CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>One country, two systems - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0b0f1e6b-86a8-4617-a16e-9d3331399cbc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"One_country,_two_systems","wgTitle":"One country, two systems","wgCurRevisionId":1258778595,"wgRevisionId":1258778595,"wgArticleId":65372,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with Portuguese IPA","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from January 2022","All articles needing additional references","EngvarB from May 2020","Use dmy dates from May 2020", "Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2023","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles needing additional references from November 2019","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles to be expanded from March 2022","All articles to be expanded","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Federalism in China","Politics of Hong Kong","Politics of China","Law of Hong Kong","Government of Macau","Politics of Macau","Government of Hong Kong","Law of Macau","Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party","Chinese unification"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"One_country,_two_systems", "wgRelevantArticleId":65372,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q723713","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/1200px-%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/800px-%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/640px-%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="One country, two systems - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-One_country_two_systems rootpage-One_country_two_systems skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=One+country%2C+two+systems" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=One+country%2C+two+systems" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=One+country%2C+two+systems" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=One+country%2C+two+systems" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_context_of_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_context_of_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In the context of Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_context_of_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_context_of_Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_context_of_Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In the context of Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_context_of_Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_context_of_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_context_of_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In the context of Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_context_of_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_to_Hong_Kong_and_Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_to_Hong_Kong_and_Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Application to Hong Kong and Macau</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_to_Hong_Kong_and_Macau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application to Hong Kong and Macau subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_to_Hong_Kong_and_Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Potential extension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_in_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_in_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementation in Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation_in_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation in Hong Kong subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation_in_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degree_of_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_of_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Degree of autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_of_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_and_National_Education_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_and_National_Education_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Moral and National Education controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_and_National_Education_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causeway_Bay_booksellers_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causeway_Bay_booksellers_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Causeway Bay booksellers case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causeway_Bay_booksellers_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_National_Party_ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_National_Party_ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hong Kong National Party ban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_National_Party_ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victor_Mallet_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victor_Mallet_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Victor Mallet controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victor_Mallet_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extradition_bill_and_Hong_Kong_2019–2020_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extradition_bill_and_Hong_Kong_2019–2020_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Extradition bill and Hong Kong 2019–2020 protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extradition_bill_and_Hong_Kong_2019–2020_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_national_security_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_national_security_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>2020 national security legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_national_security_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_in_Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_in_Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implementation in Macau</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation_in_Macau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation in Macau subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation_in_Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macau_and_Mainland_China_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau_and_Mainland_China_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Macau and Mainland China relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau_and_Mainland_China_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_application_onto_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_application_onto_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proposed application onto Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_application_onto_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_status_of_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_status_of_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison to status of Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_status_of_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_country,_two_systems_proposals_for_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_country,_two_systems_proposals_for_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>One country, two systems proposals for other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_country,_two_systems_proposals_for_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">One country, two systems</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_(%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="بلد واحد (نظامان مختلفان) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلد واحد (نظامان مختلفان)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_%C3%B6lk%C9%99,_iki_sistem" title="Bir ölkə, iki sistem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bir ölkə, iki sistem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-kok-li%C3%B3ng-ch%C3%A8" title="It-kok-lióng-chè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="It-kok-lióng-chè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedna_zem%C4%9B,_dva_syst%C3%A9my" title="Jedna země, dva systémy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jedna země, dva systémy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Land,_zwei_Systeme" title="Ein Land, zwei Systeme – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ein Land, zwei Systeme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cks_riik,_kaks_s%C3%BCsteemi" title="Üks riik, kaks süsteemi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Üks riik, kaks süsteemi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1,_%CE%B4%CF%8D%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Μία χώρα, δύο συστήματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μία χώρα, δύο συστήματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_pa%C3%ADs,_dos_sistemas" title="Un país, dos sistemas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Un país, dos sistemas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="یک کشور، دو سیستم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یک کشور، دو سیستم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_pays,_deux_syst%C3%A8mes" title="Un pays, deux systèmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Un pays, deux systèmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%91%EC%A0%9C" title="일국양제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일국양제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_lando,_du_sistemi" title="Un lando, du sistemi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Un lando, du sistemi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_negara_dua_sistem" title="Satu negara dua sistem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Satu negara dua sistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_Cina,_due_sistemi" title="Una Cina, due sistemi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Una Cina, due sistemi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%97%D7%AA,_%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מדינה אחת, שתי שיטות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה אחת, שתי שיטות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90,_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ერთი ქვეყანა, ორი სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერთი ქვეყანა, ორი სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%B5%D0%BB,_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Бір ел, екі жүйе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бір ел, екі жүйе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Paes,_du_sistema" title="On Paes, du sistema – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="On Paes, du sistema" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egy_orsz%C3%A1g_%E2%80%93_k%C3%A9t_rendszer" title="Egy ország – két rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egy ország – két rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="ഒരു രാജ്യവും രണ്ട് സംവിധാനങ്ങളും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒരു രാജ്യവും രണ്ട് സംവിധാനങ്ങളും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_negara,_dua_sistem" title="Satu negara, dua sistem – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Satu negara, dua sistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="တပြည်ထောင် နှစ်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တပြည်ထောင် နှစ်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%A9n_land,_twee_systemen" title="Eén land, twee systemen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eén land, twee systemen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="一国二制度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一国二制度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ett_land,_to_systemer" title="Ett land, to systemer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ett land, to systemer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_mamlakat,_ikki_tizim" title="Bir mamlakat, ikki tizim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bir mamlakat, ikki tizim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeden_kraj,_dwa_systemy" title="Jeden kraj, dwa systemy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeden kraj, dwa systemy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_pa%C3%ADs,_dois_sistemas" title="Um país, dois sistemas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Um país, dois sistemas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_%C8%9Bar%C4%83,_dou%C4%83_sisteme" title="O țară, două sisteme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="O țară, două sisteme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Одна страна, две системы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одна страна, две системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un%27istadu,_duos_sistemas" title="Un'istadu, duos sistemas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Un'istadu, duos sistemas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedna_krajina,_dva_syst%C3%A9my" title="Jedna krajina, dva systémy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jedna krajina, dva systémy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksi_maa,_kaksi_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Yksi maa, kaksi järjestelmää – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksi maa, kaksi järjestelmää" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ett_land,_tv%C3%A5_system" title="Ett land, två system – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ett land, två system" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isang_bansa,_dalawang_sistema" title="Isang bansa, dalawang sistema – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isang bansa, dalawang sistema" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒரு நாடு இரு கொள்கைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒரு நாடு இரு கொள்கைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="หนึ่งประเทศ สองระบบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนึ่งประเทศ สองระบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek_%C3%BClke,_iki_sistem" title="Tek ülke, iki sistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tek ülke, iki sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Одна країна, дві системи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одна країна, дві системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%99t_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia,_hai_ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99" title="Một quốc gia, hai chế độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Một quốc gia, hai chế độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A9%E5%88%B6" title="一國兩制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="一國兩制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%A4%E5%88%B6" title="一国两制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="一国两制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q723713#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:One_country,_two_systems" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/One_country,_two_systems" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/One_country,_two_systems" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&oldid=1258778595" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=One_country%2C_two_systems&id=1258778595&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOne_country%2C_two_systems"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOne_country%2C_two_systems"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=One_country%2C_two_systems&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:One_country,_two_systems" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q723713" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese constitutional principle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/One_country,_two_systems" title="Special:EditPage/One country, two systems">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22One+country%2C+two+systems%22">"One country, two systems"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22One+country%2C+two+systems%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22One+country%2C+two+systems%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22One+country%2C+two+systems%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22One+country%2C+two+systems%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22One+country%2C+two+systems%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">One country, two systems</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/266px-%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/399px-%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/532px-%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sign in <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> reading "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">一国两制统一中国</span></span>" (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yīguó liǎngzhì tǒngyī Zhōngguó</i></span>, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> One country, two systems unites China</span>)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">一国两制</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">一國兩制</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yīguó liǎngzhì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄧㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄧㄤˇ ㄓˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>I<sup>1</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup> liang<sup>3</sup>-chih<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yi-guó liǎng-jhìh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[í.kwǒ ljàŋ.ʈʂɻ̩̂]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yātgwok léuhngjai</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jɐt̚˥ kʷɔk̚˧ lœŋ˩˧ tsɐj˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Portuguese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Um país, dois sistemas<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222630338">.mw-parser-output .prc-body{max-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .prc-emblem{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .prc-heading{border-top:thin solid #707070;border-bottom:thin solid #707070;background-color:white;font-size:1em}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks prc-body hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title prc-title"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image prc-emblem"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976: Mao era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Fair" title="Canton Fair">Canton Fair</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 2758">UN representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Richard Nixon visit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989: Deng era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">1978 Truth Criterion Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms and Opening Up">Reforms and Opening Up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Communiqu%C3%A9s" title="Three Communiqués">Three Communiqués</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign_(1983)" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign (1983)">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalization" title="Bourgeois liberalization">Bourgeois liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bourgeois_liberalization" title="Anti-bourgeois liberalization">Opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/863_Program" title="863 Program">863 Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002: Jiang era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudong_New_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudong New District">Pudong New District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng's southern tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 consensus">1992 consensus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">US bombing of the Belgrade embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">APEC China 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">Accession to the WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China–Africa Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–2012: Hu era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">Visit of Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West%E2%80%93East_Gas_Pipeline" title="West–East Gas Pipeline">West–East Gas Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed rail</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2012–present: Xi era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_China" title="Supercomputing in China">Supercomputing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">APEC China 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-Xi_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma-Xi Meeting">Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_G20_Hangzhou_summit" title="2016 G20 Hangzhou summit">2016 G20 Hangzhou summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong%27an" title="Xiong'an">Xiong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">9th BRICS summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Import_Expo" title="China International Import Expo">China International Import Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">2020 Hong Kong national security law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shanghai" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #707070;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Culture of the People's Republic of China">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>One country, two systems</b>" is a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">constitutional principle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) describing the governance of the <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> developed the one country, two systems concept. This constitutional principle was formulated in the early 1980s during negotiations over Hong Kong between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It provided that there would be only <a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">one China</a>, but that each region would retain its own economic and administrative system. Under the principle, each of the two regions could continue to have its own governmental system, legal, economic and financial affairs, including trade relations with foreign countries, all of which are independent from those of the mainland. The PRC has also proposed to apply the principle in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">the unification</a> it aims for with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </p><p>However, since 2020, as a result of the passage of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">National Security Law</a> by Hong Kong on 30 June of the same year, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the United Kingdom condemned the Chinese government of seriously breaching the principle.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> developed the principle of one country, two systems in relation to Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> had been colonized by European powers and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> remained under <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> Control at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_context_of_Hong_Kong">In the context of Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the context of Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Hong Kong was a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">colony</a> of the United Kingdom, ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">governor</a> appointed by <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">the monarch of the United Kingdom</a>, for <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">156 years</a> from 1841 (except for four years of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a> during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>) until 1997, when it was <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handed over to the Chinese government</a>. </p><p>In discussing Hong Kong's future, Deng described the risk of possible instability which might be caused by what he termed as destructive forces both inside and outside Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> In Deng's view, these destructive forces might create instability both prior to, and as well as after, Hong Kong's return to China.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> Deng repeatedly stressed that the central government would need to intervene in Hong Kong affairs from time-to-time.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 177–178">: 177–178 </span></sup> Among other occasions, Deng told Hong Kong delegates to Beijing in 1984 that certain interventions would be necessary, that when turmoil occurs in Hong Kong the central government should intervene, and that it would be necessary to see if interventions would be in the interests of Hong Kongers and Hong Kong's stability and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 178">: 178 </span></sup> In 1988, Deng stated that Hong Kong's political system was neither the British nor American systems and Hong Kong should not import Western political systems in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 179">: 179 </span></sup> </p><p>As part of Hong Kong's return to China, China agreed to accept some conditions, as stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, such as the drafting and adoption of Hong Kong's "mini-constitution" <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a> before its return. The Hong Kong Basic Law ensured that Hong Kong will retain its <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">economic system</a> and own currency (the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">legal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">legislative system</a>, and same human rights and freedoms, as a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region (SAR) of China</a> for 50 years. Set to expire in 2047, the current arrangement has permitted Hong Kong to function as its own entity under the name "Hong Kong, China" in many international settings (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> and the Olympics).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the drafting of the Basic Law, Deng stated that universal suffrage and Western political systems were not appropriate for Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 178–179">: 178–179 </span></sup> Deng also stated that if Hong Kong became a base for anti-mainland China sentiment under the guise of democracy then China's central government should intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 179">: 179 </span></sup> </p><p>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">renminbi</a> is not legal tender in Hong Kong. Likewise, the Hong Kong dollar is not accepted in stores in mainland China. With this arrangement, a permit or special visa (Chinese: <span lang="zh">簽注</span>) is required when passing between the borders of Hong Kong and mainland China, and people in Hong Kong hold <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong SAR passports</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">official languages</a> are a major factor besides the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">history of the former colony</a> that has made Hong Kong and mainland China distinct from each other, as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a> are the most widely used languages in Hong Kong, while <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> is the official language of mainland China. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">central government in Beijing</a> maintains control over Hong Kong's foreign affairs as well as the legal interpretation of the Basic Law. The latter has led democracy advocates and some Hong Kong residents to argue that the territory has yet to achieve <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> as promised by the Basic Law, leading to <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Revolution">mass demonstrations in 2014</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_context_of_Macau">In the context of Macau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the context of Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">History of Macau</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">colony of Portugal</a> for 442 years from 1557, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> was <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">returned to the Chinese government</a> in 1999. In the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Question_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau">Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau</a>, the drafting and adoption of Macau's <a href="/wiki/Macau_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Basic Law">mini-constitution</a> before its return was foreseen. Like Hong Kong, a basic law would ensure that Macau retained its economic system, currency (the <a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a>), <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Macau">legal system</a> (which is based on Portuguese civil law), <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council of Macau">legislative system</a>, and people's rights and freedom for 50 years, as a special administrative region (SAR) of China. Set to expire in 2049, the agreement has permitted Macau to function as its own entity in many international settings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>) rather than as a part of China. </p><p>As Macau has its own currency, the Chinese renminbi is not legal tender in Macau; the pataca is also not accepted in stores in China. With this agreement, a permit or visa is required when crossing between the borders of Macau and China, and people in Macau generally hold <a href="/wiki/Macau_SAR_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau SAR passport">Macau SAR passports</a> rather than mainland Chinese passports. Like Hong Kong, the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">official languages</a> are a major factor that has made Macau and China distinct from each other besides the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">history of the former colony</a>, as Cantonese and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> are the official languages in Macau, while Mandarin is the official language of China. The central government in Beijing also maintains control over Macau's foreign affairs as well as the legal interpretation of the Basic Law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_context_of_Taiwan">In the context of Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the context of Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div> <p>In addition to the Hong Kong and Macau contexts, Deng proposed the principle's applicability to reunification with Taiwan,<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> but the government of Taiwan has consistently rejected the proposal as recently as December 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_to_Hong_Kong_and_Macau">Application to Hong Kong and Macau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Application to Hong Kong and Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_SAR_office_in_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hong_SAR_office_in_Beijing.jpg/220px-Hong_SAR_office_in_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hong_SAR_office_in_Beijing.jpg/330px-Hong_SAR_office_in_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hong_SAR_office_in_Beijing.jpg/440px-Hong_SAR_office_in_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Government_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_in_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Beijing">Office of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR in Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_SYP_OCMFAPRC_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/HK_SYP_OCMFAPRC_1.jpg/220px-HK_SYP_OCMFAPRC_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/HK_SYP_OCMFAPRC_1.jpg/330px-HK_SYP_OCMFAPRC_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/HK_SYP_OCMFAPRC_1.jpg/440px-HK_SYP_OCMFAPRC_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong SAR</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC_Macau_Center_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_Mar-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Beijing_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC_Macau_Center_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_Mar-2017.jpg/220px-Beijing_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC_Macau_Center_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_Mar-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Beijing_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC_Macau_Center_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_Mar-2017.jpg/330px-Beijing_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC_Macau_Center_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_Mar-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Beijing_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC_Macau_Center_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_Mar-2017.jpg/440px-Beijing_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC_Macau_Center_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_Mar-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Macau_Special_Administrative_Region_in_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing">Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG/220px-Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG/330px-Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG/440px-Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macao Special Administrative Region">Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau SAR</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Administration</a> (since 2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Legislation Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>General Principles of the Civil Law</i></a> (to 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China"><i>Civil Code</i></a> (From 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law"><i>Marriage Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Contract Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Property Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Administrative Procedure Law</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Safeguards" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Establishes and Two Safeguards">Two Establishes and Two Safeguards</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></span></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Provincial committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons" title="Council of Chairpersons">Council of Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the President of the People's Republic of China">Presidential Office</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>) <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Members: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Departments: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd> <dd>National armed forces: <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/23px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/35px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/46px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Coast Guard"><img alt="Emblem of the Coast Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">Military reform since 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)">Public Prosecutions Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Services</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)">Judiciary Police</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法警察局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)">Bureau of Prison Administration</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法部监狱管理局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management <i>(chengguan)</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship of Chinese issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd> <dd>Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens">Visa requirements for Chinese citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">Visa policy of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">China–Africa relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">China–Arab relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations">China–Caribbean relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China–Pacific relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">Hukou system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-color: #AAAAAA;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China" title="Template talk:Politics of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> proposed the principle during negotiation with British <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> over the expiration of the United Kingdom's lease on the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> (including <a href="/wiki/New_Kowloon" title="New Kowloon">New Kowloon</a>) of Hong Kong in 1997. The same principle was proposed in talks with <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> about Macau. </p><p>The principle is that, upon reunification, despite the practice of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism in mainland China</a>, both Hong Kong and Macau, which were colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively, could retain their established system under a high degree of autonomy for up to 50 years after reunification. However, what would happen after 2047 and 2049 for Hong Kong and Macau respectively has never been publicly stated. </p><p>Chapter 1, Article 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional document">constitutional document</a> of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, reads:<sup id="cite_ref-HKBasicLawChapter1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKBasicLawChapter1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The socialist system and policies shall not be practiced in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The establishment of these regions, called <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special administrative region (People's Republic of China)">"special administrative regions"</a> (SARs), is authorised by Article 31 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a>, which states that the state may establish SARs when necessary, and that the systems to be instituted in them shall be prescribed by law enacted by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> in light of the specific conditions. </p><p>The SARs of Hong Kong and Macau were formally established on the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">1 July 1997</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">20 December 1999</a> respectively, immediately after the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed sovereignty over these respective regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Framework">Framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for their domestic affairs including, but not limited to, the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Court of Final Appeal (disambiguation)">courts of final appeal (last resort)</a>, immigration and customs, <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a>. The SARs are also exempt from mainland laws mandating the use of <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified characters</a> in publishing and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> in public education and most broadcasting. The <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">military defence</a> of the two SARs however, is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government">Central People's Government</a> in Beijing. </p><p>Hong Kong continues using <a href="/wiki/English_law#common_law" title="English law">English common law</a> while Macau continues using the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese law">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/One_country,_two_systems" title="Special:EditPage/One country, two systems">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Hong Kong, the system has been implemented through the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which serves as the "mini-constitution" of the region, and consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>. Similar arrangements are in place with Macau. Under the respective basic laws, the SARs have a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. They formulate their own monetary and financial policies, maintain their own currencies, formulate their own policies on education, culture, sports, social welfare system, etc. within the framework of the basic laws. </p><p>As stipulated by the Basic Law, while the Central People's Government of the PRC is responsible for foreign affairs and defence in relation to the SARs, representatives of the government of the SARs may participate, as members of delegations of the PRC, in diplomatic negotiations that directly affect the Regions, and in other international organisations or conferences limited to states and affecting the region. As separate economic entities, both SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. Hong Kong is also one of the member economies of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>. </p><p>The Hong Kong Basic Law also provides constitutional protection on various fundamental human rights and freedoms; specifically, these rights are covered in the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and international labour conventions which are implemented under Article 39 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance. Nonetheless, the governments of the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong both consider the principle to have been successfully implemented, quoting official reports of both the United Kingdom and the United States. </p><p>The Central People's Government in Beijing maintain relations with Hong Kong government through the <a href="/wiki/Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</a> in Hong Kong. For Macau, Beijing uses the <a href="/wiki/Liaison_Office_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_the_Macao_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macao Special Administrative Region">Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macao Special Administrative Region</a> in Macau. While the counterpart offices of the Hong Kong government for the Central People's Government in Beijing is the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Government_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_in_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Beijing">Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Beijing</a>, and Macau government's office in Beijing is the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Macau_Special_Administrative_Region_in_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing">Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the two regions have their own membership in international organisations (such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympics">Paralympics</a>), both regions are mandated to use the name "Hong Kong, China" or "Macao, China"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of "Hong Kong" or "Macau"/"Macao", as stipulated several times under Chapter VII ("External Affairs") of both regions' Basic Laws. </p><p>For example, in Trade Policy Review documents between Hong Kong and the WTO, the documents use "Hong Kong, China" throughout even in prose. When a short name is used, it uses the acronym "HKC" and never "Hong Kong" or "HK" standalone.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in Trade Policy Review documents between Macau and the WTO, "Macao, China" is used in prose throughout and the only short name used is the acronym "MSAR".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_extension">Potential extension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Potential extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several high level members of the government have expressed a potential extension of the system beyond 2047 for Hong Kong. In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Carrie Lam</a> stated that "My view is this: as long as we persist with the "One Country, Two Systems" principle, push forward the implementation of 'One Country, Two Systems' and have a full understanding and implementation of the principle... then we have adequate reason to believe that 'One Country, Two Systems' will be implemented smoothly and in the long term, and it will not change after 2047."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, in a June 2020 online webinar to campaign for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">National Security Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiaoming" title="Zhang Xiaoming">Zhang Xiaoming</a> said that the National Security Law would ensure that the freedoms granted to the city can be extended beyond 2047.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither Carrie Lam or Zhang Xiaoming have promised such an extension or laid out concrete steps or goals in order for it to happen. </p><p>In October 2021, Carrie Lam reiterated that she believed the system would be extended beyond 2047, stating "Anybody would seriously ask: why do we have to change it? But of course, something more concrete will have to come out later on to give the needed assurance about the continuation of the common law system, the monetary system, the professional recognition system, maybe some land leases."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office</a>, said that after 2047, the "one country, two systems" could be extended by another 50 years, until 2097.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a>, former chief executive, said that he expected the system to be extended past 2047.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 2022, during a <a href="/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong" title="2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong">visit to Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> made a promise that the system is a long-term policy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, Xia Baolong said that the system would be kept permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_in_Hong_Kong">Implementation in Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Implementation in Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_autonomy">Degree of autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Degree of autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a British colony, Hong Kong was neither democratic nor autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> After Britain returned Hong Kong to China in 1997, Beijing promised that Hong Kong citizens would be free to elect their local government. However, the Basic Law does not have a clear timetable for when universal suffrage is to be achieved, ultimately stating that a full vote by the populace and universal suffrage must be reached before the end of the 50-year transition according to Article 45.<sup id="cite_ref-mobile.abc.net.au_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobile.abc.net.au-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year after the handover, surveys showed high levels of satisfaction with Beijing's hands-off relationship with the former colony.<sup id="cite_ref-Concise_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concise-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year before, the Provisional Legislative Council passed laws restricting the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode" title="Right of abode">right of abode</a>, leading to a case brought against the government, which ended in a loss for the government in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal</a> in 1999. The government then took its case to the National People's Congress. The legal establishment expressed its disapproval of the act Martin Lee described as "giving away" Hong Kong's autonomy with a silent march. Polls showed the events had depressed the public's confidence in the government, despite the fact that most were in favour of the government's stance over that of the court's.<sup id="cite_ref-Concise_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concise-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 June 2014, China's central government released a <a href="/wiki/The_Practice_of_the_%27One_Country,_Two_Systems%27_Policy_in_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" title="The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">white paper</a><sup id="cite_ref-Full_text_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Full_text-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing its view of comprehensive jurisdiction over Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 180">: 180 </span></sup> The white paper stated that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy is not an inherent power, but rather one which exists solely through the authorization of the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 180">: 180 </span></sup> The white paper's release ignited criticism from many people in Hong Kong, who said that the Communist leadership was reneging on its pledges to abide by the "one country, two systems" policy that allows for a democratic, autonomous Hong Kong under Beijing's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a>, students demanded more political freedom in direct response to the <a href="/wiki/2014_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong" title="2014 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong">"831 decision" of the NPCSC</a>. The participants demanded freedom of choice, electoral freedom, democracy and, in particular, they wanted to participate in the elections of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">head of the administration of Hong Kong</a>. The name "<a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">umbrella movement</a>" originated because the students protected themselves with umbrellas from the pepper spray of the police. Thus, umbrellas became the symbol of this movement.<sup id="cite_ref-refa1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refa1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Wong" title="Joshua Wong">Joshua Wong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Chow" title="Alex Chow">Alex Chow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Law" title="Nathan Law">Nathan Law</a>, student leaders of the protests, were charged for their roles in the protests and found guilty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_and_National_Education_controversy">Moral and National Education controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moral and National Education controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moral_and_National_Education_controversy" title="Moral and National Education controversy">Moral and National Education controversy</a></div> <p>It was officially announced in September 2012 that the Hong Kong government would introduce compulsory "national, moral and civic education"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in all non-international primary and secondary schools to strengthen "national identity awareness and nurture patriotism towards China".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an academic research paper, the current school curriculum in Hong Kong projects a "dual sense of identity": "Chineseness" and "Hongkongesness"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and notably, this has created strong public activism by Hong Kong pre- and post-1997.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the new curriculum includes "general civic education" and lessons meant to increase students' appreciation of China.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This announcement led to 10 days of protests, with up to 120,000 protesters each day, due to concerns of Hong Kong losing autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the chief executive at the time, <a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">CY Leung</a>, chose to remove the idea of compulsory teaching, meaning that schools could freely decide if they would teach the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite CY Leung's decision, new chief executive Carrie Lam, who took over on 1 July 2017, has prioritised the topic of national education, by placing importance on "instilling patriotism in pupils".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in August 2017, Christine Choi Yuk-Lin was appointed by the government as the under-secretary of the Education Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She "has former connections with the pro-Beijing Federation of Education Workers" (SCMP article A). This led to more than 17,000 people signing a petition opposing Yuk-lin having the position.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> also announced during his visit to Hong Kong in July 2017 the need for an enhancement and boost of "national history and culture" in Hong Kong education.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causeway_Bay_booksellers_case">Causeway Bay booksellers case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Causeway Bay booksellers case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causeway_Bay_Books_disappearances" title="Causeway Bay Books disappearances">Causeway Bay Books disappearances</a></div> <p>The disappearances of five staff at <a href="/wiki/Causeway_Bay_Books" title="Causeway Bay Books">Causeway Bay Books</a> – an independent publisher and bookstore – in October to December 2015 precipitated an international outcry as cross-border abductions were widely suspected. Although at least two of them disappeared in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, one member was last seen in Hong Kong, but apparently had found his way across the Chinese land border in Shenzhen without the necessary travel documents.<sup id="cite_ref-bigstory1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigstory1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unprecedented disappearance of a person in Hong Kong, and the bizarre events surrounding it, shocked the city and crystallised international concern over the suspected abduction of Hong Kong citizens by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_public_security_bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese public security bureau">Chinese public security bureau</a> officials and their likely <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">rendition</a>, in violation of several articles of the Basic Law and the one country, two systems principle.<sup id="cite_ref-20160105nytimes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160105nytimes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20160107guardianpull_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160107guardianpull-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20160105ejinsightunanswered_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160105ejinsightunanswered-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later confirmed that they are under detention in mainland China although most had reappeared in Hong Kong and cancelled their missing persons' reports with the police. </p><p>On 16 June 2016, shortly after he returned to Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Lam_Wing-kee" title="Lam Wing-kee">Lam Wing-kee</a> gave a long press conference in which he detailed the circumstances surrounding his eight-month detention, and describing how his confession and those of his associates had been scripted and stage-managed. Lam implicated the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Investigation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Investigation Team">Central Investigation Team</a>, which is under direct control of the highest level of the Beijing leadership. His revelations stunned Hong Kong and made headlines worldwide, prompting a flurry of counter-accusations and denials from mainland authorities and supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoRQ-1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoRQ-1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20160616hongkongfp_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20160616hongkongfp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong_National_Party_ban">Hong Kong National Party ban</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hong Kong National Party ban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_National_Party" title="Hong Kong National Party">Hong Kong National Party</a></div> <p>On 17 July 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a> served the party convener a notice under the <a href="/wiki/Societies_Ordinance" title="Societies Ordinance">Societies Ordinance</a>, seeking to ban the Hong Kong National Party (HKNP) for <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>, on grounds of national security with respect to <a href="/wiki/PRC" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC">Chinese</a> territorial integrity. The party and its convener Andy Chan submitted their case against being outlawed. Ten days later, in an unprecedented move, Secretary for Security <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(government_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lee (government official)">John Lee</a> on 24 September 2018 officially banned the party on national security grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ban prohibited anyone who claims to be a HKNP member, or is found to provide aid to the party in any way, under the threat of being fined and jailed for up to two years. The definition of "providing aid" to the party and the two leaders were not made clear. Chan's lawyers wrote to the Department of Justice seeking an assurance that providing legal assistance to him would not be regarded as providing assistance to the HKNP, but that assurance was not forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victor_Mallet_controversy">Victor Mallet controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Victor Mallet controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mallet_visa_controversy" title="Victor Mallet visa controversy">Victor Mallet visa controversy</a></div> <p>In August, a controversy erupted in 2018 when the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Correspondents%27_Club_(Hong_Kong)" title="Foreign Correspondents' Club (Hong Kong)">Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong</a> (FCC) hosted a lunchtime talk with Andy Chan, convener of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Independence_Party" title="Hong Kong Independence Party">Hong Kong Independence Party</a> (HKIP) to take place on 14 August. Victor Mallet, vice-chairman of the press organisation, chaired the session.<sup id="cite_ref-time5450061_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time5450061-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governments of China and Hong Kong had called for the cancellation of the talk, because the issue of independence supposedly crossed one of the "bottom lines" on national sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc45769811_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc45769811-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scmp2168041_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp2168041-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a visit to Bangkok, Mallet was denied a working visa by the Hong Kong government.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallet was subjected to a four-hour interrogation by immigration officers on his return from Thailand on Sunday 7 October before he was finally allowed to enter Hong Kong on a seven-day tourist visa.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp2172430_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp2172430-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the absence of an official explanation, Mallet's visa rejection was widely seen to be retribution for his role in chairing the Andy Chan talk which the FCC refused to call off.<sup id="cite_ref-time5450061_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time5450061-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scmp2168041_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp2168041-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary for Security <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(government_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lee (government official)">John Lee</a> insisted the ban on Mallet was unrelated to press freedom, but declined to explain the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp2172430_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp2172430-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident caused a furious debate over restrictions to freedoms that were supposedly protected by the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> under "one country, two systems".<sup id="cite_ref-dw01_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw01-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extradition_bill_and_Hong_Kong_2019–2020_protests"><span id="Extradition_bill_and_Hong_Kong_2019.E2.80.932020_protests"></span>Extradition bill and Hong Kong 2019–2020 protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Extradition bill and Hong Kong 2019–2020 protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_bill" title="2019 Hong Kong extradition bill">2019 Hong Kong extradition bill</a></div> <p>In April 2019, an extradition bill was proposed in Hong Kong inciting <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">mass protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new law identifies that those who are suspects of serious crimes could be sent to China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was initiated due to a murder suspect fleeing from Taiwan to Hong Kong in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accused of murdering his pregnant 20 year old girlfriend, thus Hong Kong authorities were asked by Taiwan to extradite the man. Hong Kong, however, did not concur with this demand and could not prosecute him as Hong Kong does not have any form of an extradition agreement with Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of the Extradition Law, it was claimed that decisions would be made on a "case-by-case basis by the Chief Executive", in addition to Hong Kong courts making final decisions on extradition requests.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, those accused of crimes based on politics or religion would not be extradited, and the new law would purely be "dealing with cross border crimes and transnational crimes" that carries a minimum seven-years sentence, as <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Carrie Lam</a> stated in her speech on Monday 10 June.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many Hong Kong people claim that this is another example of Hong Kong losing its autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been criticism that this law would mean that suspects would be susceptible to many practices under the Chinese judicial system that is not present in the Hong Kong judicial system: arbitrary detention, unfair trial and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael DeGolyer, a researcher at Baptist University of Hong Kong, told Al Jazeera that Hong Kong people fear lack of judicial independence as the current judiciary system "is seen as guaranteeing a measure of protection from the government on the mainland".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a widespread response opposing the law: nationally and internationally. Criticism, petitions and protests have incorporated many parts of society, including doctors, lawyers, teachers and housewives.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 June there were an estimated one million people protesting across Hong Kong, making it the biggest protest since the handover.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, concern was displayed internationally: in Britain, Canada, the European Union and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US congressional commission argued in May 2019 that the extradition bill makes "Hong Kong more susceptible to China's political coercion and further erodes Hong Kong's autonomy".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's foreign ministry has rebutted these concerns by claiming them "attempts to politicise the Hong Kong government proposal and interference in China's internal affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to this negative response nationally and internationally, on 4 September 2019, Carrie Lam formally announced that the extradition bill would be withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, fear of the loss of Hong Kong autonomy remains. Protests continued until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in January 2020, and are predicted to continue once the pandemic is under control in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_national_security_legislation">2020 national security legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2020 national security legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Decision_on_Hong_Kong_national_security_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="National People's Congress Decision on Hong Kong national security legislation">National People's Congress Decision on Hong Kong national security legislation</a></div> <p>A draft national security bill was submitted on 22 May 2020 to China's national parliament, the National People's Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the one country, two systems formula, Hong Kong's basic law requires the Hong Kong legislature to ratify national security to prevent sedition, secession and foreign interference.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese central government is now bypassing the HKSAR to directly legislate.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A National People's Congress official reported as saying it was exercising "constitutional power" to create a new legal framework and enforcement mechanism to guarantee national security in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) passed the national security law for Hong Kong unanimously and listed it under Annex III of the Basic Law, bypassing Hong Kong approval. The Hong Kong Bar Association (HKBA) disputed the constitutionality of enacting the law through inclusion in Annex III of the Basic Law in May 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-hkba-25-may_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkba-25-may-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 May 2020, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald J. Trump">Donald J. Trump</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> press conference, officially declared that the United States would be ending special treatments afforded to Hong Kong as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/United_States-Hong_Kong_Policy_Act" title="United States-Hong Kong Policy Act">United States-Hong Kong Policy Act</a>, due to China replacing the promised formula of "one country, two systems" with "one country, one system",<sup id="cite_ref-:8_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and threatened that the United States would take further actions on Hong Kong in response to the national security law. On 14 July 2020, President Trump signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13936" title="Executive Order 13936">Executive Order 13936</a>, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Autonomy_Act" title="Hong Kong Autonomy Act">Hong Kong Autonomy Act</a> passed by the US Congress, ending Hong Kong's special trade privileges. </p><p>According to Victoria Tin-bor Hui, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a></i>, the national security legislation is being used to erode civil and legal protections on the way to "establishing a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>" in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_in_Macau">Implementation in Macau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Implementation in Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau_and_Mainland_China_relations">Macau and Mainland China relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Macau and Mainland China relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macau has not seen outbreaks of protests and civil unrest that have occurred in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jason_Chao" title="Jason Chao">Jason Chao</a>, a former president of the <a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Association" title="New Macau Association">New Macau Association</a> (a pro-democracy party), Macau differed from Hong Kong as Macau does not wish for freedom and autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the majority of Macau's population are pro-China.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reason for this is because approximately half of the 600,000 people living in Macau are Chinese immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">chairman of the NPCSC</a>, claimed that there is a "strong sense of international identity" in Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese Communist Party general secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s first official speech in Macau in December 2019 marking the 20th anniversary, he proclaimed Macau as "a gorgeous chapter in the short history of the one country, two systems experiment".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief executive of Macau, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho Iat Seng</a>, said: "Macau will be an example of China's reunification," and Xi has agreed, by placing emphasis on the "Macau Model" as Macau has correctly followed the "one country, two system" agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reward for Macau's peaceful behaviour and lack of anti-government protests, Xi Jinping has given Macau more Chinese land from <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Hengqin</a> Island.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to enable Macau to further develop their education and healthcare system, in addition to physically integrating Macau more with China.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_application_onto_Taiwan">Proposed application onto Taiwan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Proposed application onto Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Proposal being made in different parts of the history, as well as reaction from different fractions inside and outside Taiwan in each respective times. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The PRC government was also proposed the application of the one country, two systems principle for <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese government">Taiwanese government</a> has refused this suggestion. It has been claimed that the system was originally designed for Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order for it to be unified with the PRC. </p><p>While China had guaranteed that Hong Kong's economic and political systems would not be changed for 50 years following the British handover, the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council" title="Mainland Affairs Council">Mainland Affairs Council</a> of the Republic of China has cited 218 cases between 1997 and 2007 that they claim to be breaches of the Hong Kong peoples' rights to self-rule or freedom of speech, as well as severe interventions in the judicial system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new policy based on the <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a> was emphasised during the <a href="/wiki/2005_Pan-Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" title="2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China">Pan-Blue visits to mainland China</a> in April 2005<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as subsequent major cross-strait exchanges under President <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a>, whose pro-unification <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party won the <a href="/wiki/2008_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2008 Taiwanese presidential election">2008 Taiwanese presidential election</a>. During his visit to Beijing in March 2012, former KMT Chairman <a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a> proposed a "one country, two areas" (<span lang="zh-Hans">一国两区</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">一國兩區</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yīguóliǎngqū</span></i>) framework to govern <a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">cross-strait relations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this term did not become widely adopted. </p><p>In January 2019, CCP General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> announced an open letter to Taiwan proposing a one country, two systems formula for eventual unification. President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> responded to Xi in a January 2019 speech by stating that Taiwan rejected one country, two systems, and that because Beijing equated the 1992 Consensus with one country, two systems, Taiwan rejected it as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Horton_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsai expressed her solidarity with <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">Hong Kong protesters</a>, remarking that Taiwan's democracy was hard-earned and had to be guarded and renewed. Pledging that as long as she was Taiwan's president, she would never accept one country, two systems, Tsai cited what she considered to be the constant and rapid deterioration of democracy in Hong Kong over the previous 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the landslide defeat of the KMT in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2020 Taiwanese presidential election">2020 Taiwanese presidential election</a>, KMT chairman <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a> rejected the one country, two systems as a feasible model for Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the KMT platform under newly elected chairman <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a> also continued to include the 1992 Consensus while rejecting one country, two systems.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, the president of the Republic of China at the time, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, counter-proposed with the alternative of "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%8B%E8%89%AF%E5%88%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:一國良制">one country, better system</a>" (<span lang="zh-Hans">一国良制</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">一國良制</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yīguó liángzhì</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a pun on "one country, two systems" (<span lang="zh-Hans">一国两制</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">一國兩制</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yīguó liǎngzhì</span></i>), proposing that the PRC and ROC could be unified after the PRC adopts the democratic system of the ROC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_status_of_Tibet">Comparison to status of Tibet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comparison to status of Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jiang (2008) notes that the concept of "one country, two systems" is based on the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement_for_the_Peaceful_Liberation_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet">Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet</a> signed in 1951, and that its mechanism is similar to how the Qing emperor integrated new territories it had conquered by permitting local elites in these regions to continue to enjoy power for a time and to exercise autonomy without apparently threatening distinct local customs. As the concept was merely a "tactical and transitional arrangement", a point of view argues that the territory of Hong Kong will gradually experience the same fate as Tibet since 1959 – forced assimilation and tight direct control by the central government. Over time, full assimilation, and abolition of local autonomy, would take place in a manner "illustrative of a similar Chinese imperial expansionist mentalité".<sup id="cite_ref-japanfocus_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japanfocus-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>'s 2005 proposal for "high-level autonomy" for <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, evolved from a position of advocating Tibetan independence, has been compared to "one country, two systems". He has said that his proposals should be acceptable to China because "one country, two systems" is accommodated for in the Chinese Constitution. State media rejected this claim, pointing out that "one country, two systems" was designed for the capitalist social systems of Hong Kong and Macau, which had never existed in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Dalai Lama mentioned again that the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement</a> was signed in the spirit of "one country, two systems".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="One_country,_two_systems_proposals_for_other_countries"><span id="One_country.2C_two_systems_proposals_for_other_countries"></span>One country, two systems proposals for other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: One country, two systems proposals for other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad Cohen, writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>, suggests the "one country, two systems" formula is a possible solution to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korea suggests the "one country, two systems" formula to bring about <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean reunification</a>, through a confederation of two systems within one country.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has also promoted the idea; the difference between North Korea's motivation and China's is that North Korea seeks to maintain two separate governments, while China seeks gradual unification as it wishes to bring stability to the Korean peninsula with one centralised government.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Simon_Coveney" title="Simon Coveney">Simon Coveney</a> said the arrangement linking Hong Kong with China could be a possible solution for addressing the fate of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> after <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. The border between the EU member state Republic of Ireland and British-ruled Northern Ireland is becoming an increasing concern in talks with the United Kingdom, with <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> demanding that the frontier remain completely open, to avoid endangering the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">peace process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 consensus">1992 consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China">Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong–Mainland conflict">Hong Kong–Mainland conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Law of Hong Kong">Law of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_nation,_two_states" title="One nation, two states">One country, two governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_Two_Systems_Research_Institute" title="One Country Two Systems Research Institute">One Country Two Systems Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In practice, Macau sometimes instead uses "Macau, China".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ũ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɐˈiʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈðojʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>siʃˈtemɐʃ]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53481397">"China warns UK of "consequences" over Hong Kong 'interference'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628131750/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53481397">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+warns+UK+of+%22consequences%22+over+Hong+Kong+%27interference%27&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-53481397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200529-us-uk-step-up-pressure-on-china-over-hong-kong-security-law">"US, UK step up pressure on China over Hong Kong security law"</a>. France24.com. 29 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624132749/https://www.france24.com/en/20200529-us-uk-step-up-pressure-on-china-over-hong-kong-security-law">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US%2C+UK+step+up+pressure+on+China+over+Hong+Kong+security+law&rft.pub=France24.com&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200529-us-uk-step-up-pressure-on-china-over-hong-kong-security-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintour2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wintour" title="Patrick Wintour">Wintour, Patrick</a> (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jul/01/china-is-breaking-hong-kong-treaty-with-uk-says-boris-johnson">"China is breaking Hong Kong treaty with UK, says Boris Johnson"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624132748/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jul/01/china-is-breaking-hong-kong-treaty-with-uk-says-boris-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+is+breaking+Hong+Kong+treaty+with+UK%2C+says+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2020-07&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fjul%2F01%2Fchina-is-breaking-hong-kong-treaty-with-uk-says-boris-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2023" class="citation book cs1">Hu, Richard (2023). <i>Reinventing the Chinese City</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21101-7"><bdi>978-0-231-21101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+the+Chinese+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-231-21101-7&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland" class="citation web cs1">Boland, Rory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gohongkong.about.com/od/travelplanner/a/hongkongcountry.htm">"What Country Is Hong Kong in? China or Not?"</a>. <i>About.com Travel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009134239/http://gohongkong.about.com/od/travelplanner/a/hongkongcountry.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Travel&rft.atitle=What+Country+Is+Hong+Kong+in%3F+China+or+Not%3F&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgohongkong.about.com%2Fod%2Ftravelplanner%2Fa%2Fhongkongcountry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargan1997" class="citation news cs1">Gargan, Edward A. (1 July 1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/01/world/china-resumes-control-of-hong-kong-concluding-156-years-of-british-rule.html">"China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620182610/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0630.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Resumes+Control+of+Hong+Kong%2C+Concluding+156+Years+of+British+Rule&rft.date=1997-07-01&rft.aulast=Gargan&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Fchina-resumes-control-of-hong-kong-concluding-156-years-of-british-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/special/1997/06/26/1898-and-all-that-a-brief-history-of-hong-kong">"1898 and all that—a brief history of Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=1898+and+all+that%E2%80%94a+brief+history+of+Hong+Kong&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fspecial%2F1997%2F06%2F26%2F1898-and-all-that-a-brief-history-of-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHioe2023" class="citation web cs1">Hioe, Brian (22 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newbloommag.net/2023/12/23/2024-first-policy-presentation/">"Lai and Hou Focus on Cross-Strait Relations, Ko on Appeals to Youth in First Presidential Policy Presentation"</a>. <i>New Bloom Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Bloom+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lai+and+Hou+Focus+on+Cross-Strait+Relations%2C+Ko+on+Appeals+to+Youth+in+First+Presidential+Policy+Presentation&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft.aulast=Hioe&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewbloommag.net%2F2023%2F12%2F23%2F2024-first-policy-presentation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HKBasicLawChapter1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HKBasicLawChapter1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html">"Chapter I : General Principles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government of the Hong Kong SAR</a>. 17 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123110932/http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+I+%3A+General+Principles&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Hong+Kong+SAR&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basiclaw.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fbasiclawtext%2Fchapter_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luo, Jing. Over A Cup of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture. [2004] (2004). <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a> China. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2937-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2937-7">0-7618-2937-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0492-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0492-6">0-7391-0492-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.macauolympic.org/">http://www.macauolympic.org/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s450_e.pdf">https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s450_e.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/g450_e.pdf">https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/g450_e.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/g402_e.pdf">https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/g402_e.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2020" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Kris (16 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2020/01/16/one-country-two-systems-remain-unchanged-2047-says-hong-kongs-carrie-lam/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'One Country, Two Systems' could remain unchanged after 2047, says Hong Kong's Carrie Lam"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Free Press HKFP</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413184706/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/01/16/one-country-two-systems-remain-unchanged-2047-says-hong-kongs-carrie-lam/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press+HKFP&rft.atitle=%27One+Country%2C+Two+Systems%27+could+remain+unchanged+after+2047%2C+says+Hong+Kong%27s+Carrie+Lam&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2020%2F01%2F16%2Fone-country-two-systems-remain-unchanged-2047-says-hong-kongs-carrie-lam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungWong2020" class="citation web cs1">Cheung, Tony; Wong, Natalie (8 June 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3088031/deng-xiaoping-always-believed-mainland-could-step-if">"Security law to extend, not erode Hong Kong freedoms beyond 2047"</a></span>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102160244/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3088031/deng-xiaoping-always-believed-mainland-could-step-if">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Security+law+to+extend%2C+not+erode+Hong+Kong+freedoms+beyond+2047&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Wong%2C+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3088031%2Fdeng-xiaoping-always-believed-mainland-could-step-if&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008061807/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1614128-20211008.htm">"One Country, Two Systems to last beyond 2047: CE"</a>. <i>RTHK</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1614128-20211008.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTHK&rft.atitle=One+Country%2C+Two+Systems+to+last+beyond+2047%3A+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.rthk.hk%2Frthk%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2F1614128-20211008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/187936/City%27s-autonomy-could-last-beyond-2047">"City's autonomy could last beyond 2047"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309125007/https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/187936/City%27s-autonomy-could-last-beyond-2047">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=City%27s+autonomy+could+last+beyond+2047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fbreaking-news%2Fsection%2F4%2F187936%2FCity%2527s-autonomy-could-last-beyond-2047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/191845/CY-Leung-expects-%E2%80%98one-country,-two-systems%E2%80%99-to-go-beyond-2047">"CY Leung expects "one country, two systems" to go beyond 2047"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702173220/https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/191845/CY-Leung-expects-%E2%80%98one-country,-two-systems%E2%80%99-to-go-beyond-2047">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=CY+Leung+expects+%22one+country%2C+two+systems%22+to+go+beyond+2047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fbreaking-news%2Fsection%2F4%2F191845%2FCY-Leung-expects-%25E2%2580%2598one-country%2C-two-systems%25E2%2580%2599-to-go-beyond-2047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1674682-20221108.htm">"Hong Kong will stay a common law jurisdiction: SJ"</a>. <i>RTHK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108190615/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1674682-20221108.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTHK&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+will+stay+a+common+law+jurisdiction%3A+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.rthk.hk%2Frthk%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2F1674682-20221108.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungLoWu2024" class="citation web cs1">Cheung, Ezra; Lo, Hoi-ying; Wu, Willa (26 February 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3253216/beijing-attaches-great-importance-hong-kong-countrys-global-finance-hub-xia-baolong-tells-local">"Hong Kong governing principle to be permanent feature, top Beijing official says"</a></span>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240226191728/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3253216/beijing-attaches-great-importance-hong-kong-countrys-global-finance-hub-xia-baolong-tells-local">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+governing+principle+to+be+permanent+feature%2C+top+Beijing+official+says&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft.au=Lo%2C+Hoi-ying&rft.au=Wu%2C+Willa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3253216%2Fbeijing-attaches-great-importance-hong-kong-countrys-global-finance-hub-xia-baolong-tells-local&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobile.abc.net.au-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mobile.abc.net.au_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-16/was-hong-kong-ever-promised-democracy-fact-check/5809964">"Fact check: Was Hong Kong ever promised democracy? – Fact Check"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 16 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103144602/https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-16/was-hong-kong-ever-promised-democracy-fact-check/5809964">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Fact+check%3A+Was+Hong+Kong+ever+promised+democracy%3F+%E2%80%93+Fact+Check&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmobile.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-12-16%2Fwas-hong-kong-ever-promised-democracy-fact-check%2F5809964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoo2019" class="citation web cs1">Koo, George (2 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/10/opinion/an-alternative-view-of-hong-kong/">"An alternative view of HK protests | Opinion"</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012003920/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/10/opinion/an-alternative-view-of-hong-kong/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=An+alternative+view+of+HK+protests+%7C+Opinion&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.aulast=Koo&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiatimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fopinion%2Fan-alternative-view-of-hong-kong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concise-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/184965072?oclcNum=184965072"><i>A Concise History of Hong Kong</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. pp. 221–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-878-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-878-7"><bdi>978-962-209-878-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/184965072">184965072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=221-228&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F184965072&rft.isbn=978-962-209-878-7&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F184965072%3FoclcNum%3D184965072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Full_text-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Full_text_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008210149/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-06/10/c_133396891.htm">"Full Text: The Practice of the "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-06/10/c_133396891.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Full+Text%3A+The+Practice+of+the+%22One+Country%2C+Two+Systems%22+Policy+in+the+Hong+Kong+Special+Administrative+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fchina%2F2014-06%2F10%2Fc_133396891.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140618000943/http://mobile.nytimes.com/blogs/sinosphere/2014/06/11/beijings-white-paper-sets-off-a-firestorm-in-hong-kong/">"Beijing's "White Paper" Sets Off a Firestorm in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 11 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com/blogs/sinosphere/2014/06/11/beijings-white-paper-sets-off-a-firestorm-in-hong-kong/">the original</a> on 18 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beijing%27s+%22White+Paper%22+Sets+Off+a+Firestorm+in+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobile.nytimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fsinosphere%2F2014%2F06%2F11%2Fbeijings-white-paper-sets-off-a-firestorm-in-hong-kong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refa1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refa1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiman2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kaiman" title="Jonathan Kaiman">Kaiman, Jonathan</a> (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/-sp-hong-kong-umbrella-revolution-pro-democracy-protests">"Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801161153/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/-sp-hong-kong-umbrella-revolution-pro-democracy-protests">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+umbrella+revolution+%E2%80%93+the+Guardian+briefing&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Kaiman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F30%2F-sp-hong-kong-umbrella-revolution-pro-democracy-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-development/4-key-tasks/moral-civic/index.html">"Moral, Civic and National Education"</a>. <i>www.edb.gov.hk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022115906/https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-development/4-key-tasks/moral-civic/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edb.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Moral%2C+Civic+and+National+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edb.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fcurriculum-development%2F4-key-tasks%2Fmoral-civic%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/national-education-hong-kong">"National education in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419170006/https://www.scmp.com/topics/national-education-hong-kong">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=National+education+in+Hong+Kong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Ftopics%2Fnational-education-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisVickers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Paul; Vickers, Edward (3 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1488620/1/Morris_Vickers%20untracked%20-%20EV%20March%2013%202015.pdf">"Schooling, politics and the construction of identity in Hong Kong: the 2012 "Moral and National Education" crisis in historical context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Education</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 305–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050068.2015.1033169">10.1080/03050068.2015.1033169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0068">0305-0068</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6001098933">6001098933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142915161">142915161</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205125022/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1488620/1/Morris_Vickers%20untracked%20-%20EV%20March%2013%202015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Education&rft.atitle=Schooling%2C+politics+and+the+construction+of+identity+in+Hong+Kong%3A+the+2012+%22Moral+and+National+Education%22+crisis+in+historical+context&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-326&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6001098933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142915161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-0068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050068.2015.1033169&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Vickers%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1488620%2F1%2FMorris_Vickers%2520untracked%2520-%2520EV%2520March%252013%25202015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2012" class="citation news cs1">Liu, Juliana (1 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-19407425">"Hong Kong debates "national education" classes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208174530/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-19407425">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+debates+%22national+education%22+classes&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-19407425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauNipWan2012" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Stuart; Nip, Amy; Wan, Adrian (9 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1032535/protest-against-national-education-end-after-government-climbdown">"Protest against national education to end after government climbdown"</a></span>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519031556/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1032535/protest-against-national-education-end-after-government-climbdown">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Protest+against+national+education+to+end+after+government+climbdown&rft.date=2012-09-09&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Nip%2C+Amy&rft.au=Wan%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F1032535%2Fprotest-against-national-education-end-after-government-climbdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiu2017" class="citation web cs1">Chiu, Peace (4 August 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2105343/chinese-national-education-set-make-comeback-hong-kong-its">"Is national education set to make a comeback in Hong Kong?"</a></span>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226180558/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2105343/chinese-national-education-set-make-comeback-hong-kong-its">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Is+national+education+set+to+make+a+comeback+in+Hong+Kong%3F&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.aulast=Chiu&rft.aufirst=Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2105343%2Fchinese-national-education-set-make-comeback-hong-kong-its&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamChiu2017" class="citation web cs1">Lam, Jeffie; Chiu, Peace (1 August 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2104961/pro-beijing-school-principal-named-hong-kongs-new-education">"Pro-Beijing school principal named Hong Kong's new education undersecretary despite national education fears"</a></span>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002172610/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2104961/pro-beijing-school-principal-named-hong-kongs-new-education">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Pro-Beijing+school+principal+named+Hong+Kong%27s+new+education+undersecretary+despite+national+education+fears&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Jeffie&rft.au=Chiu%2C+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2104961%2Fpro-beijing-school-principal-named-hong-kongs-new-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bigstory1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bigstory1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/urn:publicid:ap.org:acf943c14a5049e99aa1ab61bb9965dd">"Hong Kong unsettled by case of 5 missing booksellers"</a>. <i>The Big Story</i>. Associated Press. 3 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114649/http://bigstory.ap.org/urn:publicid:ap.org:acf943c14a5049e99aa1ab61bb9965dd">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Story&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+unsettled+by+case+of+5+missing+booksellers&rft.date=2016-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Furn%3Apublicid%3Aap.org%3Aacf943c14a5049e99aa1ab61bb9965dd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20160105nytimes-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20160105nytimes_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/asia/mighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html?_r=0">"Disappearance of 5 Tied to Publisher Prompts Broader Worries in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 5 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321220848/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/asia/mighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Disappearance+of+5+Tied+to+Publisher+Prompts+Broader+Worries+in+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F05%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fmighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20160107guardianpull-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20160107guardianpull_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlaria_Maria_Sala2016" class="citation news cs1">Ilaria Maria Sala (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish">"Hong Kong bookshops pull politically sensitive titles after publishers vanish"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+bookshops+pull+politically+sensitive+titles+after+publishers+vanish&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.au=Ilaria+Maria+Sala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F07%2Fhong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20160105ejinsightunanswered-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20160105ejinsightunanswered_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers/">"Unanswered questions about the missing booksellers"</a>. <i>EJ Insight</i>. 5 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111214122/http://www.ejinsight.com/20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EJ+Insight&rft.atitle=Unanswered+questions+about+the+missing+booksellers&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoRQ-1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoRQ-1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/06/18/1000-protesters-chant-no-authority-support-returned-bookseller/">"In Pictures: Over 1,000 protesters chant "no to authority" in support of returned bookseller – Hong Kong Free Press HKFP"</a>. 18 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Pictures%3A+Over+1%2C000+protesters+chant+%22no+to+authority%22+in+support+of+returned+bookseller+%E2%80%93+Hong+Kong+Free+Press+HKFP&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hongkongfp.com%2F2016%2F06%2F18%2F1000-protesters-chant-no-authority-support-returned-bookseller%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20160616hongkongfp-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20160616hongkongfp_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/06/16/breaking-returned-bookseller-says-he-was-detained-by-a-special-unit-in-china-confession-was-scripted/">"Returned bookseller says he was detained by "special unit" in China, TV "confession" was scripted"</a>. <i>hongkongfp.com</i>. 16 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hongkongfp.com&rft.atitle=Returned+bookseller+says+he+was+detained+by+%22special+unit%22+in+China%2C+TV+%22confession%22+was+scripted&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hongkongfp.com%2F2016%2F06%2F16%2Fbreaking-returned-bookseller-says-he-was-detained-by-a-special-unit-in-china-confession-was-scripted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2165439/hong-kong-issues-unprecedented-ban-separatist-party">"Hong Kong National Party's call for "armed revolution" no mere political slogan but a threat to safety and order, security minister John Lee says"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 24 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926062421/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2165439/hong-kong-issues-unprecedented-ban-separatist-party">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+National+Party%27s+call+for+%22armed+revolution%22+no+mere+political+slogan+but+a+threat+to+safety+and+order%2C+security+minister+John+Lee+says&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2165439%2Fhong-kong-issues-unprecedented-ban-separatist-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLum2018" class="citation news cs1">Lum, Alvin (24 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2170054/hong-kong-separatist-party-founders-andy-chan-and-chow-ho">"Hong Kong National Party founders lodge separate appeals against ban in effort to avoid legal action"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024125720/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2170054/hong-kong-separatist-party-founders-andy-chan-and-chow-ho">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+National+Party+founders+lodge+separate+appeals+against+ban+in+effort+to+avoid+legal+action&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.aulast=Lum&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2170054%2Fhong-kong-separatist-party-founders-andy-chan-and-chow-ho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time5450061-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time5450061_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time5450061_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5450061/hong-kong-financial-times-journalist-barred/">"Financial Times Editor Barred Entry Into Hong Kong"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 8 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116065156/http://time.com/5450061/hong-kong-financial-times-journalist-barred/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Financial+Times+Editor+Barred+Entry+Into+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5450061%2Fhong-kong-financial-times-journalist-barred%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc45769811-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc45769811_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45769811">"Hong Kong rejects visa for FT editor"</a>. BBC. 6 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000813/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45769811">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+rejects+visa+for+FT+editor&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-45769811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scmp2168041-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scmp2168041_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scmp2168041_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2168041/hong-kong-denied-journalist-victor-mallets-visa-influence">"Ex-British foreign minister, US senator urge action on Hong Kong visa refusal"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 9 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195108/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2168041/hong-kong-denied-journalist-victor-mallets-visa-influence">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Ex-British+foreign+minister%2C+US+senator+urge+action+on+Hong+Kong+visa+refusal&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2168041%2Fhong-kong-denied-journalist-victor-mallets-visa-influence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2167429/financial-times-journalist-victor-mallet-re-enters-hong-kong">"Journalist Victor Mallet allowed back into Hong Kong – for seven days only"</a>. 8 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116023642/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2167429/financial-times-journalist-victor-mallet-re-enters-hong-kong">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journalist+Victor+Mallet+allowed+back+into+Hong+Kong+%E2%80%93+for+seven+days+only&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2167429%2Ffinancial-times-journalist-victor-mallet-re-enters-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scmp2172430-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scmp2172430_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scmp2172430_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2172430/refusal-let-british-financial-times-journalist-enter-hong">"Ban on journalist risks undermining business confidence, UK minister warns"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 9 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195057/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2172430/refusal-let-british-financial-times-journalist-enter-hong">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Ban+on+journalist+risks+undermining+business+confidence%2C+UK+minister+warns&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2172430%2Frefusal-let-british-financial-times-journalist-enter-hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw01-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dw01_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/financial-times-editor-given-one-week-to-leave-hong-kong/a-45796550">"Financial Times editor given one week to leave Hong Kong"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 8 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000836/https://www.dw.com/en/financial-times-editor-given-one-week-to-leave-hong-kong/a-45796550">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Times+editor+given+one+week+to+leave+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffinancial-times-editor-given-one-week-to-leave-hong-kong%2Fa-45796550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvesMay2019" class="citation news cs1">Ives, Mike; May, Tiffany (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/world/asia/hong-kong-protest.html">"Hong Kong Residents Block Roads to Protest Extradition Bill"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612020123/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/world/asia/hong-kong-protest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+Residents+Block+Roads+to+Protest+Extradition+Bill&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=May%2C+Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F11%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fhong-kong-protest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayberry2019" class="citation web cs1">Mayberry, Kate (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/explainer-hong-kong-controversial-extradition-bill-190610101120416.html">"Hong Kong's controversial extradition bill explained"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516052238/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/explainer-hong-kong-controversial-extradition-bill-190610101120416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+controversial+extradition+bill+explained&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.aulast=Mayberry&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F06%2Fexplainer-hong-kong-controversial-extradition-bill-190610101120416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2019" class="citation news cs1">Li, Jeff (13 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723">"Hong Kong-China extradition plans explained"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614142519/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong-China+extradition+plans+explained&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-47810723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2019" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths, James (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/23/asia/hong-kong-taiwan-murder-intl-hnk/index.html">"Murder suspect whose alleged crime sparked Hong Kong protests walks free"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105163912/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/23/asia/hong-kong-taiwan-murder-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Murder+suspect+whose+alleged+crime+sparked+Hong+Kong+protests+walks+free&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F23%2Fasia%2Fhong-kong-taiwan-murder-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3025641/hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-announce-formal-withdrawal">"Hong Kong leader withdraws extradition bill, sets up platform to examine protest causes"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 4 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904112228/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3025641/hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-announce-formal-withdrawal">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+leader+withdraws+extradition+bill%2C+sets+up+platform+to+examine+protest+causes&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3025641%2Fhong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-announce-formal-withdrawal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2020" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths, James (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/20/asia/hong-kong-protests-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html">"As coronavirus crisis starts to pass, Hong Kong may be set for another summer of discontent"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422124907/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/20/asia/hong-kong-protests-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=As+coronavirus+crisis+starts+to+pass%2C+Hong+Kong+may+be+set+for+another+summer+of+discontent&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F04%2F20%2Fasia%2Fhong-kong-protests-coronavirus-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerper2020" class="citation web cs1">Perper, Rosie (23 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-national-security-laws-hong-kong-article-23-explainer-2020-5">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The end of Hong Kong': Experts say China's push to pass strict national security laws further erodes the city's autonomy"</a>. <i>Business Insider Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126050951/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/china-national-security-laws-hong-kong-article-23-explainer-2020-5">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+Australia&rft.atitle=%27The+end+of+Hong+Kong%27%3A+Experts+say+China%27s+push+to+pass+strict+national+security+laws+further+erodes+the+city%27s+autonomy&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft.aulast=Perper&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchina-national-security-laws-hong-kong-article-23-explainer-2020-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrump2020" class="citation web cs1">Trump, Donald John (30 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-actions-china/">"Remarks by President Trump on Actions Against China"</a>. <i>WH.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200626/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-actions-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WH.gov&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Trump+on+Actions+Against+China&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.aulast=Trump&rft.aufirst=Donald+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fremarks-president-trump-actions-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo2020" class="citation news cs1">Kuo, Lily (22 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/22/why-reassertion-of-xi-jinping-authority-spells-violence-in-hong-kong-sedition-legislation">"Why reassertion of Xi Jinping's authority spells violence in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523183112/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/22/why-reassertion-of-xi-jinping-authority-spells-violence-in-hong-kong-sedition-legislation">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+reassertion+of+Xi+Jinping%27s+authority+spells+violence+in+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F22%2Fwhy-reassertion-of-xi-jinping-authority-spells-violence-in-hong-kong-sedition-legislation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-22/china-to-propose-national-security-legislation-for-hong-kong/12274202">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Knockout blow': China plans controversial new national security legislation for Hong Kong"</a>. <i>www.abc.net.au</i>. 21 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523070610/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-22/china-to-propose-national-security-legislation-for-hong-kong/12274202">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=%27Knockout+blow%27%3A+China+plans+controversial+new+national+security+legislation+for+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-05-22%2Fchina-to-propose-national-security-legislation-for-hong-kong%2F12274202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hkba-25-may-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hkba-25-may_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hkba.org/sites/default/files/20200525%20-%20Proposal%20of%20National%20People%27s%20Congress%20to%20enact%20National%20Security%20Law%20in%20Hong%20Kong%20%28E%29.pdf">"Statement of the Hong Kong Bar Association on proposal of National People's Congress to enact National Security Law in Hong Kong"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong Bar Association</i>. 25 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525134948/https://www.hkba.org/sites/default/files/20200525%20-%20Proposal%20of%20National%20People%27s%20Congress%20to%20enact%20National%20Security%20Law%20in%20Hong%20Kong%20%28E%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Bar+Association&rft.atitle=Statement+of+the+Hong+Kong+Bar+Association+on+proposal+of+National+People%27s+Congress+to+enact+National+Security+Law+in+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkba.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F20200525%2520-%2520Proposal%2520of%2520National%2520People%2527s%2520Congress%2520to%2520enact%2520National%2520Security%2520Law%2520in%2520Hong%2520Kong%2520%2528E%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTin-bor_Hui" class="citation web cs1">Tin-bor Hui, Victoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/hong-kongs-new-police-state/">"Hong Kong's New Police State"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184905/https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/hong-kongs-new-police-state/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+New+Police+State&rft.aulast=Tin-bor+Hui&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F05%2Fhong-kongs-new-police-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Sophie (20 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50832919">"HK's model neighbour that stays loyal to China"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401134925/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50832919">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=HK%27s+model+neighbour+that+stays+loyal+to+China&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-50832919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasterZhai2019" class="citation news cs1">Master, Farah; Zhai, Keith (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macau-politics-exclusive-idUSKBN1YG0EJ">"Exclusive: Protest-free Macau to win financial policy rewards from China"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219040926/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macau-politics-exclusive-idUSKBN1YG0EJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Protest-free+Macau+to+win+financial+policy+rewards+from+China&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.aulast=Master&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-macau-politics-exclusive-idUSKBN1YG0EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/where-does-chinas-one-country-two-systems-stand-in-2020/">"Where Does China's "One Country, Two Systems" Stand in 2020?"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509145409/https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/where-does-chinas-one-country-two-systems-stand-in-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Where+Does+China%27s+%22One+Country%2C+Two+Systems%22+Stand+in+2020%3F&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F02%2Fwhere-does-chinas-one-country-two-systems-stand-in-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaiMaster2019" class="citation web cs1">Zhai, Keith; Master, Farah (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/12/reuters-america-exclusive-protest-free-macau-to-win-financial-policy-rewards-from-china.html">"EXCLUSIVE-Protest-free Macau to win financial policy rewards from China"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212083354/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/12/reuters-america-exclusive-protest-free-macau-to-win-financial-policy-rewards-from-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EXCLUSIVE-Protest-free+Macau+to+win+financial+policy+rewards+from+China&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Master%2C+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F12%2F12%2Freuters-america-exclusive-protest-free-macau-to-win-financial-policy-rewards-from-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooney1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cooney, Sean (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol6/iss3/2/">"Why Taiwan is not Hong Kong: A Review of the PRC's "One Country Two Systems" Model for Reunification for Taiwan"</a>. <i>Pacific Rim Law & Policy Association</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 497–548. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811174723/https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol6/iss3/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Rim+Law+%26+Policy+Association&rft.atitle=Why+Taiwan+is+not+Hong+Kong%3A+A+Review+of+the+PRC%27s+%22One+Country+Two+Systems%22+Model+for+Reunification+for+Taiwan&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-548&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Cooney&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.uw.edu%2Fwilj%2Fvol6%2Fiss3%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ws.mac.gov.tw/001/Upload/297/relfile/8478/72053/14f46a7e-e74d-4df7-8995-cca469878019.pdf">"Analysis Report: 20 Years After Hong Kong's Handover"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mainland Affairs Council</i>. 29 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203180939/https://ws.mac.gov.tw/001/Upload/297/relfile/8478/72053/14f46a7e-e74d-4df7-8995-cca469878019.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mainland+Affairs+Council&rft.atitle=Analysis+Report%3A+20+Years+After+Hong+Kong%27s+Handover&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.mac.gov.tw%2F001%2FUpload%2F297%2Frelfile%2F8478%2F72053%2F14f46a7e-e74d-4df7-8995-cca469878019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Hopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China/2005/05/12/1115843308418.html">"Hopes grow as second Taiwan leader visits China"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 13 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506022258/http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Hopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China/2005/05/12/1115843308418.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Hopes+grow+as+second+Taiwan+leader+visits+China&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2FWorld%2FHopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China%2F2005%2F05%2F12%2F1115843308418.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan-chih2012" class="citation web cs1">Yan-chih, Mo (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/03/23/2003528495">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'One country, two areas' proposed by Wu Po-hsiung"</a>. Taipei Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904210514/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/03/23/2003528495">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27One+country%2C+two+areas%27+proposed+by+Wu+Po-hsiung&rft.pub=Taipei+Times&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Yan-chih&rft.aufirst=Mo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2012%2F03%2F23%2F2003528495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horton-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horton_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2019" class="citation news cs1">Horton, Chris (5 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/world/asia/taiwan-xi-jinping-tsai-ing-wen.html">"Taiwan's President, Defying Xi Jinping, Calls Unification Offer 'Impossible'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704104654/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/world/asia/taiwan-xi-jinping-tsai-ing-wen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+President%2C+Defying+Xi+Jinping%2C+Calls+Unification+Offer+%27Impossible%27&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F05%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ftaiwan-xi-jinping-tsai-ing-wen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng-chungMing-hsuanPei-chiTze-kung2019" class="citation web cs1">Cheng-chung, Wang; Ming-hsuan, Chang; Pei-chi, Liang; Tze-kung, Yeh; Hung-guo, Wang; Shwu-fen, Wang; Yu-chen, Chung (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701070905/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/201906100017">"Tsai, Lai voice support for Hong Kong extradition bill protesters"</a>. <i>Focus Taiwan</i>. The Central News Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/201906100017">the original</a> on 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Tsai%2C+Lai+voice+support+for+Hong+Kong+extradition+bill+protesters&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Cheng-chung&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft.au=Ming-hsuan%2C+Chang&rft.au=Pei-chi%2C+Liang&rft.au=Tze-kung%2C+Yeh&rft.au=Hung-guo%2C+Wang&rft.au=Shwu-fen%2C+Wang&rft.au=Yu-chen%2C+Chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fpolitics%2F201906100017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardLee2021" class="citation news cs1">Blanchard, Ben; Lee, Yimou (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-politics/taiwan-opposition-chief-in-no-rush-for-china-meeting-idUSKCN2AU0IV">"Taiwan opposition chief in no rush for China meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309071434/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-politics/taiwan-opposition-chief-in-no-rush-for-china-meeting-idUSKCN2AU0IV">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taiwan+opposition+chief+in+no+rush+for+China+meeting&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yimou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-taiwan-politics%2Ftaiwan-opposition-chief-in-no-rush-for-china-meeting-idUSKCN2AU0IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangLiuLiu2021" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Cheng-chung; Liu, Kuan-ting; Liu, Kay (30 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202110300015">"KMT vows to "defend Taiwan, protect democracy, fight for future"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(Taiwan)" title="Central News Agency (Taiwan)">Central News Agency (Taiwan)</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031020237/https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202110300015">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+News+Agency+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=KMT+vows+to+%22defend+Taiwan%2C+protect+democracy%2C+fight+for+future%22&rft.date=2021-10-30&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Cheng-chung&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kuan-ting&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fcross-strait%2F202110300015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF海基會首任秘書長陳長文2016" class="citation news cs1">海基會首任秘書長陳長文 (2 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160502/690431.htm">"辜汪會談23週年：放下兩國論，追求一國良制"</a>. Ettoday東森新聞雲. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129223048/http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160502/690431.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%BE%9C%E6%B1%AA%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%8723%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E6%94%BE%E4%B8%8B%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%8B%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%BD%E6%B1%82%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%8B%E8%89%AF%E5%88%B6&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.au=%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%83%E9%A6%96%E4%BB%BB%E7%A7%98%E6%9B%B8%E9%95%B7%E9%99%B3%E9%95%B7%E6%96%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ettoday.net%2Fnews%2F20160502%2F690431.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF徐晓全" class="citation news cs1">徐晓全. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sina.cn/2019-08-29/detail-ihytcitn2779745.d.html">"邓小平对台和平统一构想回顾：立足两岸现实推进和平统一"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507173007/https://news.sina.cn/2019-08-29/detail-ihytcitn2779745.d.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%9E%84%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE%EF%BC%9A%E7%AB%8B%E8%B6%B3%E4%B8%A4%E5%B2%B8%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E6%99%93%E5%85%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.cn%2F2019-08-29%2Fdetail-ihytcitn2779745.d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japanfocus-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japanfocus_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hung, Ho-fung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanfocus.org/site/view/4207">"Three Views of Local Consciousness in Hong Kong"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224071023/http://japanfocus.org/site/view/4207">Archived</a> 24 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i>, Vol. 12; Issue 44, No. 1; 3 November 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/zgxz/t265334.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"One country, two systems" not possible for Tibet"</a>. <i>China Tibet Information Center</i>. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States. 28 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710091113/http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/zgxz/t265334.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Tibet+Information+Center&rft.atitle=%22One+country%2C+two+systems%22+not+possible+for+Tibet&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-embassy.org%2Feng%2Fzt%2Fzgxz%2Ft265334.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dalailama.com/news/2012/his-holiness-speaks-to-chinese-students-in-rochester-mn/amp">His Holiness speaks to Chinese students in Rochester, MN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205141532/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2012/his-holiness-speaks-to-chinese-students-in-rochester-mn/amp">Archived</a> 5 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> April 23, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrXhE0RFtXg?t=698">Dalai Lama Speaks to Chinese Students in MN (1 of 3)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619101806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrXhE0RFtXg%3Ft%3D698">Archived</a> 19 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> May 5, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiatimes.com/try-one-country-two-systems-might-work/">"Try "one country, two systems" where it might work"</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. 26 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918062622/http://www.asiatimes.com/try-one-country-two-systems-might-work//">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Try+%22one+country%2C+two+systems%22+where+it+might+work&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiatimes.com%2Ftry-one-country-two-systems-might-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1183722">"N. Korea proposes "one country, two systems" reunification"</a>. <i>The Sun Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909133142/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1183722">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Daily&rft.atitle=N.+Korea+proposes+%22one+country%2C+two+systems%22+reunification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesundaily.my%2Fnews%2F1183722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/01/22/59/0401000000AEN20130122004300315F.HTML">"China backs "one country, two systems" in Korean unification effort"</a>. <i>english.yonhapnews.co.kr</i>. 22 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025132351/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/01/22/59/0401000000AEN20130122004300315F.HTML">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.yonhapnews.co.kr&rft.atitle=China+backs+%22one+country%2C+two+systems%22+in+Korean+unification+effort&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fnorthkorea%2F2013%2F01%2F22%2F59%2F0401000000AEN20130122004300315F.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2121157/irish-minister-suggests-hong-kong-solution-post-brexit-northern">Irish minister suggests "Hong Kong solution" for post-Brexit Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114628/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2121157/irish-minister-suggests-hong-kong-solution-post-brexit-northern">Archived</a> 6 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>, 22 November 2017</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tu, Yunxin (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fglj.2020.93">"The Question of 2047: Constitutional Fate of "One Country, Two Systems" in Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/German_Law_Journal" title="German Law Journal">German Law Journal</a></i>. <b>21</b> (8): 1481–1525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fglj.2020.93">10.1017/glj.2020.93</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229169786">229169786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+2047%3A+Constitutional+Fate+of+%22One+Country%2C+Two+Systems%22+in+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1481-1525&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fglj.2020.93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229169786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tu&rft.aufirst=Yunxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fglj.2020.93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOne+country%2C+two+systems" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hong_Kong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template talk:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hong_Kong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cycling in Hong Kong">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong#Ferries" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">List of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of Hong Kong">Taxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau_Bun_Festival" title="Cheung Chau Bun Festival">Cheung Chau Bun Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Gambling in Hong Kong">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Hong Kong">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDull" title="McDull">McDull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_jong" title="Ngai jong">Ngai jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Hong_Kong" title="Youth in Hong Kong">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shopping in Hong Kong">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJKV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJKV">CJKV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Cross-strait_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Taiwan&#124;link=Taiwan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cross-strait_relations" title="Template:Cross-strait relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cross-strait_relations" title="Template talk:Cross-strait relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cross-strait_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cross-strait relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Cross-strait_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Taiwan&#124;link=Taiwan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">Cross-strait relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic,_Trade_and_Cultural_Office_(Taiwan)" title="Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan)">Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong">Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_(Taiwan)" title="Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan)">Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Macau" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau">Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_South-North_route" title="Opening of the South-North route">Opening of the South-North route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Taiwan_strait_shipping" title="Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping">Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang%E2%80%93Koo_summit" title="Wang–Koo summit">Wang–Koo summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Taiwanese_cross-strait_relations_referendum" title="2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum">2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17_Statement" title="May 17 Statement">May 17 Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_high-level_talks" title="Cross-strait high-level talks">Cross-strait high-level talks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="First Chen–Chiang summit">First Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Second Chen–Chiang summit">Second Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Fourth Chen–Chiang summit">Fourth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Fifth Chen–Chiang summit">Fifth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Sixth Chen–Chiang summit">Sixth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Seventh Chen–Chiang summit">Seventh Chen–Chiang summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuan_Tuan_and_Yuan_Yuan" title="Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan">Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_CEO_Summit" title="Cross-Strait CEO Summit">Cross-Strait CEO Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinjiang%E2%80%93Kinmen_Pipeline" title="Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline">Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wang%E2%80%93Zhang_meetings" title="2014 Wang–Zhang meetings">2014 Wang–Zhang meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi%E2%80%93Chu_meeting" title="2015 Xi–Chu meeting">2015 Xi–Chu meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Forum" title="Straits Forum">Straits Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai-Taipei_City_Forum" title="Shanghai-Taipei City Forum">Shanghai-Taipei City Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Second Ma–Xi meeting">Second Ma–Xi meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dong-Yin" title="Battle of Dong-Yin">Battle of Dong-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dongshan" title="Battle of Dongshan">Battle of Dongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_East_Chongwu" title="Battle of East Chongwu">Battle of East Chongwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands" title="Senkaku Islands">Senkaku Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute" title="Senkaku Islands dispute">Dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAAC_Flight_296" title="CAAC Flight 296">CAAC Flight 296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_334" title="China Airlines Flight 334">China Airlines Flight 334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Guangzhou_Baiyun_airport_collisions" title="1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions">1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiandao_Lake_incident" title="Qiandao Lake incident">Qiandao Lake incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_611" title="China Airlines Flight 611">China Airlines Flight 611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braga_incident" title="Braga incident">Braga incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_Box_Curriculum_Movement" title="Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement">Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Liqiang" title="Wang Liqiang">Wang Liqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_pineapples" title="Freedom pineapples">Freedom pineapples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li>Chinese military exercises around Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan" title="2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan" title="2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Sword-2024" title="Joint Sword-2024">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kinmen_Chinese_motorboat_capsizing_incident" title="2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident">2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Act" title="Cross-Strait Act">Cross-Strait Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_National_Unification_Promotion_Law" title="Proposed National Unification Promotion Law">Proposed National Unification Promotion Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Infiltration_Act" title="Anti-Infiltration Act">Anti-Infiltration Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Taiwan_Compatriots" title="All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots">All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumni_Association_of_Huangpu_Military_Academy" title="Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy">Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_Exchange_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_Peaceful_National_Reunification" title="China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification">China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Straits_Common_Market_Foundation" title="Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation">Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Economic,_Trade_and_Culture_Forum" title="Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum">Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Peace_Forum" title="Cross-Strait Peace Forum">Cross-Strait Peace Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_for_China%27s_Reunification_under_the_Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People">Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lienchiang_Cross-Strait_Matters_Forum" title="Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum">Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council" title="Mainland Affairs Council">Mainland Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unification_Council" title="National Unification Council">National Unification Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Exchange_Foundation" title="Straits Exchange Foundation">Straits Exchange Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Competitiveness_Forum" title="Taiwan Competitiveness Forum">Taiwan Competitiveness Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait_Tourism_Association" title="Taiwan Strait Tourism Association">Taiwan Strait Tourism Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Circle" title="China Circle">China Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Economic_Zone" title="Cross-Strait Economic Zone">Cross-Strait Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noes_and_One_Without" title="Four Noes and One Without">Four Noes and One Without</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_propaganda" title="Cross-strait propaganda">Cross-strait propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Assurances" title="Six Assurances">Six Assurances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan,_China" title="Taiwan, China">Taiwan, China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Noes" title="Three Noes">Three Noes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_consensus" title="Taiwan consensus">Taiwan consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Undetermined_Status_of_Taiwan" title="Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan">Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">United front in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Roof_of_One_China" title="Under the Roof of One China">Under the Roof of One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujian%E2%80%93Taiwan_relationship" title="Fujian–Taiwan relationship">Fujian–Taiwan relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan relations">Hong Kong–Taiwan relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_Economic_and_Cultural_Co-operation_and_Promotion_Council" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council">Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Economic_and_Cultural_Co-operation_Council" title="Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council">Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-ROC camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-ROC camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Travel_Document" title="Chinese Travel Document">Chinese Travel Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Entry_Permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Entry Permit">Taiwan Entry Permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Travel_Permit_for_Taiwan_Resident" title="Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident">Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_language_database" title="Cross-strait language database">Cross-strait language database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECFA_Debate" title="ECFA Debate">ECFA Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Aurora_(12)" title="HMS Aurora (12)">HMS Aurora (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Bank" title="China and the World Bank">China and the World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Timeline of diplomatic relations with China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diplomatic_relations_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China">Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrategy_in_Taiwan" title="Geostrategy in Taiwan">Geostrategy in Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Hero" title="Anti-Communist Hero">Anti-Communist Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_Tea_Alliance" title="Milk Tea Alliance">Milk Tea Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishang" title="Taishang">Taishang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G3_Beijing%E2%80%93Taipei_Expressway" title="G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway">G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G99_Taiwan_Ring_Expressway" title="G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway">G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_228_(Taiwan)" title="China National Highway 228 (Taiwan)">China National Highway 228 (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission">Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Religious_Foundation_of_His_Holiness_the_Dalai_Lama" title="Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama">Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_(sculpture)" title="The World Turned Upside Down (sculpture)">The World Turned Upside Down</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_and_Reclaim_the_Mainland" title="Go and Reclaim the Mainland">Go and Reclaim the Mainland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cross-strait_relations" title="Category:Cross-strait relations">Category:Cross-strait relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&oldid=1258778595">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&oldid=1258778595</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalism_in_China" title="Category:Federalism in China">Federalism in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_China" title="Category:Politics of China">Politics of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Law of Hong Kong">Law of Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Macau" title="Category:Government of Macau">Government of Macau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Macau" title="Category:Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Government of Hong Kong">Government of Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Macau" title="Category:Law of Macau">Law of Macau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Category:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_unification" title="Category:Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Portuguese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Portuguese IPA">Pages with Portuguese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2022">Articles needing additional references from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2020" title="Category:EngvarB from May 2020">EngvarB from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2020">Use dmy dates from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2019">Articles needing additional references from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2022">Articles to be expanded from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 16:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_country,_two_systems&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wdqp9","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.637","walltime":"2.069","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15495,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":478668,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19980,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":402403,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1590.784 1 -total"," 16.62% 264.388 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 12.33% 196.135 46 Template:Cite_web"," 11.70% 186.139 23 Template:Cite_news"," 7.67% 122.089 1 Template:History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China"," 7.54% 120.016 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_groups"," 6.88% 109.446 13 Template:Rp"," 6.36% 101.098 13 Template:R/superscript"," 5.20% 82.666 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.09% 81.040 4 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.889","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27494410,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-m825k","timestamp":"20241122140422","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"One country, two systems","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_country,_two_systems","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q723713","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q723713","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-28T02:32:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T16:01:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b2\/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B2%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%AF%E8%89%B2_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg","headline":"constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China"}</script> </body> </html>