|765|kpc|Mly|order=flip|sigfig=3|lk=on}} (use "order=flip" when source uses parsecs)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">Astronomical units</a> (au) should be converted to kilometers (km) using "million", "billion", or "trillion" in both prose and compact environments like infoboxes and tables. When large interplanetary-scale distances overlap with small interstellar-scale distances, convert au to ly and pc, or ly to pc and au (depending on context). Examples: <ul><li>49.3 au (7.38 billion km) <ul><li>Wikitext: {{convert|49.3|au|e9km|abbr=unit}}</li></ul></li> <li>121,000 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (1.91 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>; 0.59 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a>) <ul><li>Wikitext: {{convert|121000|au|ly pc|abbr=off|lk=on}}</li></ul></li> <li>0.9 ly (0.28 pc; 57,000 au) <ul><li>Wikitext: {{convert|0.9|ly|pc au|abbr=unit}}</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>For units of measure that are obsolete, obscure outside of a particular specialty or geography (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jansky" title="Jansky">jansky</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_(unit)" title="Rayleigh (unit)">rayleigh</a>), or not part of the SI/<a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI#Units_officially_accepted_for_use_with_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">SI-accepted</a> or US customary systems (e.g. zolotnik), supply a parenthetical conversion into at least SI or SI-accepted units (unless one of the exceptions previously noted applies). Convert each mention, unless this would be excessive given the context. Take care to distinguish between different definitions of the same unit if it has changed over time or differs geographically (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman_(unit)" title="Batman (unit)">batman</a>). An approximate or range conversion is acceptable if the exact historical value is uncertain (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadion</a>). <ul><li>Metric units not part of the SI or accepted for use with it should either be replaced with SI or SI-accepted units (e.g. joules instead of <a href="/wiki/Erg" title="Erg">ergs</a>), or they should be treated as obscure units in the same way as furlongs.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a> used should be commonly known, namely "pico" thru "tera", preferably in commonly-used combinations (e.g. 2,000 kilometers not 2 megameters).</li> <li>Converted quantity values should use a <em>level of precision</em> similar to that of the source quantity value, so <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Moon is 380,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>kilometres (240,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>mi) from Earth</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">(236,121<span class="nowrap"> </span>mi)</span>. Small numbers, especially if approximate, may need to be converted to a range where rounding would cause a significant distortion, so <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">about one mile (1–2<span class="nowrap"> </span>km)</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">about one mile (2<span class="nowrap"> </span>km)</span>. Be careful especially when your source has already converted from the units you're now converting back to. This may be evidenced by multiples of common conversion factors in the data, such as 160 km (from 100 miles). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">false precision</a>.</span></li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a>}}</code> and other <a href="/wiki/Category:Conversion_templates" title="Category:Conversion templates"><b>conversion templates</b></a> can be used to convert and format many common units, and have options to respect significant figures. To avoid problems with rounding and significant figures, for input to conversion templates use only the original quantity found in reliable sources, not one that a source has already converted. If required by the above rules, the conversion output can be displayed as the primary units with "order=flip". Conversion output can be displayed as the only units with "disp=out"; this retains the original quantity in wikitext for verification by editors.</li> <li>In a <b>direct quotation</b>, always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">footnoting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citing sources</a>.</span></li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Units_attention" title="Template:Units attention">Units attention</a>}}</code> may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit_names_and_symbols" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unit_names_and_symbols-Units_of_measurement"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unit_names_and_symbols-Units_of_measurement"></span>Unit names and symbols<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unit_names_and_symbols-Units_of_measurement"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Unit names and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:DEGREE" redirects here. For the essay on notability, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:POSITION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:POSITION">WP:POSITION</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:UNITNAMES"></span><span id="MOS:UNITSYMBOLS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:UNITNAMES&redirect=no">MOS:UNITNAMES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:UNITSYMBOLS&redirect=no">MOS:UNITSYMBOLS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <dl><dd><em>Definitions:</em> <ul><li>Examples of <b>unit names</b>: foot, metre, kilometre, (<i>US:</i> meter, kilometer).</li> <li>Examples of <b>unit symbols</b>: ft, m, km.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources.</li> <li>In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times, but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly, after spelling out the first use (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Up to 15 kilograms of filler is used for a batch of 250<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg</span>). <ul><li>Exception: Certain units are generally represented by their symbols (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">°C</span> rather than <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">degrees Celsius</span>) even on first use, though their unit names may be used for emphasis or clarity (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">conversion of degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit</span>).</li> <li>Exception: Consider using <i>inches</i> (but not <i>in.</i>) in place of <i>in</i> where the latter might be misread as a preposition‍—‌but not where the value is followed by a parenthesized conversion e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bolts 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>in (12.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm) long</span>, or is part of such a conversion (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bolts 12.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm (5<span class="nowrap"> </span>in) long</span>).</li></ul></li> <li>Where space is limited, such as in tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas, unit symbols are preferred.</li> <li>Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a name–symbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Energies rose from 2.3 <a href="/wiki/Megaelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaelectronvolt">megaelectronvolts</a> (MeV) to 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>MeV</span>). <ul><li>Commonly-known SI and SI-accepted units that can be used without linking are: meter (m), gram (g), second (s), ampere (A), liter (L), pascal (Pa), hertz (Hz), degrees Celsius (°C), minute (min), hour (h), day (d), degree (of angle, °), volt (V), watt (W)</li></ul></li> <li>Ranges use unspaced en dash (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Ndash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}</code>) if only one unit symbol is used at the end (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5.9–6.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg</span>), and spaced en dash (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">snd</a>}}</code>) if two symbols are used (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3<span class="nowrap"> </span>μm – 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm</span>); ranges in prose may be specified using either unit symbol or unit names, and units may be stated either after both numerical values or after the last (all acceptable: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">from 5.9 to 6.3 kilograms</span></span>; <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">from 5.9 kilograms to 6.3 kilograms</span></span>; <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">from 5.9 to 6.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg</span></span>; <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">from 5.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg to 6.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg</span></span>).</li> <li>Length–width, length–width–height and similar dimensions may be separated by the multiplication sign (<code>×</code> or <code>&times;</code>) or the word <code>by</code>. <ul><li>The <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">×</span> symbol is preceded by a space (preferably non-breaking), and followed by a space (which may also be non-breaking in short constructions), and each number should be followed by a unit name or symbol: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 m × 3 m × 6 m</span>, not <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1 × 3 × 6 m</span></span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">(1 × 3 × 6) m</span>, nor <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1 × 3 × 6 m<sup>3</sup></span> </span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a metal plate 1 ft × 3 ft × 0.25 in</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a railroad easement 10 ft × 2.5 mi</span></li></ul></li> <li>With <i><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">by</span></i>, the unit need be given only once if it is the same for all dimensions: <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 by 3 by 6 metres</span> </span> or <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 by 3 by 6 m</span></span>.</li> <li>The unspaced letter <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">x</span> may be used in common terms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4">4x4</a></span>.</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="General_guidelines_on_use_of_units"></span><span class="vanchor-text">General guidelines on use of units</span></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header" style=""><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style><small>Aspect</small></div> </th> <th>Guideline </th> <th style="width:40px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/17px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/22px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span> Acceptable </th> <th style="width:40px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/17px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/22px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span> Unacceptable </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Unit names and symbols</b></small></div> </td> <td>Except as listed in the <a href="#Specific_units">§ Specific units</a> table below, unit <em>symbols</em> are uncapitalized unless they are derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter (of the base unit symbol, not of any prefix) is capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">8 kg</span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">100 kPa</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">8 Kg</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">100 kpa</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unit symbols are undotted. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">38 cm of rope </span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">38 cm<big>.</big> of rope</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Unit <em>names</em> are given in lower case except: where any word would be capitalized, or where otherwise specified in the SI brochure<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Brochure_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Brochure-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or this Manual of Style. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A gallon is 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>quarts.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">4 pascals</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">A Gallon is 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>Quarts.</span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">4 Pascals</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He walked several miles.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Miles of trenches were dug.</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The spelling of certain unit names (some of which are listed in <a href="#Specific_units">§ Specific units</a>, below) varies with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">variety of English followed by the article</a>. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Write unit names and symbols in upright (<a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a>) type, except where emphasizing in context. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10<span class="nowrap"> </span>m</span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">29 kilograms</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10<span class="nowrap"> </span><em>m</em></span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">29 <em>kilograms</em></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Thus each two-liter jug contained only two <em>quarts</em>.</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do not use precomposed unit symbol characters. </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">㎓, ㎦, ㎍, ㎖, ㎉</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Numeric values</b></small></div> </td> <td>Do not spell out numbers before unit <em>symbols</em><span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12<span class="nowrap"> </span>min</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">twelve<span class="nowrap"> </span>min</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>but words <em>or</em> figures may be used with unit <em>names</em>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">twelve minutes</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12 minutes</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Use a non-breaking space (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a>}}</code> or <code>&nbsp;</code>) between a number and a unit <em>symbol</em>, or use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code><span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">29<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg</span> <span class="nowrap">(markup: <code>29&nbsp;kg</code></span> or <span class="nowrap"><code>{{nowrap|29 kg}}</code>)</span> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">29kg</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>... though with certain symbols <i>no</i> space is used (see "Specific<span class="nowrap"> </span>units" table below)<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">23°</span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">47′</span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">22″</span> </span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">23<span class="nowrap"> </span>°</span> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">47<span class="nowrap"> </span>′</span> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">22<span class="nowrap"> </span>″</span> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>... and a normal space is used between a number and a unit <em>name</em>. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">29<span class="nowrap"> </span>kilograms</span><br/>(markup: <code>29<span class="nowrap"> </span>kilograms</code>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>To form a value and a unit <em>name</em> into a compound adjective use a hyphen or hyphens<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a five-day holiday</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a five-cubic-foot box</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 10-centimeter blade</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>... but a non-breaking space (never hyphen) separates a value and unit <em>symbol</em>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a blade 10 cm long</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a 10-cm blade</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Plurals</b></small></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit <em>names</em> are pluralized by adding <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">-s</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">-es</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 ohm</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 ohms</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>... except for these irregular forms. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 henry</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 henries</span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 hertz</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 hertz</span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 lux</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 lux</span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 siemens</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 siemens</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10 henrys </span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10 hertzes</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10 luxes</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10 siemenses</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Some non-SI units have irregular plurals. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 foot</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 feet</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10 foots</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 stratum</span>; <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 strata</span> (unusual)</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">10 stratums</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unit <em>symbols</em> (in any system) are identical in singular and plural. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">grew from 1 in to 2 in</span> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">grew from 1 inch to 2 inches</span> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">grew from one to two inches</span> </span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">grew from 1 in to 2 ins</span> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Powers</b></small></div> </td> <td>Format exponents using <sup>, not special characters. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">km<sup>2</sup></span><br/><span class="nowrap">(markup: <code>km<sup>2</sup></code>)</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">km²</span><br/>(<code>km&#178;</code>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Or use <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">squared</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">cubed</span> (<em>after</em> the unit being modified). </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten metres per second squared</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ten metres per squared second</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">For areas or volumes only, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">square</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">cubic</span> may be used (<em>before</em> the unit being modified). </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ten metres per square second</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">tons per square mile</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">sq</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">cu</span> may be used with US customary or imperial units, but not with <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> units. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">15<span class="nowrap"> </span>sq<span class="nowrap"> </span>mi</span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3<span class="nowrap"> </span>cu<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft </span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">15<span class="nowrap"> </span>sq<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3<span class="nowrap"> </span>cu<span class="nowrap"> </span>m </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Products</b></small></div> </td> <td>Indicate a product of unit <em>names</em> with either a hyphen or a space. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">foot-pound</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">foot pound</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">footpound</span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">foot⋅pound</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indicate a product of unit <em>symbols</em> with <code>&<a href="/wiki/Dot_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot operator">sdot</a>;</code> or <code>&<a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">nbsp</a>;</code>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ms</span> = millisecond</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">m⋅s</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">m<span class="nowrap"> </span>s</span> = metre-second</li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Exception:</em> In some topic areas, such as power engineering, certain products take neither space nor <code>&sdot;</code>. Follow the practice of reliable sources in the article's topic area. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt hour"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Wh</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Volt_ampere" class="mw-redirect" title="Volt ampere"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">VA</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Ah</span></a></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kWh</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">MVA</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">GAh</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>To pluralize a product of unit <em>names</em>, pluralize only the final unit. (Unit <em>symbols</em> are never pluralized.) </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten foot-pounds</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ten feet-pounds</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Ratios, rates, densities</b></small></div> </td> <td>Indicate a ratio of unit <em>names</em> with <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">per</span>. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">meter per second</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">meter/second</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Indicate a ratio of unit <em>symbols</em> with a forward slash (<code>/</code>), followed by either a single symbol or a parenthesized product of symbols – do not use multiple slashes. Or use<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup>−1</sup>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup>−2</sup>, etc. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">metre per second</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">m/s</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">m⋅s<sup>−1</sup></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">mps</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kg/(m⋅s)</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kg⋅m<sup>−1</sup>⋅s<sup>−1</sup></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">kg/m⋅s</span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">kg/m/s</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>To pluralize a ratio of unit <em>names</em>, pluralize only the numerator unit. (Unit <em>symbols</em> are never pluralized.) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten newton-metres per second</span> </span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 N⋅m/s</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some of the special forms used in the imperial and US customary systems are shown here<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mph</span> = miles per hour</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mpg</span> = miles per gallon</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">psi</span> = <a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">pounds</a> per square inch</li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">... but only the slash or negative exponent notations are used with SI (and other metric) units. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">g/m<sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">g⋅m<sup>−2</sup></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">gsm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">km/h</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">km⋅h<sup>−1</sup></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">kph</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Prefixes</b></small></div> </td> <td>Prefixes should not be separated by a space or hyphen. </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kilopascal</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">kilo pascal</span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">kilo-pascal</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prefixes are added without contraction, except as shown here: </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kilohm </span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">megohm </span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">hectare</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">kiloohm</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">megaohm</span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">hectoare</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">deci-</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">deca-</span>, and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">hecto-</span> prefixes should generally be avoided; exceptions include decibel, hectolitre, hectare, and hectopascal. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">100 metres</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">0.1 km</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1 hectometre</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do not use <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/M#Number" class="extiw" title="wikt:M"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">M</span></a> for 10<sup>3</sup>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">MM</span> for 10<sup>6</sup>, or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">B</span> for 10<sup>9</sup> (except as noted elsewhere on this page for <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">M</span> and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">B</span>, e.g. <a href="#Currencies_and_monetary_values">for monetary values</a>) </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3 km </span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">8 MW </span><br/><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">125 GeV</span> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3 Mm </span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">8 MMW </span><br/><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">125 BeV</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Mixed units</b></small></div> </td> <td rowspan="2">Mixed units are traditionally used with the imperial and US customary systems<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Mixed_units"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a wall 1 ft 1 in thick</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a wall 1 foot 1 inch thick </span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a man 6 feet 2 inches tall</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 6-foot 2-inch man</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 6 ft 2 in man</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1 ft , 1 in </span> (no comma) </span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1 foot , 1 inch</span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a man 6 foot 2 tall</span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a 6-foot 2 man</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> </span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 US fl pt 8 oz</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1 US fl pt 8 US fl oz</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>... and in expressing time durations<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1:30:07</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1:30</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">1 h 30 min 7 s</span></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">01<sup>h</sup> 30<sup>m</sup> 07<sup>s</sup></span></span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">1:30′07″</span></span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">1:30′</span></span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">1 hr 30 min 7 sec</span></span></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">1 h 30 m 7 s</span></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>... but are not used with metric units. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1.33 m </span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">133 cm </span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">1 m 33 cm</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><em>Note to table:</em> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use this format only where it is clear from context whether it means hours and minutes (HH:MM) or minutes and seconds (MM:SS).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This format is used in astronomy (see the IAU Style Manual<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for details).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_units" data-mw-thread-id="h-Specific_units-Units_of_measurement"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Specific_units-Units_of_measurement"></span>Specific units<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Specific_units-Units_of_measurement"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Specific units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FOOT"></span><span id="MOS:INCH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FOOT&redirect=no">MOS:FOOT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INCH&redirect=no">MOS:INCH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>The following table lists only units that need special attention.</li> <li>The <i>SI Brochure</i><sup id="cite_ref-SI_Brochure_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Brochure-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should be consulted for guidance on use of other SI and non-SI units.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Guidelines on specific units </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small>Group</small></div> </th> <th style="width:40px;">Unit name </th> <th style="width:40px;">Unit symbol </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Length, speed</b></small></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>inch</li> <li>foot</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">in</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ft</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>Do not use <code>&prime;</code><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">′</span>), <code>&Prime;</code><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">″</span>), apostrophe<span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">'</span>), or quote<span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"</span>). Exception: in music, <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">eight-foot pitch</a> notation describes organ stops and wind instrument lengths in feet. A prime may be used with an explanation on first use, e.g. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248585704">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""}</style><q class="inline-quote-talk">a <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">16 foot</a> (16′) organ pedal stop</q>; see <a href="/wiki/MOS:MUSIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:MUSIC">MOS:MUSIC</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot per second </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ft/s</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">fps</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hand</a> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">h</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">hh</span> </td> <td>Equal to 4 inches; used in measurement of horses. A dot may be followed by additional inches e.g. <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">16.2 hh</span></span> indicates <span class="nowrap">16 hands 2 inches.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knot</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">knot <a href="/wiki/Indicated_airspeed" title="Indicated airspeed">indicated airspeed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">knot <a href="/wiki/Calibrated_airspeed" title="Calibrated airspeed">calibrated airspeed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">knot <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_airspeed" title="Equivalent airspeed">equivalent airspeed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">knot <a href="/wiki/True_airspeed" title="True airspeed">true airspeed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">knot <a href="/wiki/Groundspeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundspeed">groundspeed</a></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Kilotonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilotonne">kt</a></span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Karat" class="mw-redirect" title="Karat">Kt</a></span>, or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Kilonewton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilonewton">kN</a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">KIAS</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn</span></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">KCAS</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">KEAS</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">KTAS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">KGS</span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>Used in aviation contexts for aircraft and wind speeds, and also used in some nautical and general meteorological contexts. When applied to aircraft speeds, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn</span> means <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">KIAS</span> unless stated otherwise; if <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn</span> is used for calibrated airspeed, equivalent airspeed, true airspeed, or groundspeed, explicitly state and link to, upon first use, the type of speed being referred to (for instance, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_airspeed" title="Equivalent airspeed">equivalent airspeed</a></span>, or, if severely short of space, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_airspeed" title="Equivalent airspeed">EAS</a></span>); for airspeeds other than indicated airspeed, the use of the specific abbreviation for the type of airspeed being referred to (such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">KEAS</span>) is preferred. When referring to indicated airspeed, either <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">KIAS</span> is permissible. Groundspeeds and wind speeds <i>must</i> use the abbreviation <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kn</span> only. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>metre</li> <li>meter <em>(US)</em></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">m</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>micron </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">μm</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">μ</span>) </td> <td>Markup: <code>&mu;m</code><span class="nowrap"> </span> Link to <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre</a> (for which micron is a synonym) on first use. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">au</span><br/><span class="nowrap"> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">A.U.</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ua</span>) </span> </td> <td>The preferred form is <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">au</span>. Articles that already use <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">AU</span> may switch to au or continue with AU; seek consensus on the talk page. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>mile</li> <li>miles per hour</li> <li>nautical mile</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mi</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mph</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">nmi</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">NM</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a></span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">M</span>)</span> </span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>In nautical and aeronautical contexts where there is risk of confusion with nautical miles, consider writing out references to <a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">statute miles</a> as e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5<span class="nowrap"> </span>statute<span class="nowrap"> </span>miles</span> rather than simply <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">5<span class="nowrap"> </span>miles</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Volume, flow</b></small></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>cubic centimetre</li> <li><span class="nowrap"> cubic centimeter <em>(US)</em> </span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cm<sup>3</sup></span> </td> <td>Markup: <code>cm<sup>3</sup></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cc</span> </td> <td>Non-SI abbreviation used for certain <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">engine displacements</a>. Link to <a href="/wiki/Cubic_centimetre" title="Cubic centimetre">Cubic centimetre</a> on first use. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>imperial fluid ounce</li> <li>imperial pint</li> <li>imperial quart</li> <li>imperial gallon</li> <li>US fluid ounce</li> <li>US dry pint</li> <li>US liquid pint</li> <li>US dry quart</li> <li>US liquid quart</li> <li>US gallon</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">imp fl oz</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">imp pt</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">imp qt</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">imp gal</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US fl oz</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US dry pt</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US liq pt</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US dry qt</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US liq qt</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US gal</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">US</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">imperial</span> (or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">imp</span>) must be specified for all these units.</li> <li><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">fluid</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">fl</span> must be specified for fluid ounces (to avoid ambiguity versus <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois ounce">avoirdupois ounce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a>).</li> <li>For US pints and quarts, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">dry</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">liquid</span> (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">liq</span>) are needed to be fully unambiguous, though context determines whether or not to repeat those qualifiers on every use in a given article.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cubic foot </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cu ft</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">cf</span>) </td> <td>Write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">five million cubic feet</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5,000,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>cu<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005141584232960000♠"></span>5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> cu ft</span></span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">5<span class="nowrap"> </span>MCF</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"> cubic foot per second </span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cu ft/s</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">cfs</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>litre</li> <li>liter <em>(US)</em></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">L</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">l</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ℓ</span>)</span></span> </td> <td>The symbol l (lowercase "el") in isolation (i.e. outside forms as ml) is easily mistaken for the digit<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 or the capital <span class="nowrap">letter I ("eye")</span> and should not be used. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>millilitre</li> <li>milliliter <em>(US)</em></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ml</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mL</span> </td> <td>Derivative units of the litre may use l (lowercase "el"). </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Mass, weight, force, density, pressure</b></small></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>gram</li> <li>kilogram</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">g</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kg</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>Not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">gramme</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">kilogramme</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long ton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short ton</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">long ton</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">short ton</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>Spell out in full. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric ton</a> <em>(US)</em></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">t</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">mt</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">MT</span>, or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Megatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Megatonne">Mt</a></span>)</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"> pound per square inch </span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">psi</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>troy ounce</li> <li>troy pound</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">oz t</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">lb t</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2">The qualifier <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">t</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">troy</span> must be specified where applicable. Use the qualifier avdp (<a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a>) only where there is risk of confusion with troy ounce, imperial fluid ounce, US fluid ounce, or troy pound; but articles about precious metals, black powder, and gemstones should always specify which type of ounce (avoirdupois or <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy</a>) is being used, noting that these materials are normally measured in troy ounces and grams. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>avoirdupois ounce</li> <li>avoirdupois pound</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">oz</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">oz avdp</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">lb</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">lb avdp</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">carat</a> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">carat</span> </td> <td>Used to express masses of gemstones and pearls. </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Purity</b></small></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carat_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (purity)">carat or karat</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">k</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Kt</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Kilotonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilotonne">kt</a></span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></span>)</span></span> </td> <td>A measure of purity for gold alloys. (Do not confuse with the unit of mass with the same spelling.) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Time</b></small></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>second</li> <li>minute</li> <li>hour</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">s</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">min</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">h</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>Do not use <code>&prime;</code><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">′</span>), <code>&Prime;</code><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">″</span>), apostrophe<span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">'</span>) or quote<span class="nowrap"> </span>(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"</span>) for minutes or seconds. See also the hours–minutes–seconds formats for time durations described in the <a href="#Mixed_units">Unit names and symbols table</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">year </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a</span> </td> <td>Use <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">a</span> only with an <a href="/wiki/SI_annus" class="mw-redirect" title="SI annus">SI prefix multiplier</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a rock formation 540<span class="nowrap"> </span>Ma<span class="nowrap"> </span>old</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Life expectancy rose to 60<span class="nowrap"> </span>a</span>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">y</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">yr</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="#Long_periods_of_time">§ Long periods of time</a> for all affected units.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Information, data</b></small></div> </td> <td>bit </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bit</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">b</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">B</span>)</span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span class="anchor" id="WP:MOSBPS"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also <a href="#Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits">§ Quantities of bytes and bits</a>, below.</span> Do not confuse bit/second or byte/second with <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud (Bd)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>byte </td> <td><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">B</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">byte</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">b</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">o</a></span>) </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bit per second </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bit/s</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">bps</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">b/s</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>byte per second </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">B/s</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">byte/s</span> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Bps</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">bps</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">b/s</span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Angle</b></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arcminute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminute">arcminute</a> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></span> </td> <td>Markup: <code><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime" title="Template:Prime">prime</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code><span class="nowrap"> </span> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></a> not apostrophe/single quote<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">'</span>). <span class="nowrap">No space (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">47<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">47<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></span>). </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcsecond</a> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">″</span> </td> <td>Markup: <code><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Pprime" title="Template:Pprime">pprime</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code><span class="nowrap"> </span> (<a href="/wiki/Double_prime_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double prime (symbol)">double prime<span class="nowrap"> </span>″</a> not double-quote<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"</span>). <span class="nowrap">No space (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">22″</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">22<span class="nowrap"> </span>″</span>). </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>degree </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">°</span> </td> <td>Markup: degree ° not <a href="/wiki/Masculine_ordinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine ordinal">masculine ordinal</a> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">º</span> or <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)" title="Ring (diacritic)">ring</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">̊</span>. <span class="nowrap">No space (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">23°</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">23<span class="nowrap"> </span>°</span>). </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Temperature</b></small></div> </td> <td>degree Fahrenheit </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">°F</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">F</span>) </td> <td rowspan="3">Markup: <span class="nowrap"><code>12<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>°C</code></span>, not <span class="nowrap"><s><code>12°C</code></s></span> or <span class="nowrap"><s><code>12°<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>C</code></s> </span>. Do not use the <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+2103</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">℃</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DEGREE CELSIUS</span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2109</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">℉</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DEGREE FAHRENHEIT</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>degree <a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">°R</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">R</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>degree Celsius <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> degree centigrade)</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">°C</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">C</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> <span class="nowrap">(<em>not</em> degree kelvin)</span> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">K</span> (<em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">°K</span>) </td> <td>Use a non-breaking space: <code>12{{nbsp}}K</code> (use <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">the normal Latin letter K</a>, not <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+212A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">K</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">KELVIN SIGN</span>). When writing out the unit (not usually necessary), pluralize, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12 kelvins</span> (see <a href="/wiki/Kelvin#Orthography" title="Kelvin">Kelvin#Orthography</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><small><b>Energy</b></small></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a></li> <li>small calorie</li> <li>gram calorie</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cal</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">In certain subject areas, <i>calorie</i> is conventionally used alone; articles following this practice should specify on first use whether the use refers to the small calorie or to the kilocalorie (large calorie). Providing conversions to <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> units (usually calories to joules or kilocalories to kilojoules) may also be useful. A kilocalorie (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kcal</span>) is 1000 calories. A calorie (small calorie) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C. A kilocalorie is also a kilogram calorie. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilocalorie">kilocalorie</a></li> <li>large calorie</li> <li>kilogram calorie</li> <li>(<em>not</em> Calorie – <span class="nowrap">can be ambiguous)</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">kcal</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits-Specific_units"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits-Specific_units"></span>Quantities of bytes and bits <span id="Binary_prefixes"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quantities_of_bytes_and_bits-Specific_units"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Quantities of bytes and bits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COMPUNITS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMPUNITS&redirect=no">MOS:COMPUNITS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In quantities of <a href="/wiki/Bit_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit (computing)">bits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>, the prefixes <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">kilo-</span> (symbol <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">k</span> or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">K</span>), <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">mega-</span> (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">M</span>), <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">giga-</span> (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">G</span>), <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">tera-</span> (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">T</span>), etc., are ambiguous in general usage. The meaning may be based on a decimal system (like the standard <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> prefixes), meaning 10<sup>3</sup>, 10<sup>6</sup>, 10<sup>9</sup>, 10<sup>12</sup>, etc., or it may be based on a binary system, meaning 2<sup>10</sup>, 2<sup>20</sup>, 2<sup>30</sup>, 2<sup>40</sup>, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks. </p> <table class="infobox noprint" style="padding: 0; text-align: left; width: 0"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center">Prefixes for decimal and binary multiples </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="border: 1px #aaa solid"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decimal_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal prefix">Decimal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;">Value </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>10<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>k</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>M</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>G</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>12</sup> </td> <td>T</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tera-" class="mw-redirect" title="Tera-">tera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>15</sup> </td> <td>P</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Peta-">peta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>18</sup> </td> <td>E</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exa-" class="mw-redirect" title="Exa-">exa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>7</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>21</sup> </td> <td>Z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetta-">zetta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>8</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>24</sup> </td> <td>Y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yotta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Yotta-">yotta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>27</sup> </td> <td>R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronna-" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronna-">ronna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000<sup>10</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>30</sup> </td> <td>Q</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta-">quetta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table style="border: 1px #aaa solid"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">Binary</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;">Value </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/IEC_80000-13" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 80000-13">IEC</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/JEDEC_memory_standards#Unit_prefixes_for_semiconductor_storage_capacity" title="JEDEC memory standards">JEDEC</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1024 </td> <td>2<sup>10</sup> </td> <td>Ki</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kibi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibi-">kibi</a> </td> <td>K</td> <td>kilo </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>2<sup>20</sup> </td> <td>Mi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebi-">mebi</a> </td> <td>M</td> <td>mega </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>2<sup>30</sup> </td> <td>Gi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibi-">gibi</a> </td> <td>G</td> <td>giga </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>2<sup>40</sup> </td> <td>Ti</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebi-">tebi</a> </td> <td>T</td> <td>tera </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>2<sup>50</sup> </td> <td>Pi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Pebi-">pebi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>2<sup>60</sup> </td> <td>Ei</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exbi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Exbi-">exbi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>7</sup> </td> <td>2<sup>70</sup> </td> <td>Zi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zebi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebi-">zebi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024<sup>8</sup> </td> <td>2<sup>80</sup> </td> <td>Yi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yobi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Yobi-">yobi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style=""margin-right: 0; width: auto; float: right;""><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Template:Bit and byte prefixes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Template talk:Bit and byte prefixes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bit_and_byte_prefixes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bit and byte prefixes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Follow these recommendations when using these prefixes in Wikipedia articles: </p> <ul><li>Following the SI standard, a lower-case <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">k</span> should be used for "kilo-" whenever it means 1000 in computing contexts, whereas a capital <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">K</span> should be used instead to indicate the binary prefix for 1024 according to JEDEC. If, under the exceptions detailed further below, the article otherwise uses IEC prefixes for binary units, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Ki</span> instead.</li> <li>Do not assume that the binary or decimal meaning of prefixes will be obvious to everyone. Explicitly specify the meaning of k and K as well as the primary meaning of M, G, T, etc. in an article (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:BDprefix" title="Template:BDprefix">BDprefix</a>}}</code> is a convenient helper). Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations.</li> <li>The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary for that article, e.g. specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on <a href="/wiki/Hard_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drives">hard drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rates</a>, and a binary definition for Windows file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives.</li> <li>Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.</li> <li>Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, with clear indication of whether in binary or decimal base. There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but the notation style should be consistent within an article. Acceptable examples include: <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>MB (<span class="nowrap">64<span class="nowrap"> </span>×<span class="nowrap"> </span>1024<sup>2</sup>-byte)</span> video card and a 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>GB <span class="nowrap">(100<span class="nowrap"> </span>×<span class="nowrap"> </span>1000<sup>3</sup>-byte)</span> hard drive</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>MB (<span class="nowrap">64<span class="nowrap"> </span>×<span class="nowrap"> </span>2<sup>20</sup>-byte)</span> video card and a 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>GB <span class="nowrap">(100<span class="nowrap"> </span>×<span class="nowrap"> </span>10<sup>9</sup>-byte)</span> hard drive</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>MB <span class="nowrap">(67,108,864-byte)</span> video card and a 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>GB <span class="nowrap">(100,000,000,000-byte)</span> hard drive</span></li></ul></li> <li>Avoid combinations with inconsistent form such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">A 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>MB <span class="nowrap">(67,108,864-byte)</span> video card and a 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>GB <span class="nowrap">(100<span class="nowrap"> </span>×<span class="nowrap"> </span>1000<sup>3</sup>-byte)</span> hard drive</span>. Footnotes, such as those seen in <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Macintosh_5500&oldid=218088888"><span class="nowrap">Power Macintosh 5500</span></a>, may be used for disambiguation.</li> <li>Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits (see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference"><a href="/wiki/Byte#History" title="Byte">Byte § History</a></span>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BINPREFIX"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BINPREFIX&redirect=no">MOS:BINPREFIX</a></span></li></ul></div></div>The <a href="/wiki/IEC_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC prefix">IEC prefixes</a> <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">kibi-</span> (symbol <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Ki</span>), <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">mebi-</span> (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Mi</span>), <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">gibi-</span> (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Gi</span>), etc., are generally not to be used except:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>when the majority of cited sources on the article topic use IEC prefixes;</li> <li>in a direct quote using the IEC prefixes;</li> <li>when explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes; or</li> <li>in articles in which both types of prefix are used with neither clearly primary, or in which converting all quantities to one or the other type would be misleading or lose necessary precision, or declaring the actual meaning of a unit on each use would be impractical.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Currencies_and_monetary_values" data-mw-thread-id="h-Currencies_and_monetary_values"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Currencies_and_monetary_values"></span>Currencies and monetary values<span id="Currencies"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Currencies_and_monetary_values"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Currencies and monetary values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:$"></span><span id="MOS:£"></span><span id="MOS:€"></span><span id="MOS:CURRENCY"></span><span id="MOS:MONEY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:$&redirect=no">MOS:$</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%C2%A3&redirect=no">MOS:£</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%E2%82%AC&redirect=no">MOS:€</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CURRENCY&redirect=no">MOS:CURRENCY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MONEY&redirect=no">MOS:MONEY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:MONEY" and "WP:CURRENCY" redirect here. For the WikiProject focusing on articles about currencies, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Numismatics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics">Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:$" and "WP:£" redirect here. For the policy on paid editing, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure</a>. For the humor page, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Buying_Wikipedia" title="Help:Buying Wikipedia">Help:Buying Wikipedia</a>.</div> <p><b>Choice of currency</b> </p> <ul><li>In <b>country-specific articles</b>, such as <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a>, use the currency of the subject country.</li> <li>In <b>non-country-specific articles</b>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a>, use US dollars (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US$123</span> on first use, generally <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">$123</span> thereafter), euros (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">€123</span>), or pounds sterling (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">£123</span>).</li></ul> <p><b>Currency names</b> </p> <ul><li>Do not capitalize the names or denominations of currencies, currency subdivisions, coins and banknotes: not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a Five-Dollar bill, four Quarters, and one Penny total six Dollars one Cent</span> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a five-dollar bill, four quarters, and one penny total six dollars one cent</span>. <i>Exception:</i> where otherwise required, as at the start of a sentence or in such forms as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Australian dollar</span>.</li> <li>To pluralize <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">euro</span>, use the standard English plurals (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten euros and fifty cents</span>), not the <a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro#English" title="Language and the euro">invariant plurals used for European Union legislation and banknotes</a> (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ten euro and fifty cent</span>). For the adjectival form, use a hyphenated singular (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a two-euro pen and a ten-cent coin</span>).</li> <li>Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currencies (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Mongolian tögrögs</a></span>).</li></ul> <p><b>Currency symbols</b><span class="anchor" id="Currency_symbols"></span> </p> <ul><li>In general, the first mention of a particular currency should use its full, unambiguous signifier (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>52</span></span>), with subsequent references using just the appropriate symbol (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">$88</span>), unless this would be unclear. <em>Exceptions:</em> <ul><li>In an article referring to multiple currencies represented by the same symbol (e.g. the dollars of the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbols#dollar_variants" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency symbols">Currency symbols § dollar variants</a></span>) use the full signifier (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US$</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A$</span>, but not e.g. <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">$US123</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">$123 (US)</span>) each time, except (possibly) where a particular context makes this both unnecessary and undesirable.</li> <li>In articles entirely on US-related topics, all occurrences of the <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollar</a> may be shortened (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">$34</span>), unless this would be unclear.</li> <li>For currencies that use a unit named the "<a href="/wiki/Pound_(currency)" title="Pound (currency)">pound</a>": <ul><li>Use the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">£</span> symbol (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00A3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">£</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">POUND SIGN</span>) for unambiguous referrals to <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>, the United Kingdom's currency. Avoid the <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+20A4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">₤</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LIRA SIGN</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">GBP</span>, sterling's ISO 4217 code, should be used to disambiguate that currency from others. Avoid using <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">stg.</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">GB£</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For currencies other than sterling, use the symbol or abbreviation conventionally employed for that currency, if any.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currency symbols (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">₮</a></span>)</li> <li>If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, follow the <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> standard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">List of circulating currencies</a>.</span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Unicode_abbreviation_ligatures" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Unicode abbreviation ligatures</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Formatting_of_monetary_values"></span><b>Currency formatting</b> </p> <ul><li>A point (full stop or period, <code>.</code>) – never a comma – is used as the decimal marker (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">$6.57</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">$6,57</span>).</li> <li>For the grouping of digits (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">£1,234,567</span>) see <a href="#Grouping_of_digits">§ Grouping of digits</a>, above.</li> <li>Do not place a currency symbol <em>after</em> the accompanying numeric figures (e.g. <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">123$</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">123£</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">123€</span>) unless that is the normal convention for that symbol when writing in English: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">smaller British coins include 1p, 2p, and 5p denominations</span>.</li> <li>Currency abbreviations preceding a numeric value are <em>unspaced</em> if they consist of a nonalphabetic symbol alone (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">£123</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">€123</span>), or end with a nonalphabetic symbol (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">R$</a>123</span></span>); but <em>spaced</em> (using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>) if completely alphabetic (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">R</a> 123</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_dinar" title="Jordanian dinar">JOD</a> 123</span>).</li> <li>Ranges should be expressed giving the currency signifier just once: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002250000000000000♠"></span>$250–300</span></span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002250000000000000♠"></span>$250</span>–<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002300000000000000♠"></span>$300</span></span>.</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">million</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">billion</span> should be spelled out on first use, and (optionally) abbreviated <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">M</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bn</span> (both unspaced) thereafter: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She received £70 million and her son £10M</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the school's share was <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008250000000000000♠"></span>$250–300 million</span>, and the charity's $400–450M.</span></li> <li>In general, a currency symbol should be accompanied by a numeric amount e.g. not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He converted his <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span> to <span style="white-space: nowrap">A$</span></span> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He converted his US dollars to Australian dollars</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He exchanged the <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$100</span> note for Australian dollars</span>. <ul><li>Exceptions may occur in tables and infoboxes where space is limited e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Currencies accepted: <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">SFr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a></span>. It may be appropriate to wikilink such uses, or add an explanatory note.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Currency conversions</b><span class="anchor" id="Currency_conversions"></span> </p> <ul><li>Conversions of <em>lesser-known currencies</em> may be provided in terms of more familiar currencies – such as the US dollar, euro or pound sterling – using an appropriate rate (which is often <em>not</em> the current exchange rate). Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, along with the convert-to year; e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the grant in 2001 was 10,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> ($1.4M, €970,000, or £850,000 as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</span></li> <li>For <em>obsolete currencies</em>, provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. euros for amounts denominated in <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a>), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.</li> <li>In some cases, it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation" title="Template:Inflation">Inflation</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation-fn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Inflation-fn">Inflation-fn</a>}}</code>.</span></li> <li>When converting among currencies or inflating/deflating, it is rarely appropriate to give the converted amount to more than three significant figures; typically, only two significant figures are justified: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the grant in 2001 was 10,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> ($1.4M, €970,000, or £850,000)</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">($1,390,570, €971,673 or £848,646)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Common_mathematical_symbols" data-mw-thread-id="h-Common_mathematical_symbols"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Common_mathematical_symbols"></span>Common mathematical symbols<span id="Minus_sign"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Common_mathematical_symbols"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Common mathematical symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:COMMONMATH"></span><span id="MOS:MINUS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:COMMONMATH&redirect=no">WP:COMMONMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MINUS&redirect=no">MOS:MINUS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Common_mathematical_symbols" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Common mathematical symbols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Help:Displaying a formula</a></div> <ul><li>The <i>Insert</i> menu below the editing window gives a more complete list of math symbols, and allows symbols to be inserted without the HTML encoding (e.g. <code>&divide;</code>) shown here.</li> <li>Spaces are placed to left and right when a symbol is used <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binary_operation" title="Binary operation">with two operands</a></span> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the sum 4 + 5</span>), but no space is used when <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">there is one operand</a></span> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the value<span class="nowrap"> </span>+5</span>). <i>Exception:</i> spaces are usually omitted in inline fractions formed with <code>/</code>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3/4</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span class="nowrap">3 / 4</span></span>.</li> <li>The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Mvar" title="Template:Mvar">mvar</a>}}</code> (for single-letter variables) and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Math" title="Template:Math">math</a>}}</code> (for more complicated expressions) templates are available to display mathematical formulas in a manner distinct from surrounding text.</li> <li>The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code> templates may be used to prevent awkward linebreaks.</li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="align: center; text-align: center;"> <caption>Common mathematical symbols </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="110">Symbol name </th> <th width="80">Example </th> <th width="335">Markup </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">Plus /<br/>positive</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> + <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> + <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">+<i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span>+<span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">Minus /<br/>negative</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> − <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&minus;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td> <td rowspan="2">Do not use hyphens (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">-</code></span>) or dashes (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Ndash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Ndash">ndash</a>}}</code></span> <span class="nowrap">or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Mdash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mdash">mdash</a>}}</code></span>).</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">−<i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ni">&minus;</span><span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plus-minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus-minus sign">Plus-minus /<br/>minus-plus</a> </td> <td>41.5 ± 0.3 </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">41.5 <span class="ni">&plusmn;</span> 0.3</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml"><span class="nowrap">−(±<i>a</i>) = ∓<i>a</i></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">1</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ni">&minus;</span>(<span class="ni">&plusmn;</span><span class="ge">''a''</span>) = <span class="ni">&#8723;</span><span class="ge">''a''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">Multiplication</a>,<br/><a href="/wiki/Dot_product" title="Dot product">dot</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> ⋅ <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&sdot;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td> <td rowspan="2">Do not use the letter <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">x</span> to indicate multiplication. However, an <em>unspaced</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">x</span> may be used as a substitute for "by" in common terms such as <a href="/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">4x4</span></a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">Multiplication</a>,<br/>cross </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> × <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&times;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obelus" title="Obelus">obelus</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> ÷ <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&divide;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equal_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal sign">Equal / equals</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> = <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">1</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> = <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> or<br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nf">=</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td> <td>Note the use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">1=</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nf">=</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> to make the template parameters work correctly </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Not_equal_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Not equal sign">Not equal</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> ≠ <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&ne;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td> <td rowspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Approximate_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximate sign">Approx. equal</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>π</i> ≈ 3.14</span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''</span><span class="ni">&pi;</span><span class="ge">''</span> <span class="ni">&asymp;</span> 3.14<span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Less_than_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Less than sign">Less than</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> < <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&lt;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Less_than_or_equal_to" class="mw-redirect" title="Less than or equal to">Less or equal</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> ≤ <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&le;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_than_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater than sign">Greater than</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> > <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&gt;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_than_or_equal_to" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater than or equal to">Greater or equal</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> ≥ <i>y</i></span> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''x''</span> <span class="ni">&ge;</span> <span class="ge">''y''</span><span class="p">}}</span></code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Geographical_coordinates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Geographical_coordinates"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Geographical_coordinates"></span>Geographical coordinates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Geographical_coordinates"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Geographical coordinates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right; width:100px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COORDS"></span><span id="MOS:COORDINATES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COORDS&redirect=no">MOS:COORDS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COORDINATES&redirect=no">MOS:COORDINATES</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For draft guidance on, and examples of, coordinates for linear features, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates/Linear" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates/Linear">Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates/Linear</a>.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Quick guide</b>:</dd></dl> <div class="" style="display:table; background:#f5fffa; color: #222; margin: 1em 0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;"> <div style="background:#cef2e0; font-weight:bold; border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header">Quick how-to<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord_how-to" title="Template:Coord how-to"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coord_how-to" title="Template talk:Coord how-to"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coord_how-to" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coord how-to"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> <p>To add <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&params=57_18_22_N_4_27_32_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°18′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°27′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.30611°N 4.45889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.30611; -4.45889</span></span></span></a></span></span> to the top of an article, use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">Coord</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, thus: </p> <dl><dd><b><code>{{Coord|57|18|22|N|4|27|32|W|display=title}}</code></b></dd></dl> <p>These <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">coordinates</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minutes, and seconds of arc</a>. </p><p>"title" means that the coordinates will be displayed next to the article's title at the top of the page (in desktop view only; title coordinates do not display in mobile view) and before any other text or images. It also records the coordinates as the primary location of the page's subject in Wikipedia's geosearch API. </p> </div> <div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> <p>To add <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&params=44.1124_N_87.9130_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°06′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">87°54′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.1124°N 87.9130°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.1124; -87.9130</span></span></span></a></span></span> to the top of an article, use either </p> <dl><dd><b><code>{{Coord|44.1124|N|87.9130|W|display=title}}</code></b></dd></dl> <p>(which does not require minutes or seconds but does require the user to specify north/ south and east/west) <i>or</i> </p> <dl><dd><b><code>{{Coord|44.1124|-87.9130|display=title}}</code></b></dd></dl> <p>(in which the north and east are presumed by positive values while the south and west are negative ones). These coordinates are in <a href="/wiki/Decimal_degrees" title="Decimal degrees">decimal degrees</a>. </p> </div> <div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> <ul><li>Degrees, minutes and seconds, when used, must each be separated by a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">pipe ("|")</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Map datum</a> must be <a href="/wiki/WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a> if possible (except for off-Earth bodies).</li> <li>Avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates#Precision_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">excessive precision</a> (0.0001° is <11 m, 1″ is <31 m).</li> <li>Maintain <a href="/wiki/MOS:UNCERTAINTY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:UNCERTAINTY">consistency</a> of decimal places or minutes/seconds between latitude and longitude.</li> <li>Latitude (N/S) must appear before longitude (E/W).</li></ul> </div> <div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> <p>Optional coordinate parameters follow the longitude and are separated by <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">an underscore ("_")</a>:<br/> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord#dim:D" title="Template:Coord">dim</a>: <code>dim:</code><i><b>N</b></i> (viewing <u>d</u>iameter <u>i</u>n <u>m</u>etres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord#region:R" title="Template:Coord">region</a>: <code>region:</code><i><b>R</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a> or <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a> code)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord#type:T" title="Template:Coord">type</a>: <code>type:</code><i><b>T</b></i> (<code>landmark</code> or <code>city(30,000)</code>, for example)</li></ul> <p>Other optional parameters are separated by <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">a pipe ("|")</a>:<br/> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord#Display" title="Template:Coord">display</a> <dl><dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display=inline</code> (the default) to display in the body of the article only,</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display=title</code> to display at the top of the article only (in desktop view only; title coordinates do not display in mobile view), or</dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display=inline,title</code> to display in both places.</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord#Name" title="Template:Coord">name</a> <dl><dd><code>name=</code><i><b>X</b></i> to label the place on maps (default is <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words#Page_names" class="extiw" title="mw:Help:Magic words">PAGENAME</a>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Thus: <b><code>{{Coord|44.1172|-87.9135|dim:30_region:US-WI_type:event</code></b> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b><code>|display=inline,title|name=accident site}}</code></b></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display=title</code> (or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display=inline,title</code>) once per article, for the subject of the article, where appropriate. </p> </div> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> <ul><li>Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ORDER" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ORDER">WP:ORDER</a>, the template is placed at the bottom of the article in the 'end matter', after any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template" title="Wikipedia:Navigation template">navigation templates</a>, but before all <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">categories</a>, including the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:DEFAULTSORT" title="Template:DEFAULTSORT">DEFAULTSORT</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">coord</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template may also be placed within an <a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">infobox</a>, instead of at the bottom of the article.</li> <li>For full details, refer to <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Coord/doc" title="Template:Coord/doc">Coord/doc</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li>Additional guidance is available at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Obtaining_geographic_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:Obtaining geographic coordinates">obtaining coordinates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_conversion" title="Geographic coordinate conversion">converting coordinates</a>.</li></ul> </div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geographical_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical coordinates">Geographical coordinates</a> on Earth should be entered using a template to standardise the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates. As long as the templates are adhered to, a robot performs the functions automatically. </p><p>First, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Obtaining_geographic_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:Obtaining geographic coordinates">obtain the coordinates</a>. Avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates#Precision" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">excessive precision</a>. </p><p>The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">Coord</a>}}</code> template offers users a choice of display format through <a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">user styles</a>, emits a <a href="/wiki/Geo_microformat" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo microformat">Geo microformat</a>, and is recognised (in the <em>title</em> position) by the "nearby" feature of Wikipedia's mobile apps and by external service providers such as Google Maps and Google Earth, and Yahoo. Infoboxes automatically emit <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">Coord</a>}}</code>. </p><p>The following formats are available. </p> <ul><li>For degrees only (including decimal values): <span class="nowrap"><code>{{coord|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">N/S</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">E/W</var>}}</code></span></li> <li>For degrees/minutes: <span class="nowrap"><code>{{coord|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">N/S</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">E/W</var>}}</code></span></li> <li>For degrees/minutes/seconds: <span class="nowrap"><code>{{coord|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">ss</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">N/S</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">ss</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">E/W</var>}}</code></span></li></ul> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">ss</var> are the degrees, minutes and seconds, respectively;</li> <li><var style="padding-right: 1px;">N/S</var> is either <kbd>N</kbd> for northern or <kbd>S</kbd> for southern <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>;</li> <li><var style="padding-right: 1px;">E/W</var> is either <kbd>E</kbd> for eastern or <kbd>W</kbd> for western <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitudes</a>;</li> <li>negative values may be used in lieu of <kbd>S</kbd> and <kbd>W</kbd> to denote Southern and Western <a href="/wiki/Hemisphere_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemisphere of the Earth">Hemispheres</a></li></ul> <p>For example: </p><p>For the city of <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, located at 59° 54′ 50″ N, 10° 45′ 8″ E: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{coord|59|54|50|N|10|45|08|E}}</code> – which becomes <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&params=59_54_50_N_10_45_08_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°54′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°45′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.91389°N 10.75222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.91389; 10.75222</span></span></span></a></span></span></dd></dl> <p>For a country, like <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, with no source on an exact geographic center, less precision is appropriate due to uncertainty: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{coord|22|S|24|E}}</code> – which becomes <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&params=22_S_24_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°S</span> <span class="longitude">24°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22°S 24°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-22; 24</span></span></span></a></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Higher levels of precision are obtained by using seconds: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{coord|33|56|24|N|118|24|00|W}}</code> – which becomes <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&params=33_56_24_N_118_24_00_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°56′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">118°24′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.94000°N 118.40000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.94000; -118.40000</span></span></span></a></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Coordinates can be entered as decimal values: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{coord|33.94|S|118.40|W}}</code> – which becomes <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&params=33.94_S_118.40_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">118°24′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.94°S 118.40°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-33.94; -118.40</span></span></span></a></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Increasing or decreasing the number of decimal places controls the precision. Trailing zeros may be added as needed to give both values the same appearance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a> are examples of articles that contain geographical coordinates. </p><p>Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the <em>less precise</em> the coordinates should be. For example, if just giving the location of a city, precision greater than degrees (°), minutes (′), seconds (″) is not needed, which suffice to locate, for example, the central administrative building. Specific buildings or other objects of similar size would justify precisions down to 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>meters or even one meter in some cases (1″ ~15<span class="nowrap"> </span>m to 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>m, 0.0001° ~5.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>m to 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>m). </p><p>The final field, following the E/W, is available for attributes such as <code>type:</code>, <code>region:</code>, or <code>scale:</code> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(the codes are documented at <a href="/wiki/Template:Coord/doc#Coordinate_parameters" title="Template:Coord/doc">Template:Coord/doc § Coordinate parameters</a>)</span>. </p><p>When adding coordinates, please remove the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Coord_missing" title="Template:Coord missing">coord missing</a>}}</code> tag from the article, if present (often at the top or bottom). </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">the geographical coordinates WikiProject</a>.</span> </p><p>Templates other than <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Coord" title="Template:Coord">coord</a>}}</code> should use the following variable names for coordinates: <var style="padding-right: 1px;">lat_d</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">lat_m</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">lat_s</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">lat_NS</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">long_d</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">long_m</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">long_s</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">long_EW</var>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Date_formattings" title="Wikipedia:Date formattings">Wikipedia:Date formattings</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Date_formatting_feature" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Date formatting feature">m:Help:Date formatting feature</a> at Meta</li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Calculation#Displaying_numbers_and_numeric_expressions" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Calculation">m:Help:Calculation § Displaying numbers and numeric expressions</a> at Meta</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Arbitration Committee statements of principles in cases on style-related edit warring in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Jguk#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk">June 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/jguk_2#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2">November 2005</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Sortan#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan">February 2006</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_sanctions/Units_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wikipedia:General sanctions/Units in the United Kingdom">Wikipedia:General sanctions/Units in the United Kingdom</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1098278811#RfC:_Relative_time_references_-_'today'_or_not_'today'?" title="Special:PermanentLink/1098278811">this July 2022 RfC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brevity-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brevity_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brevity_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brevity_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For use in tables, infoboxes, references, etc. Only certain citation styles use abbreviated date formats. By default, Wikipedia does not abbreviate dates. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Use a consistent citation style within any one article.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All-numeric <span class="nowrap"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">yyyy</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">mm</var>-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">dd</var></span> dates might be assumed to follow the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> standard, which mandates the Gregorian calendar. Also, technically all years must have (only) four digits, but Wikipedia is unlikely to need to format a date beyond the year 9999 anytime soon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Date_autoformatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date autoformatting">routine linking of dates</a> is deprecated. This change was made August 24, 2008, on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)/Archive_D6#Again_calling_for_date_linking_to_be_deprecated" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive D6">this archived discussion</a>. It was ratified in two December 2008 RfCs: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Three_proposals_for_change_to_MOSNUM" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Three proposals for change to MOSNUM">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Three proposals for change to MOSNUM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Date_Linking_RFC" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date Linking RFC">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date Linking RFC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For consensus discussion on abbreviated date formats like "Sep 2", see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Archive_151#RFC:_Month_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 151">Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 151 § RFC: Month abbreviations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These formats cannot, in general, be distinguished on sight, because there are usages in which <i><span class="nowrap">05-03-1991</span></i> represents March<span class="nowrap"> </span>5, and other usages in which it represents May<span class="nowrap"> </span>3. According to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers/Archive_1" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Archive 1">a prehistoric discussion of Wikipedia date formats</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some years ago an American student I knew at university went into a panic when she received a note informing her that her exams were scheduled to start on 03-05-1991. She went into a severe weekend of cramming (studying for 18+ hours per day), until she was almost hospitalised from exhaustion. Only then did she realise that her exams didn't start on the 5th of March – two weeks from the date she got the notice – but the 3rd of May.</p></blockquote> <p>In contrast, there is no common usage in which <i><span class="nowrap">1991-05-03</span></i> represents anything other than May<span class="nowrap"> </span>3. </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-body-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-body_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-body_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Body</i> in this context means the main prose of the article, as distinguished from reference citations, tabular data, infoboxes, navigation templates, and metadata such as hatnote templates, etc. Other parts of the Manual of Style may use <i>body</i> to mean 'the bulk of the article after the lead section', but that is not the meaning here. Wikipedia's article leads are not written in a different prose style from the material following them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The calendar practices of <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> and <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> can be inferred by looking up the birth and death dates of famous, well-documented individuals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A change from a preference for two digits, to a preference for four digits, on the right side of <i>year–year</i> ranges was implemented in July 2016 per <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/744053720#WP:DATERANGE_ambiguity_and_stylistic_concerns" title="Special:PermanentLink/744053720">this RFC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some precomposed fractions may not work with screen readers, and not all fractions are available precomposed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These three characters are in <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO/IEC 8859-1</a> and work in screen readers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number in parentheses in a construction like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1.604(48) × 10<sup>−4</sup> J</span> is the numerical value of the standard uncertainty referred to the corresponding last digits of the quoted result.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The prefixes <code>0x</code> for hexadecimal and <code>0b</code> for binary have widespread support in systems programming languages including <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One such situation is with <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> codepoints, which use <code>U+</code>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">U+26A7</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">0x26A7</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If there is disagreement about the primary units used in a UK-related article, discuss the matter on the article talk-page or at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:MOSNUM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia talk:MOSNUM">WT:MOSNUM</a>). If consensus cannot be reached, refer to historically stable versions of the article and retain the units used in these as the primary units. Also note the <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_UK#Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrication in the UK">style guides</a> of British publications (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918050646/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986731.ece"><i>The Times</i></a>, under "Metric").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These definitions are consistent with all units of measure mentioned in the <i>SI Brochure</i><sup id="cite_ref-SI_Brochure_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Brochure-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with all units of measure catalogued in <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">EU directive 80/181/EEC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia follows common practice regarding <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> and other data traditionally quantified using <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">binary prefixes</a> (e.g. <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">mega-</span> and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">kilo-</span>, meaning 2<sup>20</sup> and 2<sup>10</sup> respectively) and their unit symbols (e.g. <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">MB</span> and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">KB</span>) for RAM and <a href="/wiki/Decimal_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal prefix">decimal prefixes</a> for most other uses. Despite the IEC's 1998 international standard creating several new binary prefixes (e.g. mebi-, kibi-, etc.) to distinguish the meaning of the decimal <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> (e.g. <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">mega-</span> and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">kilo-</span>, meaning 10<sup>6</sup> and 10<sup>3</sup> respectively) from the binary ones, and the subsequent incorporation of these IEC prefixes into the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">IEC 80000-13</a>, consensus on Wikipedia in computing-related contexts favours the retention of the more familiar but ambiguous units <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">KB</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">MB</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">GB</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">TB</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">PB</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">EB</span>, etc. over use of unambiguous IEC binary prefixes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For detailed discussion, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)/Archive/Complete_rewrite_of_Units_of_Measurements_(June_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive/Complete rewrite of Units of Measurements (June 2008)">WT:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive/Complete rewrite of Units of Measurements (June 2008)</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether 00A3 is displayed with one or two bars is typeface (font) dependent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1141132558" title="Special:Diff/1141132558">this February 2023 RfC</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarratyCarnes1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). "Editorial note". <i>American National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. xxi–xxii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editorial+note&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.pages=xxi-xxii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/28435864/working-document-ID-3644/2a6ce17c-7b50-4164-9bee-64f77bfad895"><i>Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau International des Poids et Mesures">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures</a>. June 2, 2009. p. 3. CCTF/09-32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>. <q>This coordination began on January 1, 1960, and the resulting time scale began to be called informally 'Coordinated Universal Time.' </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coordinated+Universal+Time+%28UTC%29&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F28435864%2Fworking-document-ID-3644%2F2a6ce17c-7b50-4164-9bee-64f77bfad895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Info/Constants/definitions.html">"Fundamental Physical Constants: Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</i>. US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. June 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.atitle=Fundamental+Physical+Constants%3A+Standard+Uncertainty+and+Relative+Standard+Uncertainty&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FInfo%2FConstants%2Fdefinitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_Brochure-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Brochure_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Brochure_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Brochure_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 4: Non-SI units that are accepted for use with the SI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf"><i>SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau International des Poids et Mesures">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures</a>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Non-SI+units+that+are+accepted+for+use+with+the+SI&rft.btitle=SI+Brochure%3A+The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi-brochure%2FSI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers" class="Z3988"></span> Table 8, p 145, gives additional guidance on non-SI units.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1397640809938&uri=CELEX:01980L0181-20090527">"Council Directive of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement"</a>. <i>Eur-Lex.Europa.eu</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. 2017 [1979]. 80/181/EEC (Document 01980L0181-20090527)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eur-Lex.Europa.eu&rft.atitle=Council+Directive+of+20+December+1979+on+the+approximation+of+the+laws+of+the+Member+States+relating+to+units+of+measurement&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Fqid%3D1397640809938%26uri%3DCELEX%3A01980L0181-20090527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, G. A. (1989). "5.14 Time and angle". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf"><i>IAU Style Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>. p. S23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.14+Time+and+angle&rft.btitle=IAU+Style+Manual&rft.pages=S23&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fpublications%2Fstylemanual1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FDates+and+numbers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">By topic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-wide-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="e.g. image placement" size="25" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Math_templates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Math_templates" title="Template:Math templates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Math_templates" title="Template talk:Math templates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Math_templates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Math templates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Math_templates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Math templates</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*Functions_*Numeral_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Functions</li> <li>Numeral systems</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:110%;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Elementary_arithmetic" title="Template:Elementary arithmetic">elementary arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Precision" title="Template:Precision">precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a> (value formatting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Percentage" title="Template:Percentage">percentage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numeral systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Module:BaseConvert" title="Module:BaseConvert">#invoke:BaseConvert</a>|<i>X</i>to<i>Y</i>}}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Binary" title="Template:Binary">binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Decimal2Base" title="Template:Decimal2Base">decimal2Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hex2dec" title="Template:Hex2dec">hex2dec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hexadecimal" title="Template:Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Octal" title="Template:Octal">octal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Quaternary" title="Template:Quaternary">quaternary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rn" title="Template:Rn">rn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman" title="Template:Roman">roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ternary" title="Template:Ternary">ternary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vigesimal" title="Template:Vigesimal">vigesimal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conversions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conversions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:110%;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="margin:0 auto 0;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <table style="padding-right:2.5em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> many units (see: <a href="/wiki/Template:Convert/list_of_units" title="Template:Convert/list of units">list</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Cvt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cvt">cvt</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> abbreviated <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Convinfobox" title="Template:Convinfobox">convinfobox</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for infoboxes</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bbl_to_t" title="Template:Bbl to t">bbl to t</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> barrels of oil to tonnes</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Long_ton" title="Template:Long ton">long ton</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> long hundredweights, quarters and pounds to kilograms;<br/>long tons and hundredweights to pounds and metric tons</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Miles-chains" title="Template:Miles-chains">miles-chains</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> miles and chains to kilometres linking "chains"</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td> <table><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Decdeg" title="Template:Decdeg">decdeg</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> degrees, minutes, and seconds to <a href="/wiki/Decimal_degrees" title="Decimal degrees">decimal degrees</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Deg2DMS" title="Template:Deg2DMS">deg2dms</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> decimal degrees to degrees, minutes, and seconds</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Deg2HMS" title="Template:Deg2HMS">deg2hms</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> decimal degrees to <a href="/wiki/Hour_angle" title="Hour angle">hour angle</a> (in hours, minutes, and seconds)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:HMS2Deg" title="Template:HMS2Deg">hms2deg</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Hour_angle" title="Hour angle">hour angle</a> (in hours, minutes, and seconds) to decimal degrees</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation" title="Template:Inflation">inflation</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> calculate inflation of Consumer Price Index-related prices</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Pop_density" title="Template:Pop density">pop density</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> population density in an area</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Track_gauge" title="Template:Track gauge">track gauge</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> railway track gauges</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notation_and_formatting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notation and <a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematical_formatting_templates" title="Category:Mathematical formatting templates">formatting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:110%;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="margin:0 auto 0;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <table style="padding-right:2.5em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bigmath" title="Template:Bigmath">bigmath</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> bigger font to match <span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a></span> <span class="noitalic"><samp>\displaystyle</samp></span> (standalone formulas only)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bra-ket" title="Template:Bra-ket">bra-ket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Braket" title="Template:Braket">braket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Bra">bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ket" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Ket">ket</a></li></ul></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">bra–ket notation</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Ceil" title="Template:Ceil">ceil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Floor" title="Template:Floor">floor</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> calculations <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##expr" class="extiw" title="mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions">:mw:Help:#expr</a>; formatting indicators <span class="noitalic">⌈3.14⌉</span>, <span class="noitalic"><span style="font-size:1em">⌊</span>3.14<span style="font-size:1em">⌋</span></span> (no calculation performed)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Fraction" title="Template:Fraction">fraction</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> slant fractions <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> (not for maths/science articles; use <i>standing</i> or upright fractions <span class="noitalic"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfrac" title="Template:Sfrac">sfrac</a>}}</code></span> instead)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Intmath" title="Template:Intmath">intmath</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">integral symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Langle" title="Template:Langle">langle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rangle" title="Template:Rangle">rangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angle_bracket" title="Template:Angle bracket">angbr</a></li></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Angular_brackets" title="Bracket">angular brackets</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ldelim" title="Template:Ldelim">ldelim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rdelim" title="Template:Rdelim">rdelim</a></li></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> multiline delimiters (2–5 lines inclusive)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Abs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Abs">abs</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> absolute values (paired vertical lines)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Math" title="Template:Math">math</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> short text-based formulas</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Mathcal" title="Template:Mathcal">mathcal</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> [mathematical] calligraphic font; alternative to <span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></span> <span class="noitalic"><samp>\mathcal{...}</samp></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td> <table><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Mvar" title="Template:Mvar">mvar</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> individual italicized maths variables in normal text</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Overline" title="Template:Overline">overline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Underline" title="Template:Underline">underline</a></li></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> a line set above/below a sequence of characters</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Overarc" title="Template:Overarc">overarc</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> an arc set above a sequence of characters</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Overset" title="Template:Overset">overset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Underset" title="Template:Underset">underset</a></li></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> arbitrary characters/diacritics set above/below one another</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Pars" title="Template:Pars">pars</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> parentheses that can be resized <span class="noitalic"><span class="texhtml"><span style="font-size:150;">(</span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em;"><span style="font-size:120%">∑</span></span><span style="font-size:150;">)</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Sfrac" title="Template:Sfrac">sfrac</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> "standing" or upright fractions <span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> (use in maths/science articles instead of<span class="noitalic"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Fraction" title="Template:Fraction">fraction</a>}}</code></span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:right;padding-right:1.0em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sub" title="Template:Sub">sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sup" title="Template:Sup">sup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Su" title="Template:Su">su</a></li></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> subscripts and superscripts</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Tmath" title="Template:Tmath">tmath</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> Wrap <span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a></span> in <span class="noitalic"><math></span> tags</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Tombstone" title="Template:Tombstone">tombstone</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> symbol indicating the <a href="/wiki/Tombstone_(typography)" title="Tombstone (typography)">end of a proof</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Val" title="Template:Val">val</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> measurement values, uncertainties and units</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Vec" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Vec">vec</a></td><td style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;font-style:italic;"> various overarrows, underarrows, etc.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*Boxes_*Tags_*Notices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <li>Boxes</li> <li>Tags</li> <li>Notices</li> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:110%;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Boxes</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Tags</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Arithmetic_operations" title="Template:Arithmetic operations">arithmetic operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Calculus" 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