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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Parma" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Parma" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. 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<div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Stadsbild" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadsbild"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Stadsbild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadsbild-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Näringsliv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Näringsliv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Näringsliv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Näringsliv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Näringsliv_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Näringsliv_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Näringsliv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Näringsliv_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 104 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارما – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پارما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پارما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="পার্মা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পার্মা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(munisipyo)" title="Parma (munisipyo) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Parma (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πάρμα – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάρμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rma" title="Pärma – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pärma" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmo" title="Parmo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پارما – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parme" title="Parme – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parme" title="Parme – friulianska" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Parme" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88" title="파르마 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파르마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Պարմա (քաղաք) – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարմա (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Пармæ – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пармæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פארמה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פארמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პარმა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Olaszorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Parma (Olaszország) – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parma (Olaszország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارما – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بارما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(stad)" title="Parma (stad) – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parma (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E" title="パルマ – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – napolitanska" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پارما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پارما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पार्मा – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पार्मा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – sardinska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Emilia-Romagna)" title="Parma (Emilia-Romagna) – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parma (Emilia-Romagna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – silesiska" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parme" title="Parme – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Parme" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="ปาร์มา – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปาร์มา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Парма – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پارما – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پارما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parm_(lidn,_Italii)" title="Parm (lidn, Italii) – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Parm (lidn, Italii)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – västflamländska" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="västflamländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%EF%BC%88%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%EF%BC%89" title="帕尔马（意大利） – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕尔马（意大利）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="巴馬 (意大利) – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴馬 (意大利)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="帕爾馬 (意大利) – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕爾馬 (意大利)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2683#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Parma&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [inte skriven än] [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label 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title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parma"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Parma" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Parma" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&oldid=55877955" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Parma&id=55877955&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParma"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParma"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Parma"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Parma&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parma" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2683" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geografiska_koordinatsystem" title="Geografiska koordinatsystem">Koordinater</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=sv&pagename=Parma&params=44.80266_N_10.32898_E_type:adm2nd_region:IT"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats"><span class="latitude">44°48′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°19′44″Ö</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats">44.80266°N 10.32898°Ö</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.80266; 10.32898</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><dl class="noexcerpt dablink"><dd><i>För andra betydelser, se <a href="/wiki/Parma_(olika_betydelser)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parma (olika betydelser)">Parma (olika betydelser)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><div><span></span></div> <table class="infobox geography" style="width: 256px; padding: 0; font-size: 89%;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Objektets namn (lokalt namn)"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; background-color: #ffdead;">Parma </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow" title="Kategori"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Italiens_kommuner" title="Italiens kommuner">Kommun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Parma_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo del Governatore"><img alt="Palazzo del Governatore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parma_01.jpg/256px-Parma_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parma_01.jpg/384px-Parma_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parma_01.jpg/512px-Parma_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div style="padding-top:0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Governatore" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo del Governatore">Palazzo del Governatore</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="width: 100%; background: none; align=center; border: none; padding: 0; margin: 0"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:50%; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><div style="padding-top: 0.4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_Parma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Parma.svg/120px-Flag_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Parma.svg/180px-Flag_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Parma.svg/240px-Flag_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div><div style="padding-top: 0.4em"><span title="">Flagga</span></div></td> <td style="width:50%; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><div style="padding-top: 0.4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></div><div style="padding-top: 0.4em"><span title="">Vapen</span></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Officiellt namn"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b>Officiellt namn: </b>Comune di Parma </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Land/länder där objektet ligger"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a> </th> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien"><img alt="Italien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Region(er) där objektet ligger"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Italiens_administrativa_indelning#Regioner" title="Italiens administrativa indelning">Region</a> </th> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Distrikt där objektet ligger"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Italiens_administrativa_indelning#Provinser" title="Italiens administrativa indelning">Provins</a> </th> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Parma_(provins)" title="Parma (provins)">Parma</a> (PR)</span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Höjd över havet"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;">Höjdläge </th> <td>69 <a href="/wiki/Meter_%C3%B6ver_havet" title="Meter över havet">m ö.h.</a><sup id="cite_ref-705dcc66ee3929e736c287b035deb5342339364d_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-705dcc66ee3929e736c287b035deb5342339364d-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Geografiska koordinater"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Geografiska_koordinatsystem" title="Geografiska koordinatsystem">Koordinater</a> </th> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=sv&pagename=Parma&params=44.80266_N_10.32898_E_type:adm2nd_region:IT"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats"><span class="latitude">44°48′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°19′44″Ö</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats">44.80266°N 10.32898°Ö</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.80266; 10.32898</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Area"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;">Yta </th> <td>260,60 <a href="/wiki/Kvadratkilometer" title="Kvadratkilometer">km²</a><sup id="cite_ref-area_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Total folkmängd (inom ortens gränser)"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Folkm%C3%A4ngd" title="Folkmängd">Folkmängd</a> </th> <td>196 518 <small>(2018)</small><sup id="cite_ref-istat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istat-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Befolkningstäthet"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Befolkningst%C3%A4thet" title="Befolkningstäthet">Befolkningstäthet</a> </th> <td>754 invånare/<a href="/wiki/Kvadratkilometer" title="Kvadratkilometer">km²</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Enkel tidszon"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Tidszon" title="Tidszon">Tidszon</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Centraleuropeisk_tid" title="Centraleuropeisk tid">CET</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>) </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Sommartid"> <td style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"> - <a href="/wiki/Sommartid" title="Sommartid">sommartid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centraleuropeisk_tid" title="Centraleuropeisk tid">CEST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a>) </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Postnummer"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Postnummer" title="Postnummer">Postnummer</a> </th> <td>43121-43126 </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Riktnummer"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Riktnummer" title="Riktnummer">Riktnummer</a> </th> <td>0521 </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Ytterligare kod"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a>-kod </th> <td>034027 </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Geonames"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;">Geonames </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sws.geonames.org/6540120">6540120</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Fritt fält utan beskrivning"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Skyddspatron" title="Skyddspatron">Skyddspatron</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilarius_av_Poitiers" title="Hilarius av Poitiers">Hilarius av Poitiers</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honoratus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honoratus [inte skriven än]">Honoratus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rochus" title="Rochus">Rochus</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Fritt fält utan beskrivning 1"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Helgdag" title="Helgdag">Festdag</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/13_januari" title="13 januari">13 januari</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 256px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <div style="position: relative;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parmas läge i Italien"><img alt="Parmas läge i Italien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption> Parmas läge i Italien </figcaption></figure></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32.26%; top:21.47%; line-height:0; padding:0;"><div style="position:relative;top:-4px;left:-4px;width:8px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div><div style="padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center;"> Parmas läge i Italien </div> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 256px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <div style="position: relative;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Map_of_comune_of_Parma_(province_of_Parma,_region_Emilia-Romagna,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kommunens läge i provinsen Parma"><img alt="Kommunens läge i provinsen Parma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Map_of_comune_of_Parma_%28province_of_Parma%2C_region_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy%29.svg/256px-Map_of_comune_of_Parma_%28province_of_Parma%2C_region_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Map_of_comune_of_Parma_%28province_of_Parma%2C_region_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy%29.svg/384px-Map_of_comune_of_Parma_%28province_of_Parma%2C_region_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Map_of_comune_of_Parma_%28province_of_Parma%2C_region_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy%29.svg/512px-Map_of_comune_of_Parma_%28province_of_Parma%2C_region_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4990" data-file-height="4574" /></a><figcaption> Kommunens läge i provinsen Parma </figcaption></figure></div> </div> </div><div style="padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center;"> Kommunens läge i provinsen Parma </div> </td></tr> <tr title="Officiell eller betydande webbplats"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Webbplats" title="Webbplats">Webbplats</a>: </b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.parma.it">Parma</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Parma</b> är en <a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien">norditaliensk</a> stad och kommun med 196 518 invånare (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-istat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istat-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Den är huvudort i provinsen <a href="/wiki/Parma_(provins)" title="Parma (provins)">Parma</a> i regionen <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>. Parma är känt bland annat för sin livsmedelsindustri, och här ligger EU:s gemensamma myndighet för livsmedelssäkerhet, <a href="/wiki/EFSA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFSA">EFSA</a> (European Food and Safety Authority). Staden är också ett biskopssäte. Under 1990-talet blev staden också känd för fotbollsklubben <a href="/wiki/Parma_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Parma FC">Parma FC</a>, som hade stora framgångar, med spelare som <a href="/wiki/Faustino_Asprilla" title="Faustino Asprilla">Faustino Asprilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dino_Baggio" title="Dino Baggio">Dino Baggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Brolin" title="Tomas Brolin">Tomas Brolin</a> och <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola" title="Gianfranco Zola">Gianfranco Zola</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stadsbild">Stadsbild</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Stadsbild" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Stadsbild"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Piazza_Garibaldi_a_Parma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Piazza_Garibaldi_a_Parma.jpg/250px-Piazza_Garibaldi_a_Parma.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Piazza_Garibaldi_a_Parma.jpg/375px-Piazza_Garibaldi_a_Parma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Piazza_Garibaldi_a_Parma.jpg/500px-Piazza_Garibaldi_a_Parma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Piazza Garibaldi</figcaption></figure> <p>Staden Parma ligger på slätten vid floden Parma, en liten biflod till <a href="/wiki/Po" title="Po">Po</a>, vid den gamla <a href="/wiki/Via_%C3%86milia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Æmilia">Via Æmilia</a>, som går genom staden. Staden är omgiven av breda vallar, vilka används som promenadstråk och i söder omsluts den av <a href="/wiki/Citadell" title="Citadell">citadellet</a>. </p><p>Av stadens mer än 60 kyrkor är <a href="/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral">katedralen</a>, byggd i romansk-bysantinsk stil, den äldsta. Dess kupol pryds av <a href="/wiki/Correggio" title="Correggio">Correggios</a> berömda <a href="/wiki/Fresk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresk">freskmålning</a> Marias himmelsfärd (som dock blivit rökskadad). Öster om katedralen ligger kyrkan S. Giovanni Evangelista, en vacker renässansbyggnad av B. Zaccagni, med fresker av Correggio. Kyrkan Madonna della Steccata, Parmas vackraste <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssansen" title="Renässansen">renässanskyrka</a>, byggd 1521-39 efter Zaccagnis ritningar, innehåller flera hertigars av Parma gravar. </p><p>Det forna hertigliga palatset och La Pilotta bildar en stor grupp av byggnader, huvudsakligen härstammande från 1500- och 1600-talen. Det inrymmer konstakademin, ett värdefullt tavelgalleri, fornminnesmuseum samt ett stort <a href="/wiki/Bibliotek" title="Bibliotek">bibliotek</a>. Den restaurerade Teatro Farnese (byggd 1618-28, för 4 500 åskådare) hör även dit. 1422 öppnade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitetet_i_Parma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitetet i Parma [inte skriven än]">universitetet</a>. För övrigt har Parma biskopsseminarium, och musikkonservatorium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Näringsliv"><span id="N.C3.A4ringsliv"></span>Näringsliv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Näringsliv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Näringsliv"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ost" title="Ost">Ostsorten</a> <a href="/wiki/Parmigiano-Reggiano" title="Parmigiano-Reggiano">Parmigiano-Reggiano</a> som ofta kallas <a href="/wiki/Parmesanost" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmesanost">parmesanost</a> har uppkallats efter Parma i kombination med staden <a href="/wiki/Reggio_nell%27Emilia" title="Reggio nell'Emilia">Reggio nell'Emilia</a>. Staden har även blivit berömd för den lufttorkade skinka som produceras i Parma med omnejd. Lokalt kallas skinkan <a href="/wiki/Prosciutto" title="Prosciutto">Prosciutto</a> Crudo di Parma, vilket betyder rå skinka från Parma (i motsats till kokt skinka). I Sverige kallas denna skinka dock oftast för "<a href="/wiki/Parmaskinka" title="Parmaskinka">Parmaskinka</a>" eller i vissa fall endast "Parma" vilket kan ge upphov till förvirring. Med dessa två välkända matprodukter har Parma tagit plats som ett kulinariskt högsäte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Stadsvapen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parma är en mycket gammal stad. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5lbyggnader" title="Pålbyggnader">Pålbyggnader</a> från <a href="/wiki/Brons%C3%A5ldern" title="Bronsåldern">bronsåldern</a> upptäcktes här 1864. År 183 f.Kr. anlades en <a href="/wiki/Romarriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Romarriket">romersk</a> koloni som under <a href="/wiki/Kejsar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsar Augustus">kejsar Augustus</a> fick namnet Colonia Julia Augusta. Under <a href="/wiki/Bysantinska_riket" title="Bysantinska riket">bysantinska rikets</a> erövring av Rom blev Parma en del av <a href="/wiki/Exarkatet" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarkatet">Exarkatet</a>. Grekerna kallade den Chrysopolis ("den gyllene staden"). Detta namn förvandlades i <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltidens</a> krönikor till Grisopolis. Parma blev på medeltiden en viktig station längs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Francigena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Francigena [inte skriven än]">Via Francigena</a>, som förband Rom med Nordeuropa, och passerades då av stora skaror <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" title="Pilgrim">pilgrimer</a>. Den införlivades nominellt av <a href="/wiki/Karl_den_store" title="Karl den store">Karl den store</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heliga_romerska_riket" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliga romerska riket">Heliga romerska riket</a>, men regerades i praktiken av <a href="/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop">biskopen</a>. Under de följande århundradenas maktkamper mellan kejsardömet och kyrkan tog Parma som regel parti för kejsaren. Två av dess biskopar blev för övrigt <a href="/wiki/Motp%C3%A5ve" title="Motpåve">motpåvar</a>. </p><p>Även under striderna mellan <a href="/wiki/Guelfer" title="Guelfer">guelfer</a> och <a href="/wiki/Ghibelliner" title="Ghibelliner">ghibelliner</a> tog Parma inledningsvis parti för kejsardömet. 1248 tog de påvliga släkterna makten, varvid kejsar <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_II_(tysk-romersk_kejsare)" title="Fredrik II (tysk-romersk kejsare)">Fredrik II</a>:s styrkor belägrade staden, men slogs ner. </p><p>Fram till 1200-talet styrdes Parma som <a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">republik</a> av familjerna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossi_(furstehus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossi (furstehus) [inte skriven än]">Rossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallavicino" title="Pallavicino">Pallavicino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Correggio_(furstehus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correggio (furstehus) [inte skriven än]">Correggio</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_vitale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San vitale [inte skriven än]">San vitale</a>. 1346 kom Parma till Milano och delade därefter huvudsakligen hertigdömet Milanos öden till 1512. Under <a href="/wiki/Katolska_ligan_(italienska_krigen)" title="Katolska ligan (italienska krigen)">heliga ligans</a> krig mot Frankrike erövrade påven <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" title="Julius II">Julius II</a> 1512 städerna Parma och <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>. De förenades med <a href="/wiki/Kyrkostaten" title="Kyrkostaten">Kyrkostaten</a>. Påven <a href="/wiki/Paulus_III" title="Paulus III">Paulus III</a> av huset <a href="/wiki/Farnese" title="Farnese">Farnese</a> upphöjde Parma 1545 till det autonoma <a href="/wiki/Hertigd%C3%B6met_Parma" title="Hertigdömet Parma">Hertigdömet Parma</a>. Han gav det åt sin naturlige son <a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Farnese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Luigi Farnese">Pier Luigi Farnese</a>, vars ätt utgick 1731 på manssidan med hertig Antonio. </p><p>1731-1735 tillhörde Parma och Piacenza den spanske prinsen Karl, en son till Antonios brorsdotter Elisabet och <a href="/wiki/Filip_V_av_Spanien" title="Filip V av Spanien">Filip V</a> av huset Bourbon, och därefter 1735-1748 <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterrike" title="Österrike">Österrike</a>. Det avträddes 1748 (jämte <a href="/wiki/Hertigd%C3%B6met_Guastalla" title="Hertigdömet Guastalla">Guastalla</a>) till den ovannämnde Karls broder Filip (1748-1765). Då Filips son Ferdinand (1765-1802) avled, tog Frankrike Parma, Piacenza och Guastalla. Redan 30 mars 1806 gav <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> Guastalla åt sin syster <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte" title="Pauline Bonaparte">Pauline</a> och senare Parma, med <a href="/wiki/Hertig" title="Hertig">hertigtitel</a>, åt <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Cambacérës</a> och Piacenza åt <a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Lebrun</a> som franska län, men <a href="/wiki/Parisfreden_(1814)" title="Parisfreden (1814)">Parisfreden 1814</a> och <a href="/wiki/Wienkongressen" title="Wienkongressen">Wienkongressen</a> 1815 överlämnade Parma, Piacenza och Guastalla såsom självständigt hertigdöme åt Napoleons gemål kejsarinnan <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_av_%C3%96sterrike" title="Marie Louise av Österrike">Marie Louise</a>. </p><p>Efter hennes död 1847 tog hertigen av Lucca, <a href="/wiki/Karl_II_av_Parma" title="Karl II av Parma">Karl II</a>, Parma i besittning (enligt bestämmelser från 1817 och 1819). Han var sonson till den ovan nämnde hertig Ferdinand och <a href="/wiki/Huset_Bourbon" title="Huset Bourbon">huset Bourbon</a> hade således åter kommit på Parmas tron. Redan i mars 1848 måste Karl II fly från Parma som blivit statt i <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>. Hans myndighet återställdes visserligen i april med österrikisk vapenmakt, men 14 mars 1849 avsade han sig regeringen till förmån för sin son Karl III, som regerade sitt lilla rike med mycken stränghet. Karl III lönnmördades och dog 27 mars 1854. Hans änka, Louise Marie av Bourbon (syster till greven av Chambord), övertog regeringen för sin minderårige son, Robert. Louise Marie försökte genom eftergifter och reformer blidka befolkningen. Under kriget 1859 förblev hon dock neutral, och anslöt sig inte enligt folkets önskan till kungariket <a href="/wiki/Sardinien" title="Sardinien">Sardinien</a> emot Österrike. Av den anledningen tvingades hon efter österrikarnas nederlag vid <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">Magenta</a> lämna landet (9 juni). En provisorisk regering uppmanade Viktor Emanuel att överta hertigdömets styrelse. Efter att en folkomröstning uttalat sig för en förening med Sardinien följde Parmas införlivande med det nya <a href="/wiki/Kungariket_Italien" title="Kungariket Italien">kungariket Italien</a> 18 mars 1860, i vilket det bildade provinserna Parma och Piacenza samt en del (Pontremoli) av Massa-Carrara. </p><p>Parma hade vid sin förening med kungariket Italien en areal av 6 158 km² och en halv miljon invånare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Näringsliv_2"><span id="N.C3.A4ringsliv_2"></span>Näringsliv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Näringsliv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Näringsliv"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalat" title="Parmalat">Parmalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barilla" title="Barilla">Barilla</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parma_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Parma FC">Parma FC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/20px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/30px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png/40px-Small_Sketch_of_Owl.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="99" /></a></span>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfca/0102.html">Parma</a>, 1904–1926.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-705dcc66ee3929e736c287b035deb5342339364d-1"><a href="#cite_ref-705dcc66ee3929e736c287b035deb5342339364d_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-59vz4/Parma/?zoom=19&center=44.80096%2C10.32837&popup=44.80114%2C10.3285">läs online</a>, <i>it-ch.topographic-map.com</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-2"><a href="#cite_ref-area_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dati.istat.it/">”Territorial features, Total area (Engelska)”</a>. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dati.istat.it/">http://dati.istat.it/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Territorial+features%2C+Total+area+%28Engelska%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2019&rft.pub=Istituto+Nazionale+di+Statistica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdati.istat.it%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Parma"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-istat-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-istat_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-istat_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114115045/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2018gen/index.html">”Statistiche demografiche ISTAT”</a>. <i><span>demo.istat.it</span></i>. 2018. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2018gen/index.html">originalet</a> den 14 januari 2018<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114115045/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2018gen/index.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20180114115045/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2018gen/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Statistiche+demografiche+ISTAT&rft.atitle=demo.istat.it&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180114115045%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fbilmens2018gen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Parma"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parma" class="extiw" title="commons:Parma">Parma</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parma" class="extiw" title="commons:Parma">Bilder & media</a></div></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Kommuner_i_provinsen_Parma" title="Mall:Kommuner i provinsen Parma"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Kommuner_i_provinsen_Parma&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Italiens_kommuner" title="Italiens kommuner">Kommuner</a> i <a href="/wiki/Parma_(provins)" title="Parma (provins)">provinsen Parma</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albareto" title="Albareto">Albareto</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bardi,_Emilia-Romagna" title="Bardi, Emilia-Romagna">Bardi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bedonia" title="Bedonia">Bedonia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Berceto" title="Berceto">Berceto</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bore,_Emilia-Romagna" title="Bore, Emilia-Romagna">Bore</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Borgo_Val_di_Taro" title="Borgo Val di Taro">Borgo Val di Taro</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Busseto" title="Busseto">Busseto</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Calestano" title="Calestano">Calestano</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Collecchio" title="Collecchio">Collecchio</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Colorno" title="Colorno">Colorno</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Compiano" title="Compiano">Compiano</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Corniglio" title="Corniglio">Corniglio</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Felino" title="Felino">Felino</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fidenza" title="Fidenza">Fidenza</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fontanellato" title="Fontanellato">Fontanellato</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fontevivo" title="Fontevivo">Fontevivo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fornovo_di_Taro" title="Fornovo di Taro">Fornovo di Taro</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Langhirano" title="Langhirano">Langhirano</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lesignano_de%27_Bagni" title="Lesignano de' Bagni">Lesignano de' Bagni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medesano" title="Medesano">Medesano</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Monchio_delle_Corti" title="Monchio delle Corti">Monchio delle Corti</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Montechiarugolo" title="Montechiarugolo">Montechiarugolo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neviano_degli_Arduini" title="Neviano degli Arduini">Neviano degli Arduini</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Noceto" title="Noceto">Noceto</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Palanzano" title="Palanzano">Palanzano</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parma</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Parmense" title="Pellegrino Parmense">Pellegrino Parmense</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Polesine_Zibello" title="Polesine Zibello">Polesine Zibello</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roccabianca" title="Roccabianca">Roccabianca</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sala_Baganza" title="Sala Baganza">Sala Baganza</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Salsomaggiore_Terme" title="Salsomaggiore Terme">Salsomaggiore Terme</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/San_Secondo_Parmense" title="San Secondo Parmense">San Secondo Parmense</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sissa_Trecasali" title="Sissa Trecasali">Sissa Trecasali</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Solignano" title="Solignano">Solignano</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Soragna" title="Soragna">Soragna</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sorbolo_Mezzani" title="Sorbolo Mezzani">Sorbolo Mezzani</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Terenzo" title="Terenzo">Terenzo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tizzano_Val_Parma" title="Tizzano Val Parma">Tizzano Val Parma</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tornolo" title="Tornolo">Tornolo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Torrile" title="Torrile">Torrile</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Traversetolo" title="Traversetolo">Traversetolo</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Valmozzola" title="Valmozzola">Valmozzola</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Varano_de%27_Melegari" title="Varano de' Melegari">Varano de' Melegari</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Varsi" title="Varsi">Varsi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Italiens_provinshuvudst%C3%A4der" title="Mall:Italiens provinshuvudstäder"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Italiens_provinshuvudst%C3%A4der&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Huvudstäder i <a href="/wiki/Italiens_provinser" class="mw-redirect" title="Italiens provinser">Italiens provinser</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";text-align:right;;">Nordvästra Italien</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Piemonte" title="Piemonte">Piemonte</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biella" title="Biella">Biella</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cuneo" title="Cuneo">Cuneo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verbania" title="Verbania">Verbania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Aostadalen" title="Aostadalen">Aostadalen</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Ligurien" title="Ligurien">Ligurien</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Genua" title="Genua">Genua</a> · <a href="/wiki/Imperia" title="Imperia">Imperia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a> · <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Lombardiet" title="Lombardiet">Lombardiet</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lecco" title="Lecco">Lecco</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lodi" title="Lodi">Lodi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> · <a href="/wiki/Milano" title="Milano">Milano</a> · <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sondrio" title="Sondrio">Sondrio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varese" title="Varese">Varese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";text-align:right;;">Nordöstra Italien</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Sydtyrolen" title="Trentino-Sydtyrolen">Trentino-Alto Adige</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Belluno" title="Belluno">Belluno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rovigo" title="Rovigo">Rovigo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a> · <a href="/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig">Venedig</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pordenone" title="Pordenone">Pordenone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> · <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cesena" title="Cesena">Cesena</a> · <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parma</a> · <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reggio_nell%27Emilia" title="Reggio nell'Emilia">Reggio nell'Emilia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";text-align:right;;">Centrala Italien</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Toscana" title="Toscana">Toscana</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Florens" title="Florens">Florens</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grosseto" title="Grosseto">Grosseto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> · <a href="/wiki/Massa,_Toscana" title="Massa, Toscana">Massa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pistoia" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a> · <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno" title="Ascoli Piceno">Ascoli Piceno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Fermo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pesaro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Umbrien" title="Umbrien">Umbrien</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frosinone" title="Frosinone">Frosinone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Latina" title="Latina">Latina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rieti" title="Rieti">Rieti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rom" title="Rom">Rom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";text-align:right;;">Södra Italien</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chieti" title="Chieti">Chieti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Teramo" title="Teramo">Teramo</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Campobasso" title="Campobasso">Campobasso</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isernia" title="Isernia">Isernia</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Kampanien" title="Kampanien">Kampanien</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Avellino" title="Avellino">Avellino</a> · <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> · <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neapel" title="Neapel">Neapel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Apulien" title="Apulien">Apulien</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> · <a href="/wiki/Barletta" title="Barletta">Barletta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Andria" title="Andria">Andria</a>-<a href="/wiki/Trani" title="Trani">Trani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a> · <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potenza</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabrien" title="Kalabrien">Kalabrien</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a> · 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