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.beta-btn__arrow{cursor:pointer;transform:rotate(45deg)}.beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded{transform:rotate(-35deg)}.beta-btn__copy{color:#444;display:block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:17px;margin:16px auto;max-width:50%}.beta-btn__arrow{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 2px 2px 0;display:inline-block;padding:3px;position:relative;top:-1px;transform:rotate(-45deg);transition:.4s}.beta-btn__arrow--expanded{transform:rotate(45deg)} .location-header{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;text-transform:uppercase} .temperature-switcher{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:0;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;white-space:nowrap}.temperature-switcher:active{color:currentColor}.temperature-switcher__active{font-weight:bold}.temperature-switcher span{margin:0 .2ex} .day{--w-day-font-size: 14px;--w-day-temp-font-size: 20px;--w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px;--w-day-temp-font-weight: 600;--w-day-name-font-weight: 500;align-items:center;color:#959595;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:var(--w-day-font-size)}.day--desktop{--w-day-temp-font-size: 24px;--w-day-temp-font-weight: normal;--w-day-name-font-weight: 600}.day:first-of-type{color:#4b4b4b}.day__name{font-weight:var(--w-day-name-font-weight);line-height:1;margin-bottom:.75em;text-transform:uppercase}.day__symbol-header{display:block;height:80px;margin:7px 0 5px;width:98px}.day__symbol{display:block;height:40px;margin:7px 0 5px;width:50px}.day--desktop .day__symbol{height:60px;margin-top:15px;width:70px}.day__temp{font-size:var(--w-day-temp-font-size);font-weight:var(--w-day-temp-font-weight);line-height:1.2;margin-top:.75em;text-transform:lowercase}.day__temp--header{color:#4b4b4b;font-size:32px;font-weight:bold}.day--mobile:first-of-type{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:3em}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol{height:60px;margin-right:10px;overflow:visible;width:80px}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp{font-size:var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big);font-weight:bold;margin-top:0}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location{font-size:120%;font-weight:500;margin:1em 0}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name{color:#959595}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location,.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name{text-align:center;width:100%} .weather{--w-height: 50px;--w-wrapper-margin: 24px;--w-days-flexbasis: 33%;margin-bottom:2rem}.weather--desktop{--w-height: 80px;--w-wrapper-margin: 50px;--w-days-flexbasis: initial;margin-bottom:1rem}.weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days{flex-flow:row wrap}.weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type{flex-basis:100%;width:auto}.weather__separator{border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc;display:block;height:var(--w-height)}.weather__days{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-basis:var(--w-days-flexbasis);justify-content:space-evenly;margin-top:2.5rem}.weather__days--desktop{margin-top:4rem}.weather__header{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-flow:column;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:var(--w-wrapper-margin)}.weather__header button{margin-top:1.5rem}.weather__header--desktop{position:relative}.weather__header--desktop button{margin:0;position:absolute;right:0} .destination-header{width:100%}.destination-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center;min-height:380px;overflow:hidden;padding:0 16px;position:relative}.destination-header__image{height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%}.destination-header__image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.destination-header__text{color:#fff;font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.95px;line-height:37.4px;max-width:488px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%}.destination-header__text a{color:#fff;font-weight:300;text-decoration:none}.destination-header__text--desktop{font-size:36px}.destination-header__text-container{border-bottom:solid 1px #fff;display:inline-block;line-height:1.3;padding-bottom:17px}.destination-header__text-container--desktop{padding-bottom:.75ex}.destination-header__link-page,.destination-header__advert{color:#fff;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.5px;margin-top:20px;position:relative;text-align:center}.destination-header__link-page span,.destination-header__advert span{display:block;width:100%}.destination-header__link-page--desktop,.destination-header__advert--desktop{margin-top:40px}.destination-header__link-page{left:14px;margin:0;position:absolute;text-transform:uppercase;top:20px}.destination-header__link-page--desktop{left:25px;top:36px}.destination-header__background{background-image:radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%);height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.destination-header a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none} .image-card{position:relative}.image-card img{object-fit:cover;width:100%}.image-card__heading-container{color:#fff;left:50%;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:80px;transform:translate(-50%, -50%)}.image-card__heading-container button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;letter-spacing:.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}.image-card__heading-container h1{font-size:.9rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3.6px;margin-top:0}.image-card__heading-container h2{font-size:2.1rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:42px;margin-top:0}.image-card__heading-container-landscape{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;left:50%;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%);width:90%}.image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile{align-items:center;flex-direction:column}.image-card__heading-container-landscape h1{color:#fff;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:.95px;margin-top:0}.image-card__heading-container-landscape button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;height:60px;letter-spacing:.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;width:260px} .filter{display:inline-block;max-width:160px;position:relative}.filter__button{background-color:#000;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:16px;padding:16px;width:160px}.filter__content{background-color:#000;display:none;position:absolute;width:160px;z-index:1}.filter:focus .filter__content,.filter:hover .filter__content{display:block}.filter__content--open{display:block}.filter__content button{background-color:#000;border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-style:italic;padding:12px 16px;text-decoration:none;width:100%}.filter__content button:hover{background-color:#494848} .callout-box-card{background-color:#eaeaea;color:#4a4a4a;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left}.callout-box-card img{height:100%;width:100%}.callout-box-card__container{padding:.2rem 1.5rem}.callout-box-card__container h3{font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:16px;margin:1rem 0;text-transform:uppercase}.callout-box-card__container h4{font-size:28px;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.21px;line-height:35px}.callout-box-card__container .body{font-size:16px;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.12px;line-height:31px}.callout-box-card__container .body a{color:#4a4a4a;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none}.mapboxgl-map{font:12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;position:relative;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.mapboxgl-canvas{position:absolute;left:0;top:0}.mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen{width:100%;height:100%}.mapboxgl-canary{background-color:salmon}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive,.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass{cursor:-webkit-grab;cursor:-moz-grab;cursor:grab;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer{cursor:pointer}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active,.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active{cursor:-webkit-grabbing;cursor:-moz-grabbing;cursor:grabbing}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate,.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas{touch-action:pan-x pan-y}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan,.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas{touch-action:pinch-zoom}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan,.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas{touch-action:none}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left,.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right,.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left,.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right{position:absolute;pointer-events:none;z-index:2}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left{top:0;left:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right{top:0;right:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left{bottom:0;left:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right{right:0;bottom:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl{clear:both;pointer-events:auto;transform:translate(0)}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:10px 0 0 10px;float:left}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:10px 10px 0 0;float:right}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:0 0 10px 10px;float:left}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:0 10px 10px 0;float:right}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group{border-radius:4px;background:#fff}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty){-moz-box-shadow:0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty){box-shadow:0 0 0 2px ButtonText}}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button{width:29px;height:29px;display:block;padding:0;outline:none;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);cursor:pointer}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button+button{border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50%}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button+button{border-top:1px solid ButtonText}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus{box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px #0096ff}.mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{opacity:.25}.mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px #0096ff}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible){box-shadow:none}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child{border-radius:4px 4px 0 0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child{border-radius:0 0 4px 4px}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child{border-radius:inherit}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media(-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath 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Planet (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20240225212057\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg","title":"Future Planet","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0dqpwd4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20240225212057\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058051}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour","_id":"65db0fd363864e120d19017d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjasmin-fox-skelly"],"bodyIntro":"We think of humour as a distinctly human emotion, but some animals may also use it to strengthen their bonds.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen you think about what sets our species apart from other animals, a good sense of humour probably features fairly high up on the list. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe love to laugh – so much so, that an appreciation of comedy seems almost ingrained into our species. Babies as young as three months old giggle and find it hilarious when their parents pull funny faces. By eight months, infants have learned how to use their own faces, bodies and voices to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Ftiny-happy-people\u002Fbaby-sense-of-humour\u002Fzjtsvk7\"\u003Emake grown-ups laugh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Soon after, parents may notice that their child has turned into a full-time comedian, deliberately playing with things they know they shouldn't with a cheeky grin on their face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, a new \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2023.2345\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows that humans may not be alone in their love of playing practical jokes. Animals can tease each other too. Together with colleagues, Isabelle Laumer, a post-doctoral researcher at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), watched over 75 hours of videos of great apes interacting with each other. Great apes are our closest living relatives, and include orangutans, chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. The apes in the study all lived in zoos, and were filmed attending to their daily routines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMembers of all four species were observed teasing one another. The researchers identified 18 distinct teasing behaviours, with the top five including poking, hitting, hindering the movement of a fellow ape, body slamming, and pulling on a body part. Some apes repeatedly waved body parts or objects in front of their fellow apes' faces, or, in the case of orangutans, pulled each other's hair.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdqyym"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Brown dog with big smile (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"What we saw often was that a juvenile would sneak up behind an adult that was busy grooming another ape, and proceed to poke them or hit them on the back, sometimes even surprising them,\" says Laumer, first author of the study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They'd then wait and watch for the adult's response. Usually, the target would just ignore them, and so they'd persist in their teasing, making the behaviour more and more elaborate and difficult to ignore, until they sometimes ended up slamming the adult with their entire body.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe teasing behaviour was similar to that adopted by young human children, according to the researchers, in that it was intentional, provocative, persistent and included elements of surprise, play and checking for the recipient’s response. The human equivalent might be sticking your tongue out at someone and then running away to gauge their reaction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many scientists believe that humour is far more widespread amongst the animal kingdom","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis style of teasing could even form the foundation for more complicated forms of humour. \"Joking in humans requires quite complex cognitive abilities,\" says Laumer. \"You need theory of mind (the ability to imagine the world from someone else's perspective), knowledge of social norms, the ability to anticipate others' responses and to appreciate the violation of other's expectations,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs all four great ape species are capable of playful teasing, it suggests that a sense of humour may have been present in our last common ancestor, who lived 13 million years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, many scientists believe that humour is far more widespread amongst the animal kingdom than this. For example, in his book The Descent of Man, biologist Charles Darwin suggests that dogs may have a sense of humour, writing:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\"If a bit of stick or other such object be thrown to one, he will often carry it away for a short distance; and then squatting down with it on the ground close before him, will wait until his master comes quite close to take it away. The dog will then seize it and rush away in triumph, repeating the same manoeuvre, and evidently enjoying the practical joke.\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdr4dd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Two young wolves playing around (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnyone who owns a dog may have also noticed that during play, they produce a sort of breathy snorting sound that almost sounds like laughter. In a 2005 \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flaughing-dog.petalk.org\u002FLaughingDog.pdf\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, animal behaviourist Patricia Simonet played the sound to dogs at a rescue shelter. She found that listening to dog \"laughter\" made the shelter dogs less stressed out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMarc Bekoff, professor emeritus of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder, says he has collected decades worth of data showing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fus\u002Fblog\u002Fanimal-emotions\u002F202402\u002Fdogs-engage-in-playful-teasing-to-play-fair-and-have-fun\"\u003Edogs engage in teasing behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E similar to that shown by Laumer and her colleagues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, when trying to get an otherwise reluctant dog to play, one dog may approach another with a loose gambolling gait before running away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I've seen this in dogs, foxes, wild coyotes and wild wolves,\" says Bekoff.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, Bekoff says that during his career he has heard stories about many species who act like stand-up comedians and jokesters, including horses, Asian black bears and the scarlet macaw.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There's even evidence that rats enjoy a good laugh","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, other researchers have noted that dolphins appear to produce \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\u002Farticle\u002Fvol-31-iss-2-blomqvist\u002F\"\u003Esounds of joy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while they are play-fighting, and elephants \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8610244\u002F\"\u003Etrumpet in excitement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when playing. Some parrots have been known to tease other animals for fun, for example by whistling at and confusing the family dog.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's even evidence that rats enjoy a good laugh. For the last decade or so, Jeffrey Burgdorf, research associate professor at Northwestern University in the US, has been tickling rats for a living. When the rats are tickled, they squeak joyfully in a high-pitched noise similar to a giggle. They come back again and again for more, and can even be taught to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fcontent\u002Farticle\u002Ftickled-rats-reveal-brain-structure-controls-laughter\"\u003Eplay hide and seek\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for a \"tickling reward\", according to work done by a separate group at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Now Burgdorf and his team are using their findings to inform treatments for depression.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What we've been learning is that the animals are most attentive when they are making these vocalisations,\" says Burgdorf.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdqzc0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Two white rats cuddling (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"My supervisor [neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp] would always say play is the fertiliser for the brain, and it's true. Their brains are connecting. They're making new synapses and new neural connections. And so I think that tells us that when we're in those playful humorous moods, we're actually performing at our best and we are being our best selves,\" says Burgdorf.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, while rats clearly love being tickled, is their high-pitched giggle really evidence that they have a sense of humour? Most of the evidence for animals having a sense of humour is predominantly anecdotal, as few large-scale studies have been conducted. It's also difficult to know why an animal engages in a certain behaviour. Are the apes in Laumer's study simply playing a practical joke, or are they trying to defuse tension, initiate play, or even just get attention?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What better way to make friends, after all, than to share a good joke?","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Do I think that animals have a sense of humour? Yes, I think they do, but it's difficult to prove,\" admits Bekoff.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For example, I've come across households with two dogs, where at feeding time one dog runs to the front door and barks. The other dog then runs to see who's there, while the first dog runs back and eats their food. So, you could say that's showing a sense of humour, but the first dog may have just learned that that's how they get more food,\" says Bekoff.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-giant-tortoises-boosting-biodiversity-in-the-galpagos\"\u003EThe giant tortoises rebuilding a Galapagos island\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-valentines-day-the-interspecies-relationships-that-evolved-in-nature\"\u003EThe wildly successful romances found in wildlife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240125-cicadas-what-to-expect-from-this-years-rare-dual-brood-emergence\"\u003EThe UK is bracing for a cicada megaswarm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's also the question of what evolutionary purpose humour could serve in animals. In humans, it's thought that laughter evolved as a way of help individuals bond. What better way to make friends, after all, than to share a good joke?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIs it possible that humour serves the same role in animals?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In humans, humour can serve as like an ice-breaker, removing social barriers and strengthening relationships,\" says Laumer. \"We don't know if it's the same in apes or other animals, but it's possible. To know for sure we would need to test and observe more groups of primates and other species,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-25T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why some animals have evolved a sense of humour","headlineShort":"Why some animals have evolved a sense of humour","image":["p0hdr2c5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Two young gorillas playing in a tree (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"We think of humour as a distinctly human emotion, but some animals may also use it to strengthen their bonds.","summaryShort":"It's an emotion that can be surprisingly valuable in the natural world","tag":["tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Fanimal","tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fcomedy","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-25T10:00:31.430248Z","entity":"article","guid":"f9ef24d9-57d1-4c43-802c-ed1a23f337c5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-25T10:01:34.61108Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-do-animals-have-sense-of-humour","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058044},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression","_id":"65d9be5663864e5fcf2d6cfb","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdarya-tsymbalyuk"],"bodyIntro":"Lawsuits, art and the sandy blind mole-rat have all played a part in Ukraine's fight for environmental justice in the wake of Russia's invasion. But green efforts can only go so far while war rages.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn July 2023, I crossed into Ukraine on a night train from Poland. As usual, my evening was spent talking to other passengers. I did not mention my interest in environmental questions, preferring to listen to people's stories, when suddenly my compartment neighbour, who was not an environmentalist, started talking about the sandy blind mole-rat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe sandy blind mole-rat (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fes\u002Fspecies\u002F20428\u002F9198777\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESpalax arenarius\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) is an endangered species endemic to the Lower Dnipro region of southern Ukraine. The area has been occupied by Russia since February 2022, and, on 6 June 2023, the region's Kakhovka Hydroelectric reservoir and dam collapsed, resulting in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.arcgis.com\u002Fapps\u002Finstant\u002Fmedia\u002Findex.html?appid=fc164f1b8456450d8ec6b6c5b2c315a9\"\u003Ewidespread flooding and destruction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Ukraine's military and Nato \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-65818705\"\u003Eblame Russia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and experts suggest the damage could be either a deliberate or an unintended \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-65818705\"\u003Econsequence of the Russian occupation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is impossible at present to assess the full impacts of the disaster since the area remains under Russian occupation. Yet the event, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-67009090\"\u003Edemolished houses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and affected \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frsis.ramsar.org\u002FRISapp\u002Ffiles\u002FRISrep\u002FUA767RIS_2205_en.pdf\"\u003Einternationally significant nature sites\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2023\u002Fjun\u002F06\u002Fdam-breach-could-be-ukraines-worst-ecological-disaster-since-chornobyl\"\u003Eproclaimed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Ukraine as the biggest environmental catastrophe since the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190725-will-we-ever-know-chernobyls-true-death-toll\"\u003EChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant explosion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 1986. An estimated 18 cubic km (4.3 cubic miles) of reservoir water burst through, washing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freliefweb.int\u002Freport\u002Fukraine\u002Fpotential-long-term-impact-destruction-kakhovka-dam-unct-joint-analytical-note-9-june-2023\"\u003Epollutants and sewage products\u003C\u002Fa\u003E downstream to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwecworkgroup.info\u002Fblack-sea-heals-its-wounds-4-months-after-the-kakhovka-catastrophe\u002F\"\u003EBlack Sea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freliefweb.int\u002Freport\u002Fukraine\u002Fkakhovka-dam-floods-amplify-ukraine-mine-emergency\"\u003Edisplacing landmines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The loss of water for agricultural irrigation also hit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ifpri.org\u002Fpublication\u002Frussia-ukraine-conflict-and-global-food-security\"\u003Eglobal food security\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and biodiversity loss has been significant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmid this destruction, the population of the endemic sandy blind mole-rat is thought to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foutlook.office.com\u002Fmail\u002Finbox\u002Fid\u002FAAQkADIwMWU1MTg5LTk0ZmYtNDJiNy1iOGZjLTNmMmU2ZDE5MmNmMwAQAAKc1ojL61RJhPTsNS%2BaBno%3D\"\u003Efallen by 50%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For my fellow train passengers, the animal was seen as yet another victim of Russian aggression.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdq36v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The destroyed Kakhovka dam on the Dnipro river in occupied Ukraine (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Kherson oblast, where Kakhovka is located, is not alone among Ukraine's environmental wartime casualties. Ukraine is now \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globsec.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2023-04\u002FDemining%20in%20Ukraine%20report%20ver5%20web.pdf\"\u003Ethe largest mined territory in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fceobs.org\u002Fukraine-conflict-environmental-briefing-nature\u002F#3\"\u003E2,000 environmentally protected areas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been under Russian occupation. The extent of environmental damage can be seen on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecodozor.org\u002Findex.php?lang=en\"\u003EEcodozor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a platform developed by Zoi Environment Network, with support from the UN Environment Programme and others, to map the consequences and risks of the fighting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Ukrainian \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230221-the-toxic-legacy-of-the-ukraine-war\"\u003Egovernment is currently attempting to investigate and catalogue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the harm. But destruction is perhaps not the only environmental legacy of Russia's invasion. Even amidst the grief, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.ecoaction.org.ua\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2024\u002F01\u002FLetter-to-the-Ukraine-Facility-Trialogue-Negotiators-from-CSOs.pdf\"\u003Ecalls\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wwfcee.org\u002Fnews\u002Fukraine-recovery-conference-environmental-ngos-call-for-a-green-post-war-reconstruction\"\u003Eenvironmental justice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have also become part of Ukraine's resistance to Russian aggression. And slowly, via everything from government initiatives to art exhibitions, public awareness of the impacts of environmental destruction has been growing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a response that has deep roots: outrage at the environmental damage caused by the nuclear explosion at Chernobyl (or Chornobyl, which is closer to the Ukrainian pronunciation) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.degruyter.com\u002Fdocument\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1515\u002F9783110729290-009\u002Fhtml?lang=en\"\u003Econtributed to the growing independence movements in then-Soviet Ukraine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet how far can today's ecological concern reach while war continues?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA growing environmental awareness\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen I was in Ukraine this past summer, interviewing people for my forthcoming book about environmental impacts of Russia's war, I observed a shared experience of loss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFollowing the Kakhovka disaster, there was a widespread outpouring of grief: not only for the loss of human lives and homes lost in the flooding, but for the disappearance of whole worlds that went underwater. Film clips and videos circulated online, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=guAloobprRg\"\u003Edocumenting people wading through waist-high water to rescue animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and evacuate pets. Several hours after the disaster, prominent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsuspilne.media\u002F498772-problemi-z-vodozabezpecennam-ekologieu-infekcii-vtrati-ridkisnih-tvarin-ekolog-pro-naslidki-pidrivu-kahovskoi-ges\u002F\"\u003EUkrainian\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pravda.com.ua\u002Farticles\u002F2023\u002F06\u002F6\u002F7405590\u002F\"\u003Emedia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E wrote about potential impacts on endangered species, such as the thick-tail jerboa (\u003Cem\u003EStylodipus telum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) and the sandy blind mole-rat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdpnlg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Ukrainians rescue a cow from a flood after the Kakhovka dam burst (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the world of culture, the interest in the environmental consequences of war also appears to have grown. Ukraine's pavilion at last year's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.labiennale.org\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fukraine-participates-biennale-architettura-2023\"\u003EVenice Architecture Biennale\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reflected on terraforming defence structures and the impact of the war on the environment. Back in Ukraine, the country's biggest art event, Kyiv Biennial 2023, featured an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F2023.kyivbiennial.org\u002Feng\u002Fprogram\u002Fthe-river-wailed-like-a-wounded-beast\"\u003Eexhibition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E focused entirely on the Dnipro River, on which the Kakhovka dam was situated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike with many other causes, availability of funding is crucial to ensure the continuation of environmental efforts on the ground. But activists, scholars, and conservationists keep finding innovative ways to organise and raise funds despite the hardship. Among the most prominent examples is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funcg.org.ua\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003EUkrainian Nature Conservation Group\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (UNCG)'s international campaign for the oldest nature reserve in Ukraine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwecworkgroup.info\u002Faskania-nova-biosphere-reserve-captured-by-invaders\u002F\"\u003EAskania-Nova\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. UNCG is an NGO, and when Askania-Nova was occupied by the Russian military, they collected donations for the reserve. For almost a year, they were able to provide for the park's maintenance and the large number of animals that inhabit it, including saiga antelope, onagers, Przewalski horses, American bison and red deer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230221-the-toxic-legacy-of-the-ukraine-war\"\u003EThe toxic legacy of the Ukraine war\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20221222-how-the-war-in-ukraine-is-killing-marine-mammals\"\u003EHow the war in Ukraine is killing marine mammals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201105-what-is-ecocide\"\u003EEcocide: Should killing nature be a crime?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn November 2023, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fuanimals.eng\u002F?hl=en\"\u003EUAnimals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of the biggest animal welfare organisations in Ukraine even launched a charitable online shop called Animalism. The site sells T-shirts, scarves, jars, sweatshirts and other merchandise featuring endangered animals of Ukraine – and puts the money towards rescuing animals from the frontlines\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E It’s just one of many organisations raising \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fnewsbeat-60593791\"\u003Efunds for Ukraine's animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the war.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEnvironmental justice\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn ways like the above, Ukrainians have demonstrated extraordinary civic mobilisation for the environment, and continue to fight for more environmentally just futures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned&\"\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sign up to Future Earth","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESometimes this can lead to internal debates within the country. For example, in the aftermath of the Kakhovka disaster, some environmentalists oppose \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pravda.com.ua\u002Feng\u002Fnews\u002F2023\u002F07\u002F18\u002F7411866\u002F\"\u003Eplans by the government\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Ukraine's main state-owned hydro generating company, Ukrhydroenergo, to rebuild the dam. Environmentalists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwecworkgroup.info\u002Fis-it-time-to-restore-velykyi-luh\u002F\"\u003Eargue that the original construction of the dam\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the 1950s severely damaged ecosystems and provided little economic and energy benefit. In July 2023, numerous organisations formed a civic coalition, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecoaction.org.ua\u002Fshchodo-proiektu-kakhovskoi-hes.html\"\u003EKakhovka Platform\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to resist potential dam reconstruction and fight for the natural restoration of ecosystems instead\u003Cstrong\u003E. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EUkraine's Ministry of the Economy was contacted for comment, but didn't respond by the time this article was published.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdq6pq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A woman holds a banner saying 'Stop ecocide Ukraine' (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt the same time, internationally, Ukraine's government is leading the fight to include \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201105-what-is-ecocide\"\u003Eecocide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" in the crimes recognised by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. As one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecocidelaw.com\u002Fexisting-ecocide-laws\u002F#:~:text=Intentional%20mass%20destruction%20of%20flora,of%20ten%20to%20fifteen%20years.\"\u003E13 countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that has an article for ecocide or intentional environmental crime in its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fzakon.rada.gov.ua\u002Flaws\u002Fshow\u002Fen\u002F2341-14#Text\"\u003ECriminal Code\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Article 441), cases such as the Kakhovka disaster and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20221222-how-the-war-in-ukraine-is-killing-marine-mammals\"\u003Ethe mass death of cetaceans in the Black Sea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are now being investigated by Ukraine's Specialised Environmental Prosecutor's Office. On 14 February 2024, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gp.gov.ua\u002Fua\u002Fposts\u002Fandrii-kostin-ukrayinski-prokurori-vperse-povidomili-pro-pidozru-u-skojenni-zlocinu-ekocidu-rosiiskomu-general-polkovniku-ta-cotiryom-iogo-pidleglim\"\u003EGeneral Prosecutor Andriy Kostin announced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that a Russian colonel general and four subordinates had been served notice of suspicion of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pravda.com.ua\u002Feng\u002Fnews\u002F2024\u002F02\u002F14\u002F7441882\u002F\"\u003Ecrime of ecocide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This was the first such charge in Ukraine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimits of working in times of war \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs much as the new forms of green engagement are being developed in response to the destruction, however, ongoing Russian aggression is also setting limits on what can be achieved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnvironmental justice for Ukraine is dependent on the often less visible, often routine work of nature reserves, environmental researchers and organisations like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funcg.org.ua\u002Fen\u002Fwe-report-for-2023\u002F\"\u003EUNCG\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in sustaining and expanding existing protected areas. But two years into the full-scale invasion, people in Ukraine are exhausted and resources are depleted. And \"while the number of international grant opportunities has risen since February 2022, the number of grant recipients has shrunk\", says Oleksii Vasyliuk, a researcher at I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, and chairman and co-founder of UNCG. \"Many are in the army or left the country\", he says. \"Part of the civic society is gone.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdprrs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A burnt out forest in the Chernobyl exclusion zone, Ukraine (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany challenges that environmental scholars and conservationists face are the same as those before the full-scale invasion, such as poaching or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwecworkgroup.info\u002Fprotecting-the-environment-in-times-of-war-an-interview-with-environmentalist-yehor-hrynyk\u002F\"\u003Eillegal logging\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but now they are often exacerbated. \"On the international level you hear everywhere about ecocide, which is great, but if you look at the local level nothing has changed: entrepreneurs try to extract resources in protected areas, farmers who were displaced from the occupied territories try to find ways to plough protected areas,\" says Vasyliuk. \"In the conditions of the war, the business lobby is very active. When there is a choice between environmental values and business interests, most often the latter are prioritised.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwecworkgroup.info\u002Fwartime-challenges-for-ukraines-protected-areas\u002F\"\u003Enew obstacles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Alongside the direct loss, occupation and destruction of conservation areas, those responsible for managing natural spaces must deal with shortages of staff, as well as loss of access to areas located near the borders with Belarus and Russia. Sometimes, the threats are directly felt by the conservationists. Last summer as part of my research, I interviewed an environmentalist whose reserve has been under the Russian occupation since the beginning of the full-scale invasion. It has been turned into a military base and is continuously burning, the environmentalist told me. He himself is in a place which is bombed almost weekly.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor activists too, there are new challenges to civic organisation. \"We cannot hold protests, most of our activists are in the armed forces, [and] a large part of information is unavailable due to the closure of access to public services, such as the State Land Registry,\" says Inna Tymchenko, an associate professor in ecology at the Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding in Mykolaiv who is also involved in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.opendemocracy.net\u002Fen\u002Fodr\u002Fbuzkyi-gard-ukraine-energy-security-russia-war-southern-buh-river-climate-power-plant\u002F\"\u003Eenvironmental activism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"We also often have to work in dangerous conditions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHope for a post-war future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom its experience of living with the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, Ukraine knows only too well that environmental impacts are long-lasting and affects ecosystems beyond the state borders. There is a need for a long-term plan for environmental reparations and recovery, as well as sustainable structures for the work of environmentalists and environmental scholars on the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith the civic society remaining strong and engaged in fighting for environmental justice, however, there are reasons for hope. In the past two years of Russia's full-scale invasion, Ukraine has firmly put an environmental justice agenda at the heart of the country's vision of post-war future. President Zelensky's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.president.gov.ua\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fukrayina-zavzhdi-bula-liderom-mirotvorchih-zusil-yaksho-rosi-79141\"\u003E10-point Peace Plan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which features environmental protection and ecocide accountability, is a prominent embodiment of this. Ukraine's push for the international recognition of ecocide is another. So is the growing public awareness of the country's own diverse ecosystems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdppfn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Ukrainians collect rubbish in the wake of Kakhovka dam destruction (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost Ukrainians had probably never heard about a sandy blind mole-rat before Kakhovka. Now that's changed: the life and death of an endangered rat has become entangled with Ukraine's resistance to the Russian aggression.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is thus tempting to be hopeful for the environmental future today. Yet real environmental change can only come in a post-war future, and only if environmentalists are part of the post-war reconstruction. Today, any environmental work is dependent on the safety of Ukraine's landscapes and everyone – human and non-human – who inhabit them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E*Darya Tsymbalyuk, PhD is an environmental humanities researcher from Ukraine. She is currently working on a book about the environmental impacts of Russia's war on Ukraine, forthcoming with Polity Press.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-24T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The unlikely species entangled in Ukraine's resistance to Russia","headlineShort":"How nature became part of Ukraine's resistance","image":["p0hdpsdl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A Ukrainian holds her pet cat above flood from burst Kakhovka dam (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Lawsuits, art and a sandy mole-rat have all played a part in Ukraine's fight for environmental justice in the wake of Russia's invasion. But efforts can only go so far while war rages.","summaryShort":"The green concerns shaping Ukraine's resistance","tag":["tag\u002Fwar","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Ffuture-planet","tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Fnature-outdoors","tag\u002Fanimal","tag\u002Fconservation","tag\u002Flaw"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-24T10:00:34.609763Z","entity":"article","guid":"47d86801-f184-4d1e-84ba-4c631209e224","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-24T10:00:34.609763Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-ukraines-quest-to-save-its-nature-from-russian-aggression","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058044},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation","_id":"65d8acff63864e5fce178df6","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-gray"],"bodyIntro":"Antarctica is a bleak, remote and dark place during the winter, but a handful of people each year brave the conditions to live in almost totally cut off from the rest of the world. The experience can change how they speak.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was a suitably icy farewell salute: a handful of snowballs arcing through the sky towards RSS Ernest Shackleton as the ship slipped away from the wharf. The vessel was setting out across the stormy Southern Ocean, leaving 26 hardy souls behind on a snowbound island at the frozen tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Those waving goodbye from the shore were watching their last tangible link to the rest of the world glide off through the bitterly cold water. Ahead of them lay six months of winter, effectively marooned, in the coldest continent on the planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They say it is quicker to get to someone on the International Space Station than it is to medically evacuate someone from Antarctica in the winter,\" says Marlon Clark, one of those 26 international researchers and support staff left behind at the British Antarctic Survey's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bas.ac.uk\u002Fpolar-operations\u002Fsites-and-facilities\u002Ffacility\u002Frothera\u002F\"\u003ERothera Research Station on Adelaide Island\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, just to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula in March 2018. Antarctica is the least-inhabited continent on the planet – it has no permanent human population – with just a handful of research stations and bases scattered across the 5.4 million sq mile (14 million sq km) frozen landscape. \"So, you're isolated,\" says Clark. \"There's a lot of mystery and lore about 'a winter in Antarctica'. Anticipation was the strongest feeling as well as realising, 'OK, this is real, I’m going to be here for a long, long time'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the following 26 weeks of near perpetual darkness and harsh weather, Clark and his fellow inhabitants at Rothera would work, eat and socialise together with barely any contact with home. Satellite phone calls are expensive and so used sparingly. With just each other for company and limited entertainment on the base, the \"winterers\", as they are known, would chat to each other – a lot. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We would be talking to each other while working, on our breaks, playing pool or in our rooms,\" says Clark, who helped coordinate the collection of the winterers recordings. \"We got to learn each other's stories pretty quickly. There were a lot of conversations about weather – these crazy winds we'd get, the sea ice, icebergs, clouds. We were very comfortable with each other.\" Their common language was English, sprinkled with slang words unique to the Antarctic research stations – more on this later. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmid all that conversing, something surprising was happening: their accents were changing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdw8nv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Aerial view of Rothera Research Station on Adelaide Island (Credit: British Antarctic Survey)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EClark and his colleagues did not notice this at the time. All they knew was that they were taking part in an unusual experiment, which involved tracking their own voices over time. This was done by making 10-minute recordings every few weeks. They would sit in front of a microphone and repeat the same 29 words as they appeared on a computer screen. \u003Cem\u003EFood. Coffee. Hid. Airflow. \u003C\u002Fem\u003EMost were words they used regularly during their day and contained vowel sounds known to differ in English accents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen the recordings finally got back to a team of phonetics researchers at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich in Germany for analysis, they discovered that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.aip.org\u002Fasa\u002Fjasa\u002Farticle\u002F146\u002F5\u002F3327\u002F993882\u002FPhonetic-change-in-an-Antarctic-winter\"\u003Ethe pronunciation of some of the words had changed ever so slightly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. What they were seeing was the beginning of a new accent emerging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"On a grand scale, the Antarctic accent experiment can provide insights into why American and British English has diverged in the way it has","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Antarctic experiment offered a snapshot of something that has happened innumerable times throughout human history, as groups of people have become cut off from others, leading their accents, dialects and even languages to diverge from each other. On a grand scale, the researchers say it can provide insights into why American and British English has diverged in the way it has.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We wanted to replicate, as closely as we could, what happened when the Mayflower went to North America and the people on board were isolated for a length of time,\" says Jonathan Harrington, professor of phonetics and speech processing at Ludwig-Maximillians-University of Munich. \"Six months isn't very long, so we saw very, very small changes. But we found some of the vowels had shifted.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of those changes was the \"ou\" sound in words such as \"flow\" and \"sew\" that shifted towards the front of the vocal tract. They also saw some of the winterers beginning to converge in the way they pronounced three other vowels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reason for this shift reveals a possible basic mechanism for how we pick up accents throughout our lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When we speak to each other, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Ftops.12329\"\u003Ewe memorise that speech\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and then that has an influence on our own speech production,\" says Harrington. In effect, we transmit and infect one another with pronunciations every time we interact with others. Over time, if we have regular and prolonged contact with someone, we can start to pick up their sounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdpnjl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Marlon Clark at Halley Research Station in Antarctica (Credit: Marlon Clark)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor people living in an isolated community – perhaps a village in a remote valley, or a settlement on the other side of an ocean – this would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0243171\"\u003Elead to accent drift\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as quirks or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.journal-labphon.org\u002Farticle\u002Fid\u002F6235\u002F\"\u003Emisperceptions of speech\u003C\u002Fa\u003E become exaggerated. But this can take time as accents are produced by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpure.mpg.de\u002Frest\u002Fitems\u002Fitem_3375007_1\u002Fcomponent\u002Ffile_3383731\u002Fcontent\"\u003Eextremely fine control of the vocal organs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in order to produce the shifts in sounds such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.aip.org\u002Fasa\u002Fjasa\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F143\u002F5\u002F2588\u002F671954\u002FUsing-ultrasound-and-nasalance-to-separate-oral?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"\u003Enasalised vowels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that characterise certain accents like American English.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery\"\u003EThe town where you need surgery to live\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230309-climate-change-the-sea-level-rise-locked-in-east-antarctica\"\u003EWhy East Antarctica is a \"sleeping giant\" of sea level rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210829-the-aircraft-that-opened-up-antarctica\"\u003EThe aircraft that conquered Antarctica\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Antarctica during the winter of 2018, there was another factor at play too – the diversity of the winterers' backgrounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong those staying at Rothera that winter were a couple of Americans, an Icelandic mechanic, a few Germans, some Scots and a Welsh speaker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The UK bases in Antarctica are quite unique in how welcoming they are, so you end up with a real melting pot of people from different backgrounds,\" says Clark, who helped to coordinate the collection of the recordings made by the winterers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EResidents at the Antarctic research stations have developed their own terms and vernacular for certain activities through the day. Some have their origins in military terms, others have cropped up as jokes or happenstance. Here are a few you can try yourself:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFod plod\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E – picking up rubbish. Fod stands for 'foreign object debris'\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britishantarcticterritory.org.uk\u002Fand-now-for-the-weather\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDingle day\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – A clear blue-sky day\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bas.ac.uk\u002Fblogpost\u002Fbbc-film-crew-travels-south-to-halley-research-station\u002F\"\u003EGash\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E – washing up, cleaning and waste duties\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bas.ac.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F04\u002FParticipants-Handbook-2017.pdf\"\u003ESmoko\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E – tea\u002Fcoffee break\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bas.ac.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F04\u002FParticipants-Handbook-2017.pdf\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFid\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – A British Antarctic Survey employee \"down south\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDoo\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E – a skidoo or snow bike\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbasclub.org\u002Fmembers\u002Fglossary\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFirkle\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – sort through something or mess around\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbasclub.org\u002Fmembers\u002Fglossary\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGonk\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – sleep\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFox hat\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E – the base cinema night\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Speak like an Antarctic winterer","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHarrington and his colleagues used computational models to predict how this melting pot of winterers might influence one another. The model used recordings made before the winterers left to simulate what might happen to their accents as they spent time together.  Their prediction was unerringly accurate, even if it did exaggerate the effects compared to what happened in real life. The winterers themselves wouldn't have noticed either as they happened over time. But when the sounds were analysed the changes could be seen within the acoustic waves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It was very subtle – you can't hear the changes,\" says Harrington.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Clark says some of those staying at the base that winter underwent far more dramatic changes in the way they spoke.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of my friends there spoke Welsh as his first language and had a really strong accent when he spoke English,\" he says. \"By the end of our time there his accent had become more like scouse [an accent from Liverpool in England].\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough his Welsh friend wasn't involved in the accent study, a German woman was. Her \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.aip.org\u002Fasa\u002Fjasa\u002Farticle\u002F146\u002F5\u002F3327\u002F993882\u002FPhonetic-change-in-an-Antarctic-winter\"\u003Eaccent became more like a native English speaker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as she practiced with those around her, according to Harrington and his colleagues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew accents in London and Berlin\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis mix of people from different cultural backgrounds, languages and accents is not only characteristic of far-flung research stations. It can also be found – on a much larger scale – in modern cities. And just like the Antarctic linguistic microcosm, those big, multicultural cities have been producing their own new dialects and accents, research suggests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the southeast of England, one example of this is the development of Multicultural London English, also known as MLE – a dialect that began to emerge in the 1980s in areas of the city where there were high levels of immigration. It is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.york.ac.uk\u002Flanguage\u002Fresearch\u002Fprojects\u002Fmle\u002Fwhat-is-mle\"\u003Ethought to have emerged as East End Cockney\u003C\u002Fa\u003E blended initially with Jamaican Patois and later other languages from among the 300 or so spoken in London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdw8sq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A person in a red outfit walks through the snow towards a building at Rothera Research Station (Credit: British Antarctic Survey)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAmong the influences were the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-9841.2011.00478.x\"\u003Elarge number of people in London who are learning English as their second language\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Eivind Nessa Torgersen, a professor of English language at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, who has studied MLE along with colleagues Jenny Cheshire and Susan Fox at Queen Mary, University of London. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A number of the MLE speakers have other first languages and grow up using both English and another home language,\" says Torgersen. \"An example is the use of 'wasn't' – as in 'I wasn't, you wasn't, we wasn't, they wasn't'.\" Older speakers in inner London and young speakers elsewhere in southeast England tend to use \"weren't\", he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have seen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.qmul.ac.uk\u002Fsllf\u002Fmedia\u002Fsllf-new\u002Fdepartment-of-linguistics\u002F33-QMOPAL-Cheshire-Nortier-Adger-.pdf\"\u003Esimilar developments in other very large cities in Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with high levels of migration,\" he says, giving the examples of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FHeike-Wiese-2\u002Fpublication\u002F265634260_Kiezdeutsch_as_a_multiethnolect\u002Flinks\u002F54e2d9e00cf2c3e7d2d4bd04\u002FKiezdeutsch-as-a-multiethnolect.pdf\"\u003Enew kind of German in Berlin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a new Swedish dialect in Stockholm. \"These contact, multicultural varieties have similar features: dialect and language contact, second-language learning, loan words from other languages. What made MLE different from other multicultural varieties, at least until recently, was that we didn't find many word borrowings from other languages.\" That, he says, could be in part due to much of the immigration to London coming from Commonwealth countries where people spoke a variation of English.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For accents to develop to the point where they are noticeable, it really takes a generational change – Jonathan Harrington","videoTitle":"Watch: The most remote campsite on earth","videoUrn":["p081zqqv"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to say 'nice day' in Antarctic\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of Antarctica, residents at the research bases have not only been subtly changing their accents. They have also been developing a kind of Antarctic research slang: a baffling array of words that mean little to those from the outside world. Perhaps surprisingly, some of these words have nothing to do with science, or Antarctica. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There is a weird, nuanced vernacular that people develop when you're down there,\" says Clark. \"If it is a nice day, you have a 'dingle day' or if you are going out to pick up rubbish, you are doing a fod plod. You pick it up quickly and it becomes very normal.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven so, Antarctica is still some way from the kind of accent divergence that occurred following the colonisation of North America, Australia and New Zealand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For accents to develop to the point where they are noticeable, it really takes a generational change,\" says Harrington. \"Children are very good imitators, so that process of memorising each other's speech is magnified in children. If the winterers were to have children, like the settlers on the Mayflower when they went to America – the accent would become more stable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA sudden rush of pregnancies in one of the most inhospitable places in the world \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bas.ac.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F04\u002Fpregnancy_policy.pdf\"\u003Eis unlikely to be somethin\u003C\u002Fa\u003Eg the British Antarctic Survey would encourage (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180810-villas-las-estrellas-antarctica-base-residents-surgery\"\u003Enor do other bases on the continent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut on the other hand, it would certainly give the winterers something else to talk about other than the weather.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fletstalk"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-23T14:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Isolated for six months, scientists in Antarctica began to develop their own accent","headlineShort":"How an Antarctic base got its own accent","image":["p0hdpmdk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Marlon Clark while in Antarctica (Credit: Marlon Clark)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Isolated for six months one winter, a group of scientists changed how they spoke.","summaryShort":"Isolated for six months one winter, a group of scientists changed how they spoke","tag":["tag\u002Fantarctica","tag\u002Flanguages","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Flanguage","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-23T14:34:19.048869Z","entity":"article","guid":"33995e15-2369-4086-a297-67bb8d55ec71","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-24T13:57:02.612643Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058045},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants","_id":"65d85eac63864e120d190165","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"From Australia to Ontario, cities are taking up unnecessary stretches of concrete and asphalt, allowing nature to take hold in their place.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a hot July day, Katherine Rose picked up a sturdy metal pole and jammed it under the tempting lip of a pre-cut concrete slab. Rose, communications and engagement director at Depave, a non-profit in Portland, Oregon, was sweating in the heat – but she was going to win this fight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe grubby, rectangular section of urban crust in front of her was about to move. Pushing down on her metal bar, applying it like a lever, she eased the concrete covering up and away. Now sunlight could fall once again on the ground below. A mess of gravel and dirt that was, to Rose, just bursting with potential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It feels like you're liberating soil,\" she says, recalling the summer gathering where she and around 50 volunteers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdepave.org\u002Fmorning-star-missionary-baptist-church-upcoming-depave\u002F\"\u003Eremoved roughly 1,670 sq m (18,000 sq ft) of concrete\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the grounds of a local church. \"It's envisioning and fully realising a dream that I think we all have,\" says Rose. The dream, that is, of bringing nature back into our midst. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of depaving, sometimes known as desealing, is a simple one – replace as much concrete, asphalt and other forms of hard landscaping as possible with plants and soil. It's been around since at least 2008, when the Depave group in Portland was founded. Proponents say depaving allows water to soak into the ground, which reduces flooding in times of heavy rain – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220823-how-auckland-worlds-most-spongy-city-tackles-floods\"\u003Eaiding the \"sponginess\" of cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Native plants help \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city\"\u003Ewildlife cling on in urban spaces\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230922-how-medellin-is-beating-the-heat-with-green-corridors\"\u003Eplanting trees you can increase shade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, protecting residents from heatwaves. Injecting city streets \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5663018\u002F\"\u003Ewith greenery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowablemagazine.org\u002Fcontent\u002Farticle\u002Fmind\u002F2021\u002Fhealth-benefits-nature\"\u003Eimprove people's mental health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if depaving is ever going to really take off, it will have to expand beyond a handful of eager environmentalists and volunteers. With the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Fclimatechange\"\u003Eclimate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E deepening, some cities and even entire regions are beginning to adopt depaving as part of their climate adaptation strategies. It's time, some say, to start smashing up our concrete streets in a big way – to create spaces better for nature. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdjpds"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A depaved city centre budding with plants and flowers","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhenever Rose walks through a city these days, she can't help but notice places where you could strike out a section of asphalt and put in some plants. \"I'm constantly just wanting to do more,\" she confesses. \"It's hard not to see it everywhere.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK?\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sign up to Future Earth","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHer group says it has depaved more than 33,000 sq m (360,000 sq ft) of asphalt in Portland alone since 2008 – an area equivalent to nearly four and a half football pitches. The work is \"joyous\", says Rose, because it unites enthusiastic local volunteers. They get a safety briefing and then muck in together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGreen Venture, an environmental non-profit in Ontario, Canada, has been inspired in part by the depaving projects in Portland. Giuliana Casimirri, executive director, explains how she, her colleagues, and volunteers have begun inserting miniature gardens replete with native trees in a run-down district in the town of Hamilton.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Before, it was somewhere you would quickly try to walk through,\" she says. \"Now there are places you might stop or have a chat. Sit and read the paper.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Hamilton, flooding can cause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wosu.org\u002Fgreat-lakes-today\u002F2017-08-14\u002Fspring-rain-caused-severe-sewage-overflows-in-lake-ontario\"\u003Esewage to get mixed into runoff\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that flows into Lake Ontario, the source of the town's drinking water. Green Venture and other local organisations are keen to reduce the chances of that happening, says Casimirri. They view depaving as a key tactic. Certainly, studies have demonstrated that impermeable surfaces in gardens such as concrete \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fjfr3.12231\"\u003Eincrease flood risk in urban areas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERose says her group's efforts in Portland mean that approximately 24.5 million gallons of rainwater is diverted from entering storm drains each year. In Leuven, Belgium, in 2023 alone, Baptist Vlaeminck, who leads Leuven's Life Pact climate adaptation project, calculates that the removal of 6,800 sq metres (73,000 sq ft) of hard surfacing allowed for the infiltration of an additional 377,000 gallons (1.7 million litres) of water into the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"With climate change, extreme weather rainfall events are going to increase and so [depaving is] not a nice-to-have – it's a necessity,\" Casimirri adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe question is whether the authorities responsible for cities, and planning, realise this. In most parts of the world, depaving can still be described as a fringe activity. \"We're going to need a scale of investment that has a lot more zeroes on it,\" says Thami Croeser at RMIT University, Melbourne's Centre for Urban Research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECommunity-led and DIY efforts on driveways and on local streets with permission are fantastic, he adds, but it's even better to think of depaving and greening as the introduction of a new kind of infrastructure in a city. It requires the same level of planning and investment as, say, a new railway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdjncz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"People lift up a slab of concrete in Portland, Oregon","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Europe, at least, some municipalities have begun to treat depaving seriously. Residents of London in the UK are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.london.gov.uk\u002Fprogrammes-strategies\u002Fenvironment-and-climate-change\u002Fparks-green-spaces-and-biodiversity\u002Fmake-our-city-greener-healthier-and-wilder\u002Fde-pave-your-garden\"\u003Eencouraged to depave their gardens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe city of Leuven in Belgium says it is embracing depaving – or \"ontharden\" – in a big way. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fleuven.be\u002Fvergroenenspaansekroon\"\u003EThe suburban district of Spaanse Kroon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, home to around 550 people, is one of the latest targets of a depaving and renaturing initiative spearheaded by the city. The plans involve removing significant volumes of asphalt from the residential area and forcing cars to share the same part of the road as pedestrians and cyclists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We are scaling up now, we are setting up a team dedicated to depaving,\" says Vlaeminck.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch projects have to meet the needs of everyone in the city. Vlaeminck says that, to support people with impaired vision or mobility issues, unused areas of road or pavement are prioritised for depaving and sufficient space – more than a metre – is safeguarded on pavements to allow people plenty of room. Existing paving left in place is also renewed or repaired to ensure there are no bumps or unevenness. In situations where pavements are removed completely, for shared use of a roadway in low traffic neighbourhoods, Vlaeminck says depaving teams introduce measures to reduce the speed of cars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth Depave in Portland and Green Ventury in Ontario say they work with communities to ensure accessibility requirements are met. Casimirri refers to a recent project that replaced broken, uneven concrete with shrubbery and level walkways between.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong the initiatives instigated by Leuven is a \"tile taxi\" – a small truck that officials will happily send to your home so you can throw in concrete tiles or cobblestones you have removed from your garden. The material is later reused rather than thrown away, says Vlaeminck, who adds that several million euros have been set aside by Leuven to fund depaving and renaturing projects such as this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd there's more. Since January 2024, developers in Leuven have had to demonstrate that any rain that falls on new or significantly renovated homes can either be capture and re-used on-site or filtrate into the property's garden rather than pool up and cause a flood. If developers can't prove their designs are extreme rainfall-ready, they won't be approved, says Vlaeminck.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrance, too, is making depaving official, says Gwendoline Grandin, an ecologist with the Île-de-France Regional Agency for Biodiversity. Nationally, the French government has made \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.france24.com\u002Fen\u002Fenvironment\u002F20220614-france-pledges-%E2%82%AC500-million-for-urban-vegetation-as-heatwave-descends\"\u003E€500m ($540m\u002F£430m) available for urban greening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – this includes depaving but also installing green walls and roofs, for example. Part of the motivation is to make towns and cities more resilient to summer heatwaves, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-66197368\"\u003Ehave badly affected parts of France in recent years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of the projects now underway are significant in size, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iledefrance.fr\u002Fmediatheque\u002Frenaturer-la-facade-est-de-la-foret-de-saint-eutrope-avec-un-objectif-zero-dechet\"\u003Ea former parking area near a forest in the Paris region\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. An area of 45,000 sq m (480,000 sq ft) has been depaved – formerly a hodgepodge of asphalt, pathways and concrete interlaced with grass. With the hard landscaping now gone, level ground is being reshaped to introduce dips and gullies that catch water, and the whole area will soon be planted over, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdjprh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Green spaces flourish outside residential homes","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Croeser's own city of Melbourne, he and colleagues have studied the potential space available for renaturing, if thousands of parking spaces were depaved and converted into miniature gardens. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs42949-022-00073-x\"\u003EIn a 2022 study, they simulated the impact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E based on a series of scenarios – the most ambitious of which involved removing half of the open-air parking spaces in the city, about 11,000. Croeser argues that there is sufficient off-street parking available, for example on the ground floor of buildings, in Melbourne to ensure that people wouldn't be left without somewhere to leave their vehicle – but those interior parking spaces would need to be made publicly accessible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 140kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The basic principle was no net loss of access to parking,\" he says. \"And we get 50-60 hectares [120-150 acres] of green space that keeps the city cool, prevents flooding.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt might seem unlikely that small pockets of nature dotted here and there throughout a large city like Melbourne could benefit wildlife significantly, but Croeser says these fragments of habitat are crucial. They allow species to move around and cope in an environment that is, ultimately, very different to the one in which they evolved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn their 2022 study on depaving in Melbourne, Croeser and his colleagues included modelling that suggested a modest increase in greenery could allow species such as the blue-banded bee to roam across a far greater area of urban habitat than before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERose agrees with Croeser that, for depaving to change the world, entire cities and even whole countries will have to embrace it fully. But she emphasises that, in order to reach that point, communities must express that this is something they want.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It starts with people pushing their government and starting these conversations on a small, local level,\" she says. \"That's how it takes hold.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-23T09:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The cities stripping out concrete for earth and plants","headlineShort":"The quest to depave the world's cities","image":["p0hdjn4m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Workers depave a stretch of concrete in Leuven, Belgium","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0hdjncz"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From Australia to Ontario, cities are taking up unnecessary stretches of concrete and asphalt, allowing nature to take hold in their place.","summaryShort":"'It feels like you're liberating the soil.'","tag":["tag\u002Fcities","tag\u002Fwildlife","tag\u002Fsustainability","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-23T09:00:02.188502Z","entity":"article","guid":"39408d28-fad3-4d6e-861c-b292508fb5ed","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-23T09:00:07.587724Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-depaving-the-cities-replacing-concrete-with-earth-and-plants","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058046},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions","_id":"65d753ae63864e7e9f28b3da","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fandrew-jones"],"bodyIntro":"A US private company has made a historic landing on the Moon. Its mission is paving the way for a new generation of lunar astronauts.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELunar exploration is heating up once more, and it is also changing. Intuitive Machines, a firm based in Houston, Texas, has become the first commercial company to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-68377730\"\u003Esuccessfully land on the Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, near the lunar south pole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe strikingly tall, hexagonal cylinder Nova-C lander, named Odysseus, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-68292286\"\u003Elaunched\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on 15 February and successfully \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FInt_Machines\u002Fstatus\u002F1760323743270756500\"\u003Eentered lunar orbit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on 21 February. It soft-landed in a crater known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.nasa.gov\u002Fclps\u002Ftag\u002Fmalapert-a\u002F\"\u003EMalapert A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in the region of the Moon's south pole at around 10:23pm GMT (18:23pm EST) on 22 February. (\u003Cem\u003ERead \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-68377730\"\u003Ea report on the landing from the BBC's Science Correspondent Jonathan Amos\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Flive\u002Fscience-environment-68349490\"\u003Ehis live coverage as it happened\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe mission is the first American lunar landing in more than 50 years, since the crewed Apollo 17 mission in December 1972. It's part of Nasa's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative intended to support the agency’s Artemis programme that is aiming to send astronauts back to the Moon and even build a permanent base there. Just 12 men have set foot on the Moon, so \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220927-artemis-i-a-giant-rocket-to-set-new-space-records\"\u003EArtemis will also aim to land the first woman on the lunar surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Sending robotic missions like Odysseus are essential steps torwards the next giant leap.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn January 2024, an earlier attempt to set the unmanned Peregrine mission from Astrobotic under the same initiative was unsuccessful. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut landing on the lunar surface is only the beginning for Odysseus. The lander will begin a suite of experiments that will hopefully provide data useful for a wave of future missions and help to ensure the safety of humans when they eventually return to set foot on the lunar regolith.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA set of four tiny cameras funded by Nasa are installed around the base of Odysseus. These cameras, or the Stereo Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fmissions\u002Fartemis\u002Fclps\u002Ftiny-nasa-cameras-to-picture-interaction-between-lander-moons-surface\u002F\"\u003EScalpss\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), are designed to collect still frame and video footage of the landing and how the exhaust plume from Odysseus's landing engines interact with the dusty lunar surface. Teams of scientists on Earth will use the data collected to build 3D models of the landing site, before and after landing, measuring how the landscape changes. While small, these instruments will help with the work needed to make sustained lunar exploration safe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hddg3z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Image of Malapert A crater on Moon (Credit: Nasa)","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile the Apollo missions provided a treasure trove of information and insights about the Moon, they also uncovered issues that still need to be answered before humanity returns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Apollo 12 landed on the Moon in November 1969, it set down within 200m (656ft) of an earlier visitor to our planet's celestial neighbour. Astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean walked to Surveyor 3, a robotic lander that had been on the lunar surface for two and a half years, cut pieces off and brought them back to Earth. Resulting analysis revealed that the Apollo 12 landing had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fhistory\u002Falsj\u002FUL12Sandblast.html\"\u003Esandblasted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Surveyor 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The rocket exhaust itself is typically going about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lpi.usra.edu\u002Fannouncements\u002Fartemis\u002Fwhitepapers\u002F2059.pdf\"\u003Ethree or four kilometres per second\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (6,710-8,947mph),\" says Phil Metzger, a former Nasa scientist who is now a planetary physicist at the University of Central Florida. \"And the smallest particles will be accelerated up to that velocity… That's like five times the speed of a bullet.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith no atmosphere to stop it or slow it down, the dust and rocks blown off the Moon travel far and fast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It goes literally globally around the Moon and even blows completely off the Moon and can sandblast spacecraft that are in orbit,\" says Metzger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It becomes a question of how much damage is acceptable – Phil Metzger","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe US-led Artemis programme is intended to be more sustainable than the \"flags and footprints\" approach of earlier missions. Setting up an Artemis Base Camp on the Moon means making frequent precise landings – and launches from the lunar surface – in close proximity to each other. This will have to be done while keeping both hardware and astronauts safe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESandblasting your lunar setup thus becomes a big issue, and could impact landing site selection, the design of spacecraft and mission planning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It becomes a question of how much damage is acceptable,\" says Metzger. \"If you have sensitive instruments, or if you have hardware that's going to be exposed to many sandblasting events, such as at a lunar outpost, where you'll be having spacecraft landing and departing frequently, then we need to manage the amount of damage.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELanding pads, berms, curtains or other structures could be used to block streams of accelerated lunar dust. The current mission may help designers work out what material they should be made of.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hddg50"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Odysseus lander in clean room (Credit: Intuitive Machines)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's an issue that will require international coordination and collaboration. China is leading its own group of countries for another lunar exploration project: the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). One precursor mission, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fspacenews.com\u002Fchinas-change-7-moon-mission-to-target-shackleton-crater\u002F\"\u003EChang'e-7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, slated for 2026, aims to land near Shackleton crater at the lunar south pole, an area also under consideration for Nasa's crewed Artemis 3 landing. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230830-the-mysteries-of-the-moons-south-pole\"\u003Ewhy there's a rush to explore the Moon's enigmatic South Pole\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDamaging another country's spacecraft when landing your own could cause problems – or even an international incident. Knowing how far away a mission should land from another, and agreeing on this internationally, would be an important step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's where missions like this Intuitive Machines landing become very helpful, because we can get data that will enable us to solve the physics,\" Metzger says. \"Then, once we have a better grasp of the science, that can inform policy decisions going forward.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother instrument aboard Odysseus is a small laser retroreflector. Developed by Nasa, the tiny Laser Retroreflective Array (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fmissions\u002Fartemis\u002Fhow-nasa-uses-simple-technology-to-track-lunar-missions\u002F\"\u003ELRA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) could once again play an outsized role in lunar exploration. An LRA is a passive aluminium hemisphere just 5cm (2in) in diameter weighing just 20g (0.7oz). On this hemisphere are eight fused silica glass retroreflectors designed to reflect light directly back to its source. A spacecraft shining a laser can thus bounce light off an LRA and measure the time taken to receive a pulse back to determine the distance between them. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Navigation and communications satellites will play a role in supporting Artemis operations on the Moon","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Lasing from Earth to specific points on the surface to identify their exact location can be part of the process of how we generate a precise model of where everything is on the Moon. This is needed to be able to navigate,\" says James Carpenter, the European Space Agency's (Esa) discipline lead for planetary sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELRAs can act as markers to help orbiting satellites to establish navigation and positioning services similar to the Global Positioning System (GPS) that has become part of our everyday lives back on Earth. The more of these there are, the easier and quicker it is for a spacecraft to determine its position in orbit. Navigation and communications satellites will play a role in supporting Artemis operations on the Moon, allowing both coordination and and tracking of movement on the surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hdf1m4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Apollo astronaut inspecting Surveyor 3 (Credit: Nasa)","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERetroreflectors have been used before, on Apollo missions and a couple of Soviet-era \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.space.com\u002F20865-soviet-moon-rover-lunokhod-laser.html\"\u003ELuna spacecraft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These have been targeted by powerful Earth-based lasers to make precise measurements of the distance between the Earth and Moon. (\u003Cem\u003EFind out how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230303-how-the-moon-is-making-days-longer-on-earth\"\u003Ereflectors left by Apollo astronauts have revealed the Moon is drifting away from the Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The current reflectors are located across a very limited range of latitudes and longitudes, which limits what we can measure. If we can extend the range of locations where these reflectors are located then it will give us much better measurements and we can look deeper,\" says Carpenter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENasa's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter successfully tested the new LRA recently by \"pinging\" India's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-india-66594520\"\u003EChandrayaan-3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E lander.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe other nations with the Moon in their sights\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220210-the-trees-grown-from-space-faring-seeds\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe hunt for the trees sent to the Moon\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow Apollo changed the modern world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHaving LRAs dotted around the Moon on landers such as Odysseus could also help spacecraft with range-finding and making precision landings needed to build up lunar infrastructure. It could also help spacecraft land in otherwise dark places, such as close to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230830-the-mysteries-of-the-moons-south-pole#:~:text=While%20Chandrayaan%2D3,more%20attractive%20target.\"\u003Epermanently shadowed regions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or patches where the Sun never shines near the lunar south pole, the region in which Odysseus aims to land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIntuitive Machines' Odysseus is just one of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings\"\u003Enumber of lunar missions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E this year alone. But if its mission is a success, it could help could help pave the way for more advanced, safe, and efficient Moon missions – and eventually a lunar settlement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Chr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-next-giant-leap","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fspace-station"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-23T08:29:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Odysseus: The Moon mission to prevent 'spaceship sandblasting'","headlineShort":"The mission to prevent 'spaceship sandblasting'","image":["p0hddfp9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Artist’s impression of Odysseus lander (Credit: Intuitive Machines)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A US private company has made a historic landing on the Moon. Its mission is paving the way for a new generation of lunar astronauts.","summaryShort":"A lunar landing with a long game","tag":["tag\u002Fmoon","tag\u002Fspace","tag\u002Fastronaut","tag\u002Fnews-features","tag\u002Frocket"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-22T14:00:57.681404Z","entity":"article","guid":"b67fff1a-92b3-495c-8763-7e9cc43974f1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-23T15:22:35.570677Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240222-how-odysseus-will-help-future-moon-missions","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058046},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab","_id":"65d71b4663864e7d273ef7de","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmickal-aranha"],"bodyIntro":"The blue crab is so much more than just food for indigenous Esmeraldas, who live on Ecuador's emerald coast. It's an intrinsic part of the culture – and these women are fighting to save it.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a young girl, Amada Cortez Caicedo would collect blue crabs and clams from the once dense mangrove forests along the coast of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. She and her two sisters would traverse the trees' tentacled roots that stand high above the water, to harvest them from muddy burrows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I liked spending time in the wetlands because you would find molluscs and crustaceans in the ground, but in the branches you would see other wildlife,\" says Caicedo. \"So I would go and gaze at the birds and catch snails.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaicedo's mother would sell the shellfish to market vendors, who would then sell them in big cities like Quito. The shellfish were an important source of income for the family, and they provided food sovereignty – the term used to describe indigenous people's right to eat culturally appropriate food.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA disappearing culture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEsmeraldan women like Caicedo have been gathering shells and crabs in the mangroves for generations. Although some men collect crabs as well, it's primarily young women who do so. It's a patrimonial practice and part of their cultural heritage. Today, the mangroves upon which so many Esmeraldan women depend for their way of life – and which are an intrinsic part of their collective identity – are on the brink of disappearing. If they vanish, so will the blue crabs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hd0q07"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Boat and palm trees along Esmeraldan coastline (Credit: Pilar Egüez Guevara)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe province of Esmeraldas in Ecuador literally means \"emeralds\". It's known as \"the green province\" for its humid tropical forests. It's located in the north-west of the country, bordering Colombia. The coasts are lined with mangroves that are still home to an abundance of plant and animal life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEsmeraldans describe personal attachments to the mangrove ecosystem and a reciprocal relationship with it where the mangroves provide services to the community in exchange for caregiving and protection. Knowledge of how to protect it is embedded into Esmeraldans' oral tradition, and also comes from communicating with the mangroves themselves, which are viewed as a source of wisdom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fntrs.nasa.gov\u002Fapi\u002Fcitations\u002F20220000006\u002Fdownloads\u002FMurillo-Sandoval_Uneven_Consequences2.pdf\"\u003EBetween 25-90% \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eof the mangroves in Ecuador have been decimated due to deforestation and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fntrs.nasa.gov\u002Fapi\u002Fcitations\u002F20220000006\u002Fdownloads\u002FMurillo-Sandoval_Uneven_Consequences2.pdf\"\u003Eintensive shrimp farming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Furthermore, the pollution from the industrial shrimp pools, such as fertilisers and antibiotics, spilled out into the environment, damaging the fragile mangrove ecosystems and the health and wellbeing of the local population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Esmeraldas crab, with its distinctive blue shell, orange belly, red legs and white main pincer, normally feeds on mangrove leaves and surrounding vegetation. It's a terrestrial crab, often preferring the margins of aquatic habitats like riverbanks, beaches and mangroves, but spawns in estuaries and the ocean. In mangrove habitats, it's found among the muddy tree roots, where it lives in J-shaped burrows, that can be up to 2m (6.6ft) deep.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The women of the mangroves are united and now they protect the mangroves – Amada Cortez Caicedo","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe species' habitat and reproduction process has been \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Frevistaturismoypatrimonio.com\u002Findex.php\u002Ftyp\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F279\"\u003Edrastically affected by human activity.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Now the Esmeraldas Blue Crab species, the \u003Cem\u003ECardisoma crassum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fslowfood.com\u002Fblog-and-news\u002Fthe-blue-crab-guardian-of-the-mangroves-of-esmeraldas\u002F\"\u003Econsidered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E an endangered species by locals, who have seen the crab's numbers decline significantly since the 1980s. They are not listed on the international database of endangered species, though; a large challenge facing the communities trying to protect the crabs is that there is little data on their numbers, and so monitoring their decline has been mostly anecdotal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe people of Esmeraldas also face systemic racism, which they say makes it harder to conserve this culturally important species. People of African descent make up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unhcr.org\u002Fen\u002Fdocuments\u002Fdetails\u002F89068\"\u003Emore than 40%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the population in the province, having settled there during the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournal.ru.ac.za\u002Findex.php\u002Fafricanmusic\u002Farticle\u002Fdownload\u002F2317\u002F1252\"\u003Eforced migration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of Africans to America \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mar.umd.edu\u002Fassessment.asp?groupId=13001\"\u003Ebetween the 1500s and 1800s.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPilar Egüez Guevara is an anthropologist and filmmaker who focuses on the value of traditional and ancestral foods. She has researched Esmeraldan culture extensively and says that it's one of the most \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Fpress-releases\u002F2019\u002F12\u002Fecuador-discrimination-and-environmental-racism-against-people-african\"\u003Emarginalised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and forgotten regions of the country, as shown by various social indicators like education, income inequality, access to basic services and opportunities. \"Part of it is because there's a lot of prejudice against people of African descent,\" Guevara says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECommunity response\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn order to protect their food heritage and culture, Caicedo and her community are saving the blue crabs – and the mangroves the creatures inhabit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.landcoalition.org\u002Fen\u002Fexplore\u002Four-network\u002Fluna-creciente\u002F\"\u003ELuna Creciente\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an organization in the north of Esmeraldas, and the Union of Peasant Organisations of Esmeraldas of Ecuador (UOCE) in the south of the province, have come together to find ways to protect the Esmeraldas blue crab from extinction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe two groups, which Caicedo has been working with, raise awareness about the importance of adhering to biannual \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.produccion.gob.ec\u002Fministerio-de-produccion-intensifico-los-controles-por-la-primera-veda-de-cangrejo-del-2024\u002F#:~:text=Los%202132%20cangrejos%20fueron%20devueltos,29%20de%20febrero%20de%202024.\"\u003Eseasonal harvesting bans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on blue crab set by the Ministry of Production, Foreign Trade, Investment and Fisheries. During the month-long seasonal bans, the capture, transportation, possession, processing and marketing of the crustacean are prohibited.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hd0qh4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Woman sits next to herbs (Credit: Pilar Egüez Guevar)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe first national ban is between January and February, when the crab's pre-courtship and mating stage takes place. This stage is carried out in the outer area of the burrows, so harvesting crabs at this time would interfere with normal reproduction. The second seasonal ban occurs between August and September, during the crab's growth period, when they moult their carapace – their outer shell – for a larger one. Additionally, locals are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsatoyama-initiative.org\u002Fcase_studies\u002Frecovery-of-mouthless-crab-cardisoma-crassum-populations-in-mangrove-forests-of-the-chone-river-estuary-ecuador\u002F\"\u003Eprohibited\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from catching female crabs and crabs smaller than 19.05cm (7.5in) carapace length. The local crab fishers not only adhere to these rules, but they patrol the area to make sure everyone else does too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA tracking system to monitor how these policies are helping crab populations is still in development, but locals say they're already seeing an improvement in crab numbers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The women of the mangroves are united and now they protect the mangroves,\" says Caicedo. \"They only catch the crabs during normal times and during the closed seasons they don't catch them, they let them grow. They take care so that no one enters the mangroves to take the crabs at that time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGuevara says that this kind of control system is also already embedded in Esmeraldans' oral tradition, in the form of sung poems called \"\u003Cem\u003Earruyos\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\". They are a musical tool which elders use to educate younger generations. \"Some \u003Cem\u003Earruyos\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are about how to protect these mangrove species and the fact that they shouldn't catch them when premature,\" Guevara says. Alongside the \u003Cem\u003Earruyos\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the government bans focus on the non-indigenous population, as well as Esmeraldans who may have lost touch with these ancestral traditions and oral storytelling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the north of the province, where the mangrove ecosystem is more intact than in the south, mangrove restoration efforts are underway. \"We're carrying out an environmental project with the support of the World Food Programme,\" says Caicedo. The mangroves in the south of the province are damaged beyond repair, according to local experts but those in the north are still intact enough to be restored.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What we're betting on as farmers, fishermen and gatherers is ecological tourism linked to our traditional cuisines – Nancy Bedón","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Technicians are there and work with the communities to plant mangroves in the spaces devastated by the shrimp farms,\" Caicedo adds. \"The project is beautiful.\" This climate \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wfp.org\u002Fstories\u002Fwomens-day-mangrove-oysters-mean-food-security-family-ecuador\"\u003Echange adaptation project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E involves 66 communities in the Mira-Mataje and Guáitara-Carchi watersheds along the Ecuador-Colombia border. The project aims to reforest 988 acres (400 hectares) of land and conserve 37,000 acres (15,000 hectares) of mangroves. Restoring the blue crab's habitat gives the species a better chance to bounce back.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to conserving the blue crab species and the mangroves it inhabits, Esmeraldans are also protecting the blue crab through gastronomy, highlighting the crab as a symbol of their unique food culture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, Luna Creciente and UOCE petitioned to have the Esmeraldas blue crab recognized by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.slowfood.com\u002Fabout-us\u002F\"\u003ESlow Food International\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a global organisation that seeks to prevent the disappearance of local food cultures and traditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the ways Slow Food does this is by raising awareness through the development of an \"Ark of Taste\", a living \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.slowfood.com\u002Fbiodiversity-programs\u002Fark-of-taste\u002F\"\u003Ecatalogue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of endangered heritage foods that are sustainably produced, unique in taste and part of a distinct region in the world. The Ark lists foods such as Tanzanian wild honey, which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fsections\u002Fgoatsandsoda\u002F2023\u002F12\u002F07\u002F1217800692\u002Fafrican-honeyguide-bird-calls-honey-human-cultural-evolution\"\u003Eharvested with the help of honeyguide birds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E leading foragers to beehives where the honey is found.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EApplying the term \"endangered\" to foods is a novel concept, the word usually applied to plant and animal species, but it helps to draw attention to the thousands of foods around the world that are at risk of disappearing forever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother tool is the development of Slow Food Presidia, projects to help sustain quality food production processes protecting traditional foods, while also respecting soil, water, animal welfare and biodiversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of the Esmeraldas blue crab, the presidium has worked on strengthening the value chain for the blue crab – the chain of events to get from harvesting to market sale. This means the entire process of harvesting the crab is protected from beginning to end, and the community is more invested in ensuring that they are sustainably harvested.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce the crabs have reached the age of maturity, they're gathered and brought to feeding pens. With the help of the presidium, six pens were built by the participating Esmeraldan cantons of Muisne, Atacames and San Lorenzo, to contain harvested crabs and allow them to grow bigger. The feedlots were constructed by first digging 30cm (12in) into the soil, then adding stones and cement to form the base. The circular walls were then created by stacking three rows of bricks, which were then covered in tiles. The pens are about 1m (3.3ft) high and 2.5m (8.3ft) in diameter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The foods that we are trying to protect are in low demand because people have forgotten their traditions – Pilar Egüez Guevara","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA key part of this presidium is the \"\u003Cem\u003Emink'a\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\" (voluntary collective), in which community members take ownership of the crabs by feeding them foods like coconut, banana, cassava and sugarcane for about three weeks to improve the crab's taste and quality. The crabs are then harvested and the meat is sent to nearby processing centres, also run by locals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProcessing centres in the north and south of Esmeraldas have been fitted with vacuum-packing devices for the meat and freezers to conserve the meat before getting it to market. Generating added value in this way allows Esmeraldan women to sell the crab at a higher price. Processed products also offer an income even when the crabbing season is closed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese projects are also upskilling young Esmeraldan women in jobs such as fishing, cooking, meat removal, packaging, freezing and legal procedures. As well as opening new commercial opportunities, they strengthen ties to the tourism industry and encourage direct contact with urban customers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We need to continue involving and training our youth – the new generation of farmers, fishermen, gatherers. So that they can dream and see themselves as farmers, so that they see an opportunity in the territory,\" says Nancy Bédon, president of the UOCE.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, Esmeraldan women are continuing their long-held roles as knowledge keepers through their oral tradition, by safeguarding recipes and organising workshops where community members teach each other how to prepare local dishes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the long term, Bedón says that the crab collectors and Esmeraldans are looking for alternatives for economic survival. They're hoping to develop sustainable farming projects in the various sensitive ecosystems in their territory, which include mangroves, beaches and forests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERecovering species like the blue crab and their habitats will allow them to promote their healthy ecosystems to tourists. \"What we're betting on as farmers, fishermen and gatherers is ecological tourism linked to our traditional cuisines.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis would create new economic avenues for Esmeraldan women. For example, in addition to selling blue crab meat, they can offer tourists meals with flavours they won't find in any other part of the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hd0qc6"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"Close-up of blue crab stew on table (Credit: Pilar Egüez Guevara)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the emblematic dishes from Esmeraldas is \"\u003Cem\u003Eencocado\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\", blue crab coconut stew. \"Crab \u003Cem\u003Eencocado\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is a powerful symbol because crab and coconut are foods that make the region's cuisine distinctive,\" Guevara says. In addition to blue crab and coconut, the dish contains annatto seed paste and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.comidasquecuran.org\u002F\"\u003Ecoastal herbs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: chillangua (long coriander), chirarán (basil) and big leaf oregano. Preserving recipes and increasing demand for the blue crab will further incentivise the community to sustainably harvest the crustacean and protect its mangrove habitat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGuevara says that a crucial part of protecting a seed or food item that's under threat of disappearing from the culture, in addition to growing it in an environmentally sustainable way, is preserving the food traditions that go along with it. \"The foods that we are trying to protect are in low demand because people have forgotten their traditions. These foods are no longer found in homes, supermarkets or menus. These recipes are not being made anymore.\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChallenges\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite Esmeraldans' best efforts to protect the blue crab, earthquakes, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telesurenglish.net\u002Fnews\u002FEl-Nino-Related-Rains-Prompt-Monumental-Floods-in-Ecuador-20230605-0007.html\"\u003Emajor floods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a vulnerability to El Niño weather patterns have hindered their progress.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEcuador's mangroves are a natural buffer against storms and extreme weather like El Niño. They defend against rising sea levels, stabilise the coastline, and reduce erosion. So when most of the mangroves were destroyed in the 1970s and 1980s to build shrimp aquaculture farms, the local communities' natural defense was destroyed as well, making them even more vulnerable to extreme weather. The floods last year caused the crab feeding pens to overflow with mud and water, killing all the crabs Esmeraldans had collected.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaicedo is now 65, a retired schoolteacher, poet and the leader of the Black Women's Movement of the North of Esmeraldas (Momune). She is a guardian of Afro-Ecuadorian heritage, including the value of the mangroves, blue crabs and Esmeraldan cuisine. Although she no longer collects shellfish in the mangroves, her writing still pays homage to her early days in the mangrove forests and waterways carved into the Esmeraldan coastal landscape.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of Caicedo's poems reflect on the Esmeraldans' relationship to the mangroves and the foods that come from them, which are a part of their identity and perceptual world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough the act of harvesting and cooking blue crabs, Esmeraldans relate to one another, to the land, and experience it in all its sensory richness through sight, smell and taste. Caicedo's poems ensure that her communities' traditions and values are not lost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"My poetry tells the story of our strength as women, with the potential to build a new story, with our own lyrics,\" Caicedo adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESign up to Future Earth\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK?\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-22T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The women, poems and menus saving Ecuador's beloved blue crab","headlineShort":"The indigenous women saving a beloved blue crab","image":["p0hd0yff"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Amada Caicedo stands in waist-deep waters (Credit: Johis Alarcón\u002FCimarrona with the support of National Geographic Society)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The blue crab is more than just food for indigenous Esmeraldas, who live on Ecuador's emerald coast. It's an intrinsic part of the culture – and these women are fighting to save it.","summaryShort":"A group of indigenous women are saving the blue crab – and their national dish","tag":["tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Ffuture-planet","tag\u002Fsustainability","tag\u002Fwildlife","tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-22T10:00:17.534545Z","entity":"article","guid":"1201538c-d29f-42f8-b53f-542f221c69ae","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-22T13:34:08.494931Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-the-indigenous-women-saving-ecuadors-blue-crab","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058046},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo","_id":"65cf324063864e7d7615f019","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Faseanty-levi"],"bodyIntro":"Fires are a major threat to Borneo's people, forests and wildlife. This all-female crew is combating them while changing attitudes towards women.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn her small, wooden home next to the rainforest, Siti Nuraini applies a homemade sunscreen paste made of rice and finely ground pandan leaf to her face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If we don't apply this, the scorching Sun will burn us,\" she says. Nuraini is getting ready for her patrol duty as a volunteer firefighter in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan, in the Indonesian part of Borneo. Nuraini is the coordinator of the Power of Mama, an all-female firefighting unit established in 2022 to protect the health and livelihoods of the local community and help preserve the environment. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We experienced fires every year,\" says Nuraini. \"The smoke would get so bad that residents were forced to evacuate and schools had to close. A lot of children suffered from respiratory infections.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe rainforest bordering Nuraini's village, Pematang Gadung, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forina.org\u002F_files\u002Fugd\u002Fd1b392_25fc22daefbc4cff9f3b026b893e66e1.pdf?index=true%22%EF%BF%BC,\"\u003Ehome to one of Indonesia's largest orangutan populations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is also a peatland area, making it an important carbon sink. While they make up just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ceh.ac.uk\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FPeatland%20factsheet.pdf\"\u003E3% of the global land surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, peatlands store \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fstory\u002Fpeatlands-store-twice-much-carbon-all-worlds-forests\"\u003Etwice as much carbon as all the world's forests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Over the past century, an increased demand for forestry and agricultural land \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org\u002Fabout-peatlands\u002Fpeatland-damage\"\u003Ehas led to the drainage of peatlands worldwide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EBetween 2001 and 2022, Ketapang district lost 879,000 hectares of tree cover, resulting in 588 million tonnes of CO2 emissions, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalforestwatch.org\u002Fmap\u002Faoi\u002F657e0b88880842001b3a28b2\u002F?mainMap=eyJzaG93QW5hbHlzaXMiOnRydWV9&map=eyJjZW50ZXIiOnsibGF0IjotMS42OTcyOTg0MDE1MDMxNzE0LCJsbmciOjExMC41ODQ2NTk1NzQ5NDk5NX0sInpvb20iOjcuNDQ5Njc0MzEyNzY5Nzk3LCJjYW5Cb3VuZCI6ZmFsc2V9&mapMenu=eyJtZW51U2VjdGlvbiI6Im15LWdmdyJ9\"\u003EGlobal Forest Watch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E data. A total of 1,340 sq km (517 sq miles), 15% of total tree cover, were lost due to fires, equivalent to 80% of the area of Greater London. According to data from Indonesia's Ministry of Environment and Forestry, wildfires during January-July 2023 resulted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdataindonesia.id\u002Fvaria\u002Fdetail\u002Findonesia-alami-karhutla-seluas-9040515-ha-hingga-juli-2023\"\u003Ein 9.6 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (CO2e).\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Heavy losses","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndonesia is home to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13021-017-0080-2\"\u003Emost carbon-dense peatlands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the world. The majority of these peatlands have been severely degraded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-can-green-islams-environmental-fatwas-help-climate-change\"\u003Eto fuel the world's demand for oil palm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a common household ingredient. (Read more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-palm-oil-the-everyday-ingredient-that-harms-the-climate\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ethe everyday ingredient that harms the climate\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce they are drained and dry, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ceh.ac.uk\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FPeatland%20factsheet.pdf\"\u003Epeatlands are more susceptible to severe wildfires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which pose a major risk to the wildlife, people and biodiversity living in the surrounding region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPematang Gadung is located between two peatland areas, spanning 70 sq km (27 sq miles). Every year during the dry season, the residents of the village face a renewed threat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The fires here often start in degraded peat areas that can't hold water anymore,\" says Nuraini.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoTitle":"Borneo's all-women firefighting crew","videoUrn":["p0h5jswr"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen the Power of Mama firefighting group was established in 2022, 44 women volunteered. The group now has 92 members from six local villages, with ages ranging from 19 to 60. Most of the members are housewives, but younger working women have joined the unit recently too.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENuraini has been up since dawn, cooking rice and tidying up the house. At 09.30, she heads into the forest on her motorbike, along with six other women. She is wearing a brown hijab with long sleeves emblazoned with the words \"The Power of Mama\" and knee-length rubber shoes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is the rainy season so, for now, there are fewer fires. The Mamas are on patrol duty, visiting farmers who grow beans, bananas, chillies, cabbage and pumpkins. These farmers practise slash-and-burn agriculture, where forest cover and other vegetation is chopped down and burned to clear the land for cultivation. The farming method is allowed by the local government, as long as it takes place in an area spanning less than 20,000 sq m (215,217 sq ft).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Fires often start in degraded peat areas that can't hold water anymore – Siti Nuraini","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Power of Mama work closely with the village authorities to identify which farmers are clearing their land by setting fires and encourage them to keep burning land under control by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecologyandsociety.org\u002Fvol18\u002Fiss4\u002Fart3\u002F\"\u003Epractising indigenous fire management\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is associated with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2105073118\"\u003Epromoting ecological diversity and protecting communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from increasingly severe fires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Power of Mama are also helping farmers boost the productivity of their land by encouraging them to use organic fertiliser to bring nitrogen back into the soil and enhance crop growth, instead of relying on slash-and-burn agriculture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"These practices not only protect our environment but also ensure the long-term viability of farming while mitigating the impacts of climate change,\" says Nuraini.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESixty-year-old Juriah, the oldest Power of Mama member, says the women are encouraging farmers to manage their land \"like people did in ancient times\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The goal is to keep peat soil from becoming acidic,\" she says, adding that farmers can use a mixture of brown sugar, pineapple, shrimp paste, bran and tapioca to fertilise their crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbyb86"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"The aftermath of peatland fires around Sungai Besar Village in West Kalimantan, Borneo (Credit: Victor Fidelis Sentosa)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDuring the dry season, the fire risk is higher, so the Mamas patrol every day to make sure that potential blazes are detected as early as possible. They often receive reports from other villagers who increasingly believe in the Mamas' work to protect the environment. Sometimes these reports lead them to areas that are difficult to access, and the Mamas must use wooden canoes to reach the fires or drones to get a better view.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen they encounter a fire, Nuraini instructs the other Mamas to pick up hoses and start pumping water to extinguish the blaze.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt noon, the women have a simple lunch at Nuraini's home. They then continue patrolling until 15.30.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned&&\" target=\"_self\"\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\" target=\"_self\"\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sign up to Future Earth","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Power of Mama unit was established by the Indonesian Nature Rehabilitation Initiation Foundation (YIARI), the Indonesian affiliate of environmental non-profit International Animal Rescue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYIARI's director Karmele Llano Sanchez decided to create Borneo's first all-women firefighting squad after a local farmer set a fire to clear a tract of land. YIARI staff asked the man to extinguish the fire, but he ignored them. The same thing happened when they asked local authorities to intervene.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But then we told his wife who then later told him off, and he put out the fire,\" Sanchez says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis experience highlighted that women can help change communities' attitudes towards fire prevention, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hby9ws"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Members of the Power of Mama, Borneo's volunteer firefighting unit, patrol on motorbikes (Credit: Victor Fidelis Sentosa)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYIARI trains the Power of Mama members to fight fires, operate drones and deliver public talks raising awareness about the dangers of peatland fires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is not easy to be a volunteer firefighter in a peatland area, says Sanchez. Peatland fires can be difficult to detect as they occur underground and therefore are not always immediately visible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also serious health risks as the women are exposed to a lot of smoke and could get stuck in a burning area, says Sanchez\u003Cstrong\u003E. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003ETo avoid these dangers, women wear protective masks and are taught how to spray the water hoses from a safe distance, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo date, there have been no fatalities. However, some of the women have sustained injuries, particularly when they've fallen from their motorbikes while driving over rough terrain, says Nurraini.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The rainy season brings its own set of challenges: the Power of Mama adapt by patrolling in boats, traversing the flooded areas,\" says Sanchez.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We were laughed at for wearing uniforms and joining patrols. The men in the village would mock us and say things like: 'Women patrolling? Seriously?' – Siti Nuraini","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWomen play a key role in boosting environmental awareness in their community, says Leli Khairnur, a women's rights and environmental activist from West Kalimantan.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Especially in rural areas, women are key actors in the success of programmes at the community level. This is because women are the primary beneficiaries, so a sense of ownership of a programme is the basis for their involvement. In other words, executing a programme well is essential to help themselves,\" says Leli.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENuraini says the women were initially ridiculed when they joined the Power of Mama.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We were laughed at for wearing uniforms and joining patrols,\" she recalls. \"The men in the village would mock us and say things like: 'Women patrolling? Seriously?' Why would women patrol, don't you have better things to do?'\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hby837"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Power of Mama, Borneo's women volunteer firefighters (Credit: Victor Fidelis Sentosa)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJuriah also had an unpleasant experience. While fighting a fire last year, a farmer falsely accused her of stealing pineapples. Upset, she left the farm. However, when the fire returned to the same area, the villagers, struggling with an insufficient village water pump, called on Juriah for help. \"I went to his field with a water pumping machine. He felt ashamed,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe residents who used to mock the Mamas now invite them to village meetings, says Sanchez. \"It's hard to change behaviour, but small changes at the village level are a good start,\" she says. \"For a long time, women were overlooked. But now, everyone realises that they play an important role in society.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E140kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EZakaria, the head of financial affairs for the nearby Sungai Besar village, describes the Mamas as \"local heroes and important actors in the community\". Due to the Mamas' close collaboration with village authorities there were no fires in the village last year, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn November 2023, the Power of Mamas received \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ekuatorial.com\u002F2023\u002F11\u002Fthe-power-of-mama-terima-clean-air-championship-award\u002F\"\u003EIndonesia's Clean Air Championship Award 2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for their work in ensuring clean air for local communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENuraini says her involvement with the Power of Mama has taught her more than just firefighting. \"I have learned a lot about the environment, about protecting animals and combatting things that can disrupt the forest or river ecosystem. Things that we learned at school, but this time it is much more detailed,\" she says. \"I have a five-year-old daughter, and I am now teaching her about animals and how to care for nature.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Sanchez, it's not only about fighting fires. \"It's about seeing these women become more confident and play a role in their society,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned&\" target=\"_self\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo-18"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-16T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The all-women crew fighting Indonesia's peatland fires","headlineShort":"Borneo's all-women firefighting squad","image":["p0hby8g2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Two members of the Power of Mama, Borneo's women volunteer firefighters (Credit: Victor Fidelis Sentosa)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"The Power of Mama, Borneo's women volunteer firefighters (Credit: Victor Fidelis Sentosa)","promoImage":["p0hby837"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The Power of Mama combat peatland fires while changing attitudes towards women.","summaryShort":"The Power of Mama combat peatland fires while changing attitudes towards women.","tag":["tag\u002Fclimate-guardians","tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fgender","tag\u002Fpollution","tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fnature-outdoors","tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Ffuture-planet","tag\u002Fanimal","tag\u002Fwildlife","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-16T10:00:11.188433Z","entity":"article","guid":"03325d30-63af-4cfd-9c0f-9b9678ac3051","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-16T15:22:21.767172Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-the-power-of-mama-fight-forest-fires-in-borneo","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058047},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231103-introducing-future-earth-newsletter-get-bbc-climate-updates-to-your-inbox":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20231103-introducing-future-earth-newsletter-get-bbc-climate-updates-to-your-inbox","_id":"65b1452b63864e5a1617fee7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fcarl-nasman"],"bodyIntro":"The Future Earth newsletter – written by BBC News Correspondent Carl Nasman – will bring you the essential climate news and impactful developments every Tuesday.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOur changing planet is one of the biggest stories of our time. The scale of this challenge calls for groundbreaking solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovering climate change and sustainability is a key part of my job as a correspondent for BBC News. Now, there is a newsletter that will bring my journalism on the subject direct to you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=carlarticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003EFuture Earth newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E will bring you essential news, honest conversations and the most promising developments in tackling climate change. The weekly email, available to readers outside the UK, will land in your inbox every Tuesday.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShining a light on untold stories and promising innovations, it aims to be your trusted guide to how our changing planet is impacting everything from our weather to your finances.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd you'll get to glimpse behind the scenes too, with extra insights on my reporting for BBC News. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI will bring you a curated selection of in-depth feature articles, videos and news from across the BBC to guide you through everything you need to know about the climate challenge and sustainable solutions. I'll also be highlighting inspiring BBC Earth content that showcases the wonders of our incredible planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's easy to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fclimate-emotions\"\u003Efeel overwhelmed by the scale of the challenges of our changing world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With this newsletter I aim to bring you the insights, solutions and inspiration to stay up-to-date about not just the problem, but the answers too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a new way to keep up to date on the climate, sign up for the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=carlarticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003EFuture Earth newsletter here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Earth\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E is just one of a growing number of newsletters from the BBC, spanning news, features and sport. Explore all those \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-66715271\"\u003Eavailable to you here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Future Earth newsletter is available to readers outside the UK. For UK readers, a range of BBC News newsletters are available. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003ESign up here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231103-introducing-future-earth-newsletter-get-bbc-climate-updates-to-your-inbox-0"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fearth"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-11-03T17:08:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Introducing the Future Earth newsletter: Get the latest climate solutions delivered to your inbox","headlineShort":"Sign up to our new climate newsletter","image":["p0gqm8df"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Illustration of a turtle and wind turbines (Credit: BBC)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The Future Earth newsletter – written by BBC News Correspondent Carl Nasman – will bring you the essential climate news and impactful developments every Tuesday.","summaryShort":"Bringing you the latest climate news and solutions every Tuesday","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Fclimate-solutions","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Fenvironment"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-11-03T17:08:22.680161Z","entity":"article","guid":"e19c8856-ba74-4cf9-9ab8-1cdd8741ed8c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231103-introducing-future-earth-newsletter-get-bbc-climate-updates-to-your-inbox","modifiedDateTime":"2023-11-03T17:08:22.680161Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231103-introducing-future-earth-newsletter-get-bbc-climate-updates-to-your-inbox","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058047},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets","_id":"65c6167863864e41391d7978","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatherine-latham"],"bodyIntro":"The invading Asian hornets hovers, biding their time outside the bumblebee colony. When a worker returns, one hornet grabs her mid-air. In a flash, it overpowers her, decapitating the bee then chopping off her limbs.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis horror story is one that is playing out with increasing frequency, says evolutionary biologist Thomas O'Shea-Wheller. Invasive Asian hornets are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1617138122000462\"\u003Espreading across the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making bees their victims. After the attack, when the hornet is left with just the protein-rich flight muscles, it takes its kill back to its nest. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAsian hornets are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1617138122000462\"\u003Eintensive predators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of native bees and other pollinators. \"You might have six or seven hornets waiting outside a colony of honeybees,\" says O'Shea-Wheller. \"The bees stop foraging because the risk of being caught is so high. Then, because they're not foraging, they can't build up food stores. So, they die the following winter.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt might seem to spell doom for the bees, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fthe-travelling-bees-farms-that-feeds-us.html\"\u003Ewith many wild populations already in decline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But a resistance is growing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe buff-tailed bumblebee, one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inaturalist.org\u002Fguide_taxa\u002F877577\"\u003EEurope's most common bumblebee species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs42003-023-05329-5\"\u003Eadapting to fight back\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – thanks to a remarkably successful defence strategy it already has in their evolutionary arsenal. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe tactic is simple: when attacked, the bumblebees drop to the ground, taking the hornets down with them. This either causes the hornet to lose its grip, or the bee raises its sting and tussles until the hornet gives up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe buff-tailed bumblebee did not evolve alongside Asian hornets – their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bumblebeeconservation.org\u002Fbee-faqs\u002Fbumblebee-predators\u002F\"\u003Enative predators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E include badgers, birds, wasps and spiders – so O'Shea-Wheller describes this as \"an evolutionary coincidence\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This defence that already works against their natural predators also works against the hornets,\" he says. European honeybees, on the other hand, have no such \"co-evolved system\" to protect themselves from these new predators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h99wwc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"An invasive Asian hornet hovers outside a bumblebee hive (Credit: Thomas O’Shea-Wheller)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStopping Asian hornets from disrupting ecosystems beyond their historic home range of South East Asia is a huge challenge. Not least because of the many ways the wasp is able to thrive in a wide range of environments. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EName:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003Cem\u003EVespa velutina,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E also Asian hornet, yellow-legged hornet or Asian predatory wasp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESize:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Queens reach up to 3cm (1.2in) in length, and workers around 2.5cm (1in).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EColony:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E A single colony can produce \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalbeeunit.com\u002Fdiseases-and-pests\u002Fasian-hornet\u002F%23:~:text=During%2520the%2520summer,%2520a%2520single,entrance,%2520waiting%2520for%2520returning%2520foragers.\"\u003E6,000 individuals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in one season.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIdentification:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Yellow-tipped legs, a black head and an orange face. The most distinctive characteristic is its abdomen, which is dark brown with a fourth segment that is almost entirely orange.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat to do if you spot an Asian Hornet:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIn the UK, report sightings at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frisc.brc.ac.uk\u002Falert.php?species=asian_hornet\"\u003Enational monitoring programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In the US, report sighting to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsurvey123.arcgis.com\u002Fshare\u002F7b8255c0dbbd41daadd269d0ae2eb36a\"\u003EGeorgia Department of Agriculture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or, outside of Georgia, contact your \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalplantboard.org\u002Fmembers.html\"\u003Estate plant regulatory official\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Deadly factfile","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor one thing, Asian hornets will eat any protein or sugars. \"You'll see them all over roadkill,\" says O'Shea-Wheller. \"In Spain, where there's a lot of them, we've done some preliminary dietary analysis [of the hornets] and found hedgehog, rabbit, beef. They're really versatile which is one of the reasons that they're a good invasive species in terms of how successful they are.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother major advantage is the wasp's social structure. O'Shea-Wheller is a research fellow at Exeter University in the UK where he studies the collective behaviour, ecology, and self-organisation of social insects. The fact that hornets are a social insect, he says, also contributes to their success as an invasive species. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"[Social insects] could have maybe one or two queens – an ant, wasp or termite, for example – which are small and mobile. They could sneak into an area, and then very quickly start to build colonies. They are often really difficult often to detect in the first place, and then expand rapidly. Once you realise, it's too late.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the wasp is native to South East Asia, its range now spreads all the way up to Nepal and India. They first became invasive in South Korea, says O'Shea-Wheller, then moved on to Japan. In 2004, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalbeeunit.com\u002Fdiseases-and-pests\u002Fasian-hornet\u002F%23:~:text=Vespa%252520velutina,%252520the%252520yellow%252520legged,West%252520of%252520France%252520in%2525202004.\"\u003Ethey were found in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the first time. \"By the time they were discovered, there were already many nests of them. So, at that point, control was difficult,\" says O'Shea-Wheller. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \"I would argue, as hornets go, \u003Cem\u003EVespa velutina\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is one of the most successful invasive hornets.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 2022, the Asian hornet was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalbeeunit.com\u002Fdiseases-and-pests\u002Fasian-hornet\u002F%23:~:text=Vespa%252520velutina,%252520the%252520yellow%252520legged,West%252520of%252520France%252520in%2525202004.\"\u003Eestablished in Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Jersey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and in 2023 the first sightings of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagr.georgia.gov\u002Fyellow-legged-hornet\"\u003EAsian hornets were confirmed in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E state of Georgia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In the UK, we find queens every year, accidentally transported from Europe on boats,\" says O'Shea-Wheller, \"but – so far – the government has managed to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fpublications\u002Fasian-hornet-uk-sightings\u002Fasian-hornet-sightings-recorded-since-2016\"\u003Edestroy all of these nests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E so they haven't established.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Just one Asian hornet is able to kill and eat up to 50 honeybees a day.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAsian hornets are a top predator of honeybees, with just one Asian hornet able to kill and eat \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fasian-hornets-make-uk-their-latest-target-heres-why-theyre-such-a-threat-to-european-bees-212904\"\u003Eup to 50 honeybees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a day. However, they also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10530-020-02275-9\"\u003Eprey on native pollinators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Fanimal\u002Fbumblebee\"\u003Ebumblebees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and can have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1439179123000415?via%25253Dihub%2525C2%2525A0\"\u003Eserious impact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the pollination services these creatures provide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's the wild populations of bees that are most at risk,\" says O'Shea-Wheller. And, he adds, while the impact of this species on managed honey bees is well-documented, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs42003-023-05329-5\"\u003Eeffects upon other pollinator populations remain poorly understood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10530-020-02275-9\"\u003EOne study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found Asian hornets don't just eat bees, they also scare them away from flowers, and that flower visits by bumblebees dropped substantially in the presence of these predators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h99xbc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Buff-tailed bumblebees have learnt to defend themselves against Asian hornet attacks (Credit: Getty)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut, when O'Shea-Wheller and his team observed buff-tailed bumblebee colonies in Spain, they saw bees prepared to fight for their lives.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe buff-tailed bumblebee, or \u003Cem\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eombus terrestris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, is one of the most numerous bumblebee species in Europe, says O'Shea-Wheller. \"It's the standard bumblebee that you'll see in your garden,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the study, commercially reared bumblebee colonies were placed at 12 locations across the province of Pontevedra, Spain, with varying local Asian hornet densities. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHere, the tactics the hornets typically used on honeybees simply didn't work, thanks to the bumblebees' drop-and-tussle reaction. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A bumblebee is quite a robust insect, a lot larger than a honeybee,\" says O'Shea-Wheller. In addition, the approach of lying on its back with its sting up is one that can see off a much larger predator than an Asian hornet. \"Normally they're trying to fight off things like badgers that are trying to get into their nest,\" he says. \"So, being on your back, sting upwards is a good idea.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, O'Shea-Wheller's team observed 120 conflicts, and the bumblebees were the winner every time.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea that native species can defend themselves from or prevent invasions of non-native species is known as \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Feen.13009\"\u003Ebiotic resistance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd other native species have been seen to fight back against alien invaders. In 2022, scientists from the Queen's University Belfast found the recovery of the native pine marten in the UK and Ireland resulted in landscape-scale \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2017.2603\"\u003Edeclines of the invasive grey squirrel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on which they prey. In fact, the researchers argue – from wolves hunting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr\u002Fhal-03529114\u002Fdocument\"\u003Enon-native Corsican moufflon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the mountains of the Mercantour National Park in south-east France to red-banded snakes predating \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0024299\"\u003Einvasive bullfrogs in China\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – some native predators may even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpureadmin.qub.ac.uk\u002Fws\u002Fportalfiles\u002Fportal\u002F332343304\u002Fgcb.16236.pdf\"\u003Eprefer to hunt invasive prey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over their native counterparts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, living alongside large carnivores can have serious drawbacks, including losses of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwolves-are-returning-to-european-farmland-but-theyre-not-motivated-by-a-taste-for-sheep-175445\"\u003Elivestock\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhat-living-alongside-crocodiles-can-teach-us-about-coexisting-with-wildlife-139144\"\u003Epets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGeorge Holmes is a professor of conservation and society at the University of Leeds, UK. He researches landscape restoration and species translocation, and is a member of Natural England's species reintroduction task force. Although, it's widely considered to be a major problem, he says, the term \"invasive\" is a \"very subjective\" and \"fuzzy\" term. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h99xh2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The recovery of the native pine marten in the UK and Ireland resulted in landscape-scale declines of the invasive grey squirrel (Credit: Alamy)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"While species can be defined as invasive by biologists or conservationists, they can be considered vital by others,\" he says. Take the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.scot\u002Fprofessional-advice\u002Fprotected-areas-and-species\u002Fprotected-species\u002Fprotected-species-z-guide\u002Fbeaver\u002Fscottish-beaver-trial\"\u003Ebeavers reintroduced in Scotland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Certainly some of the farmers I know would happily describe them as invasive.\" Now, as beavers are to being increasingly introduced across the UK, the National Farmers Union has voiced concerns over the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nfuonline.com\u002Fupdates-and-information\u002Fspecies-reintroduction-inquiry-government-publishes-response\u002F\"\u003Epotential damage to farmland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Beavers can be a similarly tense topic in the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240111-the-us-is-bringing-back-beavers-because-theyre-natures-best-firefighters\"\u003Ethough some farmers are coming round to see their benefits in protecting against wildfire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the arms race is far from over – some non-native species are finding ways to protect themselves from native predators. In Madrid, invasive parakeets have taken to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffrontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12983-020-00360-2\"\u003Enesting alongside white storks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which protect them from raptor attacks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, once you've got an infestation of a pest species, says Leeds University ecologist Alison Dunn, it's notoriously difficult to try and get rid of it. \"The first line of defence,\" she says, \"is to try and stop invasive species from being introduced to an area [in the first place].\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Spain, O'Shea-Wheller's team found that – despite the bumblebees' ability to shake off the Asian hornets – bumblebee colonies still had reduced growth rates in areas with high numbers of the hornets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sign up to Future Earth","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The hornets don't necessarily need to kill the bees to have an impact,\" he says. \"The hornets feed on nectar at flowers the same way that the bees do, depleting the local resources. And, on top of that, because they're constantly harassing the bumblebees it disrupts their foraging behaviour meaning they collect less nectar. Plus, the bees have to use a lot of energy to defend themselves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe spread of invasive Asian hornets mirrors a global trend. According to a recent report by the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipbes.net\u002Fias\"\u003Einvasive species are linked to 60% of global plant and animal extinctions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is clear that, when non-native species unbalance local ecosystems, indigenous biodiversity suffers, with invasive alien species one of the five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss globally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We know that invasive species are causing problems everywhere – all around the world – to people and nature,\" says Helen Roy, lead author of the IPBES report and ecologist at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. \"An area being remote, or protected for other reasons, does not safeguard it from the impacts of invasive species.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240111-the-us-is-bringing-back-beavers-because-theyre-natures-best-firefighters\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe US is bringing back nature's best firefighters: beavers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240125-cicadas-what-to-expect-from-this-years-rare-dual-brood-emergence\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat to expect from this year's rare double brood of cicadas\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe invasive weed that travelled the world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the problem is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.15333\"\u003Eonly going to get worse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the number of alien species around the world set to increase by more than a third between 2005 and 2050, fuelled by human movement around the world. And, says Roy, when you factor in climate change, \"the situation will be worse than we are able to predict\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor that reason, she adds, it's important to heal damaged habitats. \"Ecosystem restoration can increase the biotic resistance, the resilience of that ecosystem, to future biological invasions. Ecosystems that are rich in biodiversity and functioning well can in some ways limit the spread of invasive species.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThankfully, the invasion of Asian hornets hasn't affected the survival of buff-tailed bumblebee colonies, says O-Shea-Wheller. But, he warns, \"this is ongoing – a forever war\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fearth"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-09T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The bees learning to fight off invasive hornets","headlineShort":"The bumblebee battle against invasive hornets","image":["p0h99wrm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Asian hornets are spreading across the world, making bees their victims (Credit: Sandra Rojas-Nossa)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Experts warn it's \"boom time\" for invasive species like the Asian hornet. But some native bee species are learning to fight back.","summaryShort":"An evolutionary coincidence saving bees","tag":["tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Finvasive-species","tag\u002Finsect","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Fconservation","tag\u002Fbee","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Fanimal","tag\u002Fevolution"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-09T12:11:19.218168Z","entity":"article","guid":"7e75c975-9dba-4359-bf82-178249d53aa7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-09T16:01:36.942553Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-the-bees-learning-to-fight-off-invasive-hornets","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058047},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism","_id":"65c4de8e63864e4f9545d8a1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Findia-bourke"],"bodyIntro":"Data scientist Hannah Ritchie argues that planetary damage could be about to peak – but that the US election result could be \"pivotal\".","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn a global survey of young people's feelings about climate change, half recently told researchers that they believe \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanplh\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2542-5196(21)00278-3\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Ehumanity is doomed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". In other words, they don't believe that the needs of the current generation can be met without undermining the next. They worry that life as we know it is not sustainable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EData scientist Hannah Ritchie once believed likewise. As a teenager, she feared that humanity's ravaging of the planet – via everything from climate change to deforestation and overfishing – presented a series of unsolvable problems. Her undergraduate degree, begun at Edinburgh University aged just 16, only seemed to confirm these concerns. \"I used to be convinced I didn't have a future left to live for,\" the now 30-year-old writes in her first book, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nottheendoftheworld.co.uk\u002F\"\u003ENot the End of the World\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EToday, however, Ritchie feels differently. While she's still worried about the trajectory the world is on, she believes there's hope humanity can turn things around. As deputy editor at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002F\"\u003EOur World In Data\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a senior researcher at the University of Oxford, she points to developments and statistics that tell a more optimistic story, from improving air quality to rising EV sales.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ERitchie speaks to BBC Future Planet about what shifted her mindset, why the world might be reaching overall \"peak pollution\" – and ways that a more sustainable future could be secured.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat prompted you to change your mind about humanity's future? And why do you now think that \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Edoomist\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E predictions do not inspire action?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EClimate change has always been part of my life and I've always been quite worried, even as a kid. That got worse when I went to university, because I was studying environmental science and all the trends were very much going in the wrong direction. At the time I felt very anxious, hopeless, and like these problems were completely unsolvable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The feeling of 'it's too late' just leads to inaction and paralysis – Hannah Ritchie","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA key turning point for me was discovering the work of the Swedish physician and statistician Hans Rosling. When I was studying, I'd assumed that all of the human wellbeing metrics – such as global poverty, mortality and hunger – were also getting worse alongside the environmental ones. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ted.com\u002Ftalks\u002Fhans_rosling_the_good_news_of_the_decade_we_re_winning_the_war_against_child_mortality?language=en\"\u003ERosling would do TED talks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E where he'd show, using data, how the world had changed over the last few centuries for the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESo, I started asking: can we do both things at the same time? Can we continue to improve human wellbeing while also reducing our environmental impact? And, over the last 10 years or so, according to the environmental data, there have been signs for cautious optimism. It's not inevitable that we get there, but I think there's the opportunity for us to do so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h9gdkw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A man wears an air pollution mask in Beijing, China, in 2014 (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe problem with doomism is not people thinking that climate change is a really serious problem – because that's also what I think. It is the idea that it's too late to do anything about it. I think the science is very clear that it's never too late; the impacts of climate change are on a spectrum and where we land on that spectrum depends on what we do today. The more action we take, the more climate damage we limit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe feeling of \"it's too late\" just leads to inaction and paralysis. And I know, from feeling that way in the past, that it didn't actually make me very effective in driving solutions forward.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAir pollution, climate change, forests, food, biodiversity, ocean plastic and overfishing: all pose vast threats to human and planetary health. But your data analysis has given you hope that a greener future is possible. So what do you think has been the most powerful instance yet of humanity's ability to change for the better?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220321-what-happened-to-the-worlds-ozone-hole\"\u003EThe ozone layer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was the climate change problem of its day, and we don't talk about it anymore because it's a problem that we solved. We have reduced the emissions of ozone depleting gasses by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fozone-layer#:~:text=During%2520the%25201980s%252C%2520the%2520world,fallen%2520by%2520more%2520than%252099%2525.\"\u003Emore than 99%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h9d7t8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A graph showing the decline in ozone-depleting substances (Credit: UNEP)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt's easy for us to look back now and say that was inevitable. But I think people working on this at the time, faced really strong pushback from governments, as well as from industry, who denied that it was a problem. You see lots of parallels between that and climate change today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190823-can-lessons-from-acid-rain-help-stop-climate-change\"\u003EAnother example is acid rain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This was a big environmental problem that, especially across Europe and North America, we've done a really good job of tackling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E to get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sign up to Future Earth","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOn air pollution more broadly, while it is still a massive health problem, we have seen progress. In rich countries in particular, public policy has been very effective at driving down local air pollution. And China has managed to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fx.com\u002F_HannahRitchie\u002Fstatus\u002F1746923708185190761?s=20\"\u003Edramatically reduce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E levels in many of its cities in a very short period of time. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYour book gives numerous examples of the green transition already underway around the world.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThere's the possibility we could be approaching \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fair-pollution#:~:text=Globally%2520we%2520see%2520that%2520in,improvements%2520in%2520indoor%2520air%2520pollution.\"\u003Epeak deaths from air pollution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with rates falling even as the number of people in the world continues to rise. There's your optimism that total emissions will peak in the 2020s, with global \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fco-emissions-per-capita?tab=chart&country=~OWID_WRL\"\u003Eper capita CO2 emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E already having done so. There's the passing of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fglobal-deforestation-peak\"\u003Epeak deforestation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The passing of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fac3c6d\"\u003Epeak agricultural land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And the reaching of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbnef.turtl.co\u002Fstory\u002Fevo-2022\u002Fpage\u002F3\u002F2\"\u003Epeak petrol car\u003C\u002Fa\u003E sales.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIn light of such trends, would you say that the planet has already reached overall \"peak pollution\"?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThat requires aggregating across many different metrics. I'm going to say we're very close to peak pollution. We're very close to peak CO2 emissions: we've been on a plateau for a number of years and I hope we peak and decline soon. On air pollution, we could be very, very close to the peak. And we've passed the peak on some air pollutants already – such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Foutdoor-air-pollution\"\u003Esulphur dioxide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which causes acid rain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h9g9rq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Graph showing emissions of air pollution, China (Credit: Community Emissions Data System)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWe've also peaked on small but significant things like the global sale of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbnef.turtl.co\u002Fstory\u002Fevo-2022\u002Fpage\u002F3\u002F2\"\u003Ecombustion-engine cars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. So, there are a range of smaller peaks that then build up to get a macro-level peak of pollution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou speak a lot about the positive power of new technology and technological progress. For example, the fact that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fcheap-renewables-growth\"\u003Esolar power has gone from the most to the least expensive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E energy source in just 10 years. What is most helping humanity to unlock peak pollution?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe falling cost of low carbon energy – in particular solar, wind and batteries – is essential for us to peak and reduce CO2 emissions. To make progress, these technologies need to be competitive with or cost less than fossil fuels. Without doing that, our hopes of tackling climate change would be really low. So it is good news that many are already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fcheap-renewables-growth\"\u003Ecost competitive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat is the biggest barrier to reaching peak pollution?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA major factor limiting progress is the lack of investment in the energy transition and clean technologies by fossil fuel companies. They generate extremely large profits that they could re-invest in forward-looking solutions, but they are failing to do so. That doesn't mean ending fossil fuels tomorrow, but it does mean investing in a clean energy future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnother challenge in reaching peak pollution – in terms of both CO2 emissions and air pollution – is the levels of energy poverty in the world. In rich countries, pollution is falling, but it is still rising in low and middle-income nations. That's because you've got billions of people who, quite rightly, want a higher standard of living. For these countries, the priority is not necessarily how to keep pollution low, but how to supply energy quickly and cheaply.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The science is very clear that it's never too late – Hannah Ritchie","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMeat-heavy diets pose a particular challenge to passing peak overall pollution – whether that's seen in terms of deforestation or emissions. What would you say to politicians who are wary of telling people what to do when it comes to their diet?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI'm much more optimistic on energy transition, and less so on the food system side. Many individuals don't really care where their energy comes from. They might protest the building of a wind or solar farm, but most people don't mind as long as energy is cheap and reliable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhereas diet is a very personal thing. It's strongly tied to our identity and individual behavioural changes are harder to make than technological ones. I'm sceptical we'll see a long term and large-scale shift to plant-based diets without quite significant technological advances – which can provide people with meat-like products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h9gczh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Graph showing greenhouse gas emissions per 100g of protein (Credit: Poore and Nemecek)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn general, I'm also very cautious of telling people what they should do. Prescription is ineffective – especially on what people eat but also more broadly. So, for politicians, it's a very fine line to tread. How do you show people the impacts, and the alternatives, but without forcing it on people?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOther figures who, like you, emphasise the importance of technology and possibility of continued economic growth, have been termed \"ecomodernists\". And some of the high-tech solutions that this group advocate – from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdegrowth.info\u002Fen\u002Fblog\u002Fa-degrowth-response-to-an-ecomodernist-manifesto-2\"\u003Enuclear power\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-030-63523-7_10\"\u003Eagricultural intensification\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-030-63523-7_30\"\u003Ecultured meat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – have sparked concerns.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecomodernism.org\u002Fmanifesto-english\u002F\"\u003Eecomodernism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a phrase you identify with? And what would you say to those who warn that sometimes relying on new technology can accelerate environmental decline?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThere's probably a range of definitions of what an ecomodernist is. For me, technology is just a really strong lever. I don't think technology on its own will save us, but when you're trying to scale solutions for 8 billion people, you need it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOften people try to reach for solutions from the past. They might have worked for a small population of millions, but they don't scale to a population of billions. In agriculture, for example, you can't feed eight billion people without strong technological changes and without increases in crop yield - which we've seen from technological innovations. I'd also push back on nuclear being a new technology: it's been around much longer than solar and wind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-how-to-beat-anxiety-about-climate-change-and-eco-awareness\"\u003EThe harm from worrying about climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20231221-how-climate-change-is-affecting-the-world\"\u003EMoments of hope and resilience from the climate frontlines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20231201-denmark-the-major-meat-producer-switching-to-a-plant-based-diet\"\u003EDenmark: the major pork-producer trying to wean itself off eating meat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIf you were to argue that we need to massively shrink individual demand on the planet's resources by changing our behaviours, you would still need a strong technological component. Even if energy demand is lower, for instance, you will still need a lot of solar, wind and batteries. And you'll still probably need nuclear or geothermal or hydro to provide a balance on the grid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESo, I think there's often a false dichotomy. Even in a world where you must reduce demand, you still need really strong technological developments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBoth businessman Bill Gates and American journalist David-Wallace Wells have hailed you as the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainabilitybynumbers.com\u002Fp\u002Fbook-publication\"\u003EHans Rosling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" of the environmental movement, based on your optimism about the world's potential for positive development. Others however, have cautioned that figures like Rosling go too far in their optimism, and that averages can obscure underlying inequalities between and within nations. How mindful are you of these risks?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWe can't just look at global averages. In our work at Our World in Data, we show data metrics across countries, not just the global average. This often reveals that, while there are still really large inequalities, on the human-side things are getting better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 0g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eout\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Emore about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAnd finally, you also emphasise that individual behaviour change is no good without systematic change in our wider politics and economies. How hopeful are you, at the start of 2024 with a year of elections ahead, that the world will keep up its positive trajectory on peak-pollution?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI think it's a decisive year. I'm quite worried about a few elections: the US [result] will be pivotal. It could significantly slow down the nation's transition – and how other countries respond – if it steps back from climate action. So, it is important that the economic incentives for the energy transition are there. When such incentives exist, this stuff can start to happen even without strong political support. We need to build solutions and setups that can withstand swings from one political side to the other.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0h9d7h0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A solar panel is fixed in in Ladakh, India (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat makes you most hopeful?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe number of amazing people from so many disciplines all working on these problems. I felt very helpless when I felt like I was alone and others weren't working on this. Yet now the picture has changed dramatically. That's what makes me most optimistic we can get there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism-18"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-08T14:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"A leading data scientist's journey from doomism to climate hope","headlineShort":"'I used to be convinced I didn't have a future'","image":["p0h9gbs2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Hannah Ritchie, Oxford data scientist (Credit: Angela Catlin)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"Hannah Ritchie, Oxford data scientist (Credit: Angela Catlin)","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Data scientist Hannah Ritchie argues that planetary damage could be about to peak – but that the US election result could be \"pivotal\".","summaryShort":"Meet the Oxford data scientist now championing climate hope","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Fdata","tag\u002Fmental-health","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Ffuture-planet","tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fforest","tag\u002Fpollution","tag\u002Fpoverty"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-08T14:00:28.829247Z","entity":"article","guid":"0028138d-ab87-4e2d-a6c9-e4675d2ba2a4","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-08T14:14:46.395897Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058048},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children","_id":"65d5d6ea63864e767309b47f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Famanda-ruggeri"],"bodyIntro":"Conflict in Ukraine, Gaza and Sudan has led to millions of children losing family members, fleeing their homes and being caught up in the fighting themselves. The effects could last for decades.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen the Bosnian war broke out in 1992, Selma Baćevac was a seven-year-old in Sarajevo. Her life changed overnight. Her father disappeared for long stints, fighting on the front lines. Baćevac herself had to hide from shrapnel more than once. She survived bombings. She lost her home. \"So many atrocities occurred, I could speak to you for hours and not get everything in,\" she says now from her home in Florida in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven play wasn't safe. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10578-016-0626-7\"\u003ELike many other war-affected children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Baćevac and her brother would role-play scenes of danger, or being refugees. They drew pictures of bombs and explosions. When they met other children, they had to find hidden spots to play that seemed less likely to be shelled. Once, when she went to a marketplace with her father to buy a Barbie doll, a mortar bomb struck the crowd, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aa.com.tr\u002Fen\u002Feurope\u002Fbosnia-marks-28th-anniversary-of-sarajevo-market-massacre\u002F2495007\"\u003Ekilling 68 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She later lost the Barbie – and all of her other toys – in a fire when her home was bombed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBaćevac and her family escaped the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1994, spending three years in a refugee camp in Germany before resettling in the US. Today, at the age of 38 years old, she works as a psychotherapist specialising in trauma. Many of her clients lived through war themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom the outside, Baćevac seems to epitomise how very resilient children, in particular, can be. But, she says, there's also what you don't see.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As a child, when you don't experience safety, it affects your ability to relate to yourself,\" she says. \"It affects your ability to trust your environment. It \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstudenttheses.uu.nl\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.12932\u002F994\"\u003Eaffects your ability to trust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E adults. We have a fear of commitment, fear of setting boundaries, fear of speaking up, fear of being seen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's not something you just get rid of. It's something that stays with you.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hd28dk"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"A young boy walks through a war damaged House of Culture in Posad-Pokrovske, Ukraine (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's common, particularly in the wake of (or alongside) a crisis like war or a natural disaster, to hear that children are resilient. That's true, say experts – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopingchild.harvard.edu\u002Fscience\u002Fkey-concepts\u002Fresilience\u002F\"\u003Echildren can have the ability to overcome serious hardship\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, particularly if they benefit from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fdevelopment-and-psychopathology\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fchildren-and-war-risk-resilience-and-recovery\u002F049F97BDDEF4CAA7A654BD9BE3BF6550\"\u003Eparticular protective factors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like a close bond with a present caregiver. At the same time, decades of research has found that various types of trauma experienced in childhood – even in infancy – can rewire a child's nervous system, changing the path of their development, their risk for psychological disorders and, even, their physical health long-term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter a trauma, there is a window known as the \"golden hours\", a critical period in which action to support people's mental health can limit long-term damage, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMedics and psychologists in Ukraine are using \"mental health first aid\" in an attempt to lessen the psychological effects on people who have been caught up in the conflict. They hope it will help the country, and its citizens, to recover faster when the fighting finally stops. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230222-ukraine-war-how-mental-health-first-aid-ca-prevent-ptsd\"\u003Ehow mental health first aid is helping people in Ukraine in this article by Martha Henriques\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince the late 1990s, one frequently used method to understand the prevalence, and effect, of childhood traumatic events has been screening for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ajpmonline.org\u002Farticle\u002FS0749-3797(98)00017-8\u002Ffulltext\"\u003EAdverse Childhood Experiences\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (ACEs), which includes incidents like sexual abuse, a parent's incarceration and divorce. The more ACEs a child has, the more likely they are to experience outcomes like depression, anxiety and drug use – particularly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0145213413002068\"\u003Eonce they accumulate around three or more different types\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, experienced by around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F72\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7226a2.htm\"\u003Eone in 10 US children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut ACEs provide an incomplete picture. The original list doesn't include exposure to war or terrorism – even though, as of 2022, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.stopwaronchildren.org\u002F\"\u003Emore than one in six children worldwide, 468 million, were estimated to live in active conflict zones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That's double the number of children affected by war in the mid-1990s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fmore-half-ukraines-children-displaced-after-one-month-war\"\u003EMore than half of Ukraine's children were displaced within the first month of the war\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with Russia following the full scale invasion in 2022, according to Unicef, while more than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Fukraine\u002Fen\u002Fdocuments\u002F18-months-of-war-for-ukraines-children\"\u003E500 children have been killed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and more than 1,100 injured, mainly from bombing of Ukraine's cities. In the Gaza Strip, called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Fpress-releases\u002Funicef-geneva-palais-briefing-note-gaza-worlds-most-dangerous-place-be-child\"\u003E\"the most dangerous place in the world to be a child\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Unicef spokesperson James Elder, the agency estimates that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Femergencies\u002Fchildren-gaza-need-lifesaving-support\"\u003E850,000 children have been uprooted and lost their homes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-middle-east-68141039\"\u003E11,000 children in Gaza are estimated to have been killed in Israeli attacks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since the war there began in October 2023, according to figures from health officials in Gaza, a number that does not count those under the rubble or deaths from other war-related causes like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews\u002Fitem\u002F19-02-2024-children-s-lives-threatened-by-rising-malnutrition-in-the-gaza-strip\"\u003Estarvation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or lack of healthcare. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feuromedmonitor.org\u002Fen\u002Farticle\u002F6020\u002FOver-10,000-infants-and-children-killed-in-Israel%E2%80%99s-Gaza-genocide,-hundreds-of-whom-are-trapped-beneath-debris\"\u003EPerhaps twice that many may have lost at least one or both parents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says the non-profit Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. In Israel, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fworld\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Fisraeli-children-held-hostage-gaza-face-long-road-recovery-after-release-2023-11-22\u002F\"\u003Eup to 40\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapnews.com\u002Farticle\u002Fchildren-hostages-israel-palestinians-gaza-orphan-c8e9f6dd703a9c14161eeb6ca9e25417\"\u003E253 people taken hostage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ochaopt.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fhostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-19\"\u003Earound 30 of those killed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Hamas were children, while some 126,000 Israelis, including thousands of children, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2023\u002Fnov\u002F21\u002Fisraelis-displaced-from-homes-hamas-attack\"\u003Ehave been displaced from their homes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the war. In Sudan, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Fsudan\u002Fpress-releases\u002F300-days-war-sudan\"\u003Earound four million children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been displaced by the war that broke out in the country last year, with \"terrifying numbers of children killed, raped or recruited\" and more than 700,000 likely to suffer from severe malnutrition, according to Unicef.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch war-exposed children, who often experience \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS014067361160051-2\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Emultiple traumatic events simultaneously\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, are at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F13623690802568913\"\u003Efar higher risks of psychological disorders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including PTSD, depression and anxiety.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey also tend to have poorer long-term physical health. For example, research done on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Fpsychosomaticmedicine\u002Fabstract\u002F2011\u002F06000\u002Fthe_association_of_traumatic_experiences_and.7.aspx\"\u003EGerman children who experienced trauma during World War Two\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that, when they were elderly, children were twice as likely to experience congestive heart failure, three-and-a-half times more likely to have a stroke and five times more likely to get cancer, among other health problems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not everybody who is confronted with these situations shows symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder or trauma disorders – Joerg Fegert","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The field is increasingly recognising that – given the fact that trauma exposures and violence trigger a strong physiological response – repeat exposures over time may lead to disruptions in stress physiology and self-regulatory systems,\" says Theresa Betancourt, director of the research programme on children and adversity at Boston College and a long-term researcher of the impacts of armed conflict on children. \"Especially in situations where caregivers are not able to provide support and protection. Consequences of trauma may manifest as disruptions in cortisol-related responses and changes in inflammatory processes among others.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese higher risks seem to stem from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS2352250X16301361\"\u003Ehow traumatic events can reroute a child's developing nervous system\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When children grow up in the midst of unpredictable violence, such as physical abuse or war, their emotional and fear responses often shift into high-alert in order to survive. Even when (or if) the threat of violence fades, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnpp2015365\"\u003Ethey can remain primed for reactivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, physiologically responding to any external cue – even one of safety – as if it's a threat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe key factor, experts say, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nctsn.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fresources\u002Fspecial-resource\u002Fbeyond-the-ace-score-perspectives-from-the-nctsn-on-child-tauma-and-adversity-screening-and-impact.pdf\"\u003Eisn't just the existence of a traumatic incident\u003C\u002Fa\u003E itself. Rather, it is its severity, how long it persists, how it interacts with other traumas and, in an increasingly studied area of research, what resilience factors are present.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Trauma is a clinical category,\" says Joerg Fegert, director of the clinic of child and adolescent psychiatry at Germany's Ulm University Hospital and co-author of a recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00787-022-01974-z\"\u003Ereview of war's impact on children's mental health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Trauma is a special reaction of the psyche to a potentially life-threatening event.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Often, people, if they talk about trauma, they talk about potentially traumatic situations –being confronted with war, for example. But not everybody who is confronted with these situations shows symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder or trauma disorders.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hd28fq"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"A young Palestinian boy holds a tricycle in the ruins of a house in Gaza (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere has been increasing interest in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0145213420300259\"\u003Ewhat makes some children more resilient\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to such incidents than others. One major factor that has been found, among others, is whether they have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS2352250X16301361\"\u003Eaccess to a supportive, calming caregiver\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which seems to \"buffer\" a child's physiological threat response.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the same time, resilience, as researchers define it, doesn't always offer the whole picture – and can change over time. In one study, for example, Fegert found that 40% of children in juvenile justice and welfare settings had few or no psychiatric symptoms. At a 10-year follow-up, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F375800064_Childhood_maltreatment_and_mental_health_problems_in_a_10-year_follow-up_study_of_adolescents_in_youth_residential_care_A_latent_transition_analysis\"\u003E28% of those had developed symptoms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It can go the other way, too: around half of those children classed as having \"multi-problem\" symptoms transitioned to the \"low-symptom\" category during the 10-year study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also want to read:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20231208-the-rituals-that-helped-our-ancestors-recover-from-trauma\"\u003EHow ancient civilisations dealt with trauma\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230221-the-toxic-legacy-of-the-ukraine-war\"\u003EThe toxic legacy of the war in Ukraine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20221222-how-the-war-in-ukraine-is-killing-marine-mammals\"\u003EHow the war in Ukraine is harming marine mammals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn situations of complex trauma, it's also unrealistic to expect children to show \"resilience\" in the way that the general public might understand it – returning to how everything was before, experts say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMelissa Brymer, director of the terrorism and disaster programe for the University of California, Los Angeles and Duke University \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nctsn.org\u002F\"\u003ENational Child Traumatic Stress Network\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US, supports communities in the aftermath of crises like school shootings or natural disasters. \"There's trauma, but there's also grief,\" she says. \"The essence of resilience is that you 'bounce back'. But you don't bounce back from, say, the death of a loved one. You make meaning. You honour what that person meant for you. You learn ways to adjust to that person not being here.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hd28n9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A Sudanese girl arrives at a transit centre for refugees carrying a box of her belongings (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, in crises that present so many traumatic experiences at once, such as war, it's unrealistic to think lives can go back to \"normal\" after, experts say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When we talk about the impact of war on children, certainly we're talking about threats to life, and survival, and injury,\" says Betancourt. \"But we're also talking about the destruction of the fabric of day-to-day life.\" Children might lose caregivers, stop attending school or lose their homes. It's not just that these compounded traumas put them at higher risks of poorer development outcomes, but \"we have to think about what this means for identity and meaning-making\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea that these crises create some kind of \"lost generation\" is inaccurate, even offensive, experts say. At the same time, to support children experiencing trauma, it isn't enough just to rely on the idea that \"kids are resilient\" and will bounce back on their own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn particular, they say, from the get-go, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicefusa.org\u002Fwhat-unicef-does\u002Femergency-response\u002Fconflict\"\u003Ethe international community needs to not only focus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on acute humanitarian needs like food and shelter, but also on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00787-022-01974-z\"\u003Elonger-term requirements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of providing community and family support, trauma-informed mental health and social services and lasting infrastructure like stable living conditions and medical care. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Kids are absolutely resilient,\" says Brymer. \"But we have to provide the support to make sure that they can remain being resilient.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-21T10:56:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Many children must live with the trauma of war. Here's how to help them","headlineShort":"The hidden effects of war on children","image":["p0hd287j"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Displaced Palestinian children wait to receive food in Rafah, Gaza (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Conflict in Ukraine, Gaza and Sudan has led to millions of children being exposed to violence, suffering displacement and losing family. The effects could last for decades.","summaryShort":"Children may seem resilient to trauma, but the effects can resurface years later","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fchildren","tag\u002Fmental-health","tag\u002Fwar","tag\u002Ftrauma","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-21T10:56:21.066131Z","entity":"article","guid":"75fbb4ca-3d4a-4f1b-85b1-211536befddf","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-22T16:33:15.62673Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-ukraine-and-gaza-the-hidden-effects-of-war-trauma-on-children","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058048},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home","_id":"65d083c863864e491c666097","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fana-santi"],"bodyIntro":"In the baffling world of skincare ingredients, where is the best place to start seeking sustainable skincare?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETake a look at the ingredients list on the back of your moisturiser. First, count them. Then, ask yourself: do I know what they are? Mine, which is vegan and comes in a bottle made from 100% post-consumer recycled plastic, contains 26 listed ingredients, half of which I can't pronounce, let alone explain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe longest among them is \"acrylates\u002FC10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer\". A quick internet search tells me this is a synthetic ingredient, commonly used in skincare as a thickening agent. But what is the environmental impact of this substance? Was it made using \"green chemistry\", which aims to reduce environmentally harmful chemicals and processes? Is it biodegradeable, or will it persist in waterways or landfill indefinitely?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShort of a chemistry degree, understanding how to make sustainable skincare choices is no easy task for most consumers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInformation on the environmental and social impact of beauty ingredients is scarce, despite the prevalence of cosmetic use. There is little recent data on how many products are typically used each day, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ewg.org\u002Fnews-insights\u002Fnews\u002F2004\u002F12\u002Fexposures-add-survey-results\"\u003Eone survey of 2,300 people from 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E estimated women use around 12 beauty products a day, and men six. Much like the fashion industry, much of the\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Findustries\u002Fretail\u002Four-insights\u002Fthe-beauty-market-in-2023-a-special-state-of-fashion-report\"\u003E $430\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Findustries\u002Fretail\u002Four-insights\u002Fthe-beauty-market-in-2023-a-special-state-of-fashion-report\"\u003Ebn (£340bn)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Findustries\u002Fretail\u002Four-insights\u002Fthe-beauty-market-in-2023-a-special-state-of-fashion-report\"\u003E beauty industry \u003C\u002Fa\u003Elacks the transparency to enable consumers to make informed decisions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230502-how-to-make-your-wardrobe-sustainable\"\u003EDo you own too many clothes?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20231115-how-i-made-my-pets-more-environmentally-friendly\"\u003EHow I reduced my pets' environmental pawprint\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20231206-how-to-eat-local-food-on-a-budget\"\u003EThe challenge of eating only local food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The beauty industry uses vast quantities of ingredients that are either grown, harvested and processed, or lab synthesised, but no numbers currently exist on the amount of ingredients used,\" says Lorraine Dallmeier, chief executive of skincare school Formula Botanica.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDallmeier runs online courses for people to formulate their own botanical skincare products. At entry level is the creation of an eye cream, for which you would need a water bath (on a stove or hot plate); two beakers (in the course I watched, one was filled with jojoba oil, the other with rose water); a whisk, a set of scales, two glass rods, a thermometer and a pot of emulsifier. \"Everyone can formulate,\" says Dallmeier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI decide to give it a try, opting for the most basic product of all: a two-ingredient face oil, which doesn't include water. If a skincare product contains water or water-based ingredients – as lotions do – it needs a preservative to remain stable and safe to use. The \"recipe\" is given to me by Zurich-based skincare brand Soeder, which controls its entire supply chain from ingredients to packaging in its own factory and laboratory, and makes most of its products using cold-pressed oils and natural ingredients such as wheat and Swiss honey.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The biggest problem with the beauty industry [when it comes to ingredients] is that brands often use pre-mixes in their products, which are pre-made combinations of technical raw materials,\" says Soeder co-founder Johan Åkerström. The constituent ingredients of these premixes do not have to be listed on the final product's label.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For example, if a premix contains a surfactant like coco glucoside, it might have been made using palm oil. However, the palm oil won't be listed separately in the ingredients, making it unclear to consumers what went into the product,\" says Åkerström. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-palm-oil-the-everyday-ingredient-that-harms-the-climate\"\u003ERead more about how palm oil plantations can harm nature and the climate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnly final ingredients, rather than the original source of those ingredients, are required by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcosmeticseurope.eu\u002Ffiles\u002F8814\u002F6407\u002F5369\u002FGuidelines_on_Cosmetic_Product_Labelling_-_2011.pdf\"\u003EInternational Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to be listed. The overall lack of clarity in labelling remains a challenge for consumers who want to know exactly what goes into the beauty products they use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc4bzn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Someone applies skincare to their hands at their desk","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESoeder's recipe for a face oil is relatively simple: combine five drops of hemp seed oil with 15 drops of sweet almond oil. Apply twice a day, after cleansing and before moisturising. \"Oils are tricky to use, so it's important to find an oil that suits your skin,\" Åkerström says. \"Hemp is very light and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002F1750-3841.16111\"\u003Ehigh in omega fatty acids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so this is a well-balanced, generic recipe – and we use these ingredients in our soap. Massage onto the hands first, not directly onto the face.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The most significant thing that could be done to make an impact is to produce less, but that means selling less. And the industry isn't ready to shrink yet – Tara Pelletier","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut sourcing the ingredients was tricker. I found 100% (some oils are already mixed) cold-pressed sweet almond oil from a health store on my local high street, where a 100ml bottle cost £7 ($8.90). For pure hemp seed oil, I had to go online. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodhemp.com\u002Four-products\u002Foriginal-hemp-oil\u002F\"\u003EA 500ml bottle was £8, plus £3 shippin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodhemp.com\u002Four-products\u002Foriginal-hemp-oil\u002F\"\u003Eg ($10.20 plus $3.80 shippin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodhemp.com\u002Four-products\u002Foriginal-hemp-oil\u002F\"\u003Eg\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E)\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. I found an own-brand equivalent face oil from a well-known high street store retailing at just £2.50 ($3.20), but a scan of the ingredients required the chemistry degree I don't have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI calculate these supplies could last for over 100 applications. Plus, once made and applied, the oil smelled delicious and left my skin feeling soft and nourished.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You are paying for the quality of the ingredients, which are nourishing, rather than cheap synthetic fillers,\" says Khandiz Joni, a former make-up artist turned sustainability consultant. \"They're often more concentrated so you need less of it. And only buy what you need, finish what you have and choose refills, which are often cheaper.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen quality ingredients are more expensive, it's worth considering why alternatives might be cheaper. \"It's like fast fashion,\" says Joni. \"It takes physical energy, from the planet and the people making the products we use – we need to respect that. So find the most environmentally and socially responsible brands you can afford.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJoni advises seeking out brands that promote circularity, for example, by using waste ingredients, or using green chemistry in their formulation and manufacture, and who are transparent about their environmental impact from production, packaging and shipping. It's always worth carefully researching any company's environmental claims – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220330-why-bio-and-green-dont-mean-what-you-think\"\u003Eread our guide on how to spot misleading green buzzwords\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc4f6p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Someone applies moisturiser from a pot","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Los-Angeles-based brand Ilia, which was founded by Sasha Plavsic in 2011 and acquired by Clarins in 2022, aims to pay particular attention to the sourcing of its ingredients. \"Clarins grows many of their ingredients, so we work directly with their regulatory team on ensuring our products fall within the necessary regulatory requirements, which include visibility on all ingredients down to trace elements,\" says Plavsic. \"Every ingredient can have issues in regards to sourcing – there is no perfect pathway.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDanka Tamburic, professor of cosmetic science at the London College of Fashion, argues that the effect of the manufacturing process of raw materials is often overlooked in determining how sustainable a cosmetic product is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Natural ingredients could theoretically be more sustainable, but in most cases the carbon footprint is actually higher than for synthetic ones,\" Tamburic says. \"People forget that agriculture is very resource-demanding.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETamburic has studied the energy use in manufacturing of emulsions, the most common cosmetic form, and found it to have \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2079-9284\u002F10\u002F5\u002F132\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2079-9284\u002F10\u002F5\u002F132\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea much greater effect on carbon emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than the origin of the raw materials. Energy can be reduced by more than 80% by making emulsions using a method that requires less heat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETamburic adds that there’s often a misconception that \"natural\" equals \"safe\". \"Safety and sustainability are two different things, yet the proposed common solution to both is the use of natural ingredients. This is simply not valid every time. Natural [ingredients] are neither inherently more sustainable, nor safer; each case has to be analysed on its own merit.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc4gkf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A woman looks in a mirror applying a cream","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBesides the ingredients, what happens to the packaging once used is another major challenge for the industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECosmetics packaging is often made of hard-to-recycle plastics, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbritishbeautycouncil.com\u002Fppbg\u002Fpackaging\u002F\"\u003Emore than 90% of cosmetics packaging goes to landfill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Every year, the global beauty industry contributes 100 billion units to the total plastic packaging consumption. The US, as a single market, is responsible for 11.4 billion of these units as of 2023, behind only China and India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome brands take part in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.recyclenow.com\u002Fnews-and-campaigns\u002Ftake-back-schemes-for-beauty-grooming-packaging-difficult-recycle\"\u003Etake-back schemes where suppliers will accept packaging\u003C\u002Fa\u003E customers choose to return. Ilia, for example, works with non-profit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pactcollective.org\u002F\"\u003EPact Collective\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to recycle its hard-to-recycle packaging. Customers can send up to 10 empty beauty products per month to Ilia – from its own range or another brand's – and Pact Collective says it will recycle it responsibly. Plavsic says that the partnership has diverted over 61,000 lbs (27.7 tonnes) of waste since launch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe independent brand Meow Meow Tweet, also based in California, uses a closed-loop system that takes back empty bulk containers, sterilises and refills them, before selling again. Every month, Meow Meow Tweet chooses an organisation to support financially, prioritising small, mutual-aid, grassroots-focused groups, and those with queer or BIPOC (black, indigenous and people of colour) leadership. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What excites me is when smaller companies break through the uniform, manufactured and antiquated concepts of beauty and provide products that understand real people and how they exist in the world and their own skin,\" says co-founder Tara Pelletier. \"I think the beauty industry has a long way to go to get socially and environmentally responsible. The most significant thing that could be done to make an impact is to produce less, but that means selling less. And the industry isn't ready to shrink yet.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDallmeier believes that pioneering challenger brands are changing the narrative around beauty, from telling people they're inadequate to focusing more on skin and mental health. \"For decades, we've been told that we're not young enough, or attractive enough or smooth enough, that cellulite – a perfectly normal condition – is unsightly and can be cured, despite an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F25940753\u002F\"\u003Eevidence-based review\u003C\u002Fa\u003E concluding that anti-cellulite products don't work,\" she says. \"And we know why they do this: to drive mass consumption.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJoni agrees and points to beauty influencers on social media showing their product-filled bathroom shelves. \"How can they get through all those products? Think of the expiry dates!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Joni, much of the difficulty for consumers in making better choices lies in the use of the word \"sustainable\" to define a type of skincare. The comparatively higher price points of \"sustainable\" beauty products inadvertently position them as luxury. Yet, for anything to be truly sustainable, it needs to be equitable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We need to ask ourselves, what is sustainable skincare? In short, it's a way of thinking, and is as much down to the consumer as it is the brand. It's not simply how 'clean' or 'green' or 'eco' a product is; if you are not using it, it's not sustainable,\" says Joni. \"It's about a complete mindset change.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI take the opportunity to ask Joni about my own moisturiser and the lengthy ingredient Acrylates\u002FC10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer. \"In short, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240110-microplastics-are-everywhere-is-it-possible-to-reduce-our-exposure\"\u003Eit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240110-microplastics-are-everywhere-is-it-possible-to-reduce-our-exposure\"\u003E's a microplastic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETime to change it then, but not until I've used it all up first.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"bodya\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"bodya\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECorrection: This article has been updated after incorrectly stating the subject of Danka Tamburic's study as emulsifiers, rather than emulsions. We apologise for the error.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"bodya\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-17T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Untraceable ingredients and unrecycled packaging: Why sustainable skincare is so hard to find","headlineShort":"The untraceable ingredients in skincare products","image":["p0hc4b95"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In the baffling world of skincare ingredients, where is the best place to start seeking sustainable skincare?","summaryShort":"From ingredients to packaging, skincare has a sustainability problem","tag":["tag\u002Fbeauty","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fpollution","tag\u002Fsustainability","tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Ffuture-planet","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-17T10:00:19.549398Z","entity":"article","guid":"1e9b477e-efa8-41c0-9cce-333d65f740d1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-21T12:29:47.958421Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-sustainable-skincare-how-to-make-your-own-moisturiser-at-home","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058048},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system","_id":"65d49cfb63864e7d26757534","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-cox"],"bodyIntro":"Bubonic plague is still found in scattered locations around the world, but thanks to modern antibiotics it is far easier to treat than in the past. Yet, the disease may still have left its mark on humankind.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnder the microscope, \u003Cem\u003EYersinia pestis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E doesn't look particularly special. It's a fairly standard shape for a bacterium – a sort of short, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.asm.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1128\u002Fcmr.00044-19\"\u003Eround-ended rod\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and relatively immobile. But it is responsible for a disease that once \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amjmed.com\u002Farticle\u002FS0002-9343(20)30792-0\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Ewiped out a third of Europe's population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-022-04800-3\"\u003Ecaused millions of deaths around the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe very mention of the words bubonic plague tends to provoke both fear and fascination even today. The disease is now vanishingly rare in both the US and Europe, largely thanks to changes in lifestyles that prevent it from spreading to humans from infected fleas as easily. Even when it does occur, it can be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789240015579\"\u003Erelatively easily treated with antibiotics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, saving lives. But cases still do occur.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost recently, a man in Oregon in the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapnews.com\u002Farticle\u002Foregon-bubonic-plague-bc33b82a23fe60c27c113e72bc05ce32\"\u003Ecaught the bubonic plague from his pet cat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is not something that comes as an enormous surprise to evolutionary geneticist Paul Norman, who studies bubonic plague at the University of Colorado, Anschutz.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There still are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fplague\u002Fmaps\u002Findex.html\"\u003Elittle pockets of plague in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" he says. It still circulates in wild animals such as squirrels and prairie dogs, he adds. On average, around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fplague\u002Fmaps\u002Findex.html\"\u003Eseven cases of plague in humans are reported in the US each year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, although deaths are far less common with just 14 between 2000-2020. In some parts of the world, such as Madagascar, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12889-021-11061-8\"\u003Ethe disease is more common\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even though it is relatively rare compared to the past, the bubonic plague has left its mark on the human species and can still be found in the genomes of people living today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYersinia pestis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is thought to have plagued the human species for thousands of years. DNA evidence of the bacteria has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-023-38393-w\"\u003Efound in skeletons dating back 4,000 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But in the early 1300s, a strain of the bacteria exploded into Europe as the Black Death. It is thought to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fd41586-022-01673-4\"\u003Ehave originated in villages around the Chui Valley what is now Kyrgyzstan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, perhaps passing through fleas from infected marmots into people before then \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-017-13481-2\"\u003Espreading to Europe along the Silk Road trade route\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcz527"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Illustration of medieval Black Death victims (Credit: Alamy)","imageOrientation":"landscape","videoTitle":"Watch: The town that stopped the plague","videoUrn":["p0hc5p1y"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Black Death is thought to have killed about 50 million Europeans by the mid 1300s, according to estimates based on historical records and accounts. More recent research on agricultural activity at the time – which would have plummeted amid so many deaths – has suggested that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41559-021-01652-4\"\u003Ethe toll may not have been so dramatic everywhere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with some regions being devastated by the disease and others barely touched. Over the centuries, however, plague is estimated to have killed at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amjmed.com\u002Farticle\u002FS0002-9343(20)30792-0\u002Ffulltext\"\u003E200 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause plague outbreaks were so catastrophic, researchers have long wondered whether they left some permanent imprint on the human immune system. In particular, one theory suggests that the Black Death could have been widespread enough in the 14th Century to have created a form of natural selection. The idea was that some of the individuals who survived it were able to pass on any genetic quirks that helped them do so to future generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Black Death put a huge pressure on the human population in Europe,\" says Norman. \"It was persistent and damaging, and anybody with the slightest advantage in that situation through their genetics would have been more likely to survive.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut until relatively recently, gathering any kind of data to answer this question was next to impossible. Sequencing DNA from the skeletons of ancient plague victims found in mass burial sites is notoriously challenging, with scientists often having to work with the tiniest fragments of DNA, many of which are highly contaminated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It’s quite common to find that the majority of the DNA is actually from the soil or bacteria which have invaded the skeleton after the person died,\" says Swedish geneticist Pontus Skoglund, who leads the ancient genomics laboratory at London’s Francis Crick Institute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts have discovered, however, one piece of the skeleton where intact human DNA can still be reliably found. Called the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0129102\"\u003Ebony labyrinth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it lies within the inner ear and is one of the densest parts of the human body. \"It's the most successful place to extract DNA from,\" says Norman. \"It’s a very, very tiny bone which is still protected in skull specimens. Without wanting to get too grisly, you have to really drill into the skull to get that bit of bone, while something like the leg bone is extremely porous and bacteria get in there much more easily.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the last three years this has helped yield new insights into who survived past plague outbreaks and why.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERegulating immunity\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system consists of a group of genes that encode proteins on the surface of our cells, which play an important role in co-ordinating the immune response. A recent study has shown that some people who were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-023-06331-x\"\u003Easymptomatic to Covid-19 benefitted from a genetic lottery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which meant they had certain HLA variants that acted as a form of natural protection against the virus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The role of HLA genes is to identify foreign invasion in the body and direct the immune system to seek out cells infected with pathogen proteins and destroy them,\" says Norman. \"Relatively rare variants of these genes can help some people survive a pandemic, and if Covid fatalities had been a lot higher, the human population would have been left with a much higher frequency of these variants.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Anybody with the slightest advantage in that situation through their genetics would have been more likely to survive – Paul Norman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2021, Norman and his colleagues demonstrated that HLA variants likely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fmbe\u002Farticle\u002F38\u002F10\u002F4059\u002F6277411#309306498\"\u003Eplayed a role in determining who survived medieval plague outbreaks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The researchers investigated a mass grave of plague victims from the 16th Century in the German town of Ellwangen, and sequenced genomes from 36 skeletons. When they compared them with the DNA of people living in Ellwangen today, they found that the town’s 21st century inhabitants had subtle differences in various HLA genes, which likely rendered their ancestors more capable of fighting off \u003Cem\u003EYersinia pestis.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo years ago, an international group of researchers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-022-05349-x\"\u003Esought to examine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how the Black Death might have impacted human immunity by gathering genetic samples from the skeletons of around 500 people in cemeteries in London and across Denmark who died before, during and after the 14th-Century pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn particular, they noted patterns relating to a gene called ERAP2 which encodes a protein known to help human immune cells fight off \u003Cem\u003EYersinia pestis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eand other pathogens. But one variant of ERAP2 produces a more limited form of the protein, while another yields a full-sized protein.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study showed that medieval Londoners and Danes who carried the latter ERAP2 variant were twice as likely to have survived the Black Death. By the end of the 14th Century, the researchers found that 50% of Londoners and 70% of the Danes surveyed, carried this variant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, we still need to learn more. Skoglund says researchers need to study thousands more genomes from individuals living across Europe at the time of the Black Death and over subsequent centuries, to see whether adaptions such as the ERAP2 variant became truly widespread and integrated into our DNA.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Any genes that had a protective effect against this outbreak could have had quite a boost in frequency after such an event,\" he says. \"But this may have only been over a few generations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcz5gt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Health workers in Madagascar speak to motorists to raise awareness of the bubonic plague (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESkoglund even wonders whether diseases such as smallpox, which was even more persistent and virulent than plague, killing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Fspotlight\u002Fhistory-of-vaccination\u002Fhistory-of-smallpox-vaccination\"\u003Emany hundreds of millions of people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, could have had a greater impact on shaping modern immune systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut plague retains a particular fascination, and we can gain valuable information from studying how it impacted our distant ancestors. \"Looking at how plague evolves and why certain strains may have been more virulent in terms of mortality is important for understanding the evolution of strains that can become problematic,\" says evolutionary biologist Hendrik Poinar at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESkoglund points to a study he did of plague victims found in Somerset and Cumbria in the UK \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-023-38393-w\"\u003Efrom around 4,000 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when \u003Cem\u003EYersinia pestis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E had yet to develop the ability to be spread by fleas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We can see in the DNA that the bacteria lacked a genetic factor that allows this flea-based transmission,\" he says. \"But by evolving that, it had a drastic impact on human health. But we can also learn from how evolution dealt with problems in the past, how it came up with biological mechanisms to battle those diseases thousands of years ago. That’s vital because we can use that to help us with vaccines and drug development today.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E --\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fimmune-response"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-20T12:33:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How bubonic plague rewired the human immune system","headlineShort":"How the plague rewired our immune system","image":["p0hcz4hf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Yersinia pestis bacteria through a microscope (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Bubonic plague can easily be treated with modern antibiotics, but the disease that once killed millions may have left its mark on humankind.","summaryShort":"The devastating bacterial disease left its mark on humanity","tag":["tag\u002Fbacteria","tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Finfectiousdisease","tag\u002Fdisease","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-20T12:36:54.937363Z","entity":"article","guid":"7ffe9fc8-6f9c-48e7-8ae8-164a831d374a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-22T16:31:17.46493Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240220-bubonic-plague-did-the-black-death-rewire-our-immune-system","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058049},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better","_id":"65d326d663864e7d6b2490bf","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatherine-latham"],"bodyIntro":"For some, running comes naturally, but for others, every small gain in speed or distance can feel like a battle. Either way, you might be wondering, \"Am I born to run?\" The answer could be in your genes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EJust the rush of wind, a dirt track and my own pounding footsteps. Rain spatters as I splash through puddles and leap over rocks. I feel elated, free and completely at peace. I sprint – just for the hell of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EGlobally, running is one of the \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002F2021\u002F08\u002Fexercise-sport-fitness-world\u002F\"\u003Emost popular and practiced physical\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E activities. In the United States alone, there are around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foutdoorindustry.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F03\u002F2021-Outdoor-Participation-Trends-Report.pdf\"\u003E64 million runners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and it's a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1466853X21000857\"\u003Esimilar story the world over\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More people than ever are running marathons, with entrants \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.strava.com\u002Fyis-community-2022\"\u003Enearly doubling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from 2021 to 2022 according to the makers of fitness app Strava. And, in 2023, Parkrun revealed more than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.parkrun.com\u002Fuk\u002F2023\u002F09\u002F29\u002F19-years-of-parkrun\u002F\"\u003E8.5 million runners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E had registered to take part in its weekly community-led events.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPerhaps, it's the accessibility of running that makes it so appealing. You don't need a gym or (arguably) expensive equipment. You can just chuck on a pair of trainers, step out the door and you're good to go. Easy. Or is it? What distinguishes those people who can run really fast, from those who run at a slower pace? There's increasing evidence that genetics might play an important role. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ECiara Mageean is currently undertaking \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.flagstaffarizona.org\u002Fthings-to-do\u002Fhighaltitudetraining\u002F%23:~:text=Flagstaff%2520is%2520located%2520at%2520a,are%2520most%2520likely%2520to%2520occur.\"\u003Ehigh altitude training\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Flagstaff, Arizona, in preparation for the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsport\u002Folympics\u002F67801433\"\u003E2024 Olympics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With a host of successes already under her belt – including silver medals at both the Commonwealth Games and European Championships, fourth place at the World Championships, and Irish records for 800m, 1000m, 1500m and the mile – the 31-year-old recently set a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fsport\u002Fathletics\u002F67811741\"\u003EParkrun world record\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when she completed the 5k in just 15 minutes 13 seconds. That's less than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.parkrun.com\u002Fuk\u002F2023\u002F09\u002F29\u002F19-years-of-parkrun\u002F\"\u003Ehalf the average finish time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt's 7am. Mageean is about to start her day's training and her positivity, and clear love of running, is infectious. But getting to the top of her sport hasn't been plain sailing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcd341"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Ciara Mageean runs amid a group of other athletes (Credit: PACE Sports Management)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"I grew up playing a sport called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcamogie.ie\"\u003ECamogie\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" she says, \"an Irish game like field hockey. I could run all day, so they put me in midfield. But I wouldn't say I was the fastest. Sports day was my favourite day of the year, but I didn't win the all the sprint races.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMageean's talents lie not in marathon running nor in sprinting, but in middle distance. It was her natural competitiveness that drove her to this discovery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"I absolutely loved the thrill and adrenaline rush of competing,\" she says. \"I was willing to give everything. I would put myself in a world of pain in order to get out there and be competitive. But, did I always know I was super-fast? No.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ELuckily, for Mageean, it turned out she did have a natural ability that would take her to the highest levels of athleticism. \"I feel it's impossible to compete at the top level of athletics without having that genetic component,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EScientists have been investigating the existence of a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fajhg\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0002-9297(07)62024-2\"\u003Espeed gene\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" for over two decades now, with increasing evidence that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00421-022-04945-z\"\u003Eyour genetic makeup can have a strong influence on your athletic performance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThere are more than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00421-022-04945-z\"\u003E200 different genetic variations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can influence sports performance and at least 20 that could contribute to someone being an elite athlete. But it is important to point out that these alone will not turn someone into an athlete. In fact, there are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.2165\u002F00007256-200737110-00004\"\u003Emany different paths to becoming an elite athlete\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When combined with the right training and a myriad of other environmental factors, carrying the right variants of certain genes can give some individuals an edge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe so-called speed gene, or ACTN3, is a gene that encodes for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffphys.2017.01080\u002Ffull\"\u003Ealpha-actinin-3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a protein expressed only in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fphysiology\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffphys.2017.01080\u002Ffull\"\u003Efast-twitch muscle fibres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftraining.seer.cancer.gov\u002Fanatomy\u002Fmuscular\u002Fstructure.html\"\u003ESkeletal muscles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are made up of hundreds, sometimes thousands, of muscle fibres that are bundled together and wrapped in connective tissue. Each skeletal muscle fibre is a single cylindrical muscle cell and is classified by how fast it contracts. Type I, or \"slow-twitch\" fibres, are often found in high abundance in elite endurance athletes, such as long-distance runners and cyclists. Meanwhile, type II or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8473039\u002F\"\u003E\"fast-twitch\" fibres are abundant in elite power athletes, such as weightlifters and sprinters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ENow, researchers from Exeter University in the UK have taken investigations into the role of genes in athleticism a step further. Sports scientist Henry Chung and his team scrutinised thousands of genes in the DNA from 45 British men and women aged between 20 and 40. For eight weeks, participants ran for 30 minutes, three times a week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We looked at over 3,000 different genes and found 19 specific genes kept on coming up, all of them related to some sort of fitness variable – Henry Chung","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Over eight weeks, you normally see a 10% improvement in cardio respiratory fitness, or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.healthline.com\u002Fhealth\u002Fvo2-max\"\u003EVO2 max\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the ability to utilise oxygen as energy – which is the gold standard measurement [of aerobic fitness],\" says Chung. \"But we noticed a big standard deviation. Some people improved by 20%, some by just 5%. And some didn't improve at all.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EChung's team then conducted a genotype analysis of all the runners. \"We looked at over 3,000 different genes,\" says Chung, \"and we found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0288996\"\u003E19 specific genes \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ekept on coming up – all of them related to some sort of fitness variable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThese genes have been reported before, says Chung, but this is the first time a study has linked them together. \"The people that improved by around 20% had all 19 of these positive genes, whereas the people that didn't improve much only had one or two,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOf the 19 genes identified, one was the so-called \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7116611\"\u003Ewarrior gene\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", otherwise known as the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA), which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.0808376106\"\u003Eassociated with aggression\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and risk-taking behaviour. \"The warrior gene allows you to switch on the survival instinct, to think, 'I need to run, I need to get moving',\" says Chung.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EHowever, the study found fewer than 31% of people had the genetic makeup to make the most of training. So, how can you defy genetic expectations?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcd4d2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Athletes legs and shoes during a marathon (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EResearch shows the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40798-019-0221-0\"\u003Edramatic world record progression in running speeds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since the first modern Olympics has been driven by advances in training methodology, combined with improvements in running surfaces and footwear. Plus experts say that, with training, you might just be able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-4663\u002F9\u002F9\u002F127\"\u003Echange your muscle fibres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from slow- to fast-twitch. Perhaps there is hope for those of us who may be speed-challenged.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Being able to run fast is actually really simple,\" says Steffi Colyer, an expert in biomechanics at the University of Bath, UK. \"You just have to be able to apply really large forces in relation to your own body weight to the ground rapidly. If you want to run faster, you simply need to be able to apply more force to the ground.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EHowever, she adds, the mechanical demands of sprinting change \"quite dramatically\" as you progress. \"We talk about sprinting in terms of an acceleration phase, and then a maximum velocity phase,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAcceleration is at its highest at the very start, and decreases as you go through the race, she explains. As velocity increases, the time that you have in contact with the ground also decreases. So, your opportunity to apply force decreases – to the point where the contact time is so short that you can't generate the necessary forces to continue to accelerate, and you reach maximum velocity. \"Then you hold on for dear life to maintain that speed. Usually, in a 100m (328ft) all-out race, you will see a small deceleration phase at the end as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ETo maintain your maximum velocity for as long as possible, says Colyer, you need to activate your muscles – to contract and generate force – in a coordinated way. So, it's a combination of strength, power and technique.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240105-whats-the-best-time-of-the-day-to-exercise\"\u003EWhat's the best time of the day to exercise?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20231110-why-walking-backwards-can-be-good-for-your-health-and-brain\"\u003EWhy walking backwards can be good for your health and brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230426-protein-powders-when-should-you-use-them\"\u003EProtein powders: Are they bad for your health?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EColyer says your foot should make contact with the ground underneath your body, rather than in front, as this will help reduce the breaking force of hitting the ground. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffspor.2019.00053\u002Ffull\"\u003EMinimising contact with the ground\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can save you energy, and rapid recovery of your foot when it leaves the ground will also help. \"You don't want to have too much going on in the swing phase,\" she says. \"You want to recover your leg through as quickly as possible.\" Plus, she adds, coordinating the oscillation of your thighs is also important. \"To be able to rapidly accelerate your thigh down and back into the ground, is associated with higher force production too.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ETo a recreational runner like myself, this all sounds a little easier said than done. So, how can it translate into actual training?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"There are so many things you can do,\" says Mageean. \"Whenever I run, I give myself little cues. [I think] 'tap, tap, tap, tap, tap' in my head – because touching the ground super fast and getting my leg back up is going help me run fast.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMageean advises adding hill workouts into your training. \"I really enjoy short, sharp hill strides – for no longer than 10 seconds. Try to run up that hill as fast as you can. Walk back down to the bottom of the hill, fully recover, then go again.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhile you're doing it, concentrate on your form, says Mageean. \"I imagine somebody's got a string attached to my chest, and they're pulling it up at a 45 degree angle going forward, and that's pulling me up the hill. I try to stay nice and tall, with my arms moving side by side, and with a good triple extension through my feet. So, my foot touches the ground and my leg extends and my hip extends. Then I swing my leg back through as fast as I can. I find those drills really helpful.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcd4xz"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"Two runners on a hill (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMageean also advises varying your speed, so add in some tempo work \"just below your race pace\", flat strides to incorporate some speed at the end of a long run or break up a run with a fartlek session. \"Fartlek, \" says Mageean, \"is where you run for say three minutes [fast], one minute [slow], and repeat. As they're short reps, you can go slightly faster.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"These are the types of training sessions that I do that really help me improve,\" she says. \"To get faster, you want to increase your aerobic ability – so that at the end, you can sprint home.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFor me, running doesn't come particularly easily. My 5km (3.1mile) time has remained roughly the same, at around 30 minutes, for some months now – but ultimately does speed really matter? There are so many more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Flive-well\u002Fexercise\u002Fget-running-with-couch-to-5k\u002F\"\u003Ebenefits to running\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than simply watching the clock. Running is good for your \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0735109714027466\"\u003Eheart\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and your \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1660-4601\u002F17\u002F6\u002F1862\"\u003Ebones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It can improve your \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1660-4601\u002F17\u002F21\u002F8059\"\u003Emental health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and help you \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bhf.org.uk\u002Finformationsupport\u002Fheart-matters-magazine\u002Fnews\u002Fbehind-the-headlines\u002Fdoes-running-reduce-risk-of-early-death\"\u003Elive longer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In fact, research shows that \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fits-okay-to-run-slowly-in-fact-it-has-plenty-of-benefits-221516\"\u003Eslow running\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" could even be more beneficial than fast, reducing the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbjsm.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F51\u002F5\u002F428\"\u003Erisk of injury\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and helping to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.humankinetics.com\u002Fview\u002Fjournals\u002Fijspp\u002F5\u002F3\u002Farticle-p276.xml\"\u003Eincrease your VO2 max and ultimately your speed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAnd Mageean pays tribute to those who don't have that innate ability, but who have the discipline to train. \"I know so many talented athletes who have the genetic components, but just don't have the mentality to stay in the sport. Which is really tough to see,\" she says. \"So, I have so much respect for those who maybe aren't as lucky with what they were born with, but really strive to get the absolute best out of themselves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOn the other hand, adds Chung, \"if you've got the genes and you work hard, you could be unstoppable\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EYou never know unless you try. Sprint anyone?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fscience-of-fitness"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-19T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why you might be born to run","headlineShort":"Why you might be born to run","image":["p0hcd0b8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Eilidh Doyle, GB 400m runner, sprinting off the starting line (Credit: University of Bath)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"There is growing evidence that your athletic ability is not just about training.","summaryShort":"How your genes can help you run faster","tag":["tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Ffitness","tag\u002Fexercise","tag\u002Fgenetics","tag\u002Folympics","tag\u002Fathletes","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-19T10:00:33.123977Z","entity":"article","guid":"1ea98d94-cef2-4ded-82ce-ceed08afd4a7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-19T11:10:55.605705Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-speed-or-endurance-how-your-genes-can-help-you-run-better","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058049},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction","_id":"65d1d56263864e628b01362a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristine-ro"],"bodyIntro":"Some people can strike off on any journey with no guide except their 'pigeon senses'. How do they do it? And can this ability be learned?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERalph Street loves maps. Appropriately for someone with his surname, he studied geography and town planning. And well before that, his parents regularly took him out orienteering – a sport that involves racing between two points using a topographical map and a compass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I don't really remember a time before orienteering,\" Street reflects. \"My parents took me orienteering the first week I was born.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStreet refers to this as free training, as he now competes internationally as an orienteer, from his home base of Oslo in Norway. But these elite skills have also been useful in everyday life. Street remembers a childhood trip from London to Glasgow, with friends who deferred to him as they realised his knack for getting around the new city. In general, he tries to be diplomatic when he has a difference of opinion with another person about the correct way to go. \"I'm usually right, but… we might do their thing first and [then] realise they're wrong.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther orienteers also report \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0280435&fbclid=IwAR0AbD7eEylQSn6DkXbKzqRusRo8YkaPq89APdI2Z4V4Fp8DBEctgWhvJLo\"\u003Ebetter spatial memory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than average. But competitive orienteers have an unusual amount of navigation practice. In fact, the latest neuroscience and psychology research suggests that there are plenty of ways for ordinary people to improve their spatial skills.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy some people are better at getting around\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStreet took up the sport of orienteering at the age of nine. As his experiences suggest, childhood exposure shapes people's comfort and confidence with navigation. Kids having the opportunity to move independently around varied environments matters here. \"Experiments with non-human animals suggest that passive motion is not that good because you don't basically pay attention,\" says Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople who grew up outside cities, or in more spatially complex cities (think Prague rather than Chicago), also appear to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-022-04486-7\"\u003Ebetter able to navigate as adults\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is related to the distances travelled and the variety of areas traversed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"css-12wzsk6\"\u003EEven as adults, \"we do have good evidence that people who range more widely around their environment\" have better spatial skills, says Newcombe. Going straight back and forth between the home and the workplace doesn't cut it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"css-12wzsk6\"\u003EIn many societies, girls and women have limited opportunities to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12110-012-9140-1\"\u003Epractice their navigation skills\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and this is thought to be a key reason for the myth that women are innately worse at navigation than men. Women sometimes consider themselves to be worse navigators than men even in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-023-30937-w\"\u003Estudies where their performance is the same\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, due partly to gendered stereotypes. (Older men are the group \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-023-30937-w\"\u003Emost likely to overestimate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E their navigation abilities.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"css-12wzsk6\"\u003EOverall, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1364661323002516#bb0375\"\u003Egender inequality is associated with gendered differences in navigation ability\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This points to the role of culture in creating such differences (or the perception of such differences). \"People tend to overestimate the effect of gender, and also they tend to assume that the effect of gender is somehow independent of cultural factors,\" says Pablo Fernandez-Velasco, a philosopher and cognitive scientist at the University of York and University College London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc5lvf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Tourists in a maze of pink flowers in Qianxinan, China (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"css-12wzsk6\"\u003EIndeed, anthropology research suggests that in more gender-egalitarian societies, gender differences in navigation ability vanish. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2019.0934\"\u003EOne relevant study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from 2019, concerns the Mbendjele BaYaka people in the Republic of Congo, who hunt and gather food in the rainforest without using tools like maps or compasses. Research participants were very accurate overall in tests of pointing accuracy, with no differences between men and women. The scientists attributed this to the similar distances travelled (and spatial experience gained) by women and men in this society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"css-12wzsk6\"\u003EHaneul Jang, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, recalls one yam foraging trip with a BaYaka woman, when the two wandered off from the main group and ended up in the middle of nowhere in the forest. Jang's Global Positioning System GPS was unable to help find trails, but her BaYaka companion \"immediately looked up, checked the sun and started to walk in one direction, and soon after we found a trail\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGender also has a cultural influence on whether girls are steered toward certain occupations where navigation is critical. Through pointing and model-building tests, Newcombe's research has found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs41235-019-0167-2\"\u003Eexperienced geologists have higher navigational competence than experienced psychologists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This link to the fields of science, technology, engineering and medicine (Stem) chimes with what Street has noticed in his own community: that many orienteers end up in fields like engineering, maths and physics. (He himself works in IT.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERelated to the effect of education are income and privilege, and global research suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1364661323002516#bb0375\"\u003Ea nation's GDP per capita is linked to average navigation ability\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch4 class=\"css-12wzsk6\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow brains handle navigation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow does all this get processed in the brain? One element is cognitive maps, which are essentially \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Feprint\u002FPEBKVJUQM9HWBFEHDPJ9\u002Ffull\"\u003Emental models of space\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Researchers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1186\u002Fs41235-023-00503-z\"\u003Econtinue to debate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E what shape cognitive maps take: for instance, whether humans create representations of maps in their brains to navigate, or if they are graphs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The map view basically says that there's an overall common framework that we're trying to fit new information into. And the graph view says, well, we can't really even do that unless the new information is attached to some node in the graph,\" says Newcombe. This may seem like a very academic distinction, but \"it influences our view of whether or not people can combine local spaces and can infer new routes that they have very little information about,\" she explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cognitive map is believed to reside in the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped region of the brain involved in memory. Neuroscience research has shown that the structures around the hippocampus also play key roles in orientation. For instance, the entorhinal region has been described as the site of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcurrent-biology\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0960-9822(14)01427-4\"\u003E\"goal direction signal\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc5pqs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A corn maze in the US (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlong with knowing which direction you're facing and the direction of your destination, being able to identify permanent landmarks is implicated in good navigation. This ability to recognise stable landmarks has been linked to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0028393217303068\"\u003Eactivity in the retrosplenial cortex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which forms part of the wrinkly outer layer of the brain. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe brains of highly skilled navigators look different to those of others. One of the best-known examples comes from London cab drivers, who take years to acquire what's reverentially referred to as \"The Knowledge\". These cabbies' brains show \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-16086233\"\u003Egrowth in the hippocampus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough there are various orientation and direction tests, there's no gold-standard psychology test of navigation skills, especially across cultures. There are major research gaps in how certain cultures view and pass on information about navigation, let alone how those skills might be assessed in some sort of standardised way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003E\"The traditional [test] is something like a virtual maze,\" says Fernandez-Velasco, which isn't necessarily adapted to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1364661323002516#bb0230\"\u003Ehow wayfinding works in different environments and cultures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For instance, while Western navigation tends to privilege visual cues, certain other cultures are more attentive to cues based on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190226-how-your-language-reflects-the-senses-you-use\"\u003Esmell, hearing, or other senses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"It's hard to capture all of this with the same test, especially with the same test that tends to be very biased towards what we consider good navigation in the Western context and perhaps in the urban context.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003ETo improve the state of knowledge overall – as well as to help preserve types of navigational knowledge at risk of fading away, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2016\u002F03\u002F20\u002Fmagazine\u002Fthe-secrets-of-the-wave-pilots.html?unlocked_article_code=1.RU0.O6AZ.lVSWO-xy1dgF&smid=url-share\"\u003Ewave piloting in the Marshall Islands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – Fernandez-Velasco says there are important questions for navigation research around \"how to engage with local collaborators\" and \"consider non-colonial knowledge systems\". (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20231128-what-we-can-learn-from-the-ancient-art-of-wayfinding\"\u003ERead more from BBC Future about what we can learn from the ancient art of wayfinding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to become a better navigator\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMisconceptions abound about human navigation. \"One myth is that you think you cannot improve,\" Newcombe says. Fernandez-Velasco agrees: while their brains show less plasticity, adults can definitely still learn these skills.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENewcombe is also bothered by people considering navigation abilities irrelevant in the era of GPS. Phone batteries can die and systems can make mistakes, as suggested by accounts of people driving into bodies of water on the advice of their GPS.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENavigational aids like maps, compasses, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1364661323002516#bb0230\"\u003Erock art and stick charts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are types of 'cognitive artefacts' – useful in many cases, but they can lead to a dependence. \"Sometimes when you're using a cognitive artefact, you're offloading your cognitive abilities to that cognitive artefact,\" Fernandez-Velasco says of GPS, especially. \"That itself might have some negative effect on your ability for navigating over time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003EPeople can train themselves to better notice environmental cues like the wind, Sun and slopes, whether they're in rural or urban settings. \"There are cues that a lot of people don't pay attention to,\" Newcombe says. Pursuits like sailing and scouting can help. Street encourages people to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsport\u002Fget-inspired\u002F24066826\"\u003Ejoin their local orienteering club\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003ENot everyone will have the resources or opportunities to participate in these kinds of activities, but some principles can be put into practice while simply walking or wheeling around. For one thing, getting better at navigation requires changing our relationship with risk. \"A lot of people aren't willing to explore because they're afraid,\" Newcombe says. \"Lots of adults have quite a lot of spatial anxiety. Basically, they don't want to waste time, but also they are afraid that something bad will happen.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc5qtb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The hedge maze at Longleat Safari Park in Wiltshire, England (Credit: Alamy)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003EIn a vicious cycle, that anxiety can worsen navigation, as anxiety takes up the mental space needed for spatial tasks. \"If you make people anxious in the lab, their ability to navigate seems to deteriorate,\" says Newcombe. Yet where safe to do, getting lost occasionally \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2016\u002F03\u002F20\u002Fmagazine\u002Fthe-secrets-of-the-wave-pilots.html?unlocked_article_code=1.RU0.O6AZ.lVSWO-xy1dgF&smid=url-share\"\u003Eserves our sense of direction overall\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003EWhile cultural variation makes it difficult to provide universal tips for improving navigation, in general, \"the more you move, especially in ways that are slightly challenging, the better you'll become at navigation,\" Fernandez-Velasco says. \"Part of the problem is that people who are bad at navigation sometimes are unconfident and avoid situations that involve navigation, so there could be this negative feedback.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003EFor people who can't imagine wayfinding without a phone app, there are still ways to exercise spatial skills with this tech. Don't let Google Maps always decide your route, Street says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003EChange the settings where possible, Newcombe suggests. The default on many apps is that \"wherever you're going is straight ahead, which is a terrible way to learn. I totally advocate keeping north on the top all the time.\" As well, \"keep zooming in and zooming out so you can both see the fine-grained information you need to navigate, but also see the landmarks.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003EGetting an optimal amount of sleep may help too. One global study found that for participants aged 54 and older, sleeping seven hours a night was linked to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-022-34624-8\"\u003Ebest performance in a navigation game\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"paragraph\"\u003ESo while an orienteer in Norway and a forager in the Republic of Congo might have different ways of getting around their environments, the good news is that they – and you – can continue to hone these skills over a lifetime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fquick-questions"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-18T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How to improve your sense of direction","headlineShort":"Do some people have a better sense of direction?","image":["p0hc5mfw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A young girl navigating Hampton Court maze in 2009 (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some people can strike off on any journey with no guide except their 'pigeon senses'. How do they do it? And can this ability be learned?","summaryShort":"With a bit of training, anyone can improve their ability to navigate","tag":["tag\u002Fbrain","tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-18T10:00:45.870662Z","entity":"article","guid":"b9b9c846-ed4b-4c4c-8e01-55f94eea2038","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-18T10:01:06.405796Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-do-some-people-have-a-better-sense-of-direction","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058049},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings","_id":"65cf6ab463864e491c666082","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsue-nelson"],"bodyIntro":"Five decades on from the last of the Apollo missions, the Moon is once again a target for space exploration. But Nasa no longer has lunar exploration to itself.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe number of astronauts who walked on the Moon hasn't changed in over 50 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOnly 12 human beings have had this privilege – all Americans – but that will soon increase. The historical two-nation competition between the US and Soviet space agencies for lunar exploration has become a global pursuit. Launching missions to either orbit the Moon, or land on its surface, is now  carried out by governments and commercial companies from Europe and the Middle East to the South Pacific.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EDespite the success of the US Apollo missions between 1969-72, to date only five nations have landed on the Moon. China is one of the most ambitious of the nations with the Moon in its sights.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAfter two successful orbital missions in 2007 and 2010, China landed the unmanned \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.space.com\u002Fchina-change-3-moon-lander-lasts-7-years\"\u003EChang'e 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2013. Six years later Chang'e 4 became the first mission to land on the far side of the Moon. The robotic Chang'e 5 returned lunar samples back to Earth in 2020 and Chang'e 6, which launches in May this year, will bring back the first samples from the Moon's far side.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe country's ambitions don't stop there. \"China is openly aiming to put a pair of its astronauts on the Moon before 2030,\" says space journalist Andrew Jones, who focusses on China's space industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"There is demonstrable progress in a number of areas needed to perform such a mission, including developing a new human-rated launch vehicle, a new-generation crew spacecraft, a lunar lander and expanding ground stations,\" says Jones. \"It is a tremendous undertaking, but China has demonstrated that it can plan and execute long-term lunar and human spaceflight endeavours.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcbgx6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Artemis launch in November 2022 (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENot surprisingly, recently announced delays to US space agency Nasa's own Moon programme \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-67928687\"\u003EArtemis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which has pushed back plans to land astronauts on the lunar surface to September 2026 at the earliest, has produced the phrase \"Moon Race\" between the US and China.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"I think that China has a very aggressive plan,\" Nasa chief Bill Nelson told a media teleconference about the amended Artemis timescale. \"I think they would like to land before us, because that might give them some PR coup. But the fact is, I don't think they will.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EChina, of course, may also experience slips in its launch schedule. \"China needs a super heavy-lift launcher to start putting large pieces of infrastructure on the Moon,\" says Jones. \"Its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fspacenews.com\u002Fchina-plans-full-reusability-for-its-super-heavy-long-march-9-rocket\u002F\"\u003ELong March 9 rocket project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has undergone changes, so this may delay first missions from 2030 into the early or mid 2030s.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIndia became the fourth nation to land on the Moon with the unmanned \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-india-66594520\"\u003EChandrayaan-3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in August 2023, which touched down close to the lunar south pole. After its success, the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced it aims to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findianexpress.com\u002Farticle\u002Ftechnology\u002Fscience\u002Findian-astronat-moon-isro-chairman-s-somanath-9064803\u002F\"\u003Esend astronauts to the Moon by 2040\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230830-the-mysteries-of-the-moons-south-pole\"\u003Ethe mysteries of the lunar south pole and why so many nations want to land there in this feature by Jonathan O'Callaghan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In such a crowded field, the big question is who will become the next major global player in the next phase of lunar exploration","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMeanwhile, Japan's Slim (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon) mission recently placed its Moon Sniper lander on lunar soil to become the fifth nation on our nearest neighbour. The Japanese space agency, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobal.jaxa.jp\u002F\"\u003EJaxa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is also nearing the end of negotiations to put a Japanese astronaut on the Moon as part of the US Artemis programme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOther countries – such as Israel, South Korea and numerous member states of the European Space Agency (Esa) – have also placed robotic spacecraft into lunar orbit. Nasa recently announced that the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fnews-release\u002Fnasa-united-arab-emirates-announce-artemis-lunar-gateway-airlock\u002F\"\u003Eprovide an airlock for Gateway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, its planned lunar orbiting space station for the Artemis missions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe reasons for going vary: from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\"\u003Escientific knowledge and technological advances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the prospect of accessing potentially useful lunar resources and political or economic value. The UK space industry, for instance, was extremely robust during the recession.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut in such a crowded field, the big question is who will become the next major global player in the next phase of lunar exploration. It will no longer be the sole preserve of national space agencies; commercial companies also want a piece of the lunar action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcbhmj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"India's Chandrayaan-3 lander during construction (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAlthough China launched the first commercial mission to the Moon in 2014, the small privately funded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FESA_Multimedia\u002FImages\u002F2019\u002F11\u002F4M_Manfred_Moon_Memorial_Mission\"\u003EManfred Memorial Moon Mission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was a microsatellite (61cm x 26cm x10cm) for a lunar flyby built by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fspace-agency.public.lu\u002Fen\u002Fexpertise\u002Fspace-directory\u002FLuxSpace.html\"\u003ELuxSpace in Luxembourg\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. America's first planned commercial lunar mission, however, was much more ambitious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn January this year, Astrobotic, a company based in Pittsburgh, launched Peregrine Mission 1. It was to be the first US spacecraft to land on the lunar surface since Apollo 17 in 1972. Unfortunately, a \"critical loss of propellant\" shortly after launch meant that it had to return home without landing and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-67962397\"\u003Eburned up in the Earth's atmosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E above a remote part of the South Pacific Ocean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs a result, the upcoming US commercial mission, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intuitivemachines.com\u002F\"\u003EIntuitive Machines IM-1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which launched on 15 February and intends to place its Nova-C lander on the Moon, has been bumped up from second to potentially first place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We are seeing that [space launch] economy start to catch up because the prospect of landing on the Moon exists - Steve Altemus","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"As partners in advancing lunar exploration, we understand and share the collective disappointment of unforeseen challenges,\" says president and CEO of Intuitive Machines, Steve Altemus. \"It is a testament to the resilience of the space community that we continue to push the boundaries of our understanding, embracing the inherent risks in our pursuit of opening access to the Moon for the progress of humanity.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe US declared the Moon a strategic interest in 2018. Does Altemus see his commercial mission as the beginning of a lunar economy? \"At the time, no lunar landers or lunar programs existed in the United States,\" he says. \"Today, over a dozen companies are building landers, which is a new market. In turn, we've seen an increase in payloads, science instruments, and engineering systems being built for the Moon. We are seeing that economy start to catch up because the prospect of landing on the Moon exists. Space is an enormous human endeavour and it will always contain a government component because they have a strategic need to be in space. But there's room now, for the first time in history, for commercial companies to be there.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn recent years India has also seen a boom in space start-ups such as Pixel, Dhruva Space, Bellatrix Aerospace and Hyderabad's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fskyroot.in\u002F\"\u003ESkyroot Aerospace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which launched India's first private rocket in 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hcbsfp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Apollo 17 astronaut on Moon in 1972 (Credit: Nasa)","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn October 2023 an Australian private company, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhex20.com.au\u002F\"\u003EHex20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, announced a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fispace-inc.com\u002Fnews-en\u002F?p=4917\"\u003Ecollaboration with Skyroot Aerospace and Japan's ispace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which will attempt its second robotic lunar landing at the end of this year. The collaboration aims to stimulate demand for affordable lunar satellite missions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut when it comes to the Moon, footprints and flags on the ground still generate the biggest headlines. The four astronauts who will go into lunar orbit on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.nasa.gov\u002Fvideo\u002Fartemis-ii-meet-the-astronauts-who-will-fly-around-the-moon-official-nasa-video\u002F#:~:text=Four%2520astronauts%2520have%2520been%2520selected,from%2520the%2520Canadian%2520Space%2520Agency\"\u003EArtemis II\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – Nasa's Christina Hammock Koch, Reid Wiseman and Victor Glover plus Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen – all feature in London's immersive \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=V7fqPMEGSJo\"\u003EMoonwalkers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E show.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230830-the-mysteries-of-the-moons-south-pole\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe mysteries of the Moon's South Pole\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230705-what-will-the-next-footprints-on-the-moon-look-like\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe next footsteps on the Moon\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat did Apollo do for us?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWritten by British filmmaker Chris Riley and actor Tom Hanks (who famously played astronaut Jim Lovell in the Apollo 13 movie), it highlights the collective Nasa effort required to put astronauts on the Moon and looks ahead to Artemis doing the same.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI recently watched the show sat alongside an upcoming guest on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thenakedscientists.com\u002Fpodcasts\u002Fastronomy-podcasts\u002Fspace-boffins\"\u003ESpace Boffins podcast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: former Nasa Apollo flight director, Gerry Griffin. Afterwards he described the Artemis programme as \"wonderful\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"I'm worried about the funding,\" he says. \"It's going to always be a problem.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut Griffin is optimistic and full of confidence in its astronauts. \"We got the best. They are really, really good. But we've got to get going. It's time we get back.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fspace-station"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-16T14:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Moon Race 2.0: Why so many nations and private companies are aiming for lunar landings","headlineShort":"The other nations with the Moon in their sights","image":["p0hcbc4m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Moon and rocket trail in sky (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Five decades on from the last of the Apollo missions, the Moon is once again a target for space exploration. But Nasa no longer has lunar exploration to itself.","summaryShort":"Fifty years after Apollo, it's no longer a superpower-only race","tag":["tag\u002Fspace","tag\u002Fmoon","tag\u002Fastronaut","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Finnovation","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-16T14:01:04.671768Z","entity":"article","guid":"638fe3de-6010-4f3f-9cb0-0404a9d8f63b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-16T14:31:53.435031Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240216-moon-race-20-why-so-many-nations-are-aiming-for-lunar-landings","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058050},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night","_id":"65ce1a1763864e7d6d402e8e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fallison-hirschlag"],"bodyIntro":"New research finds that artificial lights confuse rather than attract insects.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHigh up in the mountains of Monteverde, Costa Rica, a team of researchers lug heavy equipment including two high-speed cameras deep into a dream-like\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloudforestmonteverde.com\u002F\"\u003E cloud forest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As the cool mist rolls in along with the darkness of twilight, they set up a light source and cameras a few metres away, then power up their computers, sync them to the cameras and wait, letting their eyes adjust.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe team in Costa Rica spent several weeks huddled under a tarp in thick jumpers, getting bitten by mosquitoes and horseflies all in the name of answering a question that's eluded science for hundreds of years – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-024-44785-3\"\u003Ewhy do insects flock to light at night\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome scientists believed they were simply \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs13355-013-0219-x\"\u003Eattracted to the light source. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EOthers thought it might be the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0378112722006235?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ewarmth of the light\u003C\u002Fa\u003E pulling them in. Even more felt they were mistaking artificial light for the light of the sky which they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.en.29.010184.001425\"\u003Euse to navigate. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EThe unusual flight patterns the field researchers observed, however, pointed to a different hypothesis: the insects are trapped by artificial light because they think it will help stabilise them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E to get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\" target=\"_self\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sign up to Future Earth","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe scientists from Imperial College London and Florida International University used motion-sensor cameras which allowed them to see how the insects were traveling in 3D space. This revealed a strange behaviour: the insects appeared trapped in orbit around the light source with their backs to it. This is called a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-024-44785-3\"\u003Edorsal light response\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – where animals keep their top side, or back, facing the brightest object in their range of vision. Since insects are too lightweight to use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fimmunology-and-microbiology\u002Fground-reaction-force\"\u003Eground reaction forces\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (the force exerted by the ground on a body) to orient themselves in space as humans do, and are often in flight, they need to rely on a different stable source to know which way is up. At night, that used to be the moon and stars – until humans invented artificial light.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The insects treat a point light source at night very much in the same way as they would treat the sky during the day. And so the sky, no matter where you are, is always overhead,\" says Samuel Fabian, co-author of the study and a postdoctoral research associate in bioengineering at Imperial College London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc280j"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Flying insects hover around artificial light captured by motion-sensor cameras, Costa Rica","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA point light source, such as a lamp, however, forces insects to keep reorienting to face away from it and continue to curve around it in an endless loop. Think of it like a plane when it tilts to turn — the force of the forward acceleration and lift of the plane creates a curving motion. So what normally helps keep insects aligned with the horizon ends up turning them on their heads, literally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFabian participated in both the field study in Costa Rica with his research partner \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fprofiles\u002Fyash-sondhi-1503950\"\u003EYash Sondhi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a postdoctoral research associate in entomology at the University of Florida, and the lab study. The lab study was conducted similarly but in a large flight arena with eight high-speed, infrared cameras. Rather than just observe insects' behaviour in their natural habitat, he could essentially turn the smaller bugs into data points by putting 1mm markers on their backs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Since the cameras have strobe lights that are firing at the same time as they're taking pictures, the tiny little markers [become] bright spots for the camera,\" says Fabian. This allows the cameras to then send what they read as data points straight to the computer, leading to what Fabian calls \"crazy levels of accuracy\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240212-squirrel-and-japanese-knotweed-the-chefs-cooking-with-invasive-species\"\u003ESquirrel and Japanese knotweed: pests on the menu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20240125-cicadas-what-to-expect-from-this-years-rare-dual-brood-emergence\"\u003EThe US is bracing itself for a cicada mega swarm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220720-why-insects-are-the-sustainable-superfood-of-the-future\"\u003ECould grasshoppers replace beef?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the discrepancies in methodology, the researchers saw the same sort of behaviour over and over again, across dozens of different types of insects, from dragonflies to fruit flies. The back-facing orbiting seems to disprove \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs13355-013-0219-x\"\u003Eprevious theories\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on why insects congregate by artificial light at night (ALAN), even one of the most popular theories – that insects were mistaking ALAN for the moon, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002F0003347279900150?via%3Dihub\"\u003Escientists argue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E they use as a sort of compass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The way you navigate by the moon is it's so far away that when you walk, the moon just appears to hover in the sky for you and so it's a good indication of whether you've turned or not, especially for flying,\" says Jamie Theobald, a co-author of the recent study and associate professor of biological sciences at Florida International University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis theory, however, doesn't explain all the peculiar patterns the researchers observed during their field and lab work. Aside from orbiting, Fabian says they witnessed stalling (where an insect appears to fly straight up around the side of the light, then loses momentum and falls back down as if it were a pendulum), and flying directly over the light while inverted. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat last behaviour is why Fabian and Sondhi consider flood lights to be the worst \u003Cspan\u003Elight pollution\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E offenders – the beams of light that fill a large area cause insects to flip upside down abruptly, leading to a lot of catastrophic crash landings. (Read more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230308-how-light-pollution-disrupts-plants-senses\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehow light pollution affects plants' senses\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E)\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hc291x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Flying insects cluster around a streetlamp (Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EALAN is bad for insects across the board; it diverts them from the activities that keep them healthy and alive – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature23288\"\u003Epollinating or eating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, mating, and evading predators. \"Artificial light can also confuse an insect's sense of time and make it difficult to know where they are within a day or a year, which has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdarksky.org\u002Fnews\u002F3-insects-affected-by-light-pollution\u002F#:~:text=Bees%2C%20squirrels%2C%20songbirds%2C%20and,insect's%20day%20and%20night%20patterns.\"\u003Eall sorts of ramifications\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for activity and development, respectively,\" says Avalon Owens, an entomologist and research fellow at the Rowland Institute at Harvard University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA review of 229 studies on light pollution found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0006320719307797\"\u003EALAN is a major driver of insect population loss\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And, as light pollution continues to grow in tandem with ever-expanding urbanisation (about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.adf4952\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.adf4952\"\u003E% annually\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), increasing losses will follow. This could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-019-1684-3.epdf?sharing_token=gKd6ab_sxy2y0dLGBmTVPdRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0P3cBGBUVeGHgT3kJjR4Ll0ttPqGGFdLGUIJKB_BNMk1aGT2OwENmFgfpkPZvobDxfkOCjv9uAlH7W8n05CKzfbfS53Wt_UYFhO2WyXZOODB0_VeUoXjNnARzHQZkJVls_WfXWgYqFPgjl8ge0V7TGaxMSFqnLSpIYPc9jly_3IcbTsmfdBWtF9sssVM-FCmqLB1ofYT_gIKKWwLBvXGszfU5wB2Qz7GgAHCIYr_tII7XEuHMEt_RQmB4_Lhr-BaedfYt7hbD-Yi1It2OqQx7KcO6PUc2M5a8WV820ghzyJ_g%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=www.theguardian.com\"\u003Eseverely impact crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that rely on insects for pollination, hobbling food supplies for larger animals, including humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFabian, Sondhi and Owens stress that there is a simple solution, however: use less ALAN. Or, if you must use it, avoid flood lights, use LEDs on warmer settings, and put lights on timers. Sondhi also points to a soon-to-be-published German study that showed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffhdarksky.com\u002Finformation\u002Fwhat-is-shielding\u002F\"\u003Eshielding or shrouding lights\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which minimise glare by shining downwards, \"helped reduce insect catch around the light by [about] 70 to 80%\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral cities around the world are already taking steps to reduce their ALAN. Middletown, Ohio is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.middletownpress.com\u002Fmiddletown\u002Farticle\u002FMiddletown-converting-streetlights-to-LED-by-end-15565870.php\"\u003Econverting thousands of street lamp lights\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to LEDs which can be programmed to cast warmer light. Nineteen other states have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncsl.org\u002Fenvironment-and-natural-resources\u002Fstates-shut-out-light-pollution\"\u003Elaws in place\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to reduce or shield ALAN, and several countries in the EU have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feponline.com\u002Farticles\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F06\u002Feuropean-union-adopts-new-guidance-to-reduce-light-pollution.aspx#:~:text=The%20EU%20continues%20to%20lead,do%20not%20apply%20EU%2Dwide.\"\u003Eimplemented\u003C\u002Fa\u003E similar, nationwide laws.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe next chapter of this work for Fabian and Sondhi will involve testing the parameters of how far this light effect goes; does it pull insects from kilometres away, or just metres? \"I don't think anyone has explained this satisfactorily to date – which is exciting because there is still much to be learned on this topic,\" says Owens.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The direction of light is really important,\" says Fabian. \"If we don't want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned&\" target=\"_self\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fearth"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-15T14:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why insects are drawn to artificial light at night","headlineShort":"'Moth to a flame': Science debunks an old theory","image":["p0hc2365"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"A moth hovers near a light bulb (Getty Images)","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Scientists finally understand why insects gather around light.","summaryShort":"The real reason insects are drawn to light","tag":["tag\u002Finsect","tag\u002Fanimal","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Ftechnology","tag\u002Fearth","tag\u002Fpollution"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-15T14:04:50.497365Z","entity":"article","guid":"5d86f4cb-3efd-4998-99e6-5c2e8bdf65de","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-15T15:50:32.969267Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240215-why-insects-are-drawn-to-artificial-light-at-night","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058050},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving","_id":"65cddb7d63864e2ff245960f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsophie-hardach"],"bodyIntro":"When Spanish meets English, new dialects emerge – giving us real-time insight into language evolution, linguists say.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Vamos de punches punches punches\", Yamilet Muñoz texted her friends in Austin, Texas. It means \"let's go and party\", but it's not a phrase you'll find in any dictionary. It's a remix of Spanish and English words seasoned with a in-joke about punching the air as you dance, and it's just one example of the countless linguistic innovations happening every day as these two major American languages meet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Our language has always been a very big indicator of our cultural pride,\" says Muñoz, whose parents migrated from Mexico to San Antonio, Texas, in the 1990s. Around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fquickfacts\u002Ffact\u002Ftable\u002Fsanantoniocitytexas\u002FPST045223\"\u003E66% of the city's population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E identify as Hispanic or Latino\u002FLatina (\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fmundo\u002Fnoticias-46502320\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fmundo\u002Fnoticias-46502320\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ELatinx\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is also used to refer to Latinos and Hispanics in a gender-neutral way). For Muñoz and her friends there is pride in speaking Spanish, but also in mixing the languages into the hybrid known as Spanglish: \"It's like a rite of passage – we are making what we heard growing up into our own thing. It's very natural to use.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is also, she says, about \"integrating the two cultures\", as she seamlessly moves between Spanish and English in her private life as well as her job as an outreach associate for the Catholic Diocese of Austin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe evolution of Spanglish has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F1970\u002F12\u002F28\u002Farchives\u002Fspanglish-is-spoken-here-and-new-school-teaches-it.html\"\u003Edocumented for decades\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with each generation adding its unique twist. Now a growing body of research, as well as the experiences of bilingual speakers like Muñoz, shows just how deeply English and Spanish are influencing each other in the United States – resulting in hybrid dialects like Spanglish, but also, transforming the underlying languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The two languages are shaping one another in both directions,\" says Phillip Carter, a professor of linguistics and English at Florida International University's Cuban Research Institute. \"English very clearly affects the way people speak Spanish here, but Spanish also affects the way that people speak English. The most obvious [result] is the phenomenon sometimes called Spanglish, where people use both languages within an utterance, or both languages within a conversation,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p07w1wlr"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, according to Pew Research, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Frace-ethnicity\u002F2023\u002F09\u002F20\u002Flatinos-views-of-and-experiences-with-the-spanish-language\u002F\"\u003ESpanglish is widespread\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with 63% of people who identify as US Latino speaking it at least sometimes. But Carter has also found another effect: Spanish is changing English.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the past decade, Carter and his colleagues have studied language change in Miami, a city where some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fquickfacts\u002Ffact\u002Ftable\u002Fmiamicityflorida,miamidadecountyflorida\u002FPST045222\"\u003E72% identify as Latino or Hispanic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and which is strongly shaped by historical migration from Cuba. Their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fread.dukeupress.edu\u002Famerican-speech\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F95\u002F2\u002F119\u002F139034\u002FNew-Dialect-Formation-Through-Language\"\u003Eresearch documents the emergence of a distinct\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbenjamins.com\u002Fcatalog\u002Feww.22036.car\"\u003EMiami English\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" dialect as a result of that Spanish-language heritage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne 2023 research paper by Carter and Kristen D'Alessandro Merii, a doctoral student in linguistics at the University at Buffalo, focuses on the role of so-called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jbe-platform.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fjournals\u002F10.1075\u002Feww.22036.car\"\u003Ecalques in Miami English\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, meaning, English phrases that are translated word-for-word from Spanish. This includes Miami English phrases such as \"get down from the car\" instead of \"get out of the car\" (derived from the Spanish \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.fiu.edu\u002F2023\u002Fget-down-from-the-car-miami-dialect\"\u003Ebajarse del carro\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\") or \"make a party\" instead of \"throw a party\" (derived from the Spanish \"hacer una fiesta\"). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Spanish influence has also shown up in ways people may not immediately notice, such as sounds like the \"oo\" in \"boot\" being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fread.dukeupress.edu\u002Famerican-speech\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F95\u002F2\u002F119\u002F139034\u002FNew-Dialect-Formation-Through-Language\"\u003Epronounced in a more Spanish-style way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Miami, more like the Spanish \"u\" vowel, according to separate research by Carter, Lydda López Valdez at the University of Miami and Nandi Sims at Ohio State University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is the work of language change, this is the work of dialect formation, this is how it happens. It happens in things that are really noticeable, like [the phrase] 'get down from the car', but it also happens in really subtle ways,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbvwzd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"People wave Cuban flags in the streets of Little Havana in Miami (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fletstalk\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ELet's Talk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a language series across BBC.com, exploring the ancient roots of alphabets, jargon-busting the modern boardroom, and seeking to understand why we speak the way we do. Browse the whole series \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fletstalk\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Let's Talk","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E'Correr para presidente'\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeghann Peace, an associate professor of Spanish at St Mary's University in San Antonio, Texas, defines Spanglish as \"a dialect of Spanish that is influenced by English\". Peace teaches a Spanglish class during which her students also research the dialect. Broadly speaking, Spanglish includes not only mixing the languages but also wider borrowings and influences, she says. She gives examples of commonly used Spanish-English words in San Antonio, such as \"lonche\" for lunch (instead of the standard Spanish \"almuerzo\") and \"troca\" for truck (instead of \"camioneta\").\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeace also says certain word-for-word translations from English are commonly used in Texan Spanish, such as \"correr para presidente\" for \"run for president\" (instead of the standard Spanish \"presentarse como candidato a la presidencia\", which would translate word for word into something like \"presenting yourself as a candidate for the presidency\").\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the students in her Spanglish class are themselves bilingual and use Spanglish in their daily lives, Peace says, and yet there is a common view among them that \"Spanglish is fun, it's cool – and it's incorrect\". But, she adds, \"it's not incorrect at all\". Instead, Peace describes it as simply the result of contact between English and Spanish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's not just Spanish and English shaping each other, however. Different kinds of Spanish – from different parts of Latin America and Spain, and different generations – are also meeting in the US and creating something new.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbvw1k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E'Nombre, pana!': Peru meets Mexico in Texas\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEloy Cruz, a 22-year-old former student of Peace's, describes Spanish as his first language and one he naturally prefers, though he is also fully comfortable in English. He is of Mexican descent and grew up in the city of Laredo by the US-Mexican border, where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fquickfacts\u002Ffact\u002Ftable\u002Flaredocitytexas\u002FPST045222\"\u003Emore than 95% of the population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E identify as Hispanic or Latino, and more than 88% speak a language other than English at home. His parents were also born in the US in Laredo, Texas, but lived in Mexico for the majority of their formative years. The family spoke only Spanish at home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his work at a public school in Texas, supporting young people as they go to university, Cruz effortlessly shifts between his languages. Many of the students' parents, for example, come from different parts of Latin America, and many only speak Spanish. On the other hand, there are those who may want to learn more English, and then he responds accordingly: \"If they start throwing in more English, I'll also throw in more English, to help them out. I need to get a feeling for what they're like, and then I'll throw in more Spanish or English.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also enjoys trading words from different Spanish dialects: he learned \"pana\", a Peruvian word for friend, from Peruvian students at his university. He in turn taught them the Mexican expression \"nombre\", a contraction of \"no, hombre!\", meaning something like, \"no way, man!\" Once, he found himself exclaiming: \"Nombre, pana!\" – \"No way, man!\", with a Mexican-Peruvian twist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of his current favourite words is \"eslei\", Spanglish for \"slay\" – as in, to do something extremely well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbvwr3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"People dressed in Mexican flags line the streets in New York City (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe \"vale\" effect\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy do bilingual speakers mix languages in this way? One might think it is simply an unconscious, accidental process, but research suggests it is more intentional than that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeace has analysed how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.taylorfrancis.com\u002Fchapters\u002Fedit\u002F10.4324\u002F9780429289163-3-5\u002Faqu%C3%AD-el-español-es-muy-diferente-meghann-peace\"\u003EMexican Americans subtly change their Spanish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when studying abroad in Spain. Research by her and others has shown that during such extended stays in Spain, Mexican Americans and other US Spanish speakers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbenjamins.com\u002Fcatalog\u002Fsar.21041.pea\"\u003Etend to pick up certain aspects of European Spanish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvernonpress.com\u002Fbook\u002F781\"\u003Enot others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For example, they often adopt one particular European Spanish word with special enthusiasm, according to the research: \"vale\", meaning, \"right\", or \"ok\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They love saying vale,\" Peace says, even though equivalent words exist in their own US Spanish, such as \"bueno\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat made the students adopt this word, but not others? The answer has to do with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvernonpress.com\u002Fbook\u002F781\"\u003Efinely calibrated judgments around identity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, research by Peace and others suggests. Sprinkling in \"vale\" allowed the speakers to add some global flavour to their speech, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbenjamins.com\u002Fcatalog\u002Fsar.21041.pea\"\u003Ewhile still holding on to their own identity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Peace says: \"It's seen as cosmopolitan, and shows that you're capable of adapting. It's a way of saying, 'I am an international person',\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Spanglish is helping conversations happen – Yamilet Muñoz","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMuñoz and Cruz also highlight another important reason for mixing and shifting between Spanish and English: making sure everyone can understand each other and feels welcome. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The way we use Spanglish is fluid,\" says Muñoz. \"I could be speaking Spanish, and they'd be speaking English back to me, and that's ok. With those who also speak that way, there's no shame.\" For her, it also reflects the linguistic diversity that shaped her upbringing in San Antonio. \"Growing up, there were so many different types of Spanish,\" she says. That mix included people newly arriving from different Mexican regions or other Latin American countries, as well as those born in the US, like herself. For her, Spanglish is a way of connecting everyone in that community: \"It's what's helping conversations happen.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome expressions, she says, are also just satisfying to say, such as \"no manches!\", which she translates as \"dang!\", as in: \"No manches, I forgot my pencil case!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe can also switch to standard English whenever she wishes, for example during her interview – as well as combining English and Spanish, an ability known as code-switching, meaning, mixing one's languages to adjust to a given context. Research suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2226-471X\u002F7\u002F4\u002F246\"\u003Ebilingual children can already code-switch at a young age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The bigger story is, Spanish is an American language. Spanish has always, always, always been here – Phillip Carter","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECarter, the researcher who studies language change in Miami, points out that this is not the first time English has been profoundly transformed by bilingualism. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.humanities.ox.ac.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fmedieval-britain-if-you-wanted-get-ahead-you-had-speak-french\"\u003EFrench\u003C\u002Fa\u003E entered Old English through \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobal.oup.com\u002Facademic\u002Fproduct\u002Fexternal-influences-on-english-9780199654260?cc=gb&lang=en&\"\u003Eloanwords\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The mix, and other linguistic influences such as Latin, helped create the English we speak today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When you have bilingual situations like this, the minds and mouths of bilinguals do shape the language, and it often has effects that are long-lasting,\" Carter says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERegarding English and Spanish in North America, that evolution also has a long history, he notes: \"English and Spanish have been doing a dance with one another in the United States since the colonial period,\" he says. \"The bigger story is, Spanish is an American language. It's a language of the US, even though it's not constructed that way in political terms. Spanish has always, always, always been here. And although the language itself sometimes gets lost [as families switch to using English], it has influenced the way people speak English.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbw9vy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A woman waves a Venezuelan flag in Miami (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E'This is a new Spanish'\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite that long history and profound impact, speaking \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F15235882.2018.1563006\"\u003EUS Spanish can still trigger negative reactions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whether from Spanish speakers who take issue with the English influence, or English speakers with racist attitudes. According to a survey by the Pew Research Center, four in 10 Latinos report having experienced discrimination such as being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Fhispanic\u002F2018\u002F10\u002F25\u002Flatinos-and-discrimination\u002F\"\u003Ecriticised for speaking Spanish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or being told to go back to their home country – although, more encouragingly, the same proportion had also experienced support. Peace also points out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.upress.ufl.edu\u002Fshl\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F1962\"\u003Ehistorical discrimination against Spanish speakers in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on an institutional level, such as punishing children for speaking Spanish in schools.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Most of the student population here at my university is Hispanic\u002FLatino, which means that most of them speak Spanish. It's kind of comforting knowing there are some people who will understand me if I speak either language or blend both,\" says Mariana Mata, a 22-year-old student in global studies and Spanish at St Mary's University. Her parents came to the US from Mexico in the 1990s, and she says her mother tongue and main home language is Spanish – though she and her brother use English and Spanish to converse between themselves, and with others. \"Although there is so much hate and criticism towards Spanglish, it is one of my favourites because it shows people how our minds work differently,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElaborating on some the criticism, she mentions a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fmundo\u002Farticles\u002Fcx01l7yx2jno\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ederogatory term used by some Latinos\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for other Latinos who don't speak Spanish fluently. There has been a rising movement among young bilingual speakers to reclaim the term, including on TikTok, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refinery29.com\u002Fen-us\u002F2022\u002F05\u002F10971837\u002Fno-sabo-kid-meaning-new-definition\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Epush back against the implication that some ways of speaking Spanish are inferior\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to others. \"It's a very offensive word,\" says Muñoz, who is also familiar with the term, and dislikes it. She points out that firstly, it's not a person's fault if they were not taught to speak Spanish; and secondly, US-born Latinos and Latinas may simply speak Spanish differently from their ancestors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is a new Spanish. This is not the Spanish you grew up with. It's not that I don't speak it well. I just don't speak it like you,\" says Muñoz, addressing those who might take issue with her way of speaking it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong his students and their families, Cruz has also observed the opposite pressure: of families losing their Spanish as quickly as possible, to try and protect children from discrimination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you have a good socio-economic status, you're not looked down on for speaking the language,\" he says, but the picture can look very different for more vulnerable families. In one case, one of his students had been awarded a full college scholarship, but the student's mother did not understand this, and thought they would have to take out a loan. It turned out the student only spoke English, and his mother only spoke Spanish. Cruz, speaking Spanish to her, explained the good news, but also asked her how she and her son had got to the point of not sharing a language. He says she told him: \"I thought I was protecting my son by not giving him anything that people around him can use to bully him.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his view, one thing we can all learn from Spanglish is to be more open to different ways of speaking, and to remember the ultimate goal is communication, not judgment. \"There isn't one way to speak Spanish,\" Cruz notes. \"Hey, Spanish might include some English – it might include some Portuguese, depending on where you are. There should be more acceptance of how people speak their Spanish, because at the end of the day, it is theirs.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\"\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving-15"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fletstalk"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-15T09:58:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Eslei! How a new generation is reinventing Spanglish","headlineShort":"Eslei! The new generation reinventing Spanglish","image":["p0hbz9t3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A map of Texas and a map of Florida with Spanish-English phrases written across them (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"When Spanish meets English, new dialects emerge – giving us real-time insight into language evolution, linguists say.","summaryShort":"As Spanish meets English, both languages change","tag":["tag\u002Flanguages","tag\u002Flanguage","tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-15T09:37:44.54812Z","entity":"article","guid":"32808d04-91a5-45a5-b44d-c3ecca74a9e4","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-15T09:58:56.056003Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240214-how-spanish-and-english-are-evolving","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058050},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks","_id":"65ccc7e563864e7d2826a97a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-cox"],"bodyIntro":"Studying the pathogens in sewage is helping scientists to track outbreaks of infectious diseases – and intervene before they escalate.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen he began his career as a microbiologist, Warish Ahmed never imagined that one of the most critical roles of his career would have involved sifting through litres of raw sewage collected from pipes and manholes across the state of Queensland in Australia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Dealing with wastewater might not be everyone’s favourite job,\" says Ahmed, a principal research scientist at The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Environment in the city of Brisbane. \"But I see it as a valuable way to learn about community health. It's like finding liquid gold,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo-called wastewater surveillance has long been used as a crucial way of tracking a small collection of deadly pathogens such as poliovirus, \u003Cem\u003EVibrio cholerae\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the bacteria which causes cholera, and \u003Cem\u003ESalmonella typhi,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the bacteria which causes typhoid fever, all of which are spread through poor sanitation practices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut more recently, particularly in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, public health authorities around the world have begun to realise that studying the material present in sewage can utilised to keep an eye on a much wider variety of infectious diseases, in real time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe project carried out by Ahmed and his team, in collaboration with the University of Queensland, examined the levels of various respiratory pathogens such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19, and RSV. All these microorganisms are excreted via the guts of infected individuals, and end up in wastewater collected from across the state. RSV is of particular interest due to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9835463\u002F\"\u003Ehigh mortality rates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E it causes among the elderly, especially those with pre-existing heart and lung conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is not merely the presence of a particular pathogen which interests researchers, but the concentration. \"Concentration is highly valuable for tracking the rise or decline of diseases,\" says Ahmed. \"Elevated concentrations of a viral particle may suggest increased viral shedding in the community,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it is fed back to public health units in the region, this information acts as a key early warning mechanism that a particular infectious disease is spiking in prevalence. And now new technology platforms are making the data ever more efficient to collect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbndvf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETraditionally, wastewater surveillance has involved the unpleasant and dangerous job of manually collecting samples. But in Queensland, each sewer is now equipped with an autosampler which gathers samples hourly over a 24-hour period. These are then blended together to produce a mixture which can be analysed in special facilities using PCR tests – a molecular technique that can be used to identify fragments of genetic material. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now runs a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fnwss\u002Fwastewater-surveillance.html\"\u003Enational wastewater surveillance system\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to regularly test for a variety of pathogens, including monkeypox, using technology provided by Alphabet-owned Verily.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther start-ups like the MIT-spinoff Biobot are looking to expand wastewater surveillance across the world through their platform which can not only detect respiratory viruses in sewage, but foodborne illnesses like norovirus, as well as the metabolised \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbiobot.io\u002Four-platform\u002Fhigh-risk-substances\u002F\"\u003Ebyproducts of drugs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as cocaine, fentanyl, methamphetamine, and nicotine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most contagious viruses on the planet is measles, which is currently causing an outbreak in the UK, and has been surging in the US – with 23 cases from December 2023 to January 2024. In the past, scientists have successfully detected fragments of its \u003Ca class=\"fui-Link ___1rxvrpe f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv fk6fouc fjoy568 figsok6 f1hu3pq6 f11qmguv f19f4twv f1tyq0we f1g0x7ka fhxju0i f1qch9an f1cnd47f fqv5qza f1vmzxwi f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a f1h8hb77 f1lqvz6u f10aw75t fsle3fq f17ae5zn\" title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002Fpmc5478994\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5478994\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ERNA in sewage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There are not yet any official screening programmes that use this method, but it's thought that in the future it might help to provide an \u003Ca class=\"fui-Link ___1rxvrpe f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv fk6fouc fjoy568 figsok6 f1hu3pq6 f11qmguv f19f4twv f1tyq0we f1g0x7ka fhxju0i f1qch9an f1cnd47f fqv5qza f1vmzxwi f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a f1h8hb77 f1lqvz6u f10aw75t fsle3fq f17ae5zn\" title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologyreview.com\u002F2024\u002F01\u002F26\u002F1087215\u002Fhow-wastewater-could-offer-an-early-warning-system-for-measles\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologyreview.com\u002F2024\u002F01\u002F26\u002F1087215\u002Fhow-wastewater-could-offer-an-early-warning-system-for-measles\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eearly warning that the virus is circulating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"A potential breakthrough","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"With wastewater you can provide surveillance of cities of millions of people using samples from no more than a few sites,\" says Joshua Levy, of Scripps Research, a non-profit biomedical institute in San Diego. \"You need way fewer samples to meaningfully characterise local pathogen dynamics, compared to costly and high-volume nasal swabs or blood draws which are often quite biased by disease severity. Instead, asymptomatic infections are still detected by wastewater.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBoosting health security of low-income nations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile wastewater surveillance is being used extensively in the US, Australia and also the UK, where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fexpansion-of-polio-sewage-surveillance-to-areas-outside-london\"\u003Ean ongoing programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is using sewage sampling to identify areas of the country at higher risk of polio, its biggest impact of all is likely to be in managing disease outbreaks in low-income nations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERepresentatives of PolioPlus, Rotary International's global initiative to eradicate polio, point out that while polio incidence has been reduced by 99.9% over the past 35 years, it remains a major public health problem in Pakistan and Afghanistan where poliovirus is endemic. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In Pakistan there are 114 wastewater surveillance sites and in Afghanistan there are 33,\" says Carol Pandak, director of PolioPlus. \"Without surveillance it would be impossible to pinpoint where and how poliovirus is still circulating.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbnff5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the other side of the globe, monitoring sewage is proving to be a vital tool for the São Paulo municipal government in its ongoing battle against the hepatitis A virus (HAV), an infection which causes inflammation of the liver and sometimes requires a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Freferenceworkentry\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-030-01751-4_35-1\"\u003Eliver transplant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, São Paulo has had two large HAV outbreaks with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br\u002Fequilibrioesaude\u002F2023\u002F10\u002Fprefeitura-emite-alerta-para-alta-de-casos-de-hepatite-a-em-sao-paulo.shtml#:~:text=De%20janeiro%20at%C3%A9%20o%20fim,anos%20no%20momento%20do%20diagn%C3%B3stico.\"\u003E1,872 confirmed cases between 2016 and 2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. According to Tatiana Prado, a virologist at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, a research institute in Rio de Janeiro, the city has implemented a continuous sewage surveillance program at some airports and risk areas to monitor for new emergences of HAV as well as other viruses and bacteria. She predicts that new technologies will only continue to enhance the information which these programmes can provide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"New diagnostic tools are emerging which will be able to generate millions of data points about the different types of microorganisms circulating in a given environment,\" says Prado. \"But the biggest bottleneck will be the investments needed to maintain the surveillance systems and interpret all the data generated, so it is useful to policymakers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEarly warnings\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith similar programs having been trialled in parts of sub-Saharan Africa for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.heliyon.2022.e08910\"\u003Etuberculosis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.asm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1128\u002Fcmr.00103-22\"\u003Eparasites\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as \u003Cem\u003ECryptosporidium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a cause of diarrhoeal disease, wastewater surveillance will undoubtedly play a growing role in providing intelligence to global health systems on all manner of worrisome pathogens.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the coming years, researchers hope that real-time surveillance will begin to yield new information on the evolution of many common viruses, enabling them to predict whether they might be in danger of escaping existing vaccine-derived immunity. Such information could then be swiftly fed back to vaccine manufacturers, enabling them to update their jabs before the newly evolved pathogen is more widespread in the community.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Some researchers have shown that undetected circulation and evolution of common viruses is much more common than previously believed,\" says Levy. \"Work is ongoing to understand the significance of this to major questions in virology such as the emergence of variants of concern. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It has been shown that we can detect the presence of new viral variants in wastewater 10 or more days earlier than other forms of surveillance, [providing] essential lead time for public health officials and stakeholders to provide guidance, and for members of the public to modify their behaviour if needed,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilar information could also be used to preserve and protect antibiotics so that they continue working for future generations, by examining sewage samples for the presence of resistance genes – segments of DNA which give a bacteria the capability to survive treatment with certain antibiotics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmy Pruden, a professor at Virginia Tech, says that this kind of surveillance could help pinpoint communities which have more of a resistance problem, alerting doctors to potential infections which are spreading among the population and providing them with more information to be able to prescribe the most effective antibiotic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0hbng5d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"An idea that is catching on is the possibility of using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aba3432\"\u003Emetagenomic DNA sequencing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" says Pruden. \"The beauty of this approach is that it allows you to sequence the DNA from all the bacteria in the sewage at once, then compare it to databases and see what kinds of pathogens likely present, and what kinds of resistance genes they likely carry. There is a lot of potential here, but it is still in the nascent stages of application,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe ultimate hope is that such surveillance efforts could also catch future epidemic outbreaks or even pandemics in the very earliest stages, providing governments with the ability to respond and direct efforts towards vaccines and drug development far faster than before. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGoing forwards, Ahmed's team and others around the world are exploring the possibility of analysing the viral content from aircraft wastewater, to track potential new variants of influenza and Covid and possibly even new viruses, which are being transmitted from elsewhere in the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's crucial to have the necessary tools ready before the next serious virus emerges so that we can effectively combat it,\" says Ahmed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned&\" target=\"_self\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2024-02-14T14:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How sewers are helping us to monitor disease outbreaks","headlineShort":"How sewers are helping to track Covid-19","image":["p0hbnghj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Blackburn Meadows sewage treatment works in the UK (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"65b145ac63864e5747005d2f"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Studying the pathogens in sewage is helping scientists to track outbreaks of infectious diseases – and intervene before they escalate.","summaryShort":"The pathogens in sewage are helping scientists to track disease outbreaks.","tag":["tag\u002Fmedicine","tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2024-02-14T14:01:53.597452Z","entity":"article","guid":"7c9a2612-b2ad-4916-9f9d-1ede37d306d5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks","modifiedDateTime":"2024-02-14T15:39:17.016776Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20240213-how-sewers-are-helping-us-to-monitor-disease-outbreaks","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058051},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees","_id":"65b1452a63864e75c756f9c9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The citron of Calabria in southern Italy had almost died out from extreme weather and lack of economic value. But growing the crop under a canopy of solar panels has given the fruit a new lease of life – with lessons for many climate-stressed crops.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a warm late winter morning, Antonio Lancellotta, a 35-year-old farmer, shows me around one of his family's unorthodox 1.8-acre (7,280 square metre) greenhouse in Scalea, southern Italy. Rows of lush citron trees (\u003Cem\u003ECitrus medica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), heavy with white flowers fill the space. Yet, above the trees, at about 12.5ft (3.8m) above the ground, alternating lines of transparent plastic sheets and photovoltaic panels roofed the field. The Lancellotta family was one of the first in Italy to experiment with \"agrivoltaics\", where crops are grown underneath solar panels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Look at the quality of this citron,\" Lancellotta says, holding a large heart-shaped yellow fruit. \"Perfect.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the centuries, thanks to a mild climate, locals in this corner of Italy specialised in growing these large Liscia Diamante (which translates to \"smooth diamond\") fruits\u003Cem\u003E – \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewhich can weigh up to 11lb (5kg) each – to meet the demand of perfume makers who used the rind's essential oils. Jewish priests traveled from far away to select the fruits for use in prayer during the seven-day religious festival Sukkot. Every family had a few citron trees: the area prospered and took on the name of Riviera dei Cedri\u003Cem\u003E. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, in the last 50 years, the Liscia Diamante almost went extinct as Calabrians migrated elsewhere searching for a better life, and cheaper industrial substitutes replaced essential oils. It made little economic sense for those who stayed behind to keep growing the fruit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230414-climate-change-why-2023-is-a-clean-energy-milestone\"\u003EThe clean energy milestone of 2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230413-can-regenerative-wool-make-fashion-more-sustainable\"\u003ECan wool ever be sustainable?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230309-how-carbon-negative-concrete-can-help-the-climate\"\u003EA low-carbon concrete that could help the climate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2009, Antonio's father, Mario, an agronomist and accountant, stumbled upon agrivoltaics. This concept had been around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frenewablepedia.com\u002Fthe-history-of-agrivoltaic\u002F\"\u003Esince the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the agronomist saw it as an exciting investment opportunity. What if producing energy could support the production of the local endangered citron that, to grow well, needed some natural or artificial shade?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHis idea was in line with a larger trend. That same year, the European Union \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feur-lex.europa.eu\u002Flegal-content\u002FEN\u002FALL\u002F?uri=CELEX%3A32009L0028\"\u003Eissued a directive to its member states\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to ensure 20% of their energy was from renewable sources by 2020, leading to a race to set up solar farms. Some farmers preferred to sell or rent their land to renewable energy production companies long-term because of the more secure income. While the European Union \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenergy.ec.europa.eu\u002Ftopics\u002Frenewable-energy\u002Frenewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules\u002Frenewable-energy-directive_en\"\u003Ehas now surpassed the 20% goal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, globally the figure for solar is still low. According to a 2021 report by the International Energy Agency, photovoltaic energy production \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fsolar-pv\"\u003Eaccounts for only 3.6% of global electricity generation, though it is growing fast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Sylvia Kay, a British researcher at the non-profit research and advocacy think tank the Transnational Institute, the quest for renewable energy production in the past decade triggered a trend to reallocate land used for crop cultivation for renewable energy production.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It set up sort of competing land uses,\" Kay says. In partnership with Via Campesina, an International farmers' organisation, she \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcooperativa.cat\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2014\u002F12\u002Fland_in_europe-jun2013.pdf#page=70\"\u003Ecompiled a report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on European land concentration and \"green grabbing\", the displacement of farmland for renewable energy production.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many parts of the world, the development of large solar projects on agricultural land has sidelined local communities, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Findias-enormous-solar-park-was-meant-to-help-poor-communities-but-it-left-the-landless-stricken-189789\"\u003Ewho see few benefits from the project and face unemployment as local agricultural jobs disappear\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In recent years, the tension between agricultural and solar land has been felt \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fworld\u002Fus\u002Fus-solar-expansion-stalled-by-rural-land-use-protests-2022-04-07\u002F\"\u003Ein the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Findias-enormous-solar-park-was-meant-to-help-poor-communities-but-it-left-the-landless-stricken-189789\"\u003EIndia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2022-08-09\u002Fchina-clamps-down-on-wind-solar-farms-to-protect-food-supply#xj4y7vzkg?leadSource=uverify%20wall\"\u003EChina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, among other solar producers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's a question of consent, consultation and proper planning procedures,\" Kay says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, today, the need for renewable energy \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-57833807\"\u003Eto curb the effects of climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-63709352\"\u003Ereach self-sufficiency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is increasing in the EU and worldwide. Countries such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fagrivoltaic-farming-solar-sharing-growing-more-popular-in-japan-2022-12?r=US&IR=T\"\u003EJapan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.euronews.com\u002Fgreen\u002F2022\u002F10\u002F19\u002Ffrench-farmers-are-covering-crops-with-solar-panels-to-produce-food-and-energy-at-the-same\"\u003EFrance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ise.fraunhofer.de\u002Fen\u002Fpress-media\u002Fpress-releases\u002F2021\u002Fdual-yield-on-arable-land-guideline-for-agrivoltaics-published.html\"\u003EGermany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wsj.com\u002Farticles\u002Fsolar-panels-farmers-crops-11668018216\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rechargenews.com\u002Fsolar\u002Fenel-breaks-ground-on-italys-largest-agrivoltaic-project-with-harmonious-solar-powered-plan\u002F2-1-1425842\"\u003EItaly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are looking at ways to keep their precious, cultivable lands and meet demand for Sun-powered energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELancelotta is sure that agrivoltaics is the right solution. He believes that the farming side of the business should be preserved and strengthened by solar, and not compromised. \"Farmers have always been taking care of the territory,\" Lancellotta says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, because of its novelty, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pv-magazine.com\u002F2021\u002F03\u002F26\u002Fcost-comparison-between-agrivoltaics-and-ground-mounted-pv\u002F\"\u003Ehigher installation costs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, some farmers' resistance to change, and the lack of clear legislation, there is a long way to go before agrivoltaics goes mainstream.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELancellotta walks me to another 3.7-acre (15,000 sq m) greenhouse filled with 1,250 lemon trees. As he talks of his fruits with pride, I felt a hint of disappointment. He had invited me to witness the lemon harvest, which he had cancelled last minute. I had anticipated seeing people at work plucking lemons and the air filled with a fresh citrus scent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the entrepreneur, who has dark curly hair and wears black-framed glasses, doesn't seem worried about the missed harvest. Market prices were 40% below his €1 ($1.1\u002F£0.9) per kilo threshold, so he decided to keep his lemons hanging until buyers changed their minds. It's an unusual approach in agriculture, where farmers, fearing the loss of a year's work, are often forced to sell at the going rate, whatever that is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reason for Lancellotta's security in being able to wait the market? The solar panels over our heads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We could easily decide to let the fruits go to waste, even though we won't because we'll try to find a compromise because we have another source of income from energy production,\" Lancellotta says. \"Finally, farmers can regain bargaining power.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProducing renewable energy on their 100 acres (40ha) of agrivoltaic farmland around Italy not only gives the Lancellottas an alternative income to agriculture by generating enough clean electricity for 16,000 families, but it also improves their fruits. According to the entrepreneur, the cover provided by the panels reduces the citruses' water needs by 70%. The fruits are larger, a better colour and have fewer defects from exposure to the elements. They also carry a higher concentration of essential oils in their rind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELancellotta notes the common misconception that under shade, crops don't grow well. \"But instead,\" he says, pausing at a lemon tree and taking a ripe lemon in his hand with a big smile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFurthermore, the roof protects the plants against extreme climate events: in 2017, as an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilsole24ore.com\u002Fart\u002Fal-via-calabria-raccolta-cedri-export-e-dop-contro-danni-maltempo-AEMxU8MC?refresh_ce=1\"\u003Eunusual winter frost damaged most citron plants of the region\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Lancellottas' trees survived because the panels protected them. They freely distributed grafts of their trees to growers who lost their plants, helping to protect the region's ancient agricultural tradition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a problem far from unique to citron and lemons. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-60141387\"\u003EClimate change is impacting agriculture worldwide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-59105963\"\u003Eas extreme weather events become more common\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Floods, landslides – agriculture is already a fragile sector from this point of view because it's under the sky. You have to try protect it,\" says Mariangela Lancellotta, who also works for the family firm. She and other agrivoltaics proponents hope that the practice could benefit a wide range of crops under pressure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the past 20 years Joshua Pearce, a photovoltaic researcher and professor at Western University in Ontario, Canada, has been studying \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS136403211501103X\"\u003Ehow agrivoltaics protects crops and increases yields\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in berries, fruits, grains and all different kinds of vegetables.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's a giant race on with everybody in the world to figure out the best type of photovoltaic arrangement for a specific crop in a specific area,\" Pearce says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPearce points to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbioscience\u002Farticle\u002F57\u002F11\u002F939\u002F234280\"\u003Ea study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showing how at the end of the century, pine trees won't be able to grow in some regions of Canada anymore because of warming weather. So, he's been talking to Christmas tree farms about trying out agrivoltaics to protect their crop.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"At least to me, it is completely non-intuitive that you could actually get higher yields for Christmas trees and wheat and corn by shading them a little bit,\" Pearce says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAgrivoltaic farming can come in different shapes and forms: Pearce refers to the elevated solar panels Lancellotta uses as the \"European model\" because, in Canada, thanks to the large availability of farmland, the panels are still mainly positioned directly on the ground and spaced far apart, functioning as windbreakers, with cultivation or sheep grazing in between.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the biggest challenges in agrivoltaics is convincing investors it's worth the extra hassle of combining a solar array with agriculture, says Axel Weselek, a PhD candidate at the University of Hohenheim, Germany, who has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs13593-021-00714-y\"\u003Estudied how agrivoltaics can benefit crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as potatoes, wheat and celeriac.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn plain financial terms, it's often more attractive to invest in simple photovoltaic installations that have nothing to do with farming, Weselek says. \"Because, as an investor, you don't care about agricultural productivity – [just] the investment,\" he says. Installing an array around crops is more expensive because of the non-standard design and the cost of elevating the panels from the ground. The electrical yields are also lower because there are fewer panels per unit area to let the sun reach the plants underneath.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt can cost about €1m ($1.1m\u002F£900,000) per 2.5 acres (10,000 sq m) in Italy to put up an agrivoltaic farm, according to Lancellotta, 7% more than a traditional photovoltaic one. The initial investment is substantial, with an expected return after six or seven years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Lancellotta, today, few farmers can access that kind of capital. One option is to partner up with energy producers who profit from selling energy and pay a rent to the farmer who also cultivates crops underneath the panels. This, however, is not easy to do because routine agricultural activities can substantially reduce energy production, and vice versa, invasive maintenance works on the panels can damage the crops. Cooperation and good contracts are key for the system to work, Lancellotta says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn his project, Lancellotta partnered with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.efsolareitalia.com\u002F\"\u003EEF Solare Italia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the largest owner of solar plants in Italy. The firm owns the panels on top of Lancellotta's citruses farm \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.legreenhouse.it\u002F\"\u003ELe Greenhouse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, though the Lancellotta family also own a few themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Andrea Ghiselli, the chief executive of EF Solare Italia, the only way to meet the country's demand for renewable energy in the next decade will be with agrivoltaics. Currently, only 9 of the 300 solar farms they own are agrivoltaic. Still, he says that 50% of new installations will be elevated, as it has become challenging to set up conventional solar farms in Italy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 30kg CO2, travelling by train. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Can we afford photovoltaic farms without agriculture in Italy in the next few years?\" Ghiselli says. Since the costs for investors are higher, he believes governments should write clear agrivoltaic farming guides and regulations to incentivise and protect investors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is an ongoing project. \"There is a regulatory framework that is not certain, even if there is great interest from entrepreneurs,\" says Alessandra Scognamiglio, an agrivoltaics researcher and the president of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.associazioneitalianagrivoltaicosostenibile.com\u002Forganizzazione\u002F\"\u003EItalian Association of Sustainable Agrivoltaic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She is currently working with the Italian government to shape the new regulatory framework.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs we walk through the rows of trees, Lancellotta grabs a citrus blossom and hands it to me to eat: a sweet, tangy flavour unfurls in my mouth. Around us, bumblebees harvest the flower's pollen while goldfinches fly in and out of the greenhouse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Agriculture is an activity carried out on the land for the community that lives there,\" says Lancellotta. \"And therefore photovoltaics too must be considered in this perspective. It must be designed for the community that lives in it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-04-24T12:13:31.44Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Italian farmers saving an ancient fruit with solar power","headlineShort":"The revival of a historic Italian fruit","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The citron of southern Italy had almost died out from extreme weather and lack of economic value. But growing the crop under solar panels revolutionised the way the fruit is farmed.","summaryShort":"The ritually significant fruit was almost wiped out by extreme weather","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-04-25T23:30:03.999945Z","entity":"article","guid":"e8da9c37-c1ae-4068-bee1-f8ff0a5b7475","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees","modifiedDateTime":"2023-04-26T09:39:48.06813Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230424-how-agrivoltaics-helped-save-italys-citron-and-lemon-trees","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058051},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool","_id":"65b1452a63864e758b601f26","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In the eras before air-conditioning, southern China's skywells played a key role in keeping people's homes cool. Could they do it again today?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERu Ling loves spending time in skywells. To her, these courtyards of old Chinese houses are the perfect place to be in on a hot and humid day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They are airy, cool and well-shaded,\" says 40-year-old Ru.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom 2014 to 2021, Ru lived in a century-old timber-framed home in the village of Guanlu in eastern China's Anhui province. She moved there for a change of life after living and working in air-conditioned buildings for many years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The natural cool feeling of my home in summer was so refreshing, and a rare find in the modern world,\" she says. \"It also gave the house a calming and zen vibe.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERu says that the house's skywell helped create this cooling effect. And she's not alone in extolling the benefits of skywells in hot weather. Studies have found that the temperatures inside some of the skywells in southern China are significantly lower than the outside – by up to 4.3C.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn today's rapidly urbanising China, fewer and fewer people live in skywell dwellings – air-conditioned flats in multi-storeyed buildings and tower blocks are the main forms of homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut a revival of interest in traditional Chinese architecture is leading some of historic buildings with skywells to be restored for modern times. Meanwhile, as a government push has made \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.futurarc.com\u002Fcommentary\u002Fa-case-study-from-china-low-carbon-building-innovations-are-changing-future-architecture\u002F\"\u003Elow-carbon innovations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the building sector a trend in the country, some architects are drawing inspiration from skywells and other traditional Chinese architectural features to help keep new buildings cooler.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA skywell, or \"tian jing\" (天井) in Mandarin, is a typical feature of a traditional home in southern and eastern China. Different from a northern Chinese courtyard, or \"yuan zi\" (院子), a skywell is smaller and less exposed to the outdoor environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are commonly seen in homes dating to Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, which were designed to house different generations of relatives, according to a 2010 paper published by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwenku.baidu.com\u002Fview\u002Fd7df21cead51f01dc281f1d4?bfetype=new&_wkts_=1669151208171\"\u003EJournal of Nanchang University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in China.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough a skywell's size and design vary from region to region, it is almost always rectangular and located in the core of a house. It is either enclosed by rooms on four sides or three sides plus a wall. Some large houses have more than one skywell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are relatively common in historic residences in large swathes of southern and eastern China, such as Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi. Some of the best-preserved can be found in Huizhou (徽州), a historical region that spreads between modern-day Anhui and Jiangxi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESkywells were designed to cool buildings in an era well before air-conditioning existed. When wind blows above a skywell house, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Eit can enter the indoor space through the opening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Because outdoor air is often cooler than indoor air, the incoming breeze travels down the walls to the lower stories and create airflows by replacing warmer indoor air, which rises and leaves through the opening.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220920-how-indias-lattice-buildings-cool-without-air-con\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow India's lattice buildings cool without air con\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230706-the-simple-ways-cities-can-adapt-to-heatwaves\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe simple ways cities can adapt to heatwaves\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230628-the-white-roofs-cooling-womens-homes-in-indian-slums\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe white roofs cooling women's homes in Indian slums\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYu Youhong, 55, has spent more than 30 years restoring skywell homes in Wuyuan county of Jiangxi province, a part of the old Huizhou. As an \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.xinhuanet.com\u002Fenglish\u002Feurope\u002F2019-03\u002F24\u002Fc_137920307_6.htm\"\u003Einheritor of intangible cultural heritage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E recognised by China's Ministry of Culture and Tourism, he has obtained a wealth of knowledge about skywells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe main purposes of a skywell, he says, is to allow in light, improve ventilation and harvest rainwater. In Huizhou, a skywell is small but tall, and the rooms around it can block out sunlight on hot days, enabling the bottom of the skywell to stay cool, he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, hot air inside the house can rise and escape through the opening above the skywell, which \"works just like a chimney\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The ground floor of old Huizhou houses normally have very high ceilings and face towards the skywell directly, which is good for ventilation,\" Yu says. \"Some wealthy families had two or even three skywells, enabling them to have even better ventilation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough skywell buildings have existed in China for hundreds of years, in recent times they have often been forgotten by people who prefer modern facilities. Over the past two decades, however, due to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F13467581.2023.2182637\"\u003Erevival of traditional Chinese architecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, part of a broader resurgence of traditional Chinese culture, skywell buildings have been making a comeback.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the skywell homes restored by Yu is in the village of Yan, in Wuyuan county. The once-derelict 300-year-old house was bought by Edward Gawne, a former marketing director from the UK, and his Chinese wife, Liao Minxin, in 2015. The couple turned the three-storey house into a 14-room boutique hotel with the help of Yu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Gawne and Liao had air-conditioning fitted in all their guestrooms, they kept the communal spaces surrounding the skywells in their original status: unsealed and with natural airflow. Gawne says that even without air conditioning the skywell areas are very comfortable in summer. \"Everyone notes when they step into the house how naturally cool it is.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYu says he expects skywells, as an architectural feature, to be \"more and more popular\" among younger generations because of their ventilation and lighting functions, especially as sustainability becomes an important element for new buildings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven when there is no natural wind, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Eair circulation still takes place inside a skywell home due to the \"chimney effect\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The temperature difference between the top and bottom of the skywell means warm air inside the skywell rises, drawing cooler air from the rooms to the bottom of the skywell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Everyone notes when they step into the house how naturally cool it is - Edward Michael Gawne","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETraditional skywell homes further south in Lingnan (岭南), a historical region consisting of the modern-day Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan and what is now northern and central Vietnam, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Ehave smaller and deeper skywells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than other areas due to the longer and hotter summers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a transition space between indoor life and the outdoor environment, a skywell acts as an \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Eeffective heat buffer to shield residents from the hot air outside\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the largest part of skywell's cooling effect actually comes when there are bodies of water in the enclosure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvaporated water cools hot air, a process known as evaporative cooling which is well-reflected in Huizhou skywells. In the past, Huizhou families collected rainwater in their skywells because they believed such an action \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F13467581.2020.1838908\"\u003Ecould safeguard and boost their wealth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESkywells here therefore have channels around them to drain rainwater coming from the roofs. According to Yu, some wealthy families had a drainage system dug under the skywell to ensure that rainwater would only leave the house after circumnavigating the front hall under the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHuizhou skywells also have a large stone vat in the middle to hold water for daily use and to put out fires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA 2021 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hindawi.com\u002Fjournals\u002Face\u002F2021\u002F6666701\u002F\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of skywell dwellings in two traditional Huizhou villages found that evaporative cooling was likely the main reason that average temperatures inside the skywells were 2.6-4.3C lower than the average external temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EToday, government directives are starting to play a key role in the return of skywells in modern buildings. Since 2013, the Chinese central government has been pushing for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.udspub.com\u002Fajj\u002Fpublic\u002Findex.php\u002Fszgc\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F1624\u002F0\"\u003Egreen buildings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which save resources and emit less pollution in their entire lifecycles. A 2019 government instruction required that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.cn\u002Fxinwen\u002F2019-11\u002F05\u002F5448936\u002Ffiles\u002F7a105ee3d9b24dec8a430dd9f64ef97f.pdf\"\u003E70%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of buildings completed in 2022 should meet its \"\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ccpitbuild.org\u002Fzhengce\u002F2021-10-25\u002F482.html\"\u003Egreen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" standard, which includes a series of specific criteria, including how good a building's insulation is and how environmentally-friendly the building materials are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EArchitects are now looking towards the principles behind skywells while designing new buildings to save energy. One example is the National Heavy Vehicle Engineering Technology Research Centre in the eastern Chinese city of Jinan. The 18-storey glass-walled tower block, completed last year, has a giant interior skywell in the middle, which stretches from the fifth to the top floor. The elevators, toilets and meeting rooms are all situated around this shaft, which helps improve the lighting and ventilation of the centre and reduces the overall energy consumption, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.archiposition.com\u002Fitems\u002F20221121104318\"\u003Earchitects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from the Shanghai-based CCDI Group say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"CARBON COUNT","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the county of Jixi in Xuancheng, a part of historic Huizhou, the site of the former town hall was revamped in 2013 to be a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.archdaily.com\u002F897439\u002Fjixi-museum-atelier-li-xinggang\"\u003Emuseum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The complex pays homage to its surroundings of Huizhou-style architectures by having several skywells, which it says brings airflow to the inside and helps to preserve several ancient trees on the site.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, a popular tourist village in Sichuan – a province known for its hot and humid summer – has a series of round houses with skywells and large eaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome skyscrapers use the ventilation principle of skywells to improve airflows without building a courtyard out of concerns of practicality. The 68-storey Dongguan TBA Tower in Guandong province, for example, brings natural airflows to every floor with internal \"windpipes\" that function in a similar way to skywells. The tower's general manager told a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.igreen.org\u002Findex.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=15&id=2758\"\u003Elocal newspaper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the aim is to keep the building’s temperature comfortable in spring and autumn, using only natural ventilation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAncient \"green wisdom\" such as skywells continue to inspire today's climate adaptive design and innovations in passive cooling, according to Wang Zhengfeng, a postdoctoral researcher in environmental humanities at the Institute for Area Studies at Leiden University in the Netherlands who previously trained as an architect. Passive cooling is a method that incorporates design and technology to cool a building without the use of power.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Wang points out some challenges for bringing skywells into modern designs. The mechanisms of courtyards facilitating natural lighting, ventilation and rain collection are well known, but applying these principles needs to be site-specific, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause traditional skywells had different shapes, sizes and features, which were highly dependent on their natural surroundings – for example, how much sunlight or rainfall there was in the region – adding skywells into modern buildings requires designers to be sensitive to their project's context and situation, making it difficult to apply them as a universal solution, she explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Meanwhile, artificial lighting, air conditioning and water supply have become so readily available that we depend on them with little regard for the environmental cost,\" she adds. \"It won't be easy to be sustainable by learning from the past without reflecting on our current behaviours.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen asked about why skywells have caught more attention of modern Chinese people, Wang says that the courtyard is also designed to serve as a gathering space for families or communities, and comes with ritual meanings. \"Perhaps changes in the way of life could also trigger vernacular nostalgia among people living in concrete and glass forests.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-07-13T00:05:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How ancient 'skywells' are keeping Chinese homes cool","headlineShort":"The ancient Chinese way to cool homes","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In the eras before air-conditioning, southern China's skywells played a key role in keeping people's homes cool. Could they do it again today?","summaryShort":"Can China's traditional form of 'air conditioning' be used in modern buildings?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-07-12T23:05:13.927408Z","entity":"article","guid":"8b7856f2-2826-4aaf-858b-8ab6038d7ee3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool","modifiedDateTime":"2023-07-13T15:58:12.636263Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058052},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it","_id":"65b1452a63864e7f386d9dce","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Finland is on the verge of becoming the first nation to bury spent nuclear fuel rods deep underground for the long term. Erika Benke visits the Onkalo site to find out more.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Onkalo\" is a Finnish word for a cave or a hollow. It implies something big and deep: you don't know where an onkalo ends or whether it ends at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt's a fitting name for a huge grave made in Finland over the last 20 years. Onkalo, which lies 450m (1,500ft) deep inside the bedrock of Olkiluoto island in the southwest of the country, is the world's first permanent storage site for spent nuclear fuel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe gently winding road to Olkiluoto is lined with pine trees stretching high up to the sky. Nature has come back to life here after five months of winter. The ground is covered by a carpet of small yellow flowers and the air is filled with birdsong. It's almost too beautiful a setting for a major industrial site.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOlkiluoto is home to three nuclear reactors, which stand side by side on the seaside. The third launched only this year, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.euronews.com\u002Fgreen\u002F2023\u002F04\u002F17\u002Ffinlands-new-nuclear-reactor-what-does-it-mean-for-climate-goals-and-energy-security\"\u003Ebecoming the first new reactor to provide power in Western Europe in 15 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These reactors, along with two others in Loviisa on the south coast, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fworld-nuclear.org\u002Finformation-library\u002Fcountry-profiles\u002Fcountries-a-f\u002Ffinland.aspx\"\u003Eproduce 33% of Finland's electricity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EA few minutes' drive away from the Olkiluoto reactors, construction of the world's first Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) for spent nuclear fuel is nearing completion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's our generation of scientists' and engineers' responsibility to undertake the challenge to dispose of the waste, instead of leaving it to future generations – Lewis Blackburn","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOnkalo has cost €1bn (£860m\u002F$1.07bn) to build and is expected to begin operations in about two years. Its arrival has been hailed as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iaea.org\u002Fnewscenter\u002Fnews\u002Ffinlands-spent-fuel-repository-a-game-changer-for-the-nuclear-industry-director-general-grossi-says\"\u003Egame changer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by many, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iaea.org\u002Fnewscenter\u002Fnews\u002Ffinlands-spent-fuel-repository-a-game-changer-for-the-nuclear-industry-director-general-grossi-says\"\u003Eincluding the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Everybody knew of the idea of a geological repository for high-level radioactive nuclear waste, but Finland did it,\" commented Rafael Mariano Grossi, IAEA director general, on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iaea.org\u002Fnewscenter\u002Fnews\u002Ffinlands-spent-fuel-repository-a-game-changer-for-the-nuclear-industry-director-general-grossi-says\"\u003Ea visit to the site in 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOther countries including the UK, US, Sweden, France and Canada are already looking at a similar solution, says Gareth Law, professor of radiochemistry at the University of Helsinki, who is not involved in the Finnish project. \"Finland is at least a decade ahead of everybody else.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOnkalo has been designed to store high-level nuclear waste that can remain radioactive for timescales hard for humans to fathom. But it has already sparked debates as to whether something could go wrong. So has Finland really found the answer to nuclear waste – and can anybody guarantee that it will remain safe in the deep future?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENuclear energy currently provides about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fworld-nuclear.org\u002Finformation-library\u002Fcurrent-and-future-generation\u002Fnuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx\"\u003E10% of the world's electricity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Being low-carbon, it's seen by many as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fnuclear-power-in-a-clean-energy-system\"\u003Ean important player in the fight against climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut it has also remained controversial in many countries due to its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-energy-nuclearpower-idUSKBN1W909J\"\u003Ehigh cost and long build times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as concerns over the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fnceh\u002Fmultimedia\u002Finfographics\u002Fnuclear_power_plant_accidents.html\"\u003Esafety of nuclear reactors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the unresolved issue of what to do with nuclear waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFinland is the first country to build a GDF to store spent fuel from civilian operations.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThere\u003C\u002Fem\u003E i\u003Cem\u003Es \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-to-build-a-nuclear-warning-for-10000-years-time\"\u003Ealready an active site in the United States\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E for defence use: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wipp.energy.gov\u002F\"\u003Ethe Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (Wipp)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, located in an underground salt formation in New Mexico.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWipp stores very different materials from Onkalo, however: a special category of waste from US nuclear weapons research and production programmes, rather than spent nuclear fuel rods. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Is Onkalo really the first?","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EStill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fworld-nuclear.org\u002Finformation-library\u002Fcurrent-and-future-generation\u002Fplans-for-new-reactors-worldwide.aspx\"\u003Eseveral countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including the US and UK are building new reactors or upgrading existing ones to increase capacity, while others \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fworld-nuclear.org\u002Finformation-library\u002Fcurrent-and-future-generation\u002Fplans-for-new-reactors-worldwide.aspx\"\u003Esuch as India, China and Russia are planning huge expansions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EDebates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-59212992\"\u003Eremain open about the safety of these plants themselves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but a solution also needs to be found for the huge amounts of spent fuel and radioactive waste being accumulated that remains dangerous to the environment and human health for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fradtown\u002Fradioactive-waste\"\u003Ehundreds of thousands of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThis waste needs to be kept away from people and isolated from the environment for a time span almost incomprehensible to human mind. This problem has made the safe management of radioactive waste one of the biggest problems with nuclear energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe IAEA estimates that there's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww-pub.iaea.org\u002FMTCD\u002FPublications\u002FPDF\u002FPUB1963_web.pdf\"\u003Earound 260,000 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel in interim storage across the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as of 2016, the majority at reactor sites. About 70% of the world's spent fuel is in storage ponds, with the rest in concrete-and-steel containers called dry casks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFew believe this situation can be maintained indefinitely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We've all benefitted from nuclear energy for over 60 years,\" says Lewis Blackburn, a lecturer in nuclear materials at the University of Sheffield in the UK. \"It's our generation of scientists' and engineers' responsibility to undertake the challenge to dispose of the waste, instead of leaving it to future generations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EHe says Onkalo has public support and was created through a democratic process. \"It's exceptional and a huge milestone. Finland has set an example to the world of what can be achieved with successful cooperation and transparent communication with the public.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EScientists have been grappling with how to dispose of high-level nuclear waste for decades now. Spent fuel is one of the most difficult sorts of waste to manage as it's highly hazardous. It produces a radiation level that could provide a lethal dose to a nearby person, says Blackburn.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAccording to Law, the scientific consensus is that geological disposal for hundreds of thousands years in specifically designed repositories like Onkalo, with a stable rock formation, is \"the most feasible approach\" for spent nuclear fuel. \"We have engineering solutions for digging down and tunnelling down, putting the waste down, and building the barriers that we surround it with.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20221102-how-a-sand-battery-could-transform-clean-energy\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow a sand battery could transform clean energy\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-to-build-a-nuclear-warning-for-10000-years-time\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to build a nuclear warning for 10,000 years’ time\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230505-the-crazy-plan-to-explode-a-nuclear-bomb-on-the-moon\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe crazy plan to explode a nuclear bomb on the Moon\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority has concluded that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stuk.fi\u002Fdocuments\u002F88234\u002F963503\u002Fstuk_safety_assessment_of_posiva_construction_application.pdf\u002Fb01e5c91-2944-4d8a-a5dd-0d9b48a2b509?t=1444844110542.\"\u003Echaracteristics of the Onkalo bedrock\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are favourable for ensuring the safety of spent nuclear fuel final disposal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOnkalo, like the rest of Finland, is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.maanmittauslaitos.fi\u002Fen\u002Fresearch\u002Finteresting-topics\u002Fdetecting-crustal-deformation\"\u003Every stable geologically\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the risk of earthquakes is low. \"The rock in Onkalo is migmatite-gneiss: a mixture of two different rock types in one rock,\" explains Antti Joutsen, principal geologist with Posiva. \"It's almost two billion years old and it's very hard.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"Video: Finland's solution to nuclear waste","videoUrn":[],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThis is important because the rock is one of the three safety barriers in the disposal concept. It also has to be stable enough to allow the construction of deposition tunnels and holes deep below the ground. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOnkalo's proximity to an existing nuclear power station was also relevant to the decision to site it there, says Law. \"With nuclear investments, one of the problems around the world is nimby[ism], or 'not in my back yard',\" he adds. \"People in this part of Finland already had nuclear energy on their doorstep and accepted it. So putting the waste here was not that much of a leap of faith for them.\" (\u003Cstrong\u003ERead more about \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020\"\u003Ehow the Finnish nuclear waste project embraced far-sightedness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E).\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOnkalo will take spent fuel rods without reprocessing them first. Some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.yuccamountain.org\u002Fint2.htm%23:~:text=Reprocessing%2520extends%2520the%2520life%2520of,as%2520one%2520ton%2520of%2520oil.\"\u003Escientists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E say reprocessing – the process of separating plutonium and uranium from spent nuclear fuel that produces reusable nuclear material and high-level nuclear waste – would make them safer by reducing the overall volume of waste that’s left. \"You can [also] reclaim uranium and plutonium which can be used to make fresh fuel,\" explains Marja-Siitaru Kauppi, a lecturer at department of chemistry at the University of Helsinki who has done research for Posiva. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww-pub.iaea.org\u002FMTCD\u002FPublications\u002FPDF\u002FPUB1963_web.pdf\"\u003EAround a third of the world's nuclear waste has been reprocessed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which can then be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41529-021-00210-4\"\u003Evitrified (turned into glass\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucsusa.org\u002Fresources\u002Fnuclear-reprocessing-dangerous-dirty-and-expensive\"\u003EBut others say\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reprocessing increases the risk of nuclear terrorism. In the long term, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41529-021-00210-4\"\u003Evitrified waste could also dissolve in contact with groundwater\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Posiva, the company set up to build and run Onkalo, itself \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.posiva.fi\u002Fen\u002Findex\u002Ffinaldisposal\u002Fgeologicalfinaldisposal.html\"\u003Esays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reprocessing is technically demanding and expensive. It also still also produces some amount of high-level waste, points out Johanna Hansen, research and development coordinator at Posiva. \"So a disposal facility would be needed in any case.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFinland \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tvo.fi\u002Fmaterial\u002Fcollections\u002F20210504133144\u002F7Q3CCzcNl\u002FSafely_in_the_ancient_bedrock_-_final_disposal_of_nuclear_fuel_in_Finland_-_final.pdf\"\u003Edecided to build a facility at Onkalo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over two decades ago when the country's two nuclear producers agreed to dispose of their spent nuclear fuel in one location. The Finnish government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eduskunta.fi\u002FFI\u002Fvaski\u002FDocuments\u002Fm_7+2000.pdf.\"\u003Eapproved plans \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto construct the facility in December 2000, saying that \"of the studied disposal options, deep disposal in the bedrock offers the best and most realistic possibilities to isolate high-level nuclear waste from the biosphere and the human habitat\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe Onkalo repository is based on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.skb.com\u002Ffuture-projects\u002Fthe-spent-fuel-repository\u002Four-methodology\u002F\"\u003EKBS-3 concept \u003C\u002Fa\u003Edeveloped by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, in cooperation with Posiva. The idea is to create three barriers around nuclear waste: first, put it in copper canisters, then wrap the canisters in bentonite – a water-absorbing clay – and finally, bury them in tunnels deep in the bedrock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"The process starts in the encapsulation plant which is on the surface,\" says Hansen who has worked on the project for over 20 years. \"Here we'll put the spent fuel rods into a disposal canister that has two parts: there's an inner shell made of cast iron and an outer shell made of 5cm- (2in-) thick copper.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EA lid is then welded onto the canister, which is transported to a storage area in the disposal facility, she says. Once the site is ready, these will be transferred to a horizontal deposition tunnel 450m (1,500ft) below the ground, where final disposal will happen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Onkalo will take all the high-level nuclear waste produced by Finland's five nuclear power plants in their entire life cycles – Antti Joutsen","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAn elevator will initially lower the canisters down to a landing area some 437m (1,430ft) deep. When I visit in May 2023, this elevator shaft is behind a door marked with two large red Xs in a well-lit spacious service area. Safety is key here: it's still very much an active building site. From here, a robotic transfer vehicle will take the canisters to a deposition hole, says Hansen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFive dead-end deposition tunnels have been built so far, all 350m (1,150ft) long. Another 85 will be constructed over the years as the facility fills up. Each deposition tunnel has around 40 vertical circular holes in its floor, each 8m (26ft) deep and 2m (7ft) wide. In total, there's room for about 3,000 canisters, one for each vertical hole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"They'll hold a total of 5,500 tonnes of waste,\" says Joutsen. \"So Onkalo will take all the high-level nuclear waste produced by Finland's five nuclear power plants in their entire life cycles.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAfter each canister has been buried, its hole will be filled with bentonite, says Hansen. \"When we've put a canister in each hole, we'll backfill the tunnel with more bentonite and seal it with concrete.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFinal disposal of spent nuclear fuel will \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.posiva.fi\u002Fen\u002Findex\u002Fnews\u002Fpressreleasesstockexchangereleases\u002F2023\u002Fposivastunnelbackfillmaterialproductionplantallreadyforoperation.html\"\u003Estart sometime in the next few years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Posiva estimates that it will take 100-120 years before the repository is full. At that point the entire facility will be sealed off, allowing the canisters to lay, hopefully undisturbed, for at least 100,000 years, with their lethal radioactive content isolated from the outside world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAlthough the risk of earthquakes is low here, seismic activity has been taken into account, says Joutsen. \"There will be several ice ages in the next million years and they will pose a risk of earthquakes. There will be a 2-3km (1.2-1.9 mile) thick ice sheet on top of Onkalo that will push the Earth's crust downwards by hundreds of metres. Onkalo's been built to withstand that.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhen the ice age ends, the crust will start rising again – which is when earthquakes with the power to break up the canisters could happen, he adds. \"To prevent that, we're putting them in the best possible locations: the disposal holes are in unfractured sections of the bedrock.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EGDF is not the only proposed idea for the safe long-term management of radioactive waste. Norway, for example, is considering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.norskdekommisjonering.no\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F10\u002FTechnical-report-Concept-Description-for-Norwegian-National-Disposal-Facility-for-Radioactive-Waste.pdf\"\u003Edeep borehole disposa\u003C\u002Fa\u003El, where waste would be lowered in canisters to a much deeper 3,500m (11,500ft) in thin boreholes without construction tunnels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOther scarcely credible options have also been suggested, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energy.gov\u002Fne\u002Farticles\u002F3-reasons-why-we-dont-launch-nuclear-waste-space\"\u003Eshooting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E nuclear waste into space in a rocket or putting it in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thenakedscientists.com\u002Farticles\u002Fquestions\u002Fcould-nuclear-waste-be-disposed-subduction-zones\"\u003Esubduction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E zones – regions in which the Earth's tectonic plate goes beneath another plate. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EStill, it makes sense to continue exploring alternatives – not least because some scientists are concerned about Finland's approach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There might be wiser people after us who have new ideas about what to do with nuclear waste –Marja-Siitaru Kauppi","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPosiva says its theoretical and laboratory \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.posiva.fi\u002Fen\u002Findex\u002Fmedia\u002Fsafetycasefortheoperatinglicenceapplication.html\"\u003Estudies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E show that Onkalo will provide long-term protection from nuclear waste. But there are critics concerned about the safety of the KBS-3 disposal concept used at Onkalo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EKBS-3V is based on a multi-barrier principle: spent fuel is contained within three protective barriers: copper canister, bentonite clay and bedrock. The most important barrier is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjulkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi\u002Fhandle\u002F10024\u002F161514\"\u003Ecopper canister\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and Onkalo makes the assumption that copper does not corrode under anaerobic conditions – that is, in the absence of oxygen, such as when buried in the bedrock with bentonite clay around it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut researchers at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) have raised doubts about the corrosion resistance of unalloyed copper canisters: they say their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1149\u002F1.2772085\"\u003Eexperiments suggest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that copper could corrode even under anaerobic conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"You can fill up the tunnels with bentonite clay and rock but nature will do its course,\" says Peter Szakálos, a chemist at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. \"Water will enter the tunnels and it will corrode copper much faster than the theoretical model predicts.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ECorrosion cracks could break up a lot of canisters in Onkalo within a hundred years, Szakálos argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPosiva has rejected these claims after conducting its own research into corrosion. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fmaco.202011805\"\u003EA paper by Posiva scientists and independent experts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E concluded that \"stress corrosion of the copper shell is considered unlikely under repository conditions\". It also argues that corrosion observed in experimental conditions in a laboratory is not relevant to conditions 450m (1,500ft) below the ground in Onkalo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We're trying to construct something that should work longer than the homo sapiens has been alive. The time span is mind-boggling – Antti Joutsen","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThis conflicting evidence has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnuclear-news.net\u002F2021\u002F10\u002F25\u002Fswedish-authorities-delay-permission-for-nuclear-waste-dump-operation-due-to-concerns-over-corrosion-of-copper-in-containers\u002F\"\u003Edelayed plans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to build a repository in Sweden based on the same KBS-3 concept as Onkalo. But in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.skb.com\u002Fnews\u002Fthe-government-approves-skbs-final-repository-system\u002F\"\u003EJanuary 2022, the Swedish government gave the green light to building a GDF\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Forsmark, about 130km (81 miles) north of Stockholm – a development viewed by Hansen of Posiva as one that should put the copper controversy to bed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"We have a robust, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.posiva.fi\u002Fen\u002Findex\u002Fnews\u002Fpressreleasesstockexchangereleases\u002F2018\u002Fnews_from_the_world_review_procedure_on_final_disposal_project_proceeds_in_sweden.3383.html.\"\u003Emulti-barrier concept \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand we're prepared for scenarios that might happen in the next million years,\" says Hansen. \"For example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fmaco.202011805\"\u003Ewe looked at what happens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E if a canister starts leaking early on, what if the clay is wrongly installed, what if there's more water in the tunnels and the water chemistry is different from what we expected. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.posiva.fi\u002F\"\u003EThe results of our risk assessments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E show that we're on the safe side.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFor now, at least, Finland and Sweden are going ahead with the plans, though Szakalos says there will be more research on copper corrosion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBoth Onkalo and the proposed Swedish facility aim to keep radioactive waste safe for at least 100,000 years. \"We're trying to construct something that should work longer than the homo sapiens has been alive,\" says Joutsen. \"The time span is mind-boggling.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhen the facility is full, the tunnels will be sealed off, the buildings on the surface demolished and the land restored. \"There will be animals, trees and plants, and houses,\" says Joutsen. He says he would happily buy a plot of land in Onkalo if he were alive in 120 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 80kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhat comes later is more uncertain. It's entirely possible that all knowledge about Onkalo will be lost in a few thousand years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESocial scientists have been wrestling with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-to-build-a-nuclear-warning-for-10000-years-time\"\u003Ethe challenge \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eof how to communicate with humans, or anyone else that might come after us in deep future, to warn them about the dangers we leave behind. (Read more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-to-build-a-nuclear-warning-for-10000-years-time\"\u003Ehow to build a nuclear warning for 10,000 years' time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOne discussion about marking Onkalo centred on trying to find a universally understood sign of danger, should language disappear in the future. The current thinking from Posiva, decision-makers and researchers, however, is not to mark Onkalo at all. \"Future generations don't need to know about this,\" argues Joutsen. \"It's so deep and so isolated. There will be a lot of copper and plutonium down here and a sign may encourage people to start digging to retrieve it. A bit like the pyramids in Egypt that were looted by tomb robbers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENo final decision has been made though. There's no rush as the facility will remain open for 100 to 120 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EKauppi says it's important to put the debate about marking the site in a perspective that people can relate to. She often reminds her students at the University of Helsinki that radioactivity was discovered only about 120 years ago. \"We're now talking about things that could be happening in the next hundreds of thousands of years. We don't even know what could happen in the next hundred years.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EKauppi says she is \"very confident\" Finland is doing a good job with Onkalo, but believes the door should still be kept open to other solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"There might be wiser people after us who have new ideas about what to do with nuclear waste. They may invent something better. We just have to do our best now, with our current knowledge based on honest research.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it-24"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-06-14T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Finland's plan to bury spent nuclear fuel for 100,000 years","headlineShort":"Finland's plan to bury nuclear waste","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Finland is on the verge of becoming the first nation to bury spent nuclear fuel rods deep underground for the long term. Erika Benke visits the Onkalo site to find out more.","summaryShort":"Can Finland's site really keep nuclear waste safe into the deep future?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-06-13T23:05:44.488103Z","entity":"article","guid":"6d57174a-6165-4c87-89ba-eb653875660b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it","modifiedDateTime":"2023-07-14T13:31:20.025731Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230613-onkalo-has-finland-found-the-answer-to-spent-nuclear-fuel-waste-by-burying-it","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058052},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet","_id":"65b1454163864e75237d6bd0","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"American bison were hunted almost to extinction by European settlers. Now making a comeback, they could help reverse damage to prairies from decades of poor management.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt takes mettle to live on Montana's shortgrass prairie. It's dry, windy and a long way from anywhere. In summer, temperatures can top 100F (38C). In winter, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.umt.edu\u002Fthis-is-montana\u002Fcolumns\u002Fstories\u002Fmontana-winters.php\"\u003Ethe mercury plunges to -50F (-45C)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In some spots, it is more than an hour's drive on gravel roads to buy a loaf of bread. When you get back, grasshoppers start cannibalising their brethren impaled on your car grille.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe indigenous Blackfeet, Nakoda and Gros Ventre peoples successfully adapted to the harsh environment over many centuries. More recently, a handful of hardy white settlers managed it too. Both left their mark on this forbidding land with fire, arrows and the plough. The shortgrass prairie makes up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oneearth.org\u002Fecoregions\u002Fnorthern-shortgrass-prairie\u002F\"\u003E71 million hectares (27,413 sq miles) of remote land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E straddling the US\u002FCanadian border to the east of the Rocky Mountains. This rare habitat is in ecological decline. For the last 150 years, wildlife have surrendered the prime habitat to cows. Crested wheatgrass, a non-native plant seeded by European settlers for their cattle, paints swathes of land yellow in summer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, though, parts of the landscape are being shaped by a different resident. This one sports a pair of black horns and a thick cape of curly brown hair.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FFutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESign up to the Future Earth newsletter \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eto get essential climate news and hopeful developments in your inbox every Tuesday from Carl Nasman. This email is currently available to non-UK readers. In the UK? \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fbbcnewsemails\u002Fzhp28xs\"\u003ESign up for newsletters here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sign up to Future Earth","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe North American plains bison has a long history here, albeit one that suffered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fhistory\u002Fwhere-the-buffalo-no-longer-roamed-3067904\u002F\"\u003Ea brutal interruption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For a century and a half, their distinctive humped shoulders and bearded faces were missing from America's grasslands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETribes and conservation organisations have recently started bringing the bison back. And scientists studying the returns are discovering that getting the 2,000lb (900kg) grazer back in its native ecosystem could be  key to the future of the prairie. When I visit one of these projects in summer 2023, wilting in the searing summer heat of the scorched prairie, I wonder what a giant, fur-covered herbivore is doing to help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe bison's biggest service, I soon find out, is to assist the prairie in holding onto its water. Bison on the shortgrass prairie send a strong message about the importance of native grazers for landscape resilience. They may offer the prairie a lifeline \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.earth.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhotter-summers-are-transforming-endangered-bunchgrass-prairies\u002F\"\u003Eas climate change tightens its grip\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cattle walking near pond on ranch in Montana (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHila Shamon, a research ecologist with the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute in Washington DC, has spent five years tracking the ecology of the remote grasslands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe partners with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Famericanprairie.org\u002F\"\u003EAmerican Prairie\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a conservation organisation with parcels of land on either side of the million acre \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fws.gov\u002Frefuge\u002Fcharles-m-russell\"\u003ECharles M Russell National Wildlife Refuge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to study how bison are changing the ecosystem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShamon spends her field season crawling across American Prairie property measuring everything from vegetation density and species diversity to the habits of grassland birds and prairie dogs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShamon recently co-authored \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffevo.2022.821822\u002Ffull\"\u003Ea study on prairie streams\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which suggests bison do something remarkable in this hostile environment. \"There is no doubt, year-round grazing of bison is good for the landscape,\" she tells me. Bison, it turns out, have an ingrained capacity to boost biodiversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlains bison co-evolved with the short-grass prairie. In the 12,000 years since the end of the Pleistocene, they have proven themselves to be potent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Famericanprairie.org\u002Fbison-restoration\u002F\"\u003Eecosystem engineers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn adult bison eats about 25lb (11kg) of grass a day. The grasses adapted to their foraging. Vegetation across the plains uses the nutrients in their dung. Birds pluck their fur from bushes to insulate their nests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBison also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewprairiepress.org\u002Fcgi\u002Fviewcontent.cgi?article=1232&context=sfh\"\u003Eshape the land literally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They roll in the dust and create indentations known as \"wallows\" that hold water after rainstorms. After the bison move on,  insects \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fecs2.2436\"\u003Eflourish in these pools\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and become a feast for birds and small mammals. Pronghorn antelope survive by following their tracks through deep winter snows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Today, however, bison are getting a second chance","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPlains bison spent thousands of years engineering a distinctive grassland ecology from Northern Canada through Montana to Mexico. But more than a century ago, this influence abruptly stopped. A few decades of slaughter led bison numbers to plummet from 60 million to barely 800 living wild in the US and Canada by 1889. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.americanheritage.com\u002Fhow-they-killed-buffalo\"\u003EMarket forces and government policy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E replaced bison and native people with ranches, white settlement and cattle. For a hundred years, cattle claimed the prairie as their own. But while they were easier to turn into steaks, they were not as finely tuned for prairie life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, however, bison are getting a second chance. Tribal reservations are at the forefront of their recovery, taking \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fyell\u002Flearn\u002Fmanagement\u002Fbison-management.htm\"\u003Eexcess bison from Yellowstone National Park\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and restoring them to treaty lands. American Prairie is also playing a part, buying ranches and returning bison to places where cattle were once king. About 30,000 bison \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fyell\u002Flearn\u002Fnature\u002Fbisonfaq.htm\"\u003Enow exist in conservation herds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in various parks and protected areas across the country. More \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.org\u002Fen-us\u002Fget-involved\u002Fhow-to-help\u002Fanimals-we-protect\u002Famerican-bison\u002F\"\u003Ethan 10 times that number exist on bison farms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists like Shamon are watching it all closely to see how the return of bison affects the land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Cows don't move as much,\" Shamon says. When the weather gets hot, they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2111\u002FREM-D-12-00113.1\"\u003Egravitate to the creek bottoms for shade and the cooling water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When it's cold, cows hunker down behind creekside shrubs to shelter from the wind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis preference for spending time in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Farticles\u002F000\u002Fnrca_glca_2021_riparian.htm\"\u003Eriparian zone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E starts a vicious cycle. By browsing the trees and shrubs they reduce the amount of available shade, Shamon tells me. Their chewing means less leaf litter to cover the ground and, when the shrubs die, less roots to stabilise the stream banks. Over time, the soil around the creeks dries out, the boxelder, cottonwoods, wild rose and snowberry disappear, and the streambanks get taken over by non-native grasses. What was once a cooling refuge for wildlife becomes almost as forbidding as the uplands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Hila Shimon on Montana prairie (Credit: Christopher Preston)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBison, by contrast, are quite happy to tough it out on the prairie. It's what evolution finetuned them to do. They visit streams and ponds periodically to drink, but bison were built to keep moving. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.12183\"\u003EUnless the temperatures approach the hundreds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, they generally don't bother spending time near creeks. They don't need as much shade. They prefer the\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1890\u002FES10-00152.1\"\u003E grasses on the sunbaked uplands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to woody shrubs in the river bottoms. As a result, they do less damage to creeks than cows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough rivers and streams cover less than 2% of the prairie, they are crucial refuges for its wildlife. Shamon's study \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffevo.2022.821822\u002Ffull\"\u003Eshows increases in vegetation and bird diversity on creeks where bison have replaced cattle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She also found more deer and elk. Other studies show that year-round, low-density grazing by bison is associated with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.rama.2023.06.007\"\u003Emore variety in woody vegetation heights and more native plant diversity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in riparian areas than seasonal grazing by cattle. Well-vegetated creeks are the prairie's lifeblood. They keep the soil moist, the vegetation green, and they provide dispersal corridors for large mammals like mountain lions and black bears. One day, they may provide safe passage for recovering grizzly bears.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp align=\"center\"\u003E***\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmerican Prairie increasingly thinks of its bison as a highly mobile, low-tech restoration tool. During my stay on Montana's shortgrass prairie, Danny Kinka, the non-profit's wildlife restoration manager, drives me to see an example of a creek in full-blown, bison-assisted recovery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBumping along the rough gravel roads in his truck, the 37-year-old wildlife ecologist talks enthusiastically about bison's role in creating the wildlife havens that exist near water. As we emerge into the heat alongside Beaver Creek, two night herons, a flock of white pelicans and a great blue heron all take flight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The abundance of new growth made possible by the bison gave beavers the building material they needed","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe stretch of creek was changed by American Prairie from cattle grazing to bison in 2017. \"When we bought this property, Beaver Creek looked like a single channel,\" says Kinka. The area around Beaver Creek was the second piece of American Prairie property to hold bison after Sun Prairie 20 miles to the south-east. One hundred and fifty bison had 12,000 acres (4,856 hectares) on which to graze.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReplacing cattle with bison has greened up a floodplain nearly 180m (594ft) wide. Standing by one of the braids of the creek, the tops of the cattails wave in the breeze above our heads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230922-the-ancient-sri-lankan-tank-cascade-systems-tackling-drought\"\u003EA 2,000-year-old method to water crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230922-these-la-goats-help-stop-wildfires\"\u003EThe goats fighting fires in Los Angeles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230413-can-regenerative-wool-make-fashion-more-sustainable\"\u003EThe wool that could capture carbon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKinka explains how the bison had set the stage for beavers – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210713-the-beavers-returning-to-the-desert\"\u003Enature's other great restorationist\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – to help bring the landscape back to health. The abundance of new growth made possible by the bison gave beavers the building material they needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe walk across a beaver dam made entirely of mud and cattails. Over the years to come, the flooding created by the dams will cause cottonwood seeds buried in the streambanks to sprout, leading to the regrowth of trees, says Kinka. As more shrubs and trees return, more beavers will move in and build more dams, he adds. The virtuous cycle will continue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Prairie road at sunset (Credit: Christopher Preston)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKinka warns that if a creek channel has degraded too far it might need assistance getting to the point where it can spill water onto the floodplain again. Near where I camp at Telegraph Creek, I see workers from the Montana Conservation Corps, an organisation putting Montana youth to work rehabilitating public and private lands, pounding barriers made of wooden posts, brush and mud in the creek to partially block water during spring runoff. The structures, known as Beaver Dam Analogues (or BDAs), slow the water, trapping sediment and raising the creek bed. It's a technique known as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flowtechpbr.restoration.usu.edu\u002F\"\u003Elow-tech process-based restoration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We don't do it with backhoes [diggers],\" Kinka says. \"We do it with people in waders.\" Sometimes a few BDAs can raise the water table enough to get a real beaver to move in and take over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHere on Beaver Creek, this hard work wasn't necessary. What excites Kinka about the recovery here is its simplicity. \"We didn't go down there, we didn't reintroduce beavers, we didn't build BDAs. We didn't do anything,\" he tells me. \"We just put bison here. This is resilience that is inherent in the system. It just needed a little bit of a break from grazing to be able to do this all on its own.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat's more, the creek is still improving, he says. \"Every year the creek gets a little wider, a little more meandery, a little more like a pool and less like a trench.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp align=\"center\"\u003E***\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the evidence for the benefits of bison is compelling, many cattle-owners think the story needs more nuance. Malou Anderson-Ramirez and her husband run cattle on a ranch bordering Yellowstone National Park, 300 miles (480km) to the south-west of American Prairie. When we talk about grazing and stream health, she inserts an important qualifier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's not the \u003Cem\u003Ecow\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, it's the \u003Cem\u003Ehow\u003C\u002Fem\u003E,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Ranchers have always known that when they have successful wildlife populations they are in a better place to have a successful ranch – Martin Townsend","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you graze cattle carefully, you can avoid the damage that occurs when they are left to their own devices. Anderson-Ramirez reinforces the places she wants cattle to cross a stream with rocks and fences. She pipes creek water into tanks hundreds of feet away to ensure animals aren't wading into the stream to drink. She lets vegetation rest for several weeks between grazing rotations to give plants time to rebuild their roots. This type of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thecattlesite.com\u002Farticles\u002Fwhat-exactly-is-regenerative-grazing\"\u003Eregenerative grazing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E treats livestock as a tool that can improve the health of the land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShamon agrees that cattle can provide benefits in systems that evolved with large herbivores. In a study of grassland birds, she found that, outside of riparian areas, birds benefit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FAndy-Boyce-3\u002Fpublication\u002F354324907_Grassland_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_the_presence_of_native_and_non-native_grazers\u002Flinks\u002F6136773638818c2eaf883661\u002FGrassland-bird-diversity-and-abundance-in-the-presence-of-native-and-non-native-grazers.pdf\"\u003Ealmost as much from the presence of cattle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as they do from bison. \"If you manage the cattle in a proper way and you continue to rotate them, you could get an effect similar to bison,\" Shamon tells me.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKinka shares the view that grasslands need a big grazer, whether that be a cow or a bison. The key is to thwart cattle's natural inclination to loiter in the water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Bison in prairie grass seen from distance (Credit: Christopher Preston)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMartin Townsend of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Franchstewards.org\u002F\"\u003ERancher's Stewardship Alliance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  in Malta, Montana is helping ranchers implement these better grazing strategies. \"Ranchers are very aware of what cows can do to riparian areas if left unattended,\" he says. \"They know it's not in their interest.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETownsend gets grants from state agencies and environmental organisations to defray the costs of wildlife-friendly ranching. \"Ranchers have always known that when they have successful wildlife populations they are in a better place to have a successful ranch,\" he says. His organisation encourages fences and strategically placed mineral licks to keep cattle away from creeks. They hire the same Montana Conservation Corps workers as American Prairie to build BDAs. The BDAs slow the streamflow down and allow more water to penetrate the soil. This creates greener grass, a benefit to ranchers and wildlife alike, he tells me with a grin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConservationists often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.the-scientist.com\u002Ffeatures\u002Fcan-rewilding-large-predators-regenerate-ecosystems--68080\"\u003Etout the benefits of bringing back top predators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to restore balance to ecosystems. The importance of bringing back large, native grazers is lesser known but equally important. In Kansas, 30 years of bison grazing in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.landscope.org\u002Fexplore\u002Fecosystems\u002Fdisappearing_landscapes\u002Ftallgrass_prairie\u002F\"\u003Etallgrass prairie\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has been shown to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2210433119\"\u003Eincrease native plant species richness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Europe, it is hoped the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk\u002Fprojects\u002Fwilder-blean\"\u003Erestoration of European bison\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Kent in the UK will do something similar for ancient woodlands. Across the world, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frewildingeurope.com\u002Fblog\u002Fmissing-link-its-time-to-restore-native-herbivore-populations-in-sweden\u002F\"\u003Enative grazers are ready to slip back into ecosystems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to resume their lost roles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn places where native species reintroduction may be difficult, careful management of livestock can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffsufs.2020.534187\u002Ffull\"\u003Eprovide some of the same benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. On landscapes as big as Montana's prairie, it seems likely there is room for both. People still want to eat Montana beef and ranching has an important place in the region's culture and economy. But as climate change intensifies, it is worth considering which animals are best adapted to the emerging conditions. Plains bison, frugal around water and constantly on the move, are built for this land. They are also a healthy source of protein. Outside Yellowstone National Park, they are already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fus-news\u002F2016\u002Fmar\u002F07\u002Fbuffalo-hunt-yellowstone-national-park-native-american\"\u003Eproviding meat to hunters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the tribes. And, on its land, American Prairie is offering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Famericanprairie.org\u002Fproject\u002Fbison-harvest\u002F\"\u003E17 permits for bison hunts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E this year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp align=\"center\"\u003E***\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn my last night at American Prairie, I wake in my tent with a start. The bison are moving noisily through the campground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As quickly as they had arrived, the 200 bison had gone","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll around me, I hear soil shifting under bison hooves, rocks getting scuffed and big lungs expelling the nighttime air. The bison are keeping in touch with each other in the dark with a constant stream of grunts, gurgles and huffs. I feel like a stranger in the middle of a big family gathering, with mothers coaxing their young to keep moving, teenagers acting boisterously in the crowd, and big males asserting their independence around the edges. The cacophony keeps me awake until the sound starts to fade and the bison wander off to higher ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen I rise the next morning, I look around and see the herd on a hill about a mile (1.6km) to the east of camp. I quickly finish my breakfast and pack the car. I want one last look at the bison before I head home. I grab my binoculars, drive to a small knoll and scan the hill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is empty. As quickly as they had arrived, the 200 bison had gone. The bison are on the move, in the heat. Doing their part to keep the prairie healthy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for The Essential List newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet-18"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-11-03T00:00:38Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why grazing bison could be good for the planet","headlineShort":"How bison could become climate heroes","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Male American bison on prairie track (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"American bison were hunted almost to extinction by European settlers. Now making a comeback, they could help reverse damage to prairies from decades of poor management.","summaryShort":"The giant grazers transform the landscape for the better","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-11-03T00:01:05.836676Z","entity":"article","guid":"9ff313af-be1f-44a6-8995-3a772ce8a6d4","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2023-11-13T11:21:01.06063Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20231102-why-grazing-bisoncould-be-good-for-the-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058052},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"65b1452163864e7ead5be83e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T18:45:48.102947Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1708896058053},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"65b1452163864e75731407b5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why and how does Future Planet count carbon?","headlineShort":"Why does Future Planet count carbon?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. 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