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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-conquest_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-conquest_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-conquest period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-conquest_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_period_(1519–1523)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_period_(1519–1523)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conquest period (1519–1523)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_period_(1519–1523)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period_(1521–1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period_(1521–1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colonial period (1521–1821)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_period_(1521–1821)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial period (1521–1821) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period_(1521–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stage_one_(1519–c._1550)_Conquest_and_early_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_one_(1519–c._1550)_Conquest_and_early_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stage one (1519–c. 1550) Conquest and early colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_one_(1519–c._1550)_Conquest_and_early_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_two_(c._1550_–_c._1650)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_two_(c._1550_–_c._1650)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stage two (c. 1550 – c. 1650)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_two_(c._1550_–_c._1650)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_three_(c._1650_–_1821)_Late_colonial_period_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_three_(c._1650_–_1821)_Late_colonial_period_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stage three (c. 1650 – 1821) Late colonial period to independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_three_(c._1650_–_1821)_Late_colonial_period_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_period_(1821–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_period_(1821–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National period (1821–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_period_(1821–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Dances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nahuas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شعب الناوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الناوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Науа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Науа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahues" title="Nahues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nahues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuad" title="Nahuad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nahuad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Νάουα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νάουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nahuas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%ADatloj" title="Naŭatloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naŭatloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مردم ناوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم ناوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nahuas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_n%C3%A1huatl" title="Pobo náhuatl – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo náhuatl" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%99%80%EC%A1%B1" title="나와족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나와족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="नाहुआ लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाहुआ लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nahuas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ნაჰუას ხალხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაჰუას ხალხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="നഹുവാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നഹുവാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AF%E6%97%8F" title="ナワ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナワ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1uatles" title="Náuatles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Náuatles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawa" title="Nawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Науа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Науа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudstvo_Nahuatl" title="Ljudstvo Nahuatl – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljudstvo Nahuatl" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuat" title="Nahuat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nahuat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua" title="Nahua – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nahua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Nahua" title="Người Nahua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Nahua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nahua" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nahua_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nahua (disambiguation)">Nahua (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nahuas</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nahuas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Nahuas.svg/220px-Flag_of_Nahuas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Nahuas.svg/330px-Flag_of_Nahuas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Nahuas.svg/440px-Flag_of_Nahuas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="569" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Nahua people</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni%C3%B1as_Nahuas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ni%C3%B1as_Nahuas.jpg/220px-Ni%C3%B1as_Nahuas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ni%C3%B1as_Nahuas.jpg/330px-Ni%C3%B1as_Nahuas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ni%C3%B1as_Nahuas.jpg/440px-Ni%C3%B1as_Nahuas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nahua children in traditional clothes</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2,694,189+</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></b> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Mexico)">Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de México">Estado de México</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potosi" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosi">San Luis Potosi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></b> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ahuachapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuachapan">Ahuachapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonsonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonsonate">Sonsonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Department" title="Santa Ana Department">Santa Ana</a><br /> </p> <b><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></b> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Rivas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivas department">Rivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinandega_Department" title="Chinandega Department">Chinandega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Managua_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Managua department">Managua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_Department" title="Nueva Segovia Department">Nueva Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaya_Department" title="Masaya Department">Masaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_Department" title="Matagalpa Department">Matagalpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinotega_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinotega department">Jinotega</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipil language">Nawat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> with pre-Colombian influence), <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec religion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicaneros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Indigenous people of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcallans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nahuas</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NAH</span>-wahz</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are one of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of Mexico">Indigenous people of Mexico</a>, with Nahua minorities also in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They comprise the largest indigenous group in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> ethnicity. The <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>) are of Nahua <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>, as are their historical enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcallans</a> (Tlaxcaltecs). The <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltecs</a> which predated both groups are often thought to have been Nahua as well. However, in the pre-Columbian period Nahuas were subdivided into many groups that did not necessarily share a common identity. </p><p>Their <a href="/wiki/Nahuan_languages" title="Nahuan languages">Nahuan languages</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, consist of many <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl dialects">variants</a>, several of which are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_unintelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually unintelligible">mutually unintelligible</a>. About 1.5 million Nahuas speak Nahuatl and another million speak only <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. Fewer than 1,000 native speakers of Nahuatl remain in El Salvador.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is suggested that the Nahua peoples originated near <a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a>, in regions of the present day Mexican states of <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">Bajío</a> region. They split off from the other <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan speaking</a> peoples and migrated into central Mexico around 500 CE. The Nahua then settled in and around the <a href="/wiki/Basin_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Basin of Mexico">Basin of Mexico</a> and spread out to become the dominant people in central Mexico. However, Nahuatl-speaking populations were present in smaller populations throughout Mesoamerica. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <b><span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">Nahua</i></span></b> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word-root <span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">nāhua-</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[ˈnaːwa-]</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which generally means "audible, intelligible, clear" with different derivations including "language" (hence <span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">nāhuat(i)</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[ˈnaːwat(i)]</a></span> "to speak clearly" and <span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">nāhuatl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[ˈnaːwat͡ɬ]</a></span> both "something that makes an agreeble sound" and "someone who speaks well or speak one's own language").<sup id="cite_ref-Kartunnen_1992,_p._157-158_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartunnen_1992,_p._157-158-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in contrast with <span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">popoloca</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[popoˈloka]</a></span>, "to speak unintelligibly" or "speak a foreign language".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, related term is <b><span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">Nāhuatlācatl</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[naːwaˈt͡ɬaːkat͡ɬ]</a></span> (singular) or <b><span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">Nāhuatlācah</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[naːwaˈt͡ɬaːkaʔ]</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>) literally "Nahuatl-speaking people".<sup id="cite_ref-Kartunnen_1992,_p._157-158_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartunnen_1992,_p._157-158-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nahuas are also sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>. Using this term for the Nahuas has generally fallen out of favor in scholarship, though it is still used for the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>. They have also been called <b><span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">Mēxihcatl</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[meːˈʃiʔkat͡ɬ]</a></span> (singular), <b><span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">Mēxihcah</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[meːˈʃiʔkaʔ]</a></span> (plural)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in Spanish <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Mexicano(s)</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mexiˈkano(s)]</a></span> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mexican" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mexican">Mexicans</a>", after the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>, the Nahua tribe which founded the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nahuatl_in_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nahuatl_in_Mexico.svg/220px-Nahuatl_in_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nahuatl_in_Mexico.svg/330px-Nahuatl_in_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nahuatl_in_Mexico.svg/440px-Nahuatl_in_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Number of Nahuatl speakers per state, according to the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Mexican_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican census">Mexican census</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nahuatl_dialects_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nahuatl_dialects_map.png/220px-Nahuatl_dialects_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nahuatl_dialects_map.png/330px-Nahuatl_dialects_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nahuatl_dialects_map.png/440px-Nahuatl_dialects_map.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Current distribution of Nahuatl variants</figcaption></figure> <p>At the turn of the 16th century, Nahua populations occupied territories ranging across Mesoamerica as far south as <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their core area was <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesoamerica#Central_Mexico" title="Geography of Mesoamerica">Central Mexico</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toluca_Valley" title="Toluca Valley">Toluca Valley</a>, the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Balsas_River" title="Balsas River">Balsas River</a> basin, and modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, although other linguistic and ethnic groups lived in these areas as well. They were also present in large numbers in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Michoacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michoacan">Michoacan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Nahuatl was a lingua franca in Central Mexico before the Spanish conquest due to Aztec hegemony,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its role was not only preserved but expanded in the initial stage of colonial rule, encouraged by the Spaniards as a literary language and tool to convert diverse Mesoamerican peoples. There are many Nahuatl place names in regions where Nahuas were not the most populous group (including the names of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and several Mexican states), due to Aztec expansion, Spanish invasions in which <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcaltecs">Tlaxcaltecs</a> served as the main force, and the usage of Nahuatl as a lingua franca. </p><p>The last of the southern Nahua populations today are the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> of El Salvador and the <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a> of Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nahua populations in Mexico are centered in the middle of the country, with most speakers in the states of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>. However, smaller populations are spread throughout the country due to recent population movements within Mexico. Within the last 50 years, Nahua populations have appeared in the United States, particularly in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">Aztec codices</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-conquest_period">Pre-conquest period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-conquest period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nahua_deity_censer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nahua_deity_censer.jpg/220px-Nahua_deity_censer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nahua_deity_censer.jpg/330px-Nahua_deity_censer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nahua_deity_censer.jpg/440px-Nahua_deity_censer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Ceramic sculpture of Nahua deity from Puebla</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological, historical and linguistic evidence suggest that the Nahuas originally came from the deserts of northern Mexico (<a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a>) and migrated into central Mexico in several waves.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the <a href="/wiki/Mexicanero_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicanero people">Mexicanero people</a> (who speak a Nahuatl variant) in this area until the present day affirms this theory. Before the Nahuas entered Mesoamerica, they were probably living for a while in northwestern Mexico alongside the <a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huichol_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huichol people">Huichol</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first group of Nahuas to split from the main group were the <a href="/wiki/Pochutec" class="mw-redirect" title="Pochutec">Pochutec</a> who went on to settle on the Pacific coast of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> possibly as early as 400 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 CE</span> the Nahua quickly rose to power in central Mexico and expanded into areas earlier occupied by <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wastek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastek language">Huastec</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through their integration in the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> cultural area the Nahuas adopted many cultural traits including maize agriculture and urbanism, <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">religious practices</a> including a <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">ritual calendar of 260 days</a> and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">human sacrifices</a> and the construction of monumental architecture and the use of <a href="/wiki/Aztec_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec writing">logographic writing</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telamones_Tula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Telamones_Tula.jpg/220px-Telamones_Tula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Telamones_Tula.jpg/330px-Telamones_Tula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Telamones_Tula.jpg/440px-Telamones_Tula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Atlantean_figures" title="Atlantean figures">Atlantean figures</a>" from the Nahua culture of the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltecs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Tula (Mesoamerican site)">Tula</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1000 CE the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> people, normally assumed to have been of Nahua ethnicity, established dominion over much of central Mexico which they ruled from <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Hidalgo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tula (Hidalgo)">Tollan Xicocotitlan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this period on the Nahua were the dominant ethnic group in the Valley of Mexico and far beyond, and migrations kept coming in from the north. After the fall of the Toltecs a period of large population movements followed and some Nahua groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a> arrived as far south as northwestern <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in central Mexico different Nahua groups based in their different <a href="/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl">"Altepetl" city-states</a> fought for political dominance. The Xochimilca, based in <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a> ruled an area south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanecs</a> ruled the area to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a> ruled an area to the east of the valley. One of the last of the Nahua migrations to arrive in the valley settled on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a> and proceeded to subjugate the surrounding tribes. This group were the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> who during the next 300 years became the dominant ethnic group of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> ruling from <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> their island capital. They formed the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> after allying with the Tepanecs and Acolhua people of Texcoco, spreading the political and linguistic influence of the Nahuas well into Central America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_period_(1519–1523)"><span id="Conquest_period_.281519.E2.80.931523.29"></span>Conquest period (1519–1523)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conquest period (1519–1523)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LienzodeTlaxcalaLamina5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/LienzodeTlaxcalaLamina5.jpg/220px-LienzodeTlaxcalaLamina5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/LienzodeTlaxcalaLamina5.jpg/330px-LienzodeTlaxcalaLamina5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/LienzodeTlaxcalaLamina5.jpg/440px-LienzodeTlaxcalaLamina5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a> soldiers leading a Spaniard to <a href="/wiki/Chalco_(alt%C3%A9petl)" title="Chalco (altépetl)">Chalco</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tlaxcala" title="History of Tlaxcala">Lienzo de Tlaxcala</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1519 an expedition of Spaniards sailing from Cuba under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> arrived on the Mexican gulf coast near the <a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Quiyahuiztlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiyahuiztlan">Quiyahuiztlan</a>. The Totonacs were one of the peoples that were politically subjugated by the Aztecs and word was immediately sent to the Aztec Emperor (in Nahuatl, <a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">Tlatoani</a>) of Tenochtitlan <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Motecuhzoma II</a>. Going inland the Spaniards encountered and fought with Totonac forces and Nahua forces from the independent <a href="/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl">Altepetl</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcala (altepetl)">Tlaxcallan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltecs</a> were a Nahua group who had avoided being subjugated by the Aztecs. After being defeated in battle by the Spaniards, the Tlaxcalans entered into an alliance with Cortes that would be invaluable in the struggle against the Aztecs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish and Tlaxcaltec forces marched upon several cities that were under Aztec dominion and "liberated" them, before they arrived in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. There they were welcomed as guests by Motecuhzoma II, but after a while they took the ruler prisoner. When the Aztec nobility realized that their ruler had been turned into a Spanish puppet they attacked the Spaniards and chased them out of the city. The Spaniards sought refuge in Tlaxcala where they regrouped and awaited reinforcements. During the next year they cooperated with large Tlaxcaltec armies and undertook a siege campaign resulting in the final fall of Tenochtitlan. After the fall of Tenochtitlan Spanish forces now also allied with the Aztecs to incorporate all the previous Aztec provinces into the realm of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. New Spain was founded as a state under Spanish rule but where Nahua people were recognized as allies of the rulers and as such were granted privileges and a degree of independence that other indigenous peoples of the area did not enjoy. Recently historians such as Stephanie Wood and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Restall" title="Matthew Restall">Matthew Restall</a> have argued that the Nahua did not experience the conquest as something substantially different from the sort of ethnic conflicts that they were used to, and that in fact they may have at first interpreted it as a defeat of one Nahua group by another.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_period_(1521–1821)"><span id="Colonial_period_.281521.E2.80.931821.29"></span>Colonial period (1521–1821)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial period (1521–1821)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> in Mesoamerica a new political situation ensued. The period has been extensively studied by historians, with Charles Gibson publishing a classic monograph entitled <i>The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Lockhart_(Historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lockhart (Historian)">James Lockhart</a> built on that work, publishing <i>The Nahuas After the Conquest</i> in 1992. He divides the colonial history of the Nahua into three stages largely based on linguistic evidence in local-level Nahuatl sources, which he posits are an index of the degree of interaction between Spaniards and Nahuas and changes in Nahua culture.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An overview of the Nahuas of colonial Central Mexico can be found in the <i>Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_one_(1519–c._1550)_Conquest_and_early_colonial_period"><span id="Stage_one_.281519.E2.80.93c._1550.29_Conquest_and_early_colonial_period"></span>Stage one (1519–c. 1550) Conquest and early colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stage one (1519–c. 1550) Conquest and early colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">Aztec codices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlaxcala-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Vertrag_Spanier_-_Tlaxcalteken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tlaxcala-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Vertrag_Spanier_-_Tlaxcalteken.jpg/220px-Tlaxcala-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Vertrag_Spanier_-_Tlaxcalteken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tlaxcala-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Vertrag_Spanier_-_Tlaxcalteken.jpg/330px-Tlaxcala-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Vertrag_Spanier_-_Tlaxcalteken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tlaxcala-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Vertrag_Spanier_-_Tlaxcalteken.jpg/440px-Tlaxcala-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Vertrag_Spanier_-_Tlaxcalteken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltecs</a> and Spanish at the founding of the Colonial Province of <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> in 1545</figcaption></figure> <p>The early period saw the first stages of the establishment of churches by mendicant friars in large and important indigenous towns, the assertion of crown control over New Spain by the high court (<i>Audiencia</i>) and then the establishment of the viceroyalty, and the heyday of conqueror power over the indigenous via the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a>. In the initial stage of the colonial period, contact between Spaniards and the indigenous populations was limited. It consisted mostly in the mendicants who sought to convert the population to Catholicism, and the reorganization of the indigenous tributary system to benefit individual Spaniards. The indigenous system of smaller settlements' paying tribute and rendering <a href="/wiki/Corvee" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvee">labor service</a> to dominant political entities was transformed into the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></i> system. Indigenous of particular towns paid tribute to a Spanish <i>encomendero</i> who was awarded the labor and tribute of that town.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this early period, the hereditary indigenous ruler or <i>tlatoani</i> and noblemen continued to hold power locally and were key to mobilizing tribute and labor for encomenderos. They also continued to hold titles from the pre-conquest period. Most willing accepted baptism so that records for this period show Nahua elites with Christian given names (indicating baptism) and many holding the Spanish noble title <i>don</i>. A set of censuses in alphabetic Nahuatl for the Cuernavaca region c. 1535 gives us a baseline for the impact of Spanish on Nahuatl, showing few Spanish loanwords taken into Nahuatl.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Spaniards sought to extend their political dominance into the most remote corners of Mesoamerica, the Nahua accompanied them as auxiliaries. In the early colonial period, new Nahua settlements were made in northern Mexico and far south into Central America. Nahua forces often formed the bulk of the Spanish military expeditions that conquered other Mesoamerican peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotecs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtecs</a>. </p><p>With the arrival of Christian missionaries, the first priority of the colonial authorities was eradicating indigenous religious practices, something they achieved by a combination of violence and threats of violence, and patient education. Nahua were baptized with Spanish names. The Nahua who did not abandon their religious practices were severely punished or executed. The Nahua, however, often incorporated pre-Christian practices and beliefs into the Christian religion without the authorities' noticing it. Often they kept practicing their own religion in the privacy of their homes, especially in rural areas where Spanish presence was almost completely lacking and the conversion process was slow. </p><p>The Nahua quickly took the Latin alphabetic writing as their own. Within 20 years of the arrival of the Spanish, the Nahua were composing texts in their own language. In 1536 the first university of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tlatelolco" title="Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco">Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco</a></i> was inaugurated. It was established by the Franciscans whose aim was to educate young Nahua noblemen to be Catholic priests who were trilingual: literate in Spanish, Latin and Nahuatl.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_two_(c._1550_–_c._1650)"><span id="Stage_two_.28c._1550_.E2.80.93_c._1650.29"></span>Stage two (c. 1550 – c. 1650)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stage two (c. 1550 – c. 1650)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a large number of texts by and about Nahuas in this middle period and during this period Nahuatl absorbed a large number of loanwords from Spanish, particularly nouns for particular objects, indicating the closer contact between the European sphere and the indigenous. However, Nahuatl verbs and syntax show no evidence of the impact of Spanish contact.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-sixteenth century, cultural change at the local level can be tracked through the production of Nahuatl alphabetic texts. The production of a wide range of written documents in Nahuatl dates from this period, including legal documents for transactions (bills of sale), minutes of indigenous town council (<i>cabildo</i>) records, petitions to the crown, and others. </p><p>Institutionally, indigenous town government shifted from the rule of the tlatoani and noblemen to the establishment of Spanish-style town councils (<i>cabildos</i>), with officers holding standard Spanish titles. A classic study of sixteenth-century Tlaxcala, the main ally of the Spaniards in the conquest of the Mexica, shows that much of the prehispanic structure continued into the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important set of cabildo records in Nahuatl for Tlaxcala is extant and shows how local government functioned in for nearly a century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding religion, by the mid- to late 16th century, even the most zealous mendicants of the first generation doubted the capacity of Nahua men to become Christian priests so that the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tlatelolco" title="Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco">Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco</a> ceased to function to that end and in 1555 Indians were barred from ordination to the priesthood. However, in local communities, stone-built church complexes continued to be built and elaborated, with murals in mixed indigenous-Spanish forms.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confraternities (<i>cofradías</i>) were established to support the celebrations of a particular Christian saint and functioned as burial societies for members. During this period, an expression of personal piety, the Church promoted the making of last wills and testaments, with many testators donating money to their local Church to say Masses for their souls. </p><p>For individual Nahua men and women dictating a last will and testament to a local Nahua notary (<i>escribano</i>) became standard. These wills provide considerable information about individuals' residence, kin relations, and property ownership provides a window into social standing, differences between the sexes, and business practices at the local level. showing not only that literacy of some elite men in alphabetic writing in Nahuatl was a normal part of everyday life at the local level<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the notion of making a final will was expected, even for those who had little property. A number of studies in the tradition of what is now called the <a href="/wiki/New_Philology_(Latin_America)" title="New Philology (Latin America)">New Philology</a> extensively use Nahuatl wills as a source.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_three_(c._1650_–_1821)_Late_colonial_period_to_independence"><span id="Stage_three_.28c._1650_.E2.80.93_1821.29_Late_colonial_period_to_independence"></span>Stage three (c. 1650 – 1821) Late colonial period to independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stage three (c. 1650 – 1821) Late colonial period to independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the mid-seventeenth century to the achievement of independence in 1821, Nahuatl shows considerable impact from the European sphere and a full range of bilingualism.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texts produced at the local level that in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were sometimes a mixture of pictorial and alphabetic forms of expression were now primarily alphabetic.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late eighteenth century, there is evidence of text being written in "Nahuatlized Spanish", written by Nahuas who were now communicating in their own form of Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Year-by-year accounts of major occurrences, a text known as an annal, no longer reference the prehispanic period.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart,_p._428_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart,_p._428-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local level documentation for individual Nahuas continued to be produced, in particular last wills and testaments, but they are much more simplified than those produced in the late sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nahuas began to produce an entirely new type of text, known as "primordial titles" or simply "titles" (<i>títulos</i>), that assert indigenous communities' rights to particular territory, often by recording local lore in an atemporal fashion. There is no known prehispanic precedent for this textual form and none appears before 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors might be at work for the appearance of titles. One might be a resurgence of indigenous population after decades recovering from devastating epidemics when communities might have been less concerned with Spanish encroachment. Another might be the crown's push to regularize defective land titles via a process known as <i>composición</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crown had mandated minimum land holdings for indigenous communities at 600 <i>varas</i>, in property that was known as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundo_legal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundo legal (page does not exist)">fundo legal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundo_legal_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Fundo legal en México">es</a>]</span></i>, and to separate indigenous communities from Spanish lands by more than 1,100 varas. Towns were to have access to water, uplands for gathering firewood, and agricultural land, as well as common lands for pasturage.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these mandated legal protections for Indian towns, courts continued to find in favor of Spaniards and the rules about minimum holdings for Indian towns were ignored in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labor arrangements between Nahuas and Spaniards were largely informal, rather than organized through the mainly defunct <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> and the poorly functioning <a href="/wiki/Repartimiento" title="Repartimiento">repartimiento</a>. Spanish landed estates needed a secure labor force, often a mixture of a small group of permanent laborers and part-time or seasonal laborers drawn from nearby indigenous communities. Individual Indians made arrangements with estate owners rather than labor being mobilized via the community. The indigenous communities continued to function as political entities, but there was greater fragmentation of units as dependent villages (<i>sujetos</i>) of the main settlement (<i>cabecera</i>) sought full, independent status themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart,_p._428_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart,_p._428-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous officials were no longer necessarily noblemen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_period_(1821–present)"><span id="National_period_.281821.E2.80.93present.29"></span>National period (1821–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National period (1821–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican independence</a> in 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a> system, which divided the population into racial categories with differential rights, was eliminated and the term "Indian" (<i>indio</i>) was no longer used by government, although it continued to be used in daily speech.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of a republic in 1824 meant that Mexicans of all types were citizens rather than vassals of the crown. One important consequence for Nahua people and other Indigenous people was that documentation in the native languages generally ceased to be produced. Indigenous towns did not cease to exist nor did indigenous populations speaking their own language, but the Indigenous people were far more marginalized in the post-independence period than during the colonial era. In the colonial era the crown had a paternalistic stance toward the Indigenous people, in essence according them special rights, a <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fuero</a>, and giving support to structures in Indigenous towns and giving Indigenous people a level of protection against those who were not Indigenous. This can be seen in the establishment of the General Indian Court where Indigenous towns and individual Indigenous people could sue those making incursions on their land and other abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These protections disappeared in the national period. One scholar has characterized the early national period of Nahua people and other Indigenous people "as the beginning of a systematic policy of cultural genocide and the increasing loss of native languages."<sup id="cite_ref-Schreyer_p._229_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreyer_p._229-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of official recognition and both economic and cultural pressures meant that most Indigenous peoples in Central Mexico became more Europeanized and many became Spanish speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Schreyer_p._229_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreyer_p._229-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 19th-century Mexico, the so-called "Indian Question" exercised politicians and intellectuals, who viewed Indigenous people as backward, unassimilated to the Mexican nation, whose custom of communal rather than individual ownership of land was impediment to economic progress.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Indigenous landowners of estates had already encroached on Indigenous ownership in the colonial era, but now liberal ideology sought to end communal protections on ownership with its emphasis on private property.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since land was the basis for Indigenous peoples'ability to maintain a separate identity,and a sense of sovereignty, land tenure became a central issue for liberal reformers. The liberal <a href="/wiki/Reforma_(newspaper)" title="Reforma (newspaper)">Reforma</a> enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">Constitution of 1857</a> mandated the breakup of corporate-owned property, therefore targeting Indigenous communities and the Roman Catholic Church, which also had significant holdings. This measure affected all Indigenous communities, including Nahua communities, holding land. Liberal <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>, a Zapotec who became president of Mexico, was fully in support of laws to end corporate landholding. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> in Morelos, which still had a significant Nahua population, was sparked by peasant resistance to the expansion of sugar estates. This was preceded in the nineteenth century by smaller Indigenous revolts against encroachment, particularly during the civil war of the Reforma, foreign intervention, and a weak state following the exit of the French in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Indigenous men had made a place for themselves in post-independence Mexico, the most prominent being Benito Juárez. But an important nineteenth-century figure of Nahua was <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano" title="Ignacio Manuel Altamirano">Ignacio Manuel Altamirano</a> (1834–1893), born in Tixtla, Guerrero who became a well respected liberal intellectual, man of letters, politician, and diplomat. Altamirano was a fierce anticlerical politician, and was known for a period as "the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Marat</a> of the Radicals" and an admirer of the French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altamirano, along with other liberals, saw universal primary public education as a key way to change Mexico, promoting for upward mobility. Altamirano's chief disciple in this view was <a href="/wiki/Justo_Sierra" title="Justo Sierra">Justo Sierra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another prominent Nahua figure of this period was Prospero Cahuantzi, who served as governor of Tlaxcala from 1885-1911.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous surnames were uncommon in post-colonial Mexico but prevalent in Tlaxcala due to certain protections granted by the Spanish government in return for Tlaxcallan support during the overthrow of the Aztecs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cahuantzi was active in promoting the preservation of indigenous culture and artifacts at a time when Mexican government policy was generally that of suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexican revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> (1879–1919) was likely of mixed Nahua-Spanish heritage, with ancestry going back to the Nahua city of Mapaztlán, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zapata was evidently fluent in Nahuatl and would give speeches in the language to Nahua peasants in hopes of inspiring them to join his <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">cause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nahua_man_of_Morelos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nahua_man_of_Morelos.jpg/300px-Nahua_man_of_Morelos.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nahua_man_of_Morelos.jpg/450px-Nahua_man_of_Morelos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nahua_man_of_Morelos.jpg/600px-Nahua_man_of_Morelos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Nahua man of Morelos ploughing a bean field by mule</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Total number of Nahuatl speakers in the 2020 Mexican Census</b><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Total Persons 3 Years & More Speaking Indigenous Languages </th> <th>% of Indigenous Speakers 3 Years & More </th> <th>Total Indigenous Speakers 3 Years & More Who Do Not Speak Spanish </th> <th>Monolingual Rate (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Náhuatl </td> <td>1,651,958 </td> <td>22.4% </td> <td>111,797 </td> <td>6.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" align="right"> <caption>Speakers over 5 years of age in the ten states with most speakers (2000 census). Absolute and relative numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Totals </th> <th>Percentages </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal District (Mexico)">Federal District</a> </td> <td align="right">37,450 </td> <td align="right">0.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> </td> <td align="right">136,681 </td> <td align="right">4.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a> </td> <td align="right">221,684 </td> <td align="right">9.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico State">Mexico (state)</a> </td> <td align="right">55,802 </td> <td align="right">0.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> </td> <td align="right">18,656 </td> <td align="right">1.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td align="right">10,979 </td> <td align="right">0.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> </td> <td align="right">416,968 </td> <td align="right">8.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> </td> <td align="right">138,523 </td> <td align="right">6.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> </td> <td align="right">23,737 </td> <td align="right">2.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td align="right">338,324 </td> <td align="right">4.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rest of Mexico </td> <td align="right">50,132 </td> <td align="right">0.10% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><i><b>Total:</b></i> </td> <td align="right">1,448,937 </td> <td align="right">1.49% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Mexican government does not categorize its citizens by ethnicity, but only by language. Statistical information recorded about the Nahua deals only with speakers of the Nahuatl language, although unknown numbers of people of Nahua ethnicity have abandoned the language and now speak only Spanish. Other Nahuas, though bilingual in Nahuatl and Spanish, seek to avoid widespread anti-indigenous discrimination by declining to self-identify as Nahua in <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a>'s decennial census.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor does the census count as indigenous children under 5 (estimated to be 11–12% of the indigenous population<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). An <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_Indigenista" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional Indigenista">INI</a>-Conepo report indicates the Mexican indigenous population is nearly 250% greater than that reported by INEGI.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, Nahuatl is spoken across Mexico by an estimated 1.6 million people, including 111,797 <a href="/wiki/Monolingualism" title="Monolingualism">monolingual</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an increase from 1.4 million people speakers total but a decrease from 190,000 monolingual speakers in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-inegi-2000_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inegi-2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of Guerrero had the highest ratio of monolingual Nahuatl speakers, calculated at 24.8%, based on 2000 census figures. The proportion of monolinguals for most other states is less than 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest concentrations of Nahuatl speakers are found in the states of <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla (state)">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz (state)">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Mexico)">Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>. Significant populations are also found in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (state)">México State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Federal District">Mexican Federal District</a>, with smaller communities in <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>. Nahuatl was formerly spoken in the states of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a>, where it became extinct during the 20th century. As a result of internal migrations within the country, all Mexican states today have some isolated pockets and groups of Nahuatl speakers. The modern influx of Mexican workers and families into the United States has resulted in the establishment of a few small Nahuatl-speaking communities, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>64.3% of Nahuatl speakers are literate in Spanish compared with the national average of 97.5% for Spanish literacy. Male Nahuatl speakers have 9.8 years of education on average and women 10.1, compared with the 13.6 and 14.1 years that are the national averages for men and women, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America">Central America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, it is estimated that there are 12,000 Nahuas/<a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some indigenous organizations claim that the real population is significantly higher. Their <a href="/wiki/Nawat_language" title="Nawat language">Nawat language</a> is endangered, but undergoing a revival. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, different sources give estimates of 6,339<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 19,800<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> persons of Nahua ethnicity. They are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Olancho_Department" title="Olancho Department">Olancho</a>, in the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Catacamas" title="Catacamas">Catacamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gualaco" title="Gualaco">Gualaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guata" title="Guata">Guata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jano" title="Jano">Jano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esquipulas_del_Norte" title="Esquipulas del Norte">Esquipulas del Norte</a>. Nawat is extinct here. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, the 2005 census counted 11,113 persons of <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a> ethnicity. The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> estimated a population of 20,000 in 2006. However, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analysis has also proven that the Nahua admixture in the modern Nicaraguan gene pool is much higher than expected, especially among Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">Mestizos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fully indigenous Nahuas are mainly located in <a href="/wiki/Rivas_Department" title="Rivas Department">Rivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinotega_Department" title="Jinotega Department">Jinotega</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9baco" title="Sébaco">Sébaco</a>, however they can also be found all over the western half of Nicaragua through their mestizo offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nawat is extinct here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Milpa" title="Milpa">Milpa</a></div> <p>Many Nahua are agriculturists. They practice various forms of cultivation including the use of horses or mules to plow or <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a>. Common crops include corn, wheat, beans, barley, chilli peppers, onions, tomatoes, and squash. Some Nahuas also raise sheep and cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The languages traditionally spoken by the Nahuas are the <a href="/wiki/Nahuan_languages" title="Nahuan languages">Nahuan languages</a>, which include the different dialects of <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipil language">Pipil language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dances">Dances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Netotiliztli" title="Netotiliztli">Netotiliztli</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nahua?s=t">"Nahua"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419051744/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nahua?s=t">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Nahua&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fnahua%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/hon_07/">"Pueblos Indígenas de Honduras | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214173943/https://www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/hon_07/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+de+Honduras+%26%23124%3B+Territorio+Ind%C3%ADgena+y+Gobernanza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com%2Fweb%2Fhon_07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/nnic_09/">"9. Nahoas | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205717/https://www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/nnic_09/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9.+Nahoas+%26%23124%3B+Territorio+Ind%C3%ADgena+y+Gobernanza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com%2Fweb%2Fnnic_09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nicarao">"Nicarao"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicarao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnicarao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speakinglatino.com/2-ways-nahuatl-helped-shape-nicaraguan-spanish/">"2 Ways Nahuatl Helped Shape Nicaraguan Spanish"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Ways+Nahuatl+Helped+Shape+Nicaraguan+Spanish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speakinglatino.com%2F2-ways-nahuatl-helped-shape-nicaraguan-spanish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amprensa.com/2018/07/sabe-usted-cual-es-el-origen-de-la-palabra-guanacaste/">"Do you know the origin of the word Guanacaste"</a>. 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+you+know+the+origin+of+the+word+Guanacaste&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famprensa.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fsabe-usted-cual-es-el-origen-de-la-palabra-guanacaste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcj.go.cr/sala-de-prensa/noticias/guanacaste-es-un-area-etnolinguistica-practicamente-autonoma-y-diferente">"Guanacaste is a practically autonomous ethnolinguistic area and different from the rest of the country"</a>. 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guanacaste+is+a+practically+autonomous+ethnolinguistic+area+and+different+from+the+rest+of+the+country&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcj.go.cr%2Fsala-de-prensa%2Fnoticias%2Fguanacaste-es-un-area-etnolinguistica-practicamente-autonoma-y-diferente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce3623.html">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - El Salvador"</a>. <i>Refworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506213628/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce3623.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+El+Salvador&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4954ce3623.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nahua-peoples">"Nahua Peoples | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506213610/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nahua-peoples">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Nahua+Peoples+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnahua-peoples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/ppl">"Did you know Pipil is critically endangered?"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214060038/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/ppl">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Pipil+is+critically+endangered%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2Fppl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarttunen1992" class="citation book cs1">Karttunen, Frances (1992). <i>An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806124210" title="Special:BookSources/0806124210"><bdi>0806124210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+analytical+dictionary+of+Nahuatl&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0806124210&rft.aulast=Karttunen&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kartunnen_1992,_p._157-158-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kartunnen_1992,_p._157-158_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartunnen_1992,_p._157-158_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartunnen 1992, p. 157-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartunnen 1992, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartunnen 1992, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler (1985, p.38).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nicarao">"Nicarao"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicarao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnicarao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Cline, "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico" in <i>The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Mesoamerica</i>. Volume II, Part 2. Edited by Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod. New York: Cambridge University Press 2000, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/nnic_09/">"Nahoas. Territorio indígena y gobernanza"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nahoas.+Territorio+ind%C3%ADgena+y+gobernanza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterritorioindigenaygobernanza.com%2Fweb%2Fnnic_09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flores Farfán (2002, p.229).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canger (1980, p.12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (2001, p.12).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suárez (1983, p. 149).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter Weaver. 1993. pp. 388-412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsonBonilla2021" class="citation book cs1">Newson, Linda A.; Bonilla, Adolfo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1qr6sk7.7"><i>Las culturas indígenas y su medioambiente</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gatopardo&rft.atitle=Los+primeros+pasos+de+Emiliano+Zapata&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Espinosa&rft.aufirst=Felipe+%C3%81vila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgatopardo.com%2Farte-y-cultura%2Femiliano-zapata-anenecuilco-tierra-justicia-libertad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>read.dukeupress.edu</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/61/1/125/149139/Zapata-of-MexicoLos-manifiestos-en-Nahuatl-de">https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/61/1/125/149139/Zapata-of-MexicoLos-manifiestos-en-Nahuatl-de</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=read.dukeupress.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fhahr%2Farticle%2F61%2F1%2F125%2F149139%2FZapata-of-MexicoLos-manifiestos-en-Nahuatl-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indigenousmexico.org/articles/ethnic-identity-in-the-2020-mexican-census">"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"</a>. <i>Indigenous Mexico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indigenous+Mexico&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+the+2020+Mexican+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indigenousmexico.org%2Farticles%2Fethnic-identity-in-the-2020-mexican-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: INEGI (2000). Percentages given are in comparison to the total population of the corresponding state.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_Yanes2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pablo Yanes (2008). "Diferentes y desiguales: Los indígenas urbanos en el Distrito Federal". In Rolando Cordera Campos; et al. (eds.). <i>Pobreza, desigualdad y exclusión social en la ciudad del siglo XXI</i> (in Spanish). México: Siglo XXI Editores. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-3-00043-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-3-00043-7"><bdi>978-607-3-00043-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diferentes+y+desiguales%3A+Los+ind%C3%ADgenas+urbanos+en+el+Distrito+Federal&rft.btitle=Pobreza%2C+desigualdad+y+exclusi%C3%B3n+social+en+la+ciudad+del+siglo+XXI&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Siglo+XXI+Editores&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-607-3-00043-7&rft.au=Pablo+Yanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssenCasas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen, Eric; Casas, Regina Martínez (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/312/31200207.pdf">"Una propuesta para estimar la población indígena en México a partir de los datos censales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos</i>. <b>21</b> (2). MÉXICO: El Colegio de México, A.C.: 457–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24201%2Fedu.v21i2.1256">10.24201/edu.v21i2.1256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0186-7210">0186-7210</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210419/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/312/31200207.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+Demogr%C3%A1ficos+y+Urbanos&rft.atitle=Una+propuesta+para+estimar+la+poblaci%C3%B3n+ind%C3%ADgena+en+M%C3%A9xico+a+partir+de+los+datos+censales&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=457-471&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24201%2Fedu.v21i2.1256&rft.issn=0186-7210&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Casas%2C+Regina+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F312%2F31200207.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnrique_Serrano_CarretoArnulfo_Embriz_OsorioPatricia_Fernández_Ham2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Enrique Serrano Carreto; Arnulfo Embriz Osorio; Patricia Fernández Ham; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=215&Itemid=54">"Indicadores socioeconómicos de los pueblos indígenas de México, 2002"</a> (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. p. 82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121009/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=215&Itemid=54">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicadores+socioecon%C3%B3micos+de+los+pueblos+ind%C3%ADgenas+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+2002&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Enrique+Serrano+Carreto&rft.au=Arnulfo+Embriz+Osorio&rft.au=Patricia+Fern%C3%A1ndez+Ham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D215%26Itemid%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indigenousmexico.org/articles/ethnic-identity-in-the-2020-mexican-census">"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"</a>. <i>Indigenous Mexico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indigenous+Mexico&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+the+2020+Mexican+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indigenousmexico.org%2Farticles%2Fethnic-identity-in-the-2020-mexican-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inegi-2000-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inegi-2000_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002122317/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/poblacion_indigena/Hablantes_Nahuatl.pdf">"Perfil Sociodemografica de la Populacion Hablante de Nahuatl"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>inegi.gob.mx</i>. INEGI. 2000. p. 43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/poblacion_indigena/Hablantes_Nahuatl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inegi.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Perfil+Sociodemografica+de+la+Populacion+Hablante+de+Nahuatl&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fprod_serv%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Fbvinegi%2Fproductos%2Fcensos%2Fpoblacion%2Fpoblacion_indigena%2FHablantes_Nahuatl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Put another way, more than 95% of the Nahuatl-speaking population also speak at least one other language, most usually Spanish. See corresponding tables in INEGI (2000), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flores Farfán (2002), p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002122317/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/poblacion_indigena/Hablantes_Nahuatl.pdf">"Perfil Sociodemografica de la Populacion Hablante de Nahuatl"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>inegi.gob.mx</i>. INEGI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/poblacion_indigena/Hablantes_Nahuatl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inegi.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Perfil+Sociodemografica+de+la+Populacion+Hablante+de+Nahuatl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fprod_serv%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Fbvinegi%2Fproductos%2Fcensos%2Fpoblacion%2Fpoblacion_indigena%2FHablantes_Nahuatl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14403/ES">"Pipil in El Salvador"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pipil+in+El+Salvador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14403%2FES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exposiciones.ccetegucigalpa.org/nahua/">"NAHUA – Exposiciones"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAHUA+%E2%80%93+Exposiciones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexposiciones.ccetegucigalpa.org%2Fnahua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/hon_07/">"Pueblos Indígenas de Honduras | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+de+Honduras+%26%23124%3B+Territorio+Ind%C3%ADgena+y+Gobernanza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com%2Fweb%2Fhon_07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20721944/">"Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+population+history+of+Nicaragua+by+means+of+mtDNA%2C+Y-chromosome+STRs%2C+and+autosomal+STR+markers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20721944%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antharky.ucalgary.ca/mccafferty/sites/antharky.ucalgary.ca.mccafferty/files/Nunez_et_al_2010.pdf">"Reconstructing the Population History of Nicaragua by Means of mtDNA, Y-Chromosome STRs, and Autosomal STR Markers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Population+History+of+Nicaragua+by+Means+of+mtDNA%2C+Y-Chromosome+STRs%2C+and+Autosomal+STR+Markers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantharky.ucalgary.ca%2Fmccafferty%2Fsites%2Fantharky.ucalgary.ca.mccafferty%2Ffiles%2FNunez_et_al_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/nnic_09/">"9. Nahoas | Territorio Indígena y Gobernanza"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9.+Nahoas+%26%23124%3B+Territorio+Ind%C3%ADgena+y+Gobernanza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com%2Fweb%2Fnnic_09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston2004" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). <i>Human: The Definitive Visual Guide</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-0520-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-0520-2"><bdi>0-7566-0520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7566-0520-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.inali.gob.mx/pdf/libro_lenguas_indigenas_nacionales_en_riesgo_de_desaparicion.pdf">"Lenguas indígenas nacionales en riesgo de desaparición: Variantes lingüísticas por grado de riesgo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+nacionales+en+riesgo+de+desaparici%C3%B3n%3A+Variantes+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticas+por+grado+de+riesgo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsite.inali.gob.mx%2Fpdf%2Flibro_lenguas_indigenas_nacionales_en_riesgo_de_desaparicion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanger,_Una1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Una_Canger" title="Una Canger">Canger, Una</a> (1980). <i>Five Studies Inspired by Náhuatl Verbs in -oa</i>. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, Vol. XIX. Copenhagen: The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen; distributed by C.A. Reitzels Boghandel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7421-254-0" title="Special:BookSources/87-7421-254-0"><bdi>87-7421-254-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7276374">7276374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Studies+Inspired+by+N%C3%A1huatl+Verbs+in+-oa&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.series=Travaux+du+Cercle+Linguistique+de+Copenhague%2C+Vol.+XIX&rft.pub=The+Linguistic+Circle+of+Copenhagen%3B+distributed+by+C.A.+Reitzels+Boghandel&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7276374&rft.isbn=87-7421-254-0&rft.au=Canger%2C+Una&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanger,_Una1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Una_Canger" title="Una Canger">Canger, Una</a> (1988). "Nahuatl dialectology: A survey and some suggestions". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a></i>. <b>54</b> (1). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 28–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466074">10.1086/466074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071">0020-7071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144210796">144210796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Nahuatl+dialectology%3A+A+survey+and+some+suggestions&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-72&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144210796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466074&rft.au=Canger%2C+Una&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores_FarfánJosé_Antonio2002" class="citation conference cs1">Flores Farfán; José Antonio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/c.">"The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Barbara Jane Burnaby; John Allan Reyhner (eds.). <i>Indigenous Languages across the Community</i>. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000). Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a>. pp. 225–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9670554-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9670554-2-3"><bdi>0-9670554-2-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/95062129">95062129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Multimedia+and+the+Arts+in+Language+Revitalization%2C+Maintenance%2C+and+Development%3A+The+Case+of+the+Balsas+Nahuas+of+Guerrero%2C+Mexico&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Languages+across+the+Community&rft.place=Flagstaff%2C+AZ&rft.pages=225-236&rft.pub=Center+for+Excellence+in+Education%2C+Northern+Arizona+University&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F95062129&rft.isbn=0-9670554-2-3&rft.au=Flores+Farf%C3%A1n&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2Fc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander,_Judith1975" class="citation book cs1">Friedlander, Judith (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beingindianinhue00frie"><i>Being Indian in Hueyapan: A Study of Forced Identity in Contemporary Mexico</i></a></span>. New York: Saint Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Indian+in+Hueyapan%3A+A+Study+of+Forced+Identity+in+Contemporary+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Saint+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Friedlander%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeingindianinhue00frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler,_William_R._Jr.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, William R. Jr. (1985). "Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil Nicarao: A Critical Analysis". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>32</b> (1). Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a> and the American Society for Ethnohistory: 37–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F482092">10.2307/482092</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1801">0014-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482092">482092</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62217753">62217753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Ethnohistoric+Sources+on+the+Pipil+Nicarao%3A+A+Critical+Analysis&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-62&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62217753&rft.issn=0014-1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F482092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F482092&rft.au=Fowler%2C+William+R.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Jane_H.Kenneth_C._Hill1986" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Jane H.; Kenneth C. Hill (1986). <i>Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of Syncretic Language in Central Mexico</i>. Tucson, AZ: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-0898-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8165-0898-4"><bdi>0-8165-0898-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13126530">13126530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Mexicano%3A+Dynamics+of+Syncretic+Language+in+Central+Mexico&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13126530&rft.isbn=0-8165-0898-4&rft.au=Hill%2C+Jane+H.&rft.au=Kenneth+C.+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman,_Terrence2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Kaufman, Terrence</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119013512/https://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf">"The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Revised ed.). Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Nawa+language+group+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+sixteenth+century%3A+some+initial+results&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Project+for+the+Documentation+of+the+Languages+of+Mesoamerica&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Terrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2Fanthro%2Fmaldp%2FNawa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart,_James1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Lockhart_(historian)" title="James Lockhart (historian)">Lockhart, James</a> (1996). <i>The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2317-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2317-6"><bdi>0-8047-2317-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24283718">24283718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nahuas+After+the+Conquest%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Indians+of+Central+Mexico%2C+Sixteenth+Through+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24283718&rft.isbn=0-8047-2317-6&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestall,_Matthew2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Restall" title="Matthew Restall">Restall, Matthew</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Myths_of_the_Spanish_Conquest" title="Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest">Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest</a></i>. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516077-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516077-0"><bdi>0-19-516077-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51022823">51022823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Myths+of+the+Spanish+Conquest&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51022823&rft.isbn=0-19-516077-0&rft.au=Restall%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahagún,_Bernardino_de1950–82" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Sahagún, Bernardino de</a> (1950–82) [ca. 1540–85]. <i><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain</a></i>. vols. I-XII. <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Dibble" title="Charles E. Dibble">Charles E. Dibble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._O._Anderson" title="Arthur J. O. Anderson">Arthur J.O. Anderson</a> (eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of <i>Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España</i>, 13 vols. in 12 hbk. ed.). Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: <a href="/wiki/School_of_American_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="School of American Research">School of American Research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-082-X"><bdi>0-87480-082-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276351">276351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florentine+Codex%3A+General+History+of+the+Things+of+New+Spain&rft.place=Santa+Fe%2C+NM+and+Salt+Lake+City&rft.series=vols.+I-XII&rft.edition=translation+of+%27%27Historia+General+de+las+Cosas+de+la+Nueva+Espa%C3%B1a%27%27%2C+13+vols.+in+12+hbk.&rft.pub=School+of+American+Research+and+the+University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1950%2F1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276351&rft.isbn=0-87480-082-X&rft.au=Sahag%C3%BAn%2C+Bernardino+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez,_Jorge_A.1983" class="citation book cs1">Suárez, Jorge A. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar"><i>The Mesoamerian Indian Languages</i></a></span>. Cambridge Languages Surveys series. London: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22834-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22834-4"><bdi>0-521-22834-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mesoamerian+Indian+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.series=Cambridge+Languages+Surveys+series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-22834-4&rft.au=Su%C3%A1rez%2C+Jorge+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmesoamericanindi0009suar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver,_Muriel_Porter1993" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993). <i>The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica</i> (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-01-263999-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-01-263999-0"><bdi>0-01-263999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aztecs%2C+Maya%2C+and+Their+Predecessors%3A+Archaeology+of+Mesoamerica&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-01-263999-0&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Muriel+Porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANahuas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nahua_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nahua people">Nahua people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/21px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/42px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_people" title="Tektitek people">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119461906">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119461906">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nahuové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph727023&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576435">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558124505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027415635">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&oldid=1259262927">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nahuas&oldid=1259262927</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nahua_people" title="Category:Nahua 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