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layout__inner--news" data-v-5c54ba44><div class="NewsPage" data-v-5c54ba44 data-v-5c54ba44><div id="news-16327" data-font-size="text-100" class="News News--v2 News--cat5 News--hasData" data-v-42300a6e data-v-28349116><div class="NewsHeader u-container" data-v-2d2f4a84 data-v-42300a6e><div class="News__header" data-v-2d2f4a84><div class="header__col" data-v-2d2f4a84><a href="/edition/2023-11-29-3480-eric-dupond-moretti-relaxe-la-hausse-des-temperatures-mondiales-photos-hautes-en-couleur" class="News__date" data-v-2d2f4a84>29 novembre 2023</a></div></div></div><div class="NewsImage section" style="--color:#19996A;--color-bg:#19996A26;" data-v-984bd064 data-v-42300a6e><div class="u-container" data-v-984bd064><h2 class="NewsTitle" data-v-61b0facf data-v-984bd064><a href="/rubrique/chiffre" data-v-61b0facf><span data-v-61b0facf>Ça se chiffre</span></a></h2><h3 class="NewsSectionTitle" data-v-70b59ba3 data-v-984bd064>La hausse des températures mondiales</h3><div data-v-984bd064><p>Le réchauffement de la planète atteint déjà au moins 1 °C par rapport à l’ère préindustrielle. Les pays signataires de l’accord de Paris se sont engagés à agir pour limiter l’élévation des températures à 1,5 °C.</p></div><div data-v-984bd064><img src="https://www.brief.me/editorial/news/img/16327/image/" alt="La hausse des températures mondiales" data-v-984bd064></div><div class="Paywall" data-v-2b0c28ac data-v-984bd064><div data-v-2b0c28ac><p data-v-2b0c28ac>Inscrivez-vous pour poursuivre votre lecture !</p><p data-v-2b0c28ac>Essayez gratuitement Brief.me pendant <strong data-v-2b0c28ac>30 jours</strong>.<br data-v-2b0c28ac>Sans engagement ni carte bancaire.</p><form class="Paywall__form" data-v-2b0c28ac><div class="Paywall__input" data-v-2b0c28ac><label for="email" data-v-2b0c28ac>Mon e-mail</label><input type="text" name="email" id="email" novalidate="novalidate" data-v-2b0c28ac></div><button type="submit" class="Paywall__button" data-v-2b0c28ac><span data-v-2b0c28ac>Je m’inscris</span></button></form><a href="/connexion?next=%2Farticle%2F2023-11-29-16327-la-hausse-des-temperatures-mondiales" data-v-2b0c28ac>J’ai déjà un compte</a></div></div></div></div><div class="NewsRelance NewsRelance" data-v-79b38c8e data-v-42300a6e><div class="u-container" data-v-79b38c8e><div class="NewsRelance__intro" data-v-79b38c8e>À lire aussi dans la rubrique <a href="/rubrique/chiffre" style="color:#19996A;" data-v-79b38c8e> Ça se chiffre </a></div></div><div class="NewsRelance__news u-container u-container--large" data-v-79b38c8e><a href="/article/2024-02-07-16684-les-ventes-de-suv-dans-lue" data-v-79b38c8e><div class="NewsRelance__news__item NewsRelance__news__item--cat5" style="--color:#19996A;--color-bg:#19996A26;" data-v-24db84b5 data-v-79b38c8e><p data-v-24db84b5>7 février 2024</p><h2 data-v-24db84b5>Les ventes de SUV dans l’UE</h2><p data-v-24db84b5><p>Les SUV ont représenté près de la moitié des ventes de voitures neuves dans l’Union européenne en 2022.</p> <u>Lire la suite</u></p><figure data-v-5cfd03f4 data-v-24db84b5><img data-src="https://www.brief.me/editorial/news/img/16684/image/" alt="" src="/assets/images/placeholder.jpeg" data-v-5cfd03f4></figure></div></a><a href="/article/2024-04-10-16976-les-importations-darmes-disrael" data-v-79b38c8e><div class="NewsRelance__news__item NewsRelance__news__item--cat5" style="--color:#19996A;--color-bg:#19996A26;" data-v-24db84b5 data-v-79b38c8e><p data-v-24db84b5>10 avril 2024</p><h2 data-v-24db84b5>Les importations d’armes d’Israël</h2><p data-v-24db84b5><p>Israël s’appuie fortement sur les États-Unis pour se fournir en armement. Il n’est pas le seul parmi les grands pays importateurs d’armes.</p> <u>Lire la suite</u></p><figure data-v-5cfd03f4 data-v-24db84b5><img data-src="https://www.brief.me/editorial/news/img/16976/image/" alt="" src="/assets/images/placeholder.jpeg" data-v-5cfd03f4></figure></div></a><a href="/article/2024-02-14-16715-les-depenses-de-defense-dans-lotan" data-v-79b38c8e><div class="NewsRelance__news__item NewsRelance__news__item--cat5" style="--color:#19996A;--color-bg:#19996A26;" data-v-24db84b5 data-v-79b38c8e><p data-v-24db84b5>14 février 2024</p><h2 data-v-24db84b5>Les dépenses de défense dans l’Otan</h2><p data-v-24db84b5><p>En 2023, seuls 11 des 31 pays membres de l’Otan consacraient 2 % de leur PIB aux dépenses de défense.</p> <u>Lire la suite</u></p><figure data-v-5cfd03f4 data-v-24db84b5><img data-src="https://www.brief.me/editorial/news/img/16715/image/" alt="" src="/assets/images/placeholder.jpeg" data-v-5cfd03f4></figure></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Onboarding" style="display:none;" data-v-6174fc99 data-v-5c54ba44><div class="Onboarding__bg" data-v-6174fc99></div><div class="Onboarding__content" data-v-6174fc99><div class="slide" data-v-6174fc99><div class="slide__bg" style="background-color:#DE4949;" data-v-6174fc99></div><div class="slide__content" data-v-6174fc99><img src="/assets/svg/onboarding/icon-calendar.svg" data-v-6174fc99><h2 class="slide__title" data-v-6174fc99>Bienvenue<br>sur Brief.me !</h2><p class="slide__text" data-v-6174fc99>Chaque soir, Brief.me vous explique l’actualité en 7 minutes de lecture.<br><br>Les faits. 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L’un des principaux objectifs de la COP28 est un accroissement des efforts des États participants pour limiter les émissions de \u003Cdfn data-definition='gaz-a-effet-de-serre'\u003Egaz à effet de serre\u003C\u002Fdfn\u003E, responsables du \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Fpanorama\u002Fclimat?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eréchauffement de la planète\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. L’accord de Paris, signé lors de la COP21 en 2015 en France, fixe comme objectif de contenir « l’élévation de la température moyenne de la planète nettement en dessous de 2 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels » et de poursuivre « l’action menée pour limiter l’élévation des températures à 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels ». La température annuelle moyenne dans le monde a dépassé en 2022 de 1,15 °C le niveau moyen de l’ère préindustrielle (1850-1900), selon \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwmo.int\u002Fpublication-series\u002Fstate-of-global-climate\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eles données\u003C\u002Fa\u003E de l’Organisation météorologique mondiale. Cette agence de l’ONU précise que \u003Cstrong\u003Eles huit dernières années (de 2015 à 2022) ont été les plus chaudes qu’ait jamais connues la Terre depuis le début des relevés de température\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E en 1850.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",image:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Feditorial\u002Fnews\u002Fimg\u002F16327\u002Fimage\u002F",standfirst:"\u003Cp\u003ELe réchauffement de la planète atteint déjà au moins 1 °C par rapport à l’ère préindustrielle. Les pays signataires de l’accord de Paris se sont engagés à agir pour limiter l’élévation des températures à 1,5 °C.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},template:r,issue:{id:3480,version:o,slug:"eric-dupond-moretti-relaxe-la-hausse-des-temperatures-mondiales-photos-hautes-en-couleur",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fissues\u002F3480\u002F",title:"Éric Dupond-Moretti relaxé | La hausse des températures mondiales | Photos hautes en couleur",published_at:"2023-11-29T18:30:39.997986+01:00",authors:"\u003Cp\u003E— Mathilde Belin, Céline Boff, Laurent Mauriac et Aude Villiers-Moriamé\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},latest_news:[{id:16684,slug:"les-ventes-de-suv-dans-lue",title:"Les ventes de SUV dans l’UE",text:"\u003Cp\u003ELes SUV ont représenté près de la moitié des ventes de voitures neuves dans l’Union européenne en 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E \u003Cu\u003ELire la suite\u003C\u002Fu\u003E",image:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Feditorial\u002Fnews\u002Fimg\u002F16684\u002Fimage\u002F",published_at:"2024-02-07",template:r,section_color:n,colors:{color_light:p,color_dark:q}},{id:16976,slug:"les-importations-darmes-disrael",title:"Les importations d’armes d’Israël",text:"\u003Cp\u003EIsraël s’appuie fortement sur les États-Unis pour se fournir en armement. Il n’est pas le seul parmi les grands pays importateurs d’armes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E \u003Cu\u003ELire la suite\u003C\u002Fu\u003E",image:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Feditorial\u002Fnews\u002Fimg\u002F16976\u002Fimage\u002F",published_at:"2024-04-10",template:r,section_color:n,colors:{color_light:p,color_dark:q}},{id:16715,slug:"les-depenses-de-defense-dans-lotan",title:"Les dépenses de défense dans l’Otan",text:"\u003Cp\u003EEn 2023, seuls 11 des 31 pays membres de l’Otan consacraient 2 % de leur PIB aux dépenses de défense.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E \u003Cu\u003ELire la suite\u003C\u002Fu\u003E",image:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Feditorial\u002Fnews\u002Fimg\u002F16715\u002Fimage\u002F",published_at:"2024-02-14",template:r,section_color:n,colors:{color_light:p,color_dark:q}}],social_network:a},structuredData:{"@context":"http:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"NewsArticle",mainEntityOfPage:{"@type":"WebPage","@id":S},author:{"@type":T,name:A},publisher:{name:A,"@type":T,logo:{"@type":"ImageObject",url:U}},datePublished:V,dateModified:V,headline:"La hausse des températures mondiales | Brief.me",description:"La hausse des températures mondiales...",image:U,url:S}}],fetch:{"data-v-5c54ba44:0":{cookies:{showBanner:c,showModal:c},gar:{showModal:c,link:a},showMarketing:c,isTutorialDefinitionsBriefMeSeen:"true",tutorialSlides:[{label:B,title:"Explorez les mots de l’actualité !",text:"Affichez en un clic la signification d’un terme grâce au \u003Cb\u003E Mode avec définitions. \u003C\u002Fb\u003E "},{label:B,title:"Comment ça marche ?",text:"Lorsqu’un mot est souligné \u003Ca style=' text-decoration-color: var(--colors-tutorial-text_content); text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; '\u003E de cette manière\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, cliquez-dessus pour faire apparaître la définition. ",assetURLMobile:"mobile_01.gif",assetURL:"desktop_01.gif"},{label:B,title:"Avec ou sans définitions",text:"Dans le \u003Cb\u003Emenu\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, il suffit \u003Cb\u003Ed’activer ou de désactiver\u003C\u002Fb\u003E le mode avec définitions selon vos envies.",assetURLMobile:"mobile_02.gif",assetURL:"desktop_02.gif"}],isMounted:c,transitionPage:c,paginateSettings:{containerClass:"Paginate",hidePrevNext:m,pageClass:"Paginate__item",prevClass:"Paginate__item Paginate__item--prev",prevHTML:"\u003Cspan class=\"u-screen-reader-text\"\u003EPrécédent\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",nextClass:"Paginate__item Paginate__item--next",nextHTML:"\u003Cspan class=\"u-screen-reader-text\"\u003ESuivant\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E"}}},error:a,state:{domain:"brief-me",appName:A,colors:{color_light:W,color_dark:X},interface:{isDarkmode:c,isDefinitions:m,isMenuOpen:c,isSearchOpen:c,isTutorialModalOpen:c,isHeaderMinified:c,showBackBtn:c,layoutType:z,cookies:{showBanner:c,showModal:c},gar:{showModal:c},fontSize:100,favorites:{showModal:c},pdf:{showModal:c}},core:{categories:[{title:O,slug:P},{title:"Politique",slug:"politique"},{title:"Société",slug:"societe"},{title:"Économie",slug:"economie"},{title:Q,slug:R},{title:"Sciences et technologies",slug:"science-techno"},{title:"Culture et médias",slug:"culture-medias"},{title:"Vie pratique",slug:"vie-pratique"}],thematiques:[{title:Y,color:s,slug:Z,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:t},{title:_,color:C,slug:$,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:aa},{title:"C’est leur avis",color:D,slug:"avis",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:2},{title:ab,color:ac,slug:ad,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:ae},{title:af,color:u,slug:ag,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:ah},{title:L,color:n,slug:M,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:N},{title:ai,color:s,slug:"point",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:E},{title:ai,color:s,slug:"point-we",description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:E},{title:"L’UE & vous",color:i,slug:"ue-et-vous",description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:E},{title:aj,color:C,slug:"europe-2024",description:b,publication:{name:aj,slug:"briefme-europe-2024"},order:F},{title:ak,color:D,slug:al,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:F},{title:"On rembobine la campagne",color:"cat9",slug:"campagne",description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:8},{title:am,color:an,slug:ao,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:ap},{title:aq,color:u,slug:ar,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:as},{title:v,color:w,slug:at,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:au},{title:"C’est leur programme",color:i,slug:"programme",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:18},{title:v,color:w,slug:av,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:aw},{title:"Élections américaines",color:i,slug:"presidentielleus",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:23},{title:"Régionales 2021",color:i,slug:"regionales",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:24},{title:"Départementales 2021",color:i,slug:"departementales",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:25},{title:ax,color:"cat14",slug:"presidentielle-2022",description:b,publication:{name:ax,slug:"briefme-presidentielle-2022"},order:26},{title:"Municipales 2020",color:i,slug:"municipales_2020",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:28},{title:"Présidentielle 2022",color:i,slug:"infographie-2022",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:29},{title:"Législatives 2022",color:i,slug:"infog-legis-2022",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:30},{title:"Sénatoriales",color:i,slug:"senatoriales",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:ay},{title:"Législatives 2024",color:i,slug:"legislatives-2024",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:ay},{title:"Européennes 2024",color:i,slug:"europeennes-2024",description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:35}],lastIssues:[{id:G,slug:H,url:I,audio_url:"https:\u002F\u002Faudio.podle.io\u002Fstream\u002Fbriefme\u002Ff068b6ef-7a59-51d6-b2dc-18a522d4e875\u002Fnewsletter.mp3",title:"La Russie et l’arme atomique | Niche parlementaire | Lucy",is_favorite:a,publication:{name:g,slug:h},published_at:J,intro:"\u003Cp\u003EDans B‌r‌i‌e‌f‌.‌m‌e ce week-end, on revient sur le développement de l’arme atomique par l’URSS et on vous explique l’évolution de sa doctrine nucléaire. On vous résume aussi l’actualité essentielle de la semaine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",outro:"\u003Cp\u003EVous voilà « briefés » sur l’actu de la semaine. Passez un bon week-end couronné de succès.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",authors:"\u003Cp\u003E— Mathilde Belin, Julie Bringer et Laurent Mauriac\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",post_scriptum_intro:b,post_scriptum_outro:b,news:[{id:17988,slug:"la-russie-et-larme-atomique",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17988\u002F",title:"La Russie et l’arme atomique",is_favorite:a,auto_title:c,section:{title:am,color:an,slug:ao,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:ap},colors:{color_light:"#61A1ED",color_dark:"#81B4F1"},data:{frame:{text:"\u003Cp\u003EL’Ukraine est devenue la troisième puissance nucléaire mondiale en 1991. En proclamant son indépendance de l’URSS cette année-là, elle a hérité de l’arsenal soviétique qui était entreposé sur son territoire (ogives nucléaires, missiles, etc.). L’Ukraine a finalement restitué les ogives nucléaires à la Russie courant 1996 en vue de leur démantèlement, dans le cadre d’un accord conclu avec la Russie et les États-Unis, en échange d’une compensation économique et de garanties de sécurité sur son intégrité territoriale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",title:"L’Ukraine fut la troisième puissance nucléaire",suptitle:"Le saviez-vous ?"},beyond:[{item:"\u003Cp\u003ENos explications sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Farticle\u002F2024-11-22-17953-vladimir-poutine-menace-les-pays-occidentaux?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ele nouveau missile russe « Orechnik »\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{item:"\u003Cp\u003ENotre panorama sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Fpanorama\u002Frussie?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ela Russie de Vladimir Poutine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],context:{text:"\u003Cp\u003EL’URSS cherche à mettre au point l’arme nucléaire pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les États-Unis sont les premiers à détenir la bombe atomique, dont le premier essai est réalisé en juillet 1945. Quelques jours plus tard, en août 1945, l’armée américaine largue deux bombes sur les villes japonaises d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki. Environ 220 000 personnes meurent et plus de 200 000 décéderont plus tard à cause des effets des radiations, selon l’ONU. \u003Cstrong\u003EL’URSS devient la deuxième puissance nucléaire en août 1949, lorsqu’elle teste avec succès sa première bombe.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E C’est le début de la course aux armes nucléaires, dans le cadre de la guerre froide naissante, les deux superpuissances cherchant à développer leur arsenal. Pour autant, « depuis ses deux seules utilisations militaires en 1945, l’arme nucléaire sert sans servir : c’est un outil majeur de dissuasion », résume l’Institut des hautes études de défense nationale, un établissement public français, dans un article paru en avril 2024.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",title:"À l’origine"},chronology:{dates:[{text:"\u003Cp\u003EEn octobre 1962, les États-Unis découvrent que l’URSS a installé à Cuba des missiles capables de transporter des charges nucléaires et d’atteindre le territoire américain. \u003Cdfn data-universalisarticle='fidel-castro'\u003EFidel Castro\u003C\u002Fdfn\u003E, arrivé au pouvoir à Cuba en 1959, s’est rapproché de l’URSS. Pour cette dernière, « la construction des bases de lancement à Cuba rééquilibre le rapport de force nucléaire à l’échelle mondiale après l’installation par les États-Unis en 1961 d’engins nucléaires » en Turquie, explique l’historien Rafael Pedemonte dans une publication de 2023. En réaction, les États-Unis imposent un blocus naval à Cuba. Des navires américains sont déployés pour empêcher des cargos soviétiques de débarquer des armes offensives sur l’île. Un avion-espion américain est abattu au-dessus de Cuba. Après des négociations entre les dirigeants soviétique et américain, l’URSS s’engage fin octobre à retirer ses missiles de Cuba et les États-Unis à retirer les leurs de Turquie. \u003Cstrong\u003ELa crise des missiles de Cuba, paroxysme de la guerre froide, a laissé entrevoir la possibilité d’une guerre nucléaire.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Cet épisode est à l’origine de l’établissement du « téléphone rouge », une liaison directe entre le Kremlin et la Maison-Blanche afin de prévenir tout risque de guerre nucléaire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",year:"1962",title:"La crise des missiles de Cuba"},{text:"\u003Cp\u003ELe Traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (TNP) entre en vigueur en 1970, après avoir été ratifié par une quarantaine d’États. Trois des cinq puissances qui détiennent officiellement l’arme nucléaire l’ont ratifié : l’URSS, les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni – la France et la Chine n’y adhéreront qu’en 1992. Via ce texte, les États dotés de l’arme nucléaire s’engagent à ne pas aider d’États non dotés de l’arme nucléaire à en acquérir et les États non dotés de l’arme nucléaire s’engagent à ne pas en développer. \u003Cstrong\u003ELe TNP a été négocié à l’initiative de l’URSS et des États-Unis\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E à partir de 1965 afin de limiter la propagation des armes nucléaires dans le monde, dans un contexte de détente dans la guerre froide. L’URSS redoutait en particulier de voir l’Allemagne accéder au statut de puissance nucléaire. Fixé pour une durée de 25 ans, le TNP sera prolongé en 1995 pour une durée indéfinie. Il est aujourd’hui ratifié par la quasi-totalité des pays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",year:"1970",title:"Entrée en vigueur du TNP"},{text:"\u003Cp\u003EL’URSS procède en octobre 1990 à son dernier essai nucléaire. \u003Cstrong\u003EEntre 1949 et 1990, l’URSS a mené 715 essais nucléaires\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, selon un bilan de l’Arms Control Association, une organisation américaine. Le principal site d’essai nucléaire soviétique se situait au Kazakhstan. Un essai nucléaire consiste à faire exploser une bombe atomique à des fins expérimentales. La très grande majorité des plus de 2 000 essais nucléaires menés entre 1945 et 2017 par huit des neuf puissances nucléaires ont eu lieu sous la surface terrestre et environ un quart dans l’atmosphère \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.armscontrol.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fimages\u002FFactsheets\u002FNuclearTestingTally_900px.png\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E[voir une infographie en anglais]\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, selon l’Arms Control Association. En 1996, l’Assemblée générale de l’ONU adopte le Traité d’interdiction complète des essais nucléaires (Ticen), qui interdit les essais nucléaires partout sur la planète (en surface, dans l’atmosphère, sous l’eau et sous terre). Toutefois, ce texte n’est jamais entré en vigueur, faute de ratification par un nombre suffisant d’États. En 2023, le président russe, Vladimir Poutine, révoquera la ratification du pays au Ticen, dénonçant l’absence de ratification par les États-Unis qui crée « un déséquilibre » entre les deux pays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",year:"1990",title:"Le dernier essai nucléaire soviétique"},{text:"\u003Cp\u003EEn septembre 2024, Vladimir Poutine annonce une évolution de la doctrine nucléaire russe, constatant que « la situation militaro-politique actuelle évolue de manière dynamique ». La nouvelle doctrine, adoptée ce mois-ci, ajoute un nouveau cas dans lequel la Russie peut riposter en employant l’arme atomique : « l’agression contre la Russie par tout État non nucléaire » avec le soutien d’un pays nucléaire. Ce cas de figure permet de viser les puissances occidentales nucléaires qui soutiennent militairement l’Ukraine, dans le cadre de son conflit avec la Russie depuis l’invasion de son territoire en 2022, soit les États-Unis, la France et le Royaume-Uni. La Russie a fait plusieurs fois évoluer sa doctrine nucléaire depuis 2000, mais cette mise à jour « semble plus significative » que les précédentes, estime le chercheur Steven Pifer dans une parution ce mois-ci sur le site du centre de réflexion américain Brookings Institution. \u003Cstrong\u003EEn janvier 2024, la Russie détenait le premier arsenal nucléaire mondial en nombre d’ogives\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (la partie d’un projectile contenant la charge nucléaire), soit 4 380 ogives contre 3 708 pour les États-Unis, selon le Sipri, un institut d’études stratégiques.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",year:"2024",title:"Évolution de la doctrine nucléaire russe"}],title:"Les dates clés"},standfirst:"\u003Cp\u003ELe président russe, Vladimir Poutine, a menacé jeudi de viser à nouveau l’Ukraine avec un nouveau type de missile baptisé « Orechnik », capable de transporter des têtes nucléaires. L’armée russe avait visé une usine aéronautique en Ukraine le 21 novembre avec un missile de ce type, sans charge nucléaire, « en réponse » à l’utilisation de missiles de longue portée américains et britanniques par l’Ukraine contre le territoire russe. La Russie, qui détient l’arme atomique depuis 1949 sous la période soviétique, a aujourd’hui le plus important arsenal nucléaire au monde.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},template:"v2_restart"},{id:17989,slug:"on-rembobine-la-semaine",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17989\u002F",title:"COP29. Budget. États-Unis. Mercosur. Liban. France-Afrique.",is_favorite:a,auto_title:m,section:{title:ak,color:D,slug:al,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:F},colors:{color_light:"#A8006F",color_dark:"#B9338C"},data:{rewind:[{link:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Farticle\u002F2024-11-25-17962-la-cop29-se-conclut-par-un-accord-juge-decevant?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2",text:"Lire notre article sur l’accord conclu à la COP9."},text:"\u003Cp\u003ELa COP29, la 29\u003Csup\u003Ee\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E édition d’une conférence annuelle des Nations unies sur le changement climatique, s’est achevée par un accord conclu le week-end dernier en Azerbaïdjan. \u003Cstrong\u003ELes pays les plus riches se sont engagés à contribuer d’ici 2035 à hauteur d’au moins 300 milliards de dollars\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (près de 285 milliards d’euros) par an pour aider les pays en développement dans leurs actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation au changement climatique. Ces derniers ont jugé cet objectif financier insuffisant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"COP29"},{text:"\u003Cp\u003ELe Premier ministre, Michel Barnier, a entamé lundi des consultations avec les chefs des groupes parlementaires au sujet du projet de loi de finances (PLF) pour 2025, actuellement en discussion au Parlement. \u003Cstrong\u003EIl a reçu Marine Le Pen (RN), qui a répété que son parti voterait une \u003Cdfn data-definition='motion-de-censure'\u003Emotion de censure\u003C\u002Fdfn\u003E contre le gouvernement « si le budget reste en l’état ».\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Michel Barnier a annoncé jeudi plusieurs gestes en faveur des oppositions, dont le fait de ne pas augmenter les taxes sur l’électricité. Interrogée jeudi par Le Monde, Marine Le Pen a fixé un ultimatum à lundi pour que le gouvernement réponde aux exigences de son parti sur le PLF, jugeant ces concessions insuffisantes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:az},{text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUne juge américaine a décidé lundi de mettre fin aux poursuites visant Donald Trump pour avoir tenté d’inverser les résultats de l’élection présidentielle de 2020\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, sans préjuger de leur éventuelle relance à la fin de son prochain mandat, suivant ainsi une demande du procureur spécial Jack Smith. Ce dernier a justifié lundi sa demande par le fait que le département de la Justice ne poursuit pas un président en exercice. Donald Trump, élu président des États-Unis le 5 novembre, doit prendre ses fonctions le 20 janvier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"États-Unis"},{link:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Farticle\u002F2024-11-26-17968-les-deputes-debattent-de-laccord-ue-mercosur?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2",text:"Lire nos explications sur les inquiétudes autour de ce traité."},text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELes députés ont voté mardi par 484 voix contre 70 en faveur d’une déclaration du gouvernement s’opposant à la ratification du traité de libre-échange entre l’UE et le Mercosur\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, une alliance économique de pays sud-américains. Ce vote n’a qu’une portée symbolique. Les groupes parlementaires l’avaient organisé pour renforcer la voix de la France face à la Commission européenne, qui mène au nom de l’UE les négociations avec les pays du Mercosur. Mercredi, le Sénat a également voté par 338 voix contre 1 en faveur de cette déclaration du gouvernement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"Mercosur"},{link:{url:aA,text:"Consulter notre article sur l’entrée en vigueur de ce cessez-le-feu."},text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUn cessez-le-feu est entré en vigueur mercredi au Liban\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, négocié entre les gouvernements israélien et libanais sous la médiation des États-Unis et de la France. Il s’accompagne d’un retrait des forces israéliennes du Liban d’ici 60 jours. Jeudi, l’armée libanaise a accusé Israël d’avoir violé le cessez-le-feu. L’armée israélienne a reconnu avoir mené un « raid » aérien contre un site du \u003Cdfn data-definition='hezbollah'\u003EHezbollah\u003C\u002Fdfn\u003E, un groupe politique et armé libanais, dans le sud du Liban. Hier, elle a attaqué le « déplacement d’un lance-roquette mobile » du Hezbollah, le considérant comme une violation du cessez-le-feu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:aB},{link:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Farticle\u002F2024-11-29-17984-le-tchad-et-le-senegal-demandent-le-depart-des-troupes-francaises?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2",text:"Lire nos explications."},text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELe ministre tchadien des Affaires étrangères a annoncé jeudi « mettre fin à l’accord de coopération en matière de défense » avec la France.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Environ 1 000 militaires français se trouvent au Tchad pour appuyer les forces armées tchadiennes dans leur lutte antiterroriste, selon le ministère français des Armées. Jeudi également, le président sénégalais, Bassirou Diomaye Faye, a déclaré dans une interview à l’AFP et à France 2 souhaiter « qu’il n’y ait plus de bases militaires de quelque pays que ce soit au Sénégal ». 350 militaires français se trouvent au Sénégal, d’après le ministère français des Armées.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"France-Afrique"}]},template:aC},{id:17990,slug:"niche-parlementaire",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17990\u002F",title:"Niche parlementaire",is_favorite:a,auto_title:c,section:{title:aq,color:u,slug:ar,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:as},colors:{color_light:aD,color_dark:aE},data:{link:{},text:"\u003Cp\u003ELa proposition de loi de La France insoumise visant à abroger la réforme des retraites de 2023 n’a pas été votée avant l’achèvement jeudi soir de la journée de sa « niche parlementaire » à l’Assemblée nationale. Une niche parlementaire, appelée officiellement « journée d’initiative parlementaire », est \u003Cstrong\u003Eun jour de séance réservé chaque mois à un \u003Cdfn data-definition='groupe-parlementaire'\u003Egroupe parlementaire\u003C\u002Fdfn\u003E d’opposition ou minoritaire\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E à l’Assemblée nationale et au Sénat. Chacun de ces groupes dispose d’une journée pendant laquelle il peut décider de l’ordre du jour et y inscrire ses propres propositions de loi. À l’Assemblée nationale, les séances se terminent à minuit, même si les textes à l’ordre du jour n’ont pas tous été examinés. La « niche parlementaire », introduite par la réforme constitutionnelle de 2008, vise à donner aux oppositions la possibilité de s’exprimer et de mettre en avant leurs idées.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},template:x},{id:17991,slug:"ca-vaut-un-clic",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17991\u002F",title:"Ça vaut un clic du 30 novembre 2024",is_favorite:a,auto_title:m,section:{title:v,color:w,slug:at,description:b,publication:{name:g,slug:h},order:au},colors:{color_light:aF,color_dark:aG},data:{paragraphs:["\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELa découverte de Lucy.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Il y a 50 ans, des archéologues découvraient en Éthiopie Lucy, alors le plus ancien squelette fossile découvert d’une espèce lointaine appartenant à la lignée humaine. Le Blob, un média de culture scientifique édité par la Cité des sciences et de l’industrie, revient dans \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fleblob.fr\u002Fenquetes\u002F50-ans-happy-birthday-lucy\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eun récit en texte et en images\u003C\u002Fa\u003E sur cette découverte majeure et certaines anecdotes, à commencer par l’origine du nom qui lui a été donné.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUne journée avec un photojournaliste.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Spot, un média consacré à la photographie de rue, a passé une journée avec un photographe de l’Agence France-Presse basé à New York. On le suit pendant une journée en mai dernier où il couvre le procès de Donald Trump. Le photojournaliste raconte ses conditions de travail, le rôle et les pratiques d’une agence de presse, mais aussi son parcours personnel, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=XS2KmDwKSRg\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edans une vidéo enrichie\u003C\u002Fa\u003E de photographies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERivalité royale.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Deux reines pour un trône : \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.radiofrance.fr\u002Ffranceinter\u002Fpodcasts\u002Fles-odyssees\u002Felisabeth-1er-et-marie-stuart-une-impitoyable-guerre-de-trones-3603821\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eun épisode\u003C\u002Fa\u003E du podcast « Les Odyssées » de France Inter relate, avec suspense et une touche d’humour, la rivalité qui a opposé Elizabeth Ire et Marie Stuart pour devenir reine d’Angleterre au XVI\u003Csup\u003Ee\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E siècle. De nouveaux épisodes de \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.radiofrance.fr\u002Ffranceinter\u002Fpodcasts\u002Fles-odyssees\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ece podcast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E qui permet aux enfants de 7 à 12 ans de se plonger dans les aventures de grands personnages de l’Histoire ont été mis en ligne cette semaine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"]},template:"v2_paragraphs"}],prev:{id:aH,slug:aI,url:aJ,published_at:aK},next:a,version:o},{id:aH,slug:aI,url:aJ,audio_url:"https:\u002F\u002Faudio.podle.io\u002Fstream\u002Fbriefme\u002F8052f69b-8310-5e4b-a895-c4ba534c8846\u002Fnewsletter.mp3",title:"Troupes françaises en Afrique | Réseaux sociaux interdits au moins de 16 ans en Australie | Marchés de Noël",is_favorite:a,publication:{name:e,slug:d},published_at:aK,intro:"\u003Cp\u003EDans B‌r‌i‌e‌f‌.‌m‌e aujourd’hui, on vous explique l’évolution de la présence militaire française en Afrique et le rapprochement de plusieurs pays avec la Russie. On s’intéresse aussi à l’interdiction par l’Australie des réseaux sociaux aux moins de 16 ans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",outro:"\u003Cp\u003EVous voilà « briefés » sur l’actualité du jour et quelques autres considérations. On vous souhaite une soirée gène-iale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",authors:"\u003Cp\u003E— Julie Bringer, Maya Elboudrari et Laurent Mauriac\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",post_scriptum_intro:b,post_scriptum_outro:b,news:[{id:17983,slug:"on-rembobine",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17983\u002F",title:"Syrie. Liban. Géorgie. Mémoire. Budget. Retraites.",is_favorite:a,auto_title:m,section:{title:Y,color:s,slug:Z,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:t},colors:{color_light:W,color_dark:X},data:{rewind:[{link:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Fpanorama\u002Fsyrie?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2",text:"Lire notre panorama sur le conflit syrien."},text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDes groupes djihadistes alliés à des groupes rebelles (hostiles au régime) sont entrés aujourd’hui dans Alep, deuxième ville de Syrie\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, reprise par le régime en 2016. Ils en contrôlent désormais plusieurs quartiers, ainsi qu’une cinquantaine de localités du nord-ouest \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.radiofrance.fr\u002Fs3\u002Fcruiser-production\u002F2012\u002F07\u002Ffc080a32-dbd6-11e1-a7b7-782bcb76618d\u002F860_syrie_un_journaliste_francais_15213_hd.webp\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E[voir une carte]\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, après une offensive dans la région, selon l’Observatoire syrien des droits de l’homme (OSDH), une organisation disposant d’un réseau d’informateurs sur le terrain. Plus de 250 personnes, dont une vingtaine de civils, ont été tuées depuis mercredi dans les affrontements, selon l’OSDH.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"Syrie"},{link:{url:aA,text:"Lire nos explications sur le cessez-le-feu."},text:"\u003Cp\u003EL’armée israélienne a rapporté aujourd’hui une « attaque aérienne » contre le « déplacement d’un lance-roquette mobile » du \u003Cdfn data-definition='hezbollah'\u003EHezbollah\u003C\u002Fdfn\u003E, un groupe politique et armé libanais, considéré par Israël comme une violation du cessez-le-feu entré en vigueur mercredi. Elle a également ouvert le feu sur des habitants du sud du Liban participant à des funérailles, selon l’agence de presse nationale libanaise. \u003Cstrong\u003ELe Premier ministre israélien, Benjamin Netanyahou, a menacé hier soir d’une « guerre intensive » en cas de violation du cessez-le-feu.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:aB},{link:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Farticle\u002F2024-10-28-17814-la-victoire-contestee-du-parti-au-pouvoir-aux-legislatives-en-georgie?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2",text:"Lire notre article sur le résultat de ces élections contestées."},text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELe gouvernement géorgien a annoncé hier soir repousser à fin 2028 l’ouverture des négociations pour adhérer à l’UE.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Il a accusé l’UE de « chantage », après le vote d’une résolution hier par le Parlement européen jugeant les dernières élections législatives non libres et réclamant des sanctions. La présidente géorgienne, proche de l’opposition, a dénoncé hier soir un « coup d’État constitutionnel ». Le ministère de l’Intérieur a rapporté aujourd’hui avoir arrêté dans la nuit plus de 40 personnes, au cours de manifestations pro-européennes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"Géorgie"},{link:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Flejournal.cnrs.fr\u002Farticles\u002Fthiaroye-memoires-dun-massacre",text:"Lire un article sur le massacre et sa mémoire sur le site du CNRS."},text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEmmanuel Macron a reconnu dans une lettre « un massacre » perpétré par les forces coloniales françaises contre des tirailleurs africains en 1944 à Thiaroye\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (près de Dakar, au Sénégal), a annoncé hier soir le président sénégalais, Bassirou Diomaye Faye. Ce dernier a salué dans un entretien à l’AFP un « pas important », tout en estimant que des excuses devraient suivre. La France a reconnu entre 35 et 70 morts, un bilan considéré comme largement sous-évalué par plusieurs historiens français et sénégalais.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"Mémoire"},{text:"\u003Cp\u003EInterrogée hier soir par Le Monde, \u003Cstrong\u003Ela présidente du groupe RN à l’Assemblée nationale, Marine Le Pen, a fixé un ultimatum à lundi pour que le gouvernement réponde aux exigences de son parti sur le projet de loi de finances 2025.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Dans le cas contraire, le RN envisage de voter la censure du gouvernement. Le Premier ministre, Michel Barnier, avait annoncé hier renoncer à augmenter les taxes sur l’électricité, suivant sa demande. Marine Le Pen a affirmé sur X que ses concessions sont insuffisantes et « ne sont pas financées par des économies structurelles ».\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:az},{text:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELe texte de La France insoumise (LFI) proposant d’abroger la réforme des retraites de 2023 n’a pas été voté\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E avant l’achèvement à minuit hier soir de la journée d’initiative parlementaire du groupe, dite « niche parlementaire ». Dénonçant les centaines d’amendements déposés par le camp présidentiel pour empêcher le vote, le fondateur de LFI, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a critiqué une « obstruction gouvernementale » inédite. Une « niche parlementaire » est un jour de séance réservé chaque mois à un groupe d’opposition ou minoritaire qui décide de l’ordre du jour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",kicker:"Retraites"}]},template:aC},{id:17984,slug:"le-tchad-et-le-senegal-demandent-le-depart-des-troupes-francaises",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17984\u002F",title:"Le Tchad et le Sénégal demandent le départ des troupes françaises",is_favorite:a,auto_title:c,section:{title:_,color:C,slug:$,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:aa},colors:{color_light:"#FF6801",color_dark:"#FF8634"},data:{beyond:[{item:"\u003Cp\u003ENotre rétrospective historique de 2023 sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.brief.me\u002Farticle\u002F2023-09-09-15930-la-perte-dinfluence-de-la-france-en-afrique?access=76594ac2-db5a-45d2-9935-38c869e1faa2\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ela perte d’influence de la France en Afrique\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],explain:[{answer:"\u003Cp\u003ELe ministre tchadien des Affaires étrangères a annoncé hier soir dans un communiqué « mettre fin à l’accord de coopération en matière de défense » avec la France. \u003Cstrong\u003E« Il est temps pour le Tchad d’affirmer sa souveraineté pleine et entière », a déclaré le ministre.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Dans le cadre de cet accord, environ 1 000 militaires français se trouvent au Tchad pour « appuyer les forces armées tchadiennes dans leur lutte contre les groupes armés terroristes », selon le site du ministère français des Armées. Le ministre français des Affaires étrangères, Jean-Noël Barrot, s’était rendu hier au Tchad. Hier soir également, \u003Cstrong\u003Ele président sénégalais, Bassirou Diomaye Faye, a déclaré dans une interview à l’AFP et à France 2 souhaiter « qu’il n’y ait plus de bases militaires de quelque pays que ce soit au Sénégal »\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E. « La souveraineté ne s’accommode pas de la présence de bases militaires », a-t-il estimé. 350 militaires français se trouvent au Sénégal, d’après le site du ministère français des Armées.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",question:"Qu’ont annoncé le Tchad et le Sénégal ?"},{answer:"\u003Cp\u003ELa France comptait en 2022 environ 1 600 militaires en Afrique de l’Ouest et plus de 5 000 au Sahel, d’après un décompte de l’AFP. La France a coordonné de 2014 à 2022 une opération militaire au Sahel appelée Barkhane pour lutter contre des groupes djihadistes. \u003Cstrong\u003EEntre 2022 et 2023, elle a retiré ses troupes de quatre pays d’Afrique.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Les soldats français au Mali se sont retirés en août 2022, deux ans après l’arrivée des militaires au pouvoir. Les troupes françaises ont quitté la République centrafricaine en décembre 2022, le Burkina Faso en février 2023 et le Niger en décembre 2023. Après leur coup d’État en juillet 2023, les militaires au pouvoir au Niger avaient demandé le départ des troupes françaises. \u003Cstrong\u003ELe Tchad est actuellement le pays du Sahel où se trouvent le plus grand nombre de militaires français.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Les militaires y ont pris le pouvoir en 2021 et leur chef, Mahamat \u003Cdfn data-universalisarticle='idriss-deby'\u003EIdriss Déby\u003C\u002Fdfn\u003E, a été élu président en mai dernier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",question:"Comment a évolué la présence militaire française en Afrique ?"},{answer:"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E« Aussi bien le Tchad que le Sénégal ont resserré les échanges avec Moscou ces derniers mois »\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, a estimé Yamingué Bétinbaye, chercheur tchadien en géographie politique, interrogé aujourd’hui par l’AFP. Mahamat Idriss Déby s’est rendu en Russie en janvier pour discuter du « développement » des « relations bilatérales », selon la présidence tchadienne. Les juntes au pouvoir au Mali, au Burkina Faso et au Niger se sont également « tournées vers la Russie en tant que nouveau partenaire de sécurité » ces dernières années, expliquent les chercheurs Alain Antil et Thierry Vircoulon dans un article d’avril sur le site de l’Ifri, un centre de réflexion. \u003Cstrong\u003ELa milice privée russe Africa Corps, qui a pris la suite de Wagner, est présente dans ces trois pays et « peut-être au Tchad »\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, selon un rapport publié en mai par l’Institut polonais des affaires étrangères, un organisme qui dépend du gouvernement polonais.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",question:"Comment ont évolué les liens du Tchad et du Sénégal avec la Russie ?"}],summary:[{item:"\u003Cp\u003ELes deux pays ont demandé hier soir le départ des militaires français présents sur leur territoire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{item:"\u003Cp\u003EDepuis 2022, la France a retiré ses troupes du Mali, de République centrafricaine, du Burkina Faso et du Niger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}]},template:"v2_explain"},{id:17985,slug:"laustralie-interdit-les-reseaux-sociaux-aux-moins-de-16-ans",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17985\u002F",title:"L’Australie interdit les réseaux sociaux aux moins de 16 ans",is_favorite:a,auto_title:c,section:{title:ab,color:ac,slug:ad,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:ae},colors:{color_light:"#00989A",color_dark:"#33ADAE"},data:{link:{},text:"\u003Cp\u003ELe Parlement australien a adopté définitivement aujourd’hui une loi interdisant l’accès aux réseaux sociaux aux moins de 16 ans. Les plateformes, comme Facebook, Instagram, X et TikTok, doivent prendre des « mesures raisonnables » pour les empêcher de détenir un compte. Elles encourent sinon une amende allant jusqu’à près de 50 millions de dollars australiens (environ 30 millions d’euros). \u003Cstrong\u003ELe gouvernement a décrit cette législation comme « pionnière mondialement », puisqu’elle est l’une des plus strictes en la matière.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Plusieurs des réseaux concernés ont critiqué la loi, jugée trop floue, comme TikTok qui a estimé qu’elle pourrait « pousser les jeunes vers des coins plus sombres d’Internet », selon des déclarations reprises par plusieurs médias. La France a instauré en 2023 une « majorité numérique » à 15 ans pour s’inscrire seul sur les réseaux sociaux. Elle n’est pas encore appliquée, faute de décret dans l’attente d’une réponse de la Commission européenne, l’une des deux branches exécutives de l’UE.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},template:x},{id:17986,slug:"comprendre-lorigine-des-produits-sur-les-marches-de-noel",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17986\u002F",title:"Comprendre l’origine des produits sur les marchés de Noël",is_favorite:a,auto_title:c,section:{title:af,color:u,slug:ag,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:ah},colors:{color_light:aD,color_dark:aE},data:{link:{},text:"\u003Cp\u003EDe nombreux marchés de Noël ont ouvert cette semaine, comme mardi à Colmar et mercredi à Strasbourg. Le ministère de l’Économie donne \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economie.gouv.fr\u002Fparticuliers\u002Fmarches-noel-conseils-bien-acheter#\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esur son site\u003C\u002Fa\u003E quelques conseils pour comprendre l’origine des produits proposés à la vente. La mention « fabriqué en France » signifie qu’au moins la « dernière transformation substantielle » a eu lieu en France et non pas forcément que toutes les matières premières sont françaises, explique le même site. D’autres marquages peuvent être « ambigus ou trompeurs », ajoute le ministère : \u003Cstrong\u003E« conçu en France », « assemblé en France » ou encore un drapeau français ne garantissent pas qu’un produit n’a pas été importé\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E. Pour les produits alimentaires, des labels permettent de s’assurer de la qualité : AOP (appellation d’origine protégée), AOC (appellation d’origine contrôlée), IGP (indication géographique protégée) ou encore STG (spécialité traditionnelle garantie) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economie.gouv.fr\u002Fparticuliers\u002Faop-aoc-igp-stg-labels-certification-alimentation\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E[voir une liste détaillée]\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},template:x},{id:17987,slug:"la-science-derriere-le-telethon",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brief.me\u002Fapi\u002Fnews\u002F17987\u002F",title:"La science derrière le Téléthon",is_favorite:a,auto_title:c,section:{title:v,color:w,slug:av,description:b,publication:{name:e,slug:d},order:aw},colors:{color_light:aF,color_dark:aG},data:{link:{},text:"\u003Cp\u003EAu premier jour de la campagne annuelle du Téléthon, organisé pour soutenir la lutte contre les maladies génétiques rares, France Bleu diffuse \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.francebleu.fr\u002Finfos\u002Fsante-sciences\u002Fvideo-telethon-2024-au-coeur-du-laboratoire-genethon-a-l-origine-de-resultats-incroyables-contre-les-myopathies-7094278\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eun reportage vidéo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E sur le Généthon, un laboratoire de recherche contre les myopathies dans l’Essonne. Il est financé en majorité par les dons récoltés lors du Téléthon et élabore des traitements grâce à la thérapie génique. La vidéo de France Bleu explique en quoi consiste cette science et les avancées qu’elle a 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