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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 After 1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Jihad_Organization_(IJO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Jihad_Organization_(IJO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Jihad_Organization_(IJO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_of_Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_of_Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Axis of Resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_of_Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ideology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1985_manifesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985_manifesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1985 manifesto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985_manifesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_manifesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_manifesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 2009 manifesto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_manifesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes,_statements,_and_actions_concerning_Israel_and_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes,_statements,_and_actions_concerning_Israel_and_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel and Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes,_statements,_and_actions_concerning_Israel_and_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_and_actions_concerning_Jews_and_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_and_actions_concerning_Jews_and_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Attitudes and actions concerning Jews and Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_and_actions_concerning_Jews_and_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Social services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Political alliances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Media operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Secret services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Armed strength </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Military activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Lebanese Resistance Brigades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_beginning_of_its_military_activities:_the_South_Lebanon_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_beginning_of_its_military_activities:_the_South_Lebanon_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 The beginning of its military activities: the South Lebanon conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_beginning_of_its_military_activities:_the_South_Lebanon_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Disputed attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Bosnian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Bosnian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 During the Bosnian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Bosnian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Conflict with Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_Lebanon_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_Lebanon_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.2 2006 Lebanon War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_Lebanon_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_gas_field_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_gas_field_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.3 2010 gas field claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_gas_field_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_attack_in_Istanbul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_attack_in_Istanbul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.4 2011 attack in Istanbul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_attack_in_Istanbul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_planned_attack_in_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_planned_attack_in_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.5 2012 planned attack in Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_planned_attack_in_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_Burgas_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_Burgas_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.6 2012 Burgas attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_Burgas_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_Shebaa_farms_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_Shebaa_farms_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.7 2015 Shebaa farms incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_Shebaa_farms_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023–present_Israel–Hezbollah_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023–present_Israel–Hezbollah_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.8 2023–present Israel–Hezbollah conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023–present_Israel–Hezbollah_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Assassination of Rafic Hariri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Involvement in the Syrian Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Iranian-led_intervention_in_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Iranian-led_intervention_in_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Involvement in Iranian-led intervention in Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Iranian-led_intervention_in_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Latin America operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 United States operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances/economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances/economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Finances/economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances/economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_Hezbollah_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_Hezbollah_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Attacks on Hezbollah leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_Hezbollah_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Targeting policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-View_of_Hezbollah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_Hezbollah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 View of Hezbollah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_Hezbollah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_or_resistance_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_or_resistance_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Designation as a terrorist organization or resistance movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_or_resistance_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Western_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 In the Western world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Arab_and_Muslim_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Arab_and_Muslim_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.2 In the Arab and Muslim world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Arab_and_Muslim_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.3 In Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.4 Scholarly views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_foreign_legislators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_foreign_legislators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Views of foreign legislators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_foreign_legislators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Electoral performance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Electoral performance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UN_resolutions_regarding_Hezbollah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_resolutions_regarding_Hezbollah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 UN resolutions regarding Hezbollah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_resolutions_regarding_Hezbollah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Other links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hezbollah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisbollah" title="Hisbollah – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hisbollah" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="حزب الله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب الله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%92%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A0%DC%97" title="ܚܙܒܐܠܠܗ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܙܒܐܠܠܗ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A8%D5%A6%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Հըզպալլա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հըզպալլա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah" title="Hizbullah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hizbullah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="حیزب‌الله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حیزب‌الله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="হিজবুল্লাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিজবুল্লাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_Allah" title="Hizb Allah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hizb Allah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хезбала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хезбала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хэзбала – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хэзбала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хизбула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хизбула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbol%C2%B7l%C3%A0" title="Hezbol·là – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hezbol·là" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хиспăлла – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хиспăлла" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizball%C3%A1h" title="Hizballáh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hizballáh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizballah" title="Hizballah – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hizballah" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisbollah" title="Hisbollah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hisbollah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A8izb_All%C4%81h" title="Ḩizb Allāh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ḩizb Allāh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87" title="Χεζμπολάχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χεζμπολάχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbol%C3%A1" title="Hezbolá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hezbolá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbulaho" title="Hizbulaho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hizbulaho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbola" title="Hezbola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezbola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حزب‌الله لبنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب‌الله لبنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbol%C3%A1" title="Hezbolá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hezbolá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%A6%88%EB%B3%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="헤즈볼라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤즈볼라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Հեզբոլլահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեզբոլլահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="हिज़बुल्लाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिज़बुल्लाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah" title="Hizbullah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hizbullah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94" title="חזבאללה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חזבאללה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah" title="Hizbullah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hizbullah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ჰეზბოლა (ლიბანი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰეზბოლა (ლიბანი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="حزب اللہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="حزب اللہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Хизбуллаһ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хизбуллаһ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbulaya_Libnan%C3%AA" title="Hizbulaya Libnanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hizbulaya Libnanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2_(Hezbollah)" title="ຮິໂບລາ (Hezbollah) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮິໂບລາ (Hezbollah)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah" title="Hizbullah – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hizbullah" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Хезболах – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хезболах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2" title="ഹിസ്‌ബുല്ല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിസ്‌ബുല്ല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिझबुल्ला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिझबुल्ला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ჰეზბოლა (ლიბანი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰეზბოლა (ლიბანი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="حزب الله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب الله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="حزب‌الله – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حزب‌الله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah" title="Hizbullah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hizbullah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Хезболлах – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хезболлах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="हिजबुल्लाह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिजबुल्लाह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9C%E3%83%A9" title="ヒズボラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒズボラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah" title="Hizbullah – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hizbullah" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbulloh" title="Hizbulloh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hizbulloh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿਜ਼ਬੁੱਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਜ਼ਬੁੱਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="حزب اللہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حزب اللہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AF" title="د حزب الله اسلامی غورځنگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د حزب الله اسلامی غورځنگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хезболла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хезболла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah" title="Hizbullah – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hizbullah" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F" title="හිස්බුල්ලා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිස්බුල්ලා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="حزب الله – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حزب الله" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizball%C3%A1h" title="Hizballáh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hizballáh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbolah" title="Hezbolah – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hezbolah" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%B5%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حیزبوڵڵای لوبنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزبوڵڵای لوبنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Хезболах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хезболах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbolah" title="Hezbolah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hezbolah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hizbollah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="ஹிஸ்புல்லா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹிஸ்புல்லா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xizbullah" title="Xizbullah – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xizbullah" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮิซบุลลอฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิซบุลลอฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbullah_(L%C3%BCbnan)" title="Hizbullah (Lübnan) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hizbullah (Lübnan)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хезболла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хезболла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="حزب اللہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حزب اللہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" title="黎巴嫩真主黨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黎巴嫩真主黨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hezbollah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="真主党 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真主党" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90" title="כעזבאלא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כעזבאלא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" title="真主黨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真主黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="真主党 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真主党" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41053#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hezbollah (disambiguation)">Hezbollah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F7DF19; border-bottom:2px solid #F7DF19; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Islamic Resistance in Lebanon</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="ar">المقاومة الإسلامية في لبنان Al-Muqāwamah Al-Islāmīyah fī Lubnān</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Hezbollah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Logo_of_the_Hezbollah.svg/150px-Logo_of_the_Hezbollah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Logo_of_the_Hezbollah.svg/225px-Logo_of_the_Hezbollah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Logo_of_the_Hezbollah.svg/300px-Logo_of_the_Hezbollah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_Hezbollah" title="Secretary-General of Hezbollah">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Naim Qassem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_Hezbollah" title="Deputy Secretary-General of Hezbollah">Deputy Secretary-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Vacant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Head of the Executive Council</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Vacant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Subhi_al-Tufayli" title="Subhi al-Tufayli">Subhi al-Tufayli</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Abbas al-Musawi">Abbas al-Musawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">X</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> <a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1985; 39 years ago (1985) (official)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_to_the_Resistance_Bloc" title="Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc">Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Paramilitary wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Council" title="Jihad Council">Jihad Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades" title="Lebanese Resistance Brigades">Lebanese Resistance Brigades</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Shia Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-Shiite_jihad-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jihad#Shia" title="Jihad">Shia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Shiite_jihad-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a><a href="#cite_note-Shiite_jihad-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalacoura_2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a><a href="#cite_note-Gleis-5">[5]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalacoura_2012-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-West</a><a href="#cite_note-Anti-West-16">[16]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad-Ghorayeb2002168–86-18">[18]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Anti-homosexuality</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yellow and green</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ ٱللَّهِ هُمُ ٱلْغَالِبُونَ ('Certainly <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>'s party that will prevail.')<a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">15 / 128 (12%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg/200px-Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg/300px-Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg/400px-Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="187" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moqawama.org.lb">www.moqawama.org.lb</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F7DF19;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Hezbollah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1982–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Council-on-Foreign-Relations-22">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (according to <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a>)<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data">State allies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuba-26">[25]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-maj2011feb-28">[27]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><a href="#cite_note-allyvenezuela-33">[32]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-iq2-34">[33]</a> (former: in the war against IS)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (partial)<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></li></ul> Non-state allies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zainebiyoun</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/10px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/16px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/21px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1668" /> <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthis</a> (claimed by Yemeni Hadi government and allies, denied by Hezbollah)<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/22px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/33px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png/44px-PMC_Wagner_Center_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="468" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezbollah foreign relations">See more</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data">State opponents: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_–_International_terrorist_organization-39">[38]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-US-40">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> (1982–2003)<a href="#cite_note-archive.org5-44">[43]</a></li></ul> Non-state opponents: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Former_Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Army.svg/23px-Former_Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Former_Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Army.svg/35px-Former_Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Former_Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Army.svg/45px-Former_Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="288" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Lebanese opposition</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1044" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a><a href="#cite_note-archive.org5-44">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Lebanon Conflict">2008 Lebanon Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a><a href="#cite_note-iq-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-iq2-34">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Hezbollah" title="Category:Battles involving Hezbollah">See details</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_foreign_relations#Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezbollah foreign relations">See here</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hezbollah (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌhɛzbəˈlɑː/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HEZ-bə-LAH</a>;<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حزب الله, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ḥizbu llāh, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħizbuˈɫːaːh]</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Party of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>')<a href="#cite_note-48">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Lebanese Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Islamist</a> political party and <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the <a href="/wiki/Jihad_Council" title="Jihad Council">Jihad Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LevittP15-51">[49]</a> and its political wing is the <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_to_the_Resistance_Bloc" title="Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc">Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc</a> party in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Lebanese Parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_armed_strength" title="Hezbollah armed strength">Its armed strength</a> was assessed to be equivalent to that of a medium-sized army in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-52">[50]</a> Hezbollah was founded in 1982 by Lebanese clerics in response to the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-hi-me2-53">[51]</a> Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979 and Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>'s model of Islamic governance, Hezbollah established strong ties with Iran. The group was initially supported by 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC) instructors, who helped unify various Lebanese Shia factions under Hezbollah's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks2-54">[52]</a> Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto outlined <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_Hezbollah" title="Ideology of Hezbollah">its key objectives</a>, which include expelling Western influence from the region, <a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">destroying Israel</a>, pledging allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran's supreme leader</a>, and establishing an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic government</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Iran's political ideology</a>. However, the manifesto also emphasized Lebanese self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Hezbollah fought against Israeli forces and the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a> (SLA), eventually leading to Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Hezbollah also played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a> and later became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, where it fought alongside the Syrian government against rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In 2009, Hezbollah updated their manifesto to oppose political sectarianism, appeal to non-Islamic movements, and promote a national unity government. The updated manifesto has the same basic approach to foreign policy, emphasizing the hegemonic strategies of the US and Israel's role in the region as a forward base for colonizing the region.<a href="#cite_note-Berti-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-59">[57]</a> Since the 1990s, Hezbollah has grown into a significant political force in Lebanon. The group operates a vast social services network, including schools and hospitals, and runs a satellite TV station, <a href="/wiki/Al-Manar" title="Al-Manar">Al-Manar</a>. Politically, Hezbollah’s <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_to_the_Resistance_Bloc" title="Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc">Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc</a> holds 15 seats in the Lebanese Parliament, making it a powerful player in Lebanon’s government.<a href="#cite_note-deeb-hzb-a-primer2-60">[58]</a> However, the group’s influence has led to growing domestic criticism. Following the <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">2020 Beirut port explosion</a>, Hezbollah was accused of obstructing efforts to hold those responsible accountable, contributing to a decline in public trust. A 2024 Arab Barometer survey found that 55% of Lebanese have "no trust at all" in Hezbollah, although it remains popular among the Shia population.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Despite calls for disarmament under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> resolutions, Hezbollah has expanded its military capabilities. Its armed wing is now considered stronger than the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese Armed Forces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT052020132-62">[60]</a> making it one of the most powerful non-state actors in the world. Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> declared in 2021 that the group had 100,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Hezbollah has been involved in several high-profile attacks; it is believed to be responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1983_US_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut">bombing of the US embassy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">American and French barracks</a> bombings in Beirut in 1983, as well as later attacks, including bombings and hijackings.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> While Hezbollah has been regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> by some scholars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarida20191-2-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaher20198-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202043,_74-68">[66]</a> the entire organization, or its military wing alone, has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist group</a> by over 20 countries,<a href="#cite_note-Rudoren-Jodi-2013b2-69">[67]</a> including most Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hezbollah" title="History of Hezbollah">History of Hezbollah</a></div> In 1982, Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> primarily to fight the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-hi-me-15">[15]</a> The 1982 and the <a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">1978 Israeli invasions</a> had created a humanitarian crisis in Lebanon; many villages in the south had been destroyed and large numbers of Shias had been displaced from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy2020176-177-71">[69]</a> In addition, the Shia had long been underrepresented in Lebanese politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarida20192-72">[70]</a> Both these factors fostered resentment among the local Shia population, making them a fertile ground for recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy2020176-177-71">[69]</a> Hezbollah was set up by local Shia committees, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarida20192-72">[70]</a> Its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Iranian Revolutionary Guards</a> that arrived from Iran with permission from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Syrian government</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">occupied Lebanon's eastern highlands</a>, permitted their transit to a base in the <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa valley">Bekaa valley</a><a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> which was in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">occupation of Lebanon</a> at the time. Scholars differ as to when Hezbollah came to be a distinct entity. Various sources list the official formation of the group as early as 1982<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> whereas Diaz and Newman maintain that Hezbollah remained an amalgamation of various violent Shi'a extremists until as late as 1985.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Another version states that it was formed by supporters of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ragheb_Harb" title="Ragheb Harb">Ragheb Harb</a>, a leader of the southern Shia resistance killed by Israel in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Regardless of when the name came into official use, a number of Shi'a groups were slowly assimilated into the organization, such as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Organization" title="Islamic Jihad Organization">Islamic Jihad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Oppressed_on_Earth" title="Organization of the Oppressed on Earth">Organization of the Oppressed on Earth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Justice_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Justice Organization">Revolutionary Justice Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US-Department-of-State-1999-79">[77]</a> These designations are considered to be synonymous with Hezbollah by the US,<a href="#cite_note-US-Department-of-State-1999-79">[77]</a> Israel<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Canada-Gazette-Part-II-2003-81">[79]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a><a href="#cite_note-PitytheNation-82">[80]</a> and Israeli General Shimon Shapira<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> the date of 8 June 1982, two days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, when 50 <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> militants ambushed an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> armored convoy in <a href="/wiki/Khalde" title="Khalde">Khalde</a> south of Beirut, is considered by Hezbollah as the founding myth of the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon, the group's <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_armed_strength" title="Hezbollah armed strength">military wing</a>. It was in this battle, delaying the Israeli advance to Beirut for six days, that the future Hezbollah military chief <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Badreddine" title="Mustafa Badreddine">Mustafa Badreddine</a> made his name as a serious commander.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> According to Shapira, the lightly armed Shia fighters managed to capture an Israeli armored vehicle on that day and paraded it in the Revolutionary Guards' <a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">forward operating base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, Eastern Lebanon. Fisk writes: <blockquote>Down at Khalde, a remarkable phenomenon had taken shape. The Shia militiamen were running on foot into the Israeli gunfire to launch grenades at the Israeli armour, actually moving to within 20 feet of the tanks to open fire at them. Some of the Shia fighters had torn off pieces of their shirts and wrapped them around their heads as bands of martyrdom as the <a href="/wiki/IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">Iranian revolutionary guards</a> had begun doing a year before when they staged their first mass attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Iraq War">Gulf War a thousand miles to the east</a>. When they set fire to one Israeli armoured vehicle, the gunmen were emboldened to advance further. None of us, I think, realised the critical importance of the events of Khalde that night. The Lebanese Shia were learning the principles of martyrdom and putting them into practice. Never before had we seen these men wear headbands like this; we thought it was another militia affectation but it was not. It was the beginning of a legend which also contained a strong element of truth. The Shia were now the Lebanese resistance, nationalist no doubt but also inspired by their religion. The party of God – in Arabic, the Hezbollah – were on the beaches of Khalde that night.<a href="#cite_note-PitytheNation-82">[80]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></div> Hezbollah emerged in <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lebanon">South Lebanon</a> during a consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shia</a> militias as a rival to the older <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a>. Hezbollah played a significant role in the Lebanese civil war, opposing <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">American forces in 1982–83</a> and opposing Amal and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> during the 1985–88 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Camps" title="War of the Camps">War of the Camps</a>. However, Hezbollah's early primary focus was ending Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon<a href="#cite_note-bbc-hi-me-15">[15]</a> following Israel's 1982 invasion and siege of Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Amal, the main Lebanese Shia political group, initiated <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. In 2006, former Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> stated, "When we entered Lebanon … there was no Hezbollah. We were accepted with perfumed rice and flowers by the Shia in the south. It was our presence there that created Hezbollah."<a href="#cite_note-AN33-86">[84]</a> Hezbollah waged an <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric war">asymmetric war</a> using <a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">suicide attacks</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) and Israeli targets outside of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-pape-87">[85]</a> Hezbollah is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups in the Middle East to use the tactics of suicide bombing, assassination, and capturing foreign soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> as well as murders<a href="#cite_note-HCR190-88">[86]</a> and hijackings.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline:_Lebanon-89">[87]</a> Hezbollah also employed more conventional military tactics and weaponry, notably <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha rockets</a> and other missiles.<a href="#cite_note-HCR190-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> At the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, despite the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a> asking for the "disbanding of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias", <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, which controlled Lebanon at that time, allowed Hezbollah to maintain their arsenal and control Shia areas along the border with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-In_the_Party_of_God-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1990">After 1990</h3></div> In the 1990s, Hezbollah transformed from a revolutionary group into a political one, in a process which has been described as the "Lebanonization" of Hezbollah. Unlike its uncompromising revolutionary stance in the 1980s, Hezbollah conveyed a lenient stance towards the Lebanese state.<a href="#cite_note-magnus98-92">[90]</a> In 1992, Hezbollah decided to participate in elections, and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">supreme leader of Iran</a>, endorsed it. Former Hezbollah secretary general, <a href="/wiki/Subhi_al-Tufayli" title="Subhi al-Tufayli">Subhi al-Tufayli</a>, contested this decision, which led to a schism in Hezbollah. Hezbollah won all twelve seats which were on its electoral list. At the end of that year, Hezbollah began to engage in dialog with Lebanese Christians. Hezbollah regards cultural, political, and religious freedoms in Lebanon as sanctified, although it does not extend these values to groups who have relations with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> In 1997, Hezbollah formed the multi-confessional <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades" title="Lebanese Resistance Brigades">Lebanese Brigades to Fight the Israeli Occupation</a> in an attempt to revive national and secular resistance against Israel, thereby marking the "Lebanonization" of resistance.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Jihad_Organization_(IJO)">Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO)</h3></div> Whether the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Organization" title="Islamic Jihad Organization">Islamic Jihad Organization</a> (IJO) was a <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a> used by Hezbollah or a separate organization, is disputed. According to certain sources, IJO was identified as merely a "telephone organization",<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> and whose name was "used by those involved to disguise their true identity".<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Hezbollah reportedly also used another name, "Islamic Resistance" (al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya), for attacks against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-magnus97-102">[100]</a>: 67  A 2003 American court decision found IJO was the name used by Hezbollah for its attacks in Lebanon, parts of the Middle East and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The US,<a href="#cite_note-USDbackground2801-104">[102]</a> Israel<a href="#cite_note-mfaGOV960411-105">[103]</a> and Canada<a href="#cite_note-Canada-Gazette-Part-II-2003-81">[79]</a> consider the names "Islamic Jihad Organization", "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth" and the "Revolutionary Justice Organization" to be synonymous with Hezbollah. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_of_Resistance">Axis of Resistance</h3></div> The group receives substantial financial and military backing from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> positioning itself as the leading member of the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a>", an alliance in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Western influence</a> in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_Hezbollah" title="Ideology of Hezbollah">Ideology of Hezbollah</a></div> The ideology of Hezbollah has been summarized as <a href="/wiki/Shi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'i">Shi'i</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radicalism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Hezbollah follows the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> theology developed by Iranian leader <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> Ruhollah Khomeini.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Khomeini's followers in the early 1980s in order to spread <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revolution">Islamic revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2006-111">[109]</a> and follows a distinct version of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> ideology (<a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">Wilayat al-faqih</a> or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists) developed by Khomeini, who was the leader of the "Islamic Revolution" in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HG20Ak02-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-mfaGOV960411-105">[103]</a> Although Hezbollah originally aimed to transform Lebanon into a formal Faqihi <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>, this goal has been abandoned in favor of a more inclusive approach.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-hi-me-15">[15]</a> Early on, Hezbollah was influenced by ideas from prominent Sunni Islamists. Hezbollah's own rhetoric was Islamist in general, rather than Shi'i in particular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202078-79-113">[111]</a> Hezbollah's position on the Sunni-Shi'i divide was that instead of dwelling on theological differences, Sunnis and Shi'ites ought to cooperate with one another to oppose the Israeli occupation of Arab lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202078-79-113">[111]</a> To maintain a sense of Muslim unity, Hezbollah avoided direct criticism of Saudi Arabia; even during the <a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon's conflict with the Salafis</a>, Al-Manar TV's employees had instructions "not to talk badly about Saudi Arabia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202080-114">[112]</a> This changed, however, after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202080-114">[112]</a> Some scholars consider Hezbollah a left-wing political movement.<a href="#cite_note-daher-115">[113]</a> In 2008, political scientists Anisseh van Engeland and Rachael Rudolph wrote: "The ideology of Hezbollah has changed: it has nowadays a left-wing political speech focused on social justice."<a href="#cite_note-engeland-116">[114]</a> Feminist scholar <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> stated: "I think: yes, understanding Hamas, Hezbollah as social movements that are progressive, that are on the left, that are part of a global left, is extremely important."<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Other academic writers that described Hezbollah as left-wing include <a href="/wiki/Imad_Salamey" title="Imad Salamey">Imad Salamey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amal_Saad-Ghorayeb" title="Amal Saad-Ghorayeb">Amal Saad-Ghorayeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahla_Chahal" title="Nahla Chahal">Nahla Chahal</a> and <a href="/wiki/As%27ad_AbuKhalil" title="As'ad AbuKhalil">As'ad Abu Khalil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-daher-115">[113]</a> Salamey wrote that Hezhollah is an "anticapitalist political movement" and "revolutionary styled vanguard party", adding that, "Hezbollah has emerged as a revolutionary proletarian party with an Islamic manifesto par excellence."<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Similarly, Chahal wrote that Hezhollah "is a movement of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology#Palestinian_liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Theology of Liberation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985_manifesto">1985 manifesto</h3></div> On 16 February 1985, Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin issued Hezbollah's manifesto. The ideology presented in it was described as radical.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] Its first objective was to <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">fight against</a> what Hezbollah described as <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli imperialism</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a> and other territories. The second objective was to gather all Muslims into an "<a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>", under which Lebanon would further the aims of the <a href="/wiki/1979_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Revolution">1979 Revolution</a> of Iran. It also declared it would protect all Lebanese communities, excluding those that collaborated with Israel, and support all national movements—both Muslim and non-Muslim—throughout the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] The ideology has since evolved, and today Hezbollah is a political entity focused on social justice.<a href="#cite_note-engeland-116">[114]</a> Translated excerpts from Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto read: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We are the sons of the umma (Muslim community) ... ... We are an ummah linked to the Muslims of the whole world by the solid doctrinal and religious connection of Islam, whose message God wanted to be fulfilled by the Seal of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Prophets</a>, i.e., Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. ... As for our culture, it is based on the Holy <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunna</a> and the legal rulings of the <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a> who is our source of imitation ...<a href="#cite_note-The_Hizballah_Program-120">[118]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_manifesto">2009 manifesto</h3></div> On 30 November 2009, secretary-general Nasrallah presented a new manifesto at Hezbollah's 7th political conference.<a href="#cite_note-:3-59">[57]</a> Besides its introduction, this 32-page document has three chapters on U.S. hegemonic strategies and the impact of globalization; Hezbollah's approach to Lebanon; and Palestinian resistance to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Berti-58">[56]</a> While self-described as a "rebirth" document, the manifesto conveys the same basic approach to foreign policy as in the past, according to scholar <a href="/wiki/Benedetta_Berti" title="Benedetta Berti">Benedetta Berti</a>, though it is more "politically savvy" and appeals to non-Islamic movements. Still, the manifesto offers new support for Lebanese political institutions, through which it had been making inroads. Notably, it says that it opposes political "sectarianism", idealizes a national unity government, and treats the Lebanese army less as an enemy and more as a subordinate military arm.<a href="#cite_note-Berti-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes,_statements,_and_actions_concerning_Israel_and_Zionism">Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel and Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezbollah foreign relations">Hezbollah foreign relations</a></div> From the inception of Hezbollah to the present,<a href="#cite_note-The_Hizballah_Program-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_document-121">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">the elimination of the State of Israel</a> has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. Some translations of Hezbollah's 1985 Arabic-language manifesto state that "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated".<a href="#cite_note-The_Hizballah_Program-120">[118]</a> According to Hezbollah's Deputy-General, <a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Naim Qassem</a>, the struggle against Israel is a core belief of Hezbollah and the central rationale of Hezbollah's existence.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Hezbollah says that its continued hostilities against Israel are justified as reciprocal to Israeli operations against Lebanon and as retaliation for what they claim is Israel's occupation of Lebanese territory.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their withdrawal was verified by the United Nations as being in accordance with resolution 425 of 19 March 1978; however, Lebanon considers the <a href="/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a>—a 26 km2 (10 sq mi) piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be Syrian territory occupied by Israel—to be Lebanese territory.<a href="#cite_note-SC/6878-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Finally, Hezbollah considers Israel to be an illegitimate state. For these reasons, it justifies its actions as acts of defensive jihad.<a href="#cite_note-Thisreen1999-1-128">[126]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33.3%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If they go from Shebaa, we won't stop fighting them. ... Our goal is to liberate the 1948 borders of Palestine, ... The Jews who survive this war of liberation can go back to Germany or wherever they came from. However, that the Jews who lived in Palestine before 1948 will be 'allowed to live as a minority and they will be cared for by the Muslim majority.' </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, about an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms<a href="#cite_note-In_the_Party_of_God-91">[89]</a></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_and_actions_concerning_Jews_and_Judaism">Attitudes and actions concerning Jews and Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_Hezbollah#Attitudes,_statements,_and_actions_concerning_Jews_and_Judaism" title="Ideology of Hezbollah">Ideology of Hezbollah § Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Jews and Judaism</a></div> Hezbollah officials have said, on rare occasions, that it is only "anti-Zionist" and not anti-Semitic.<a href="#cite_note-Gleis-5">[5]</a> However, according to scholars, "these words do not hold up upon closer examination". Among other actions, Hezbollah actively engages in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> and spreads anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.<a href="#cite_note-Gleis-5">[5]</a> Various antisemitic statements have been attributed to Hezbollah officials.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amal_Saad-Ghorayeb" title="Amal Saad-Ghorayeb">Amal Saad-Ghorayeb</a>, a Lebanese political analyst, argues that although Zionism has influenced Hezbollah's <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>, "it is not contingent upon it because Hezbollah's hatred of Jews is more religiously motivated than politically motivated".<a href="#cite_note-Saad-Ghorayeb-130">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich">Robert S. Wistrich</a>, a historian specializing in the study of anti-Semitism, described Hezbollah's ideology concerning Jews: <blockquote>The anti-Semitism of Hezbollah leaders and spokesmen combines the image of seemingly invincible Jewish power ... and cunning with the contempt normally reserved for weak and cowardly enemies. Like the <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> propaganda for holy war, that of Hezbollah has relied on the endless vilification of Jews as 'enemies of mankind,' 'conspiratorial, obstinate, and conceited' adversaries full of 'satanic plans' to enslave the Arabs. It fuses traditional Islamic anti-Judaism with Western conspiracy myths, Third Worldist anti-Zionism, and Iranian Shiite contempt for Jews as 'ritually impure' and corrupt infidels. <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fadlallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Fadlallah">Sheikh Fadlallah</a> typically insists ... that Jews wish to undermine or obliterate Islam and Arab cultural identity in order to advance their economic and political domination.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></blockquote> Conflicting reports say <a href="/wiki/Al-Manar" title="Al-Manar">Al-Manar</a>, the Hezbollah-owned and operated television station, accused either Israel or Jews of deliberately spreading HIV and other diseases to Arabs throughout the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-Block-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Al-Manar was criticized in the West for airing "anti-Semitic propaganda" in the form of a television drama depicting a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_world_domination" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish world domination">Jewish world domination conspiracy theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The group has been accused by American analysts of engaging in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In addition, during its 2006 war, it apologized only for killing Israel's Arabs (i.e., non-Jews).<a href="#cite_note-Gleis-5">[5]</a> In November 2009, according to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>, Hezbollah pressured a private English-language school in western Beirut "which asked not to be identified", to eliminate from its <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> excerpts from <a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_Anne_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="The Diary of Anne Frank">The Diary of Anne Frank</a>, a book of the writings from the diary kept by the Jewish child Anne Frank while she was in hiding with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> This was after Hezbollah's member of Lebanese parliament <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Hajj_Hassan" title="Hussein Hajj Hassan">Hussein Hajj Hassan</a>, interviewed on the organization's Al-Manar television channel, criticized the school for "showing poor judgment in picking out its textbooks", and <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">asked</a> how long Lebanon would "remain an open arena for the Zionist invasion of education".<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>'s July 22, 2024 issue, <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Filkins" title="Dexter Filkins">Dexter Filkins</a>, in his report on the border fight between Israel and the organization, quoted a commander of Hezbollah, who had been active in its operations outside Lebanon, stating that the war between the "Zionist state" and the "party of God" would be "very simply" resolved, "when [the Jews] leave on the same boat they came on".<a href="#cite_note-boat-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HezbollahOrgChart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HezbollahOrgChart.svg/220px-HezbollahOrgChart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HezbollahOrgChart.svg/330px-HezbollahOrgChart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HezbollahOrgChart.svg/440px-HezbollahOrgChart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>Organizational chart of Hezbollah, by Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah_06.jpg/220px-Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah_06.jpg/330px-Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah_06.jpg/440px-Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Hassan_Nasrallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah">Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah</a>, the third Secretary General of Hezbollah</figcaption></figure> At the beginning, many Hezbollah leaders maintained that the movement was "not an organization, for its members carry no cards and bear no specific responsibilities",<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> and that the movement does not have "a clearly defined organizational structure".<a href="#cite_note-magnus97-102">[100]</a>: 41  Today, as Hezbollah scholar <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a> reports, Hezbollah does actually have a formal governing structure and, in keeping with the principle of <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a> (velayat-e faqih), it "concentrate[s] ... all authority and powers" on its religious leaders, whose decisions, then, "flow from the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulama</a> down the entire community". <blockquote>The supreme decision-making bodies of the Hezbollah were divided between the Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly) which was headed by 12 senior clerical members with responsibility for tactical decisions and supervision of overall Hizballah activity throughout Lebanon, and the Majlis al-Shura al-Karar (the Deciding Assembly), headed by Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and composed of eleven other clerics with responsibility for all strategic matters. Within the Majlis al-Shura, there existed seven specialized committees dealing with ideological, financial, military and political, judicial, informational and social affairs. In turn, the Majlis al-Shura and these seven committees were replicated in each of Hizballah's three main operational areas (the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate" title="Beqaa Governorate">Beqaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, and the South).<a href="#cite_note-magnus97-102">[100]</a>: 45 </blockquote> Since the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> is the ultimate clerical authority, Hezbollah's leaders have appealed to him "for guidance and directives in cases when Hezbollah's collective leadership [was] too divided over issues and fail[ed] to reach a consensus".<a href="#cite_note-magnus97-102">[100]</a>: 45  After the death of Iran's first Supreme Leader, Khomeini, Hezbollah's governing bodies developed a more "independent role" and appealed to Iran less often.<a href="#cite_note-magnus97-102">[100]</a>: 45  Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lebanon War">Second Lebanon War</a>, however, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has restructured Hezbollah to limit the power of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a>, and invested billions of dollars "rehabilitating" Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Structurally, Hezbollah does not distinguish between its political/social activities within Lebanon and its military/jihad activities against Israel. "Hezbollah has a single leadership", according to <a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Naim Qassem</a>, Hezbollah's second in command. "All political, social and jihad work is tied to the decisions of this leadership ... The same leadership that directs the parliamentary and government work also leads jihad actions in the struggle against Israel."<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In 2010, Iran's parliamentary speaker <a href="/wiki/Ali_Larijani" title="Ali Larijani">Ali Larijani</a> said, "Iran takes pride in Lebanon's Islamic resistance movement for its steadfast Islamic stance. Hezbollah nurtures the original ideas of Islamic Jihad." He also instead charged the West with having accused Iran with support of terrorism and said, "The real terrorists are those who provide the Zionist regime with military equipment to bomb the people."<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Funding_of_Hezbollah" title="Funding of Hezbollah">Funding of Hezbollah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hezbollah–Iran relations">Hezbollah–Iran relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon#Hezbollah's_involvement_in_the_drug_industry" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug economy in Lebanon § Hezbollah's involvement in the drug industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei_and_Seyyed_Hassan_Nasrallah_by_khamenei.ir_01(2005)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei_and_Seyyed_Hassan_Nasrallah_by_khamenei.ir_01%282005%29_02.jpg/220px-Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei_and_Seyyed_Hassan_Nasrallah_by_khamenei.ir_01%282005%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei_and_Seyyed_Hassan_Nasrallah_by_khamenei.ir_01%282005%29_02.jpg/330px-Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei_and_Seyyed_Hassan_Nasrallah_by_khamenei.ir_01%282005%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei_and_Seyyed_Hassan_Nasrallah_by_khamenei.ir_01%282005%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Nasrallah visiting Iranian <a href="/wiki/Supreme_leader_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> in Tehran, August 2005</figcaption></figure> Funding of Hezbollah comes from the Iranian government, Lebanese business groups, private persons, businessmen, the Lebanese diaspora involved in African diamond exploration, other Islamic groups and countries, and the taxes paid by the Shia Lebanese.<a href="#cite_note-Engeland33-148">[146]</a> Hezbollah says that the main source of its income comes from its own investment portfolios and donations by Muslims. Western sources maintain that Hezbollah receives most of its financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-In_the_Party_of_God-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDbackground2801-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Iran is said to have given $400 million between 1983 and 1989 through donation. Ostensibly on account of economic problems, Iran temporarily limited funds to humanitarian actions carried on by Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-Engeland33-148">[146]</a> During the late 1980s, when there was <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon#Macro-economic_trend" title="Economy of Lebanon">three-digit inflation in Lebanon</a> due to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lira</a>, the British periodical <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_International" title="Middle East International">Middle East International</a> reported that Hezbollah was receiving $3–5 million per month from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> According to reports subsequently released, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-irinnews52494-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPBestGuerrilla-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz_746631-153">[151]</a> In 2009, when the United States <a href="/wiki/GAO" class="mw-redirect" title="GAO">GAO</a> agency accused members of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan government">Venezuelan government</a> of "not cooperating fully in <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">the war on drug trafficking</a>" and claimed that "drug corruption had reached the ministerial level in Venezuela", <a href="/wiki/Dorit_Shavit" title="Dorit Shavit">Dorit Shavit</a>, then in charge of Latin America & Caribbean affairs at the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_foreign_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli foreign ministry">Israeli foreign ministry</a>, stated in <a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)" title="El Tiempo (Colombia)">El Tiempo</a> that the presence of "cells of Hezbollah guerrillas" had increased in recent years in the <a href="/wiki/Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">Guajira Peninsula</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Margarita" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Margarita">island of Margarita</a>. The foreign ministry of Venezuela rejected these allegations as "absurd".<a href="#cite_note-hezven-154">[152]</a> In 2011, Iran earmarked $7 million to Hezbollah's activities in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-nyd-155">[153]</a> Hezbollah has relied also on funding from the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'ite</a> Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Frontier" title="Triple Frontier">Triple Frontier</a>, or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> U.S. law enforcement officials have identified an illegal multimillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Operation_Smokescreen" title="Operation Smokescreen">cigarette-smuggling fund raising operation</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Drug_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug smuggling">drug smuggling</a> operation.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Nasrallah has repeatedly denied any links between the South American drug trade and Hezbollah, calling such accusations "propaganda" and attempts "to damage the image of Hezbollah".<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> As of 2018, annual Iranian monetary support for Hezbollah was estimated at $700 million by US officials.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_services">Social services</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_social_services" title="Hezbollah social services">Hezbollah social services</a></div> Hezbollah organizes and maintains an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, educational facilities, and encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-irinnews52494-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> One of its established institutions, Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign, is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-sachs-166">[164]</a> Hezbollah controls the Martyr's Institute (Al-Shahid Social Association), which pays stipends to "families of fighters who die" in battle.<a href="#cite_note-WPBestGuerrilla-152">[150]</a> An IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted: <blockquote>Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings—it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members.<a href="#cite_note-irinnews52494-151">[149]</a></blockquote> According to CNN, "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools."<a href="#cite_note-cnn20060724-1-167">[165]</a> In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in Beirut, Hezbollah was arranging supplies around the city. Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shiites</a> "see Hezbollah as a political movement and a social service provider as much as it is a militia".<a href="#cite_note-cnn20060724-1-167">[165]</a> Hezbollah also rewards its guerrilla members who have been wounded in battle by taking them to Hezbollah-run amusement parks.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Hezbollah is, therefore, deeply embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_society" title="Lebanese society">Lebanese society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activities">Political activities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_political_activities" title="Hezbollah political activities">Hezbollah political activities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_Jul06.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lebanon_Jul06.png/220px-Lebanon_Jul06.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lebanon_Jul06.png/330px-Lebanon_Jul06.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lebanon_Jul06.png/440px-Lebanon_Jul06.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Hezbollah-controlled areas in July 2006 (most of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon's majority Shi'a areas</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dec_10_2006_anti-government_rally_Beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dec_10_2006_anti-government_rally_Beirut.jpg/220px-Dec_10_2006_anti-government_rally_Beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dec_10_2006_anti-government_rally_Beirut.jpg/330px-Dec_10_2006_anti-government_rally_Beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dec_10_2006_anti-government_rally_Beirut.jpg/440px-Dec_10_2006_anti-government_rally_Beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A December 2006 anti-government rally in Beirut</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/115px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/173px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/230px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="208" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution of 1926</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Lebanon">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Lebanon" title="List of presidents of Lebanon">list</a>) <dl><dd>vacant</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Lebanon" title="List of prime ministers of Lebanon">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cabinets_of_Lebanon" title="List of Cabinets of Lebanon">Past Cabinets</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Lebanon">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Subdivisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Lebanon">Municipalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2008 Lebanese presidential election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2014–2016 Lebanese presidential election">2014–2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Lebanese_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Lebanese presidential election">2022–2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Emigrants_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Bou_Habib" title="Abdallah Bou Habib">Abdallah Bou Habib</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Lebanon" title="List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Lebanon" title="List of diplomatic missions in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_passport" title="Lebanese passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Lebanese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Lebanon" title="Visa policy of Lebanon">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hezbollah along with <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a> is one of two major political parties in Lebanon that represent <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shiite</a> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon#Muslims" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Unlike Amal, whose support is predominantly in Lebanon's south, Hezbollah maintains broad-based support in all three areas of Lebanon with a majority Shia Muslim population: in the south, in Beirut and its surrounding area, and in the northern Beqaa valley and Hirmil region.<a href="#cite_note-AN6-170">[168]</a> Hezbollah holds 14 of the 128 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_and_Development_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance and Development Bloc">Resistance and Development Bloc</a>. According to Daniel L. Byman, it is "the most powerful single political movement in Lebanon".<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Hezbollah, along with the <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a>, represents most of Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'a</a>. Unlike Amal, Hezbollah has not disarmed. Hezbollah participates in the Parliament of Lebanon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_alliances">Political alliances</h3></div> Hezbollah has been one of the main parties of the <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> since March 2005. Although Hezbollah had joined the new government in 2005, it remained staunchly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> On 1 December 2006, these groups began <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Lebanese_political_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–2008 Lebanese political protests">a series of political protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> in opposition to the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Fouad Siniora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghattas-173">[171]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> met in Mar Mikhayel Church, <a href="/wiki/Chiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiyah">Chiyah</a>, and signed a memorandum of understanding between <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> and Hezbollah organizing their relation and discussing Hezbollah's disarmament with some conditions. The agreement also discussed the importance of having normal diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and the request for information about the Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of all political prisoners and diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. After this event, Aoun and his party became part of the <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2012-174">[172]</a> On 7 May 2008, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Lebanese_political_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–2008 Lebanese political protests">17-month-long political crisis</a> spiraled out of control. <a href="/wiki/2008_unrest_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 unrest in Lebanon">The fighting</a> was sparked by a government move to shut down Hezbollah's telecommunication network and remove Beirut Airport's security chief over alleged ties to Hezbollah. Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> said the government's decision to declare the group's military telecommunications network illegal was a "declaration of war" on the organization, and demanded that the government revoke it.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West Beirut neighborhoods from <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> militiamen loyal to the backed government, in street battles that left 11 dead and 30 wounded. The opposition-seized areas were then handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Army">Lebanese Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz1-176">[174]</a> The army also pledged to resolve the dispute and has reversed the decisions of the government by letting Hezbollah preserve its telecoms network and re-instating the airport's security chief.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> At the end, rival Lebanese leaders reached consensus over <a href="/wiki/Doha_Agreement_(2008)" title="Doha Agreement (2008)">Doha Agreement</a> on 21 May 2008, to end the 18-month political feud that exploded into fighting and nearly drove the country to a new civil war.<a href="#cite_note-france24-178">[176]</a> On the basis of this agreement, Hezbollah and its opposition allies were effectively granted veto power in Lebanon's parliament. At the end of the conflicts, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_government_of_July_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese government of July 2008">National unity government</a> was formed by <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Fouad Siniora</a> on 11 July 2008, with Hezbollah controlling one ministerial and eleven of thirty cabinet places.<a href="#cite_note-CFR-179">[177]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">2018 Lebanese general election</a>, Hezbollah general secretary <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> presented the names of the 13 Hezbollah candidates.<a href="#cite_note-hzb1-180">[178]</a> On 22 March 2018, Nasrallah issued a statement outlining the main priorities for the parliamentary bloc of the party, Loyalty to the Resistance, in the next parliament.<a href="#cite_note-manary-181">[179]</a> He stated that rooting out corruption would be the foremost priority of the <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_to_the_Resistance_Bloc" title="Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc">Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manary-181">[179]</a> The electoral slogan of the party was 'We will construct and we will protect'.<a href="#cite_note-olj19-182">[180]</a> Finally Hezbollah held 12 seats and its alliance won the election by gaining 70 out of 128 seats of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_operations">Media operations</h3></div> Hezbollah operates a satellite television station, <a href="/wiki/Al-Manar" title="Al-Manar">Al-Manar</a> TV ("the Lighthouse"), and a radio station, <a href="/wiki/Al-Nour" title="Al-Nour">al-Nour</a> ("the Light").<a href="#cite_note-CNN-185">[183]</a> Al-Manar broadcasts from Beirut, Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-185">[183]</a> Hezbollah launched the station in 1991<a href="#cite_note-natrev812-186">[184]</a> with the help of Iranian funds.<a href="#cite_note-meforum583-187">[185]</a> Al-Manar, the self-proclaimed "Station of the Resistance", (qanat al-muqawama) is a key player in what Hezbollah calls its "<a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist enemy</a>"<a href="#cite_note-meforum583-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> and an integral part of Hezbollah's plan to spread its message to the entire <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meforum583-187">[185]</a> Hezbollah has a weekly publication, Al Ahd, which was established in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-olfa-189">[187]</a> It is the only media outlet which is openly affiliated with the organization.<a href="#cite_note-olfa-189">[187]</a> Hezbollah's television station Al-Manar airs programming designed to inspire suicide attacks in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-In_the_Party_of_God-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-natrev812-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Al-Manar's transmission in France is prohibited due to its promotion of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>, a criminal offense in France.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> The United States lists Al-Manar television network as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Al-Manar was designated as a "<a href="/wiki/Specially_Designated_Global_Terrorist" title="Specially Designated Global Terrorist">Specially Designated Global Terrorist</a> entity", and banned by the United States in December 2004.<a href="#cite_note-js4134-193">[191]</a> It has also been banned by France, Spain and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-france_ban-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-comm_EC-195">[193]</a> Materials aimed at instilling principles of nationalism and Islam in children are an aspect of Hezbollah's media operations.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The Hezbollah Central Internet Bureau released two video games – <a href="/wiki/Special_Force_(2003_video_game)" title="Special Force (2003 video game)">Special Force</a> in 2003 and a sequel, <a href="/wiki/Special_Force_2:_Tale_of_the_Truthful_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Force 2: Tale of the Truthful Pledge">Special Force 2: Tale of the Truthful Pledge</a>, in 2007 – in which players are rewarded with points and weapons for killing Israeli soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> In 2012, Al-Manar aired a television special praising an 8-year-old boy who raised money for Hezbollah and said: "When I grow up, I will be a communist resistance warrior with Hezbollah, fighting the United States and Israel, I will tear them to pieces and drive them out of Lebanon, the Golan and Palestine, which I love very dearly."<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secret_services">Secret services</h2></div> Hezbollah's secret services have been described as "one of the best in the world", and have even infiltrated the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli army">Israeli army</a>. Hezbollah's secret services collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanese_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Lebanese intelligence agencies">Lebanese intelligence agencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Engeland33-148">[146]</a> In the summer of 1982, Hezbollah's Special Security Apparatus was created by Hussein al-Khalil, now a "top political adviser to Nasrallah";<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> while Hezbollah's counterintelligence was initially managed by Iran's <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wege2-200">[198]</a>: 238  the organization continued to grow during the 1990s. By 2008, scholar Carl Anthony Wege writes, "Hizballah had obtained complete dominance over Lebanon's official state counterintelligence apparatus, which now constituted a Hizballah asset for counterintelligence purposes."<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 775  This close connection with Lebanese intelligence helped bolster Hezbollah's financial counterintelligence unit.<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 772, 775  According to Ahmad Hamzeh, Hezbollah's counterintelligence service is divided into Amn al-Muddad, responsible for "external" or "encounter" security; and Amn al-Hizb, which protects the organization's integrity and its leaders. According to Wege, Amn al-Muddad "may have received specialized intelligence training in Iran and possibly North Korea".<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 773–774  The organization also includes a military security component, as well as an External Security Organization (al-Amn al-Khariji or Unit 910) that operates covertly outside Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-Wege2-200">[198]</a>: 238  Successful Hezbollah counterintelligence operations include thwarting the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s attempted kidnapping of foreign operations chief Hassan Ezzeddine in 1994, the 1997 manipulation of a double agent that led to the <a href="/wiki/Ansariya_ambush" title="Ansariya ambush">Ansariya ambush</a>, and the 2000 kidnapping of alleged Mossad agent Elhanan Tannenbaum.<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 773  In 2006, Hezbollah collaborated with the Lebanese government to detect Adeeb al-Alam, a former colonel, as an Israeli spy.<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 774  Hezbollah recruited IDF Lieutenant Colonel Omar al-Heib, who was convicted in 2006 of conducting surveillance for Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 776  In 2009, Hezbollah apprehended Marwan Faqih, a garage owner who installed tracking devices in Hezbollah-owned vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 774  Hezbollah's counterintelligence apparatus uses electronic surveillance and intercept technologies. By 2011, Hezbollah counterintelligence began to use software to analyse cellphone data and detect espionage. Suspicious callers were then subjected to conventional surveillance. In the mid-1990s, Hezbollah was able to "download unencrypted video feeds from Israeli drones",<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 777  and Israeli <a href="/wiki/SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a> efforts intensified after the 2000 withdrawal from Lebanon. With possible help from Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a>, Hezbollah augmented its electronic counterintelligence capabilities, and succeeded in 2008 in detecting Israeli bugs near Mount Sannine and in the organization's fiber optic network.<a href="#cite_note-Wege-201">[199]</a>: 774, 777–778  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armed_strength">Armed strength</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_armed_strength" title="Hezbollah armed strength">Hezbollah armed strength</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023_Hezbollah_drill_in_Aaramta_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2023_Hezbollah_drill_in_Aaramta_03.jpg/220px-2023_Hezbollah_drill_in_Aaramta_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2023_Hezbollah_drill_in_Aaramta_03.jpg/330px-2023_Hezbollah_drill_in_Aaramta_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2023_Hezbollah_drill_in_Aaramta_03.jpg/440px-2023_Hezbollah_drill_in_Aaramta_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Hezbollah fighters in southern Lebanon, May 2023</figcaption></figure> Hezbollah does not reveal its armed strength. The Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre estimated in 2006 that Hezbollah's armed wing comprises 1,000 full-time Hezbollah members, along with a further 6,000–10,000 volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_force-202">[200]</a> According to the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Fars_News_Agency" title="Fars News Agency">Fars News Agency</a>, Hezbollah has up to 65,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In October 2023, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> cited Hezbollah expert Nicholas Blanford as estimating that Hezbollah has at least 60,000 fighters, including full-time and reservists, and that it had increased its stockpile of missiles from 14,000 in 2006 to about 150,000.<a href="#cite_note-HarperCollins-2013-204">[202]</a> It is often described as more militarily powerful than the Lebanese Army.<a href="#cite_note-washpost2013-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT05202013-207">[205]</a> Israeli commander Gui Zur called Hezbollah "by far the greatest guerrilla group in the world".<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> In 2010, Hezbollah was believed to have 45,000 rockets.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Israeli Defense Forces Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Gadi_Eisenkot" title="Gadi Eisenkot">Gadi Eisenkot</a> said that Hezbollah possesses "tens of thousands" of long- and short-range rockets, drones, advanced computer encryption capabilities, as well as advanced defense capabilities like the <a href="/wiki/SA-6" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-6">SA-6</a> anti-aircraft missile system.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Hezbollah possesses the <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha-122</a> rocket, which has a range of 29 km (18 mi) and carries a 15 kg (33 lb) warhead. Hezbollah possesses about 100 long-range missiles. They include the Iranian-made <a href="/wiki/Fajr-3_(artillery_rocket)" title="Fajr-3 (artillery rocket)">Fajr-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fajr-5" title="Fajr-5">Fajr-5</a>, the latter with a range of 75 km (47 mi), enabling it to strike the Israeli port of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zelzal-1" title="Zelzal-1">Zelzal-1</a>, with an estimated 150 km (93 mi) range, which can reach <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>. Fajr-3 missiles have a range of 40 km (25 mi) and a 45 kg (99 lb) warhead. Fajr-5 missiles, extend to 72 km (45 mi), also hold 45 kg (99 lb) warheads.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_force-202">[200]</a> It was reported that Hezbollah is in possession of <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> missiles that were provided to them by Syria.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Syria denied the reports.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> According to various reports, Hezbollah is armed with <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a>, namely, the Russian-made <a href="/wiki/AT-3_Sagger" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-3 Sagger">AT-3 Sagger</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT-4_Spigot" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-4 Spigot">AT-4 Spigot</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT-5_Spandrel" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-5 Spandrel">AT-5 Spandrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metis-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis-M">AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M'</a>, <a href="/wiki/9M133_Kornet" title="9M133 Kornet">АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>-made <a href="/wiki/RAAD_(anti-tank_guided_missile)" title="RAAD (anti-tank guided missile)">Ra'ad</a> (version of <a href="/wiki/AT-3_Sagger" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-3 Sagger">AT-3 Sagger</a>), Towsan (version of <a href="/wiki/AT-5_Spandrel" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-5 Spandrel">AT-5 Spandrel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Toophan" title="Toophan">Toophan</a> (version of <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a>), and European-made <a href="/wiki/MILAN" title="MILAN">MILAN</a> missiles. These weapons have been used against IDF soldiers, causing many of the deaths during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> US courts said that North Korea provided armaments to Hezbollah during the 2006 war.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> A small number of Saeghe-2s, an Iranian-made version of the <a href="/wiki/M47_Dragon" title="M47 Dragon">M47 Dragon</a>, were also used in the war.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> For air defense, Hezbollah has anti-aircraft weapons that include the <a href="/wiki/ZU-23" class="mw-redirect" title="ZU-23">ZU-23</a> artillery and the man-portable, shoulder-fired <a href="/wiki/Strela_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela 2">SA-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-18</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> (SAM).<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> One of the most effective weapons deployed by Hezbollah has been the <a href="/wiki/C-802" class="mw-redirect" title="C-802">C-802</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> In April 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> claimed that Hezbollah has far more missiles and rockets than the majority of countries, and said that Syria and Iran are providing weapons to the organization. Israel also claims that Syria is providing the organization with these weapons. Syria has denied supplying these weapons and views these claims as an Israeli excuse for an attack.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Leaked cables from American diplomats suggest that the United States has been trying unsuccessfully to prevent Syria from "supplying arms to Hezbollah in Lebanon", and that Hezbollah has "amassed a huge stockpile (of arms) since its 2006 war with Israel"; the arms were described as "increasingly sophisticated".<a href="#cite_note-twsDecZ16ad-218">[216]</a> Gates added that Hezbollah is possibly armed with chemical or <a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">biological weapons</a>, as well as 65-mile (105 km) <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a> that could threaten U.S. ships.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hezbollah&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Israeli government believe Hezbollah had an arsenal of nearly 150,000 rockets stationed on its border with Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Some of these missiles are said to be capable of penetrating cities as far away as <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jpost-221">[219]</a> The IDF has accused Hezbollah of storing these rockets beneath hospitals, schools, and civilian homes.<a href="#cite_note-Jpost-221">[219]</a> Hezbollah has used drones against Israel, by penetrating air defense systems, in a report verified by Nasrallah, who added, "This is only part of our capabilities."<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Israeli military officials and analysts have drawn attention to the experience and weaponry Hezbollah would have gained from the involvement of thousands of its fighters in the Syrian Civil War. "This kind of experience cannot be bought", said Gabi Siboni, director of the military and strategic affairs program at the Institute for National Security Studies at Tel Aviv University. "It is an additional factor that we will have to deal with. There is no replacement for experience, and it is not to be scoffed at."<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_activities">Military activities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_military_activities" title="Hezbollah military activities">Hezbollah military activities</a></div> Hezbollah has a military branch known as the <a href="/wiki/Jihad_Council" title="Jihad Council">Jihad Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> one component of which is Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance"), and is the possible sponsor of a number of lesser-known militant groups, some of which may be little more than fronts for Hezbollah itself, including the Organization of the Oppressed, the Revolutionary Justice Organization, the Organization of Right Against Wrong, and Followers of the Prophet Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-USDbackground2801-104">[102]</a> Some scholars have regarded Hezbollah as a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> by some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarida20191-2-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaher20198-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202043,_74-68">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1559" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559</a> called for the disarmament of militia<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Taif_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taif agreement">Taif agreement</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a>. Hezbollah denounced, and protested against, the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The 2006 military conflict with Israel has increased the controversy. Failure to disarm remains a violation of the resolution and agreement as well as subsequent <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-227">[225]</a> Since then both Israel and Hezbollah have asserted that the organization has gained in military strength.<a href="#cite_note-met-228">[226]</a> A Lebanese public opinion poll taken in August 2006 shows that most of the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shia</a> did not believe that Hezbollah should disarm after the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Lebanon war">2006 Lebanon war</a>, while the majority of Sunni, Druze and Christians believed that they should.<a href="#cite_note-Briefing-229">[227]</a> The Lebanese cabinet, under president <a href="/wiki/Michel_Suleiman" title="Michel Suleiman">Michel Suleiman</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Fouad Siniora</a>, guidelines state that Hezbollah enjoys the right to "liberate occupied lands".<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> In 2009, a Hezbollah commander, speaking on condition of anonymity, said, "[W]e have far more rockets and missiles [now] than we did in 2006."<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades">Lebanese Resistance Brigades</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades" title="Lebanese Resistance Brigades">Lebanese Resistance Brigades</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Lebanese Resistance Brigades Saraya al-Moukawama al-Lubnaniyya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg/200px-Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg/300px-Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg/400px-Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="227" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Mohammed Aknan (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>) Mohammad Saleh (<a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>) <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1998–2000 2009–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Hezbollah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">SLA</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1044" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Sham" title="Jund al-Sham">Jund al-Sham</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant2.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant2.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant2.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidon_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sidon (2013)">Battle of Sidon (2013)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Lebanese Resistance Brigades (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Sarāyā l-Muqāwama al-Lubnāniyya), also known as the Lebanese Brigades to Resist the Israeli Occupation, were formed by Hezbollah in 1997 as a multifaith (Christian, Druze, Sunni and Shia) volunteer force to combat the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon. With the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000, the organization was disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> In 2009, the Resistance Brigades were reactivated, mainly comprising Sunni supporters from the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>. Its strength was reduced in late 2013 from 500 to 200–250 due to residents' complaints about some fighters of the group exacerbating tensions with the local community.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_beginning_of_its_military_activities:_the_South_Lebanon_conflict">The beginning of its military activities: the South Lebanon conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1982%E2%80%932000)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)</a></div> Hezbollah has been involved in several cases of armed conflict with Israel: during the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict, Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) was based in Southern Lebanon and was firing Katyusha rockets into northern Israel from Lebanon. Israel invaded Lebanon to evict the PLO, and Hezbollah became an armed organization to expel the Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-In_the_Party_of_God-91">[89]</a> Hezbollah's strength was enhanced by the dispatching of one thousand to two thousand members of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Iranian Revolutionary Guards</a> and the financial backing of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-lebarmy6915-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> Iranian clerics, most notably Fzlollah Mahallati supervised this activity.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> It became the main politico-military force among the Shia community in Lebanon and the main arm of what became known later as the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon. With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">SLA</a>, and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces, Israel withdrew on 24 May 2000 six weeks before the announced 7 July date."<a href="#cite_note-Timeline:_Lebanon-89">[87]</a> Hezbollah held a victory parade, and its popularity in Lebanon rose.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-239">[237]</a> Israel withdrew in accordance with 1978's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_425" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 425">United Nations Security Council Resolution 425</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SC/6878-126">[124]</a> Hezbollah and many analysts considered this a victory for the movement, and since then its popularity has been boosted in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-239">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_attacks">Disputed attacks</h3></div> Between 1982 and 1986, there were many attacks blamed on Hezbollah, although Hezbollah denied responsibility. Given that Hezbollah didn't officially exist at the time of many of these attacks (it officially came into existence in 1985<a href="#cite_note-:2-240">[238]</a>) leads some scholars to be skeptical of implicating Hezbollah in these attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaher201970–71-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-240">[238]</a> The first of these attacks were the <a href="/wiki/April_1983_U.S._Embassy_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing">April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing</a><a href="#cite_note-Ini-242">[240]</a> and <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">1983 Beirut barracks bombing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cfr_hezbollah-243">[241]</a> both attributed to Hezbollah by some Western intelligence agencies. Hezbollah denied responsibility for both the embassy bombing<a href="#cite_note-:02-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> and the barracks bombing.<a href="#cite_note-:2-240">[238]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_hostage_crisis" title="Lebanon hostage crisis">Lebanon hostage crisis</a>, 105 people were kidnapped between 1982 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaher201971-246">[244]</a> A variety organizations took responsibility for these kidnappings: Organization of Islamic Jihād for the Liberation of Palestine, Organization for Revolutionary Justice, the Fajr Organization, the Khaybar Brigade, and the Organization of the World’s Oppressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaher201971-246">[244]</a> Hezbollah denied kidnapping these individuals, but was blamed anyway.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Recent research has shown that the kidnappers were of various political backgrounds, and were often motivated by <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">familial feuds</a> or were looking for <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">monetary ransom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaher201971-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton201861-248">[246]</a> Since 1990, terror acts and attempts of which Hezbollah has been blamed include the following bombings and attacks against civilians and diplomats: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/1992_Israeli_Embassy_attack_in_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires">1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires</a>, killing 29, in Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-cfr_hezbollah-243">[241]</a> Hezbollah operatives boasted of involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt_2013_102-249">[247]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1994_AMIA_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 AMIA bombing">1994 AMIA bombing</a> of a Jewish cultural centre, killing 85, in Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-cfr_hezbollah-243">[241]</a> Ansar Allah, a Palestinian group closely associated with Hezbollah, claimed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt_2013_102-249">[247]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alas_Chiricanas_Flight_901" class="mw-redirect" title="Alas Chiricanas Flight 901">1994 AC Flight 901 attack</a>, killing 21, in Panama.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Ansar Allah, a Palestinian group closely associated with Hezbollah, claimed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt_2013_102-249">[247]</a></li> <li>The 1996 <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a>, killing 19 US servicemen.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></li> <li>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> accused Hezbollah of recruiting Singaporeans in a failed 1990s plot to attack U.S. and Israeli ships in the Singapore Straits.<a href="#cite_note-fastfacts-252">[250]</a></li> <li>15 January 2008, bombing of a U.S. Embassy vehicle in Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-Stratfor-253">[251]</a></li> <li>In 2009, a <a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a> was uncovered, where Egyptian authorities arrested 49 men for planning attacks against <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> and Egyptian targets in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a>, killing 6, in Bulgaria. Hezbollah denied responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollahblamed-255">[253]</a></li> <li>Training Shia insurgents against US troops during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Bosnian_War">During the Bosnian War</h3></div> Hezbollah provided fighters to fight on the Bosnian Muslim side during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, as part of the broader Iranian involvement. "The Bosnian Muslim government is a client of the Iranians", wrote <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baer" title="Robert Baer">Robert Baer</a>, a CIA agent stationed in Sarajevo during the war. "If it's a choice between the CIA and the Iranians, they'll take the Iranians any day." By war's end, public opinion polls showed some 86 percent Bosnian Muslims had a positive opinion of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> In conjunction, Hezbollah initially sent 150 fighters to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Bosnian Serb Army</a>, the Bosnian Muslims' main opponent in the war.<a href="#cite_note-Fisk-258">[256]</a> All Shia foreign advisors and fighters withdrew from Bosnia at the end of conflict. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Israel">Conflict with Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hezbollah_parade_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hezbollah_parade_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Hezbollah_parade_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hezbollah_parade_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Hezbollah_parade_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hezbollah_parade_Lebanon.jpg/440px-Hezbollah_parade_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Hezbollah members and supporters parade following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a>, May 2000</figcaption></figure> On 25 July 1993, following Hezbollah's killing of seven Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, Israel launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Accountability" title="Operation Accountability">Operation Accountability</a>, known in Lebanon as the Seven Day War, during which the IDF carried out their heaviest artillery and air attacks on targets in southern Lebanon since 1982. The aim of the operation was to eradicate the threat posed by Hezbollah and to force the civilian population north to Beirut so as to put pressure on the Lebanese Government to restrain Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-OA-259">[257]</a> The fighting ended when an unwritten understanding was agreed to by the warring parties. Apparently, the 1993 understanding provided that Hezbollah combatants would not fire rockets at northern Israel, while Israel would not attack civilians or civilian targets in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> In April 1996, after continued Hezbollah rocket attacks on Israeli civilians,<a href="#cite_note-MidEastWeb-261">[259]</a> the Israeli armed forces launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="Operation Grapes of Wrath">Operation Grapes of Wrath</a>, which was intended to wipe out Hezbollah's base in southern Lebanon. Over 100 Lebanese refugees were <a href="/wiki/1996_shelling_of_Qana" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 shelling of Qana">killed by the shelling</a> of a UN base at <a href="/wiki/Qana" title="Qana">Qana</a>, in what the Israeli military said was a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Following several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-Lebanese_Ceasefire_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Lebanese Ceasefire Understanding">Grapes of Wrath Understandings</a> on 26 April 1996. A cease-fire was agreed upon between Israel and Hezbollah, which would be effective on 27 April 1996.<a href="#cite_note-cobbanBR30_2-263">[261]</a> Both sides agreed that civilians should not be targeted, which meant that Hezbollah would be allowed to continue its military activities against IDF forces inside Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-cobbanBR30_2-263">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></div> On 7 October 2000, three Israeli soldiers—Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham, and Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaidwere—were abducted by Hezbollah while patrolling the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (Lebanon)">border</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> The soldiers were killed either during the attack or in its immediate aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Prisoner_Swap-265">[263]</a> Israel Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a> said that Hezbollah abducted the soldiers and then killed them.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> The bodies of the slain soldiers were exchanged for Lebanese prisoners in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Prisoner_Swap-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006_Lebanon_War">2006 Lebanon War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hizbollah_posters_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hizbollah_posters_2006.jpg/220px-Hizbollah_posters_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hizbollah_posters_2006.jpg/330px-Hizbollah_posters_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hizbollah_posters_2006.jpg/440px-Hizbollah_posters_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Hezbollah posters in the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War</figcaption></figure> The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> forces and the Israeli military. The conflict was precipitated by a cross-border raid during which Hezbollah kidnapped and killed Israeli soldiers. <a href="/wiki/Zar%27it-Shtula_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Zar'it-Shtula incident">The conflict began</a> on 12 July 2006 when Hezbollah militants fired <a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery#Rockets" title="List of artillery">rockets</a> at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">anti-tank missile</a> attack on two armored <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">Humvees</a> patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence, killing three, injuring two, and seizing two Israeli soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-a-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-b-268">[266]</a> Israel responded with <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> fire on targets in Lebanon that damaged Lebanese infrastructure, including Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport, which Israel said that Hezbollah used to import weapons and supplies,<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> an air and naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> and a ground invasion of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">southern Lebanon</a>. Hezbollah then launched more rockets into northern Israel and engaged the Israel Defense Forces in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> from hardened positions.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The war continued until 14 August 2006. Hezbollah was responsible for thousands of <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a> rocket attacks against Israeli civilian towns and cities in northern Israel,<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> which Hezbollah said were in retaliation for Israel's killing of civilians and targeting Lebanese infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> The conflict is believed to have killed 1,191–1,300 Lebanese citizens including combatants<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-274">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebanon_2006_pp._3-6-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-LUS-278">[276]</a> and 165 Israelis including soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_gas_field_claims">2010 gas field claims</h4></div> In 2010, Hezbollah claimed that the Dalit and <a href="/wiki/Tamar_gas_field" title="Tamar gas field">Tamar gas field</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Noble_Energy" title="Noble Energy">Noble Energy</a> roughly 50 miles (80 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in Israeli exclusive economic zone, belong to Lebanon, and warned Israel against extracting gas from them. Senior officials from Hezbollah warned that they would not hesitate to use weapons to defend Lebanon's natural resources. Figures in the <a href="/wiki/March_14_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14 Forces">March 14 Forces</a> stated in response that Hezbollah was presenting another excuse to hold on to its arms. Lebanese MP <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Zahra_(legislator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Zahra (legislator)">Antoine Zahra</a> said that the issue is another item "in the endless list of excuses" meant to justify the continued existence of Hezbollah's arsenal.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011_attack_in_Istanbul">2011 attack in Istanbul</h4></div> In July 2011, Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera reported, based on American and Turkish sources,<a href="#cite_note-consul-281">[279]</a> that Hezbollah was behind a bombing in Istanbul in May 2011 that wounded eight Turkish civilians. The report said that the attack was an assassination attempt on the Israeli consul to Turkey, Moshe Kimchi. Turkish intelligence sources denied the report and said, "Israel is in the habit of creating disinformation campaigns using different papers."<a href="#cite_note-consul-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012_planned_attack_in_Cyprus">2012 planned attack in Cyprus</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></div> In July 2012, a Lebanese man was detained by Cyprus police on possible charges relating to terrorism laws for planning attacks against Israeli tourists. According to security officials, the man was planning attacks for Hezbollah in Cyprus and admitted this after questioning. The police were alerted about the man due to an urgent message from Israeli intelligence. The Lebanese man was in possession of photographs of Israeli targets and had information on Israeli airlines flying back and forth from Cyprus, and planned to blow up a plane or tour bus.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz5-282">[280]</a> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that Iran assisted the Lebanese man with planning the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Ynet7-283">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012_Burgas_attack">2012 Burgas attack</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></div> Following an investigation into the 2012 Burgas bus bombing terrorist attack against Israeli citizens in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the Bulgarian government officially accused the Lebanese-militant movement Hezbollah of committing the attack.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-284">[282]</a> Five Israeli citizens, the Bulgarian bus driver, and the bomber were killed. The bomb exploded as the Israeli tourists boarded a bus from the airport to their hotel. <a href="/wiki/Tsvetan_Tsvetanov" title="Tsvetan Tsvetanov">Tsvetan Tsvetanov</a>, Bulgaria's interior minister, reported that the two suspects responsible were members of the militant wing of Hezbollah; he said the suspected terrorists entered Bulgaria on 28 June and remained until 18 July. Israel had already previously suspected Hezbollah for the attack. Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> called the report "further corroboration of what we have already known, that Hezbollah and its <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> patrons are orchestrating a worldwide campaign of terror that is spanning countries and continents".<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Netanyahu said that the attack in Bulgaria was just one of many that Hezbollah and Iran have planned and carried out, including attacks in Thailand, Kenya, Turkey, India, Azerbaijan, Cyprus and Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-284">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John Brennan</a>, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, has said that, "Bulgaria's investigation exposes Hezbollah for what it is—a terrorist group that is willing to recklessly attack innocent men, women and children, and that poses a real and growing threat not only to Europe, but to the rest of the world."<a href="#cite_note-jpost1-286">[284]</a> The result of the Bulgarian investigation comes at a time when Israel has been petitioning the European Union to join the United States in designating Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-jpost1-286">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_Shebaa_farms_incident">2015 Shebaa farms incident</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_farms_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2015 Shebaa farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa farms incident</a></div> In response to <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">an attack against a military convoy</a> comprising Hezbollah and Iranian officers on 18 January 2015 at Quneitra in south of Syria, Hezbollah launched an ambush on 28 January against an Israeli military convoy in the Israeli-occupied <a href="/wiki/Shebaa_Farms" title="Shebaa Farms">Shebaa Farms</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">anti-tank missiles</a> against two Israeli vehicles patrolling the border,<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> killing 2 and wounding 7 Israeli soldiers and officers, as confirmed by Israeli military. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023–present_Israel–Hezbollah_conflict">2023–present Israel–Hezbollah conflict</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></div> On 8 October 2023, Hezbollah launched guided rockets and artillery shells at <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> positions in <a href="/wiki/Shebaa_Farms" title="Shebaa Farms">Shebaa Farms</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>. Israel retaliated with <a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">drone strikes</a> and artillery fire on Hezbollah positions near the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>–Lebanon border. The attacks came after Hezbollah expressed support and praise for the <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> attacks on Israel.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> The clashes have been the largest escalation between the two countries since the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri">Assassination of Rafic Hariri</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri" title="Assassination of Rafic Hariri">Assassination of Rafic Hariri</a></div> On 14 February 2005, former Lebanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a> was killed, along with 21 others, when his motorcade was struck by a roadside bomb in Beirut. He had been PM during 1992–1998 and 2000–2004. In 2009, the United Nations special tribunal investigating the murder of Hariri reportedly found evidence linking Hezbollah to the murder.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> In August 2010, in response to notification that the UN tribunal would indict some Hezbollah members, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> said Israel was looking for a way to assassinate Hariri as early as 1993 in order to create political chaos that would force Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, and to perpetuate an anti-Syrian atmosphere [in Lebanon] in the wake of the assassination. He went on to say that in 1996 Hezbollah apprehended an agent working for Israel by the name of Ahmed Nasrallah—no relation to Hassan Nasrallah—who allegedly contacted Hariri's security detail and told them that he had solid proof that Hezbollah was planning to take his life. Hariri then contacted Hezbollah and advised them of the situation.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> Saad Hariri responded that the UN should investigate these claims.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> On 30 June 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a>, established to investigate the death of Hariri, issued <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrants</a> against four senior members of Hezbollah, including <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Badreddine" title="Mustafa Badreddine">Mustafa Badreddine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-30/6-293">[291]</a> On 3 July, Hassan Nasrallah rejected the indictment and denounced the tribunal as a plot against the party, vowing that the named persons would not be arrested under any circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-3/7-294">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War">Involvement in the Syrian Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Hezbollah" title="Syrian Hezbollah">Syrian Hezbollah</a></div> Hezbollah has long been an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath</a> government of Syria, led by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Al-Assad family</a>. Hezbollah has helped the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Syrian government</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> in its fight against the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>, which Hezbollah has described as a Zionist plot to destroy its alliance with al-Assad against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-barnard-295">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geneive_Abdo" title="Geneive Abdo">Geneive Abdo</a> opined that Hezbollah's support for al-Assad in the Syrian war has "transformed" it from a group with "support among the Sunni for defeating Israel in a battle in 2006" into a "strictly Shia paramilitary force".<a href="#cite_note-abdo-296">[294]</a> Hezbollah also fought against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> In August 2012, the United States sanctioned Hezbollah for its alleged role in the war.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> General Secretary Nasrallah denied Hezbollah had been fighting on behalf of the Syrian government, stating in a 12 October 2012, speech that "right from the start the Syrian opposition has been telling the media that Hizbullah sent 3,000 fighters to Syria, which we have denied".<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> However, according to the Lebanese Daily Star newspaper, Nasrallah said in the same speech that Hezbollah fighters helped the Syrian government "retain control of some 23 strategically located villages [in Syria] inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship". Nasrallah said that Hezbollah fighters have died in Syria doing their "jihadist duties".<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> In 2012, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon and took over eight villages in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_District" title="Al-Qusayr District">Al-Qusayr District</a> of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya17feb13-302">[300]</a> On 16–17 February 2013, Syrian opposition groups claimed that Hezbollah, backed by the Syrian military, attacked three neighboring Sunni villages controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA). An FSA spokesman said, "Hezbollah's invasion is the first of its kind in terms of organisation, planning and coordination with the Syrian regime's air force." Hezbollah said three Lebanese Shiites, "acting in self-defense", were killed in the clashes with the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya17feb13-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> Lebanese security sources said that the three were Hezbollah members.<a href="#cite_note-baalbekfigures-304">[302]</a> In response, the FSA allegedly attacked two Hezbollah positions on 21 February; one in Syria and one in Lebanon. Five days later, it said it destroyed a convoy carrying Hezbollah fighters and Syrian officers to Lebanon, killing all the passengers.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> In January 2013, a weapons convoy carrying SA-17 anti-aircraft missiles to Hezbollah was <a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">destroyed</a> allegedly by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a>. A nearby research center for chemical weapons was also damaged. A similar <a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">attack</a> on weapons destined for Hezbollah occurred in May of the same year. The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/March_14_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14 alliance">March 14 alliance</a> and other prominent Lebanese figures called on Hezbollah to end its involvement in Syria and said it is putting Lebanon at risk.<a href="#cite_note-march14slam-306">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Subhi_al-Tufayli" title="Subhi al-Tufayli">Subhi al-Tufayli</a>, Hezbollah's former leader, said, "Hezbollah should not be defending the criminal regime that kills its own people and that has never fired a shot in defense of the Palestinians." He said, "those Hezbollah fighters who are killing children and terrorizing people and destroying houses in Syria will go to hell."<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> The Consultative Gathering, a group of Shia and Sunni leaders in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek_District" title="Baalbek District">Baalbek</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hermel_District" title="Hermel District">Hermel</a>, also called on Hezbollah not to "interfere" in Syria. They said, "Opening a front against the Syrian people and dragging Lebanon to war with the Syrian people is very dangerous and will have a negative impact on the relations between the two."<a href="#cite_note-baalbekfigures-304">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walid_Jumblatt" title="Walid Jumblatt">Walid Jumblatt</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a>, also called on Hezbollah to end its involvement<a href="#cite_note-march14slam-306">[304]</a> and claimed that, "Hezbollah is fighting inside Syria with orders from Iran."<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> condemned Hezbollah by saying, "We stand against Hezbollah in its aggression against the Syrian people. There is no space or place for Hezbollah in Syria."<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> Support for Hezbollah among the Syrian public has weakened since the involvement of Hezbollah and Iran in propping up the Assad regime during the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] On 12 May 2013, Hezbollah with the Syrian army attempted to retake part of Qusayr.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Q_2013-311">[309]</a> In Lebanon, there has been "a recent increase in the funerals of Hezbollah fighters" and "Syrian rebels have shelled Hezbollah-controlled areas".<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Q_2013-311">[309]</a> On 25 May 2013, Nasrallah announced that Hezbollah is fighting in the Syrian Civil War against <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamic extremists</a> and "pledged that his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon".<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_2013-312">[310]</a> He confirmed that Hezbollah was fighting in the strategic Syrian town of Al-Qusayr on the same side as <a href="/wiki/Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad">Assad</a>'s forces.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_2013-312">[310]</a> In the televised address, he said, "If Syria falls in the hands of America, Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Takfiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Takfiris">takfiris</a>, the people of our region will go into a dark period."<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_2013-312">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_Iranian-led_intervention_in_Iraq">Involvement in Iranian-led intervention in Iraq</h3></div> Beginning in July 2014, Hezbollah sent an undisclosed number of technical advisers and intelligence analysts to Baghdad in support of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</a>. Shortly thereafter, Hezbollah commander Ibrahim al-Hajj was reported killed in action near Mosul.<a href="#cite_note-vox1-313">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America_operations">Latin America operations</h3></div> Hezbollah operations in South America began in the late 20th century, centered around the Arab population which had moved there following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the 1985 Lebanese Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> One particular form of alleged activity is <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> said that the group was more active in the 1990s, especially during the 1992 Israeli embassy bombing in Argentina, though its relevance grew more unclear as time progressed.<a href="#cite_note-Linthicum-2020-316">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> writes that following the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> in 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) would promote the term of <a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">narcoterrorism</a> and arrest individuals with no prior history of being involved in terrorism, suggesting skepticism towards the reports of large-scale collusion between alleged terrorist groups and cartels.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> In 2002, Hezbollah was reported to be openly operating in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este" title="Ciudad del Este">Ciudad del Este</a>, Paraguay.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> Beginning in 2008, the DEA began with <a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> to work against reported Hezbollah activities in regards to Latin American drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> The investigation by the DEA reported that Hezbollah made about a billion dollars a year and trafficked thousands of tons of cocaine into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> Another destination for cocaine trafficking done by Hezbollah are nations within the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> In 2013, Hezbollah was accused of infiltrating South America and having ties with Latin American drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> One area of operations is in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Frontier" title="Triple Frontier">Triple Frontier</a>, where Hezbollah has been alleged to be involved in the trafficking of cocaine; officials with the Lebanese embassy in Paraguay have worked to counter American allegations and extradition attempts.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> In 2016, it was alleged that money gained from drug sales was used to purchase weapons in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> In 2018, Infobae reported that Hezbollah was operating in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> under the name Organization of External Security.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> That same year, Argentine police arrested individuals alleged to be connected to Hezbollah's criminal activities within the nation.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> The Los Angeles Times noted in 2020 that at the time, Hezbollah served as a "bogeyman of sorts" and that "[p]undits and politicians in the U.S., particularly those on the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a>, have long issued periodic warnings that Hezbollah and other Islamic groups pose a serious threat in Latin America".<a href="#cite_note-Linthicum-2020-316">[314]</a> Various allegations have been made that <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-2012-328">[326]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> aid Hezbollah in its operations in the region.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> Israeli reports about the presence of Hezbollah in Latin America raised questions amongst Latin American analysts based in the United States<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-2012-328">[326]</a> while experts say that reports of presence in Latin America are exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-Linthicum-2020-316">[314]</a> Southern Pulse director and analyst Samuel Logan said "Geopolitical proximity to Tehran doesn't directly translate into leniency of Hezbollah activity inside your country" in an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center" title="Pulitzer Center">Pulitzer Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-2012-328">[326]</a> William Neuman in his 2022 book <a href="/wiki/Things_Are_Never_So_Bad_That_They_Can%27t_Get_Worse" title="Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse">Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse</a> said that claims of Hezbollah's presence in Latin America was "in reality, minimal", writing that the Venezuelan opposition raised such allegations to persuade the United States into believing that the nation faced a threat from Venezuela in an effort to promote foreign intervention.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_operations">United States operations</h3></div> Ali Kourani, the first Hezbollah operative to be convicted and sentenced in the United States, was under investigation since 2013 and worked to provide targeting and terrorist recruiting information to Hezbollah's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Organization" title="Islamic Jihad Organization">Islamic Jihad Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> The organization had recruited a former resident of Minnesota and a military linguist, Mariam Tala Thompson, who disclosed "identities of at least eight clandestine human assets; at least 10 U.S. targets; and multiple tactics, techniques and procedures" before she was discovered and successfully prosecuted in a U.S. court.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Ahbash" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahbash">Ahbash</a> and Hezbollah members were involved in a street battle which was perceived to be over parking issues, both groups later met to form a joint compensation fund for the victims of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Yalib-337">[335]</a> According to Reuters, in 2024, commanders from Hezbollah and Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps were reported to be involved in Yemen, overseeing and directing <a href="/wiki/Houthi_involvement_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi involvement in the Israel–Hamas war">Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hez-338">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances/economy">Finances/economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrival_of_fuel_purchased_from_Iran_to_Lebanon_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arrival_of_fuel_purchased_from_Iran_to_Lebanon_03.jpg/220px-Arrival_of_fuel_purchased_from_Iran_to_Lebanon_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arrival_of_fuel_purchased_from_Iran_to_Lebanon_03.jpg/330px-Arrival_of_fuel_purchased_from_Iran_to_Lebanon_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arrival_of_fuel_purchased_from_Iran_to_Lebanon_03.jpg/440px-Arrival_of_fuel_purchased_from_Iran_to_Lebanon_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Arrival of fuel from Iran to Lebanon in September 2021</figcaption></figure> During the September 2021 fuel shortage, Hezbollah received a convoy of 80 tankers carrying oil/diesel fuel from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks_on_Hezbollah_leaders">Attacks on Hezbollah leaders</h2></div> Hezbollah has also been the target of bomb attacks and kidnappings. These include: <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/1985_Beirut_car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Beirut car bombing">1985 Beirut car bombing</a>, Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hussein_Fadlallah" title="Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah">Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah</a> was targeted, but the assassination attempt failed.</li> <li>On 28 July 1989, Israeli commandos kidnapped Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Karim_Obeid" title="Abdel Karim Obeid">Abdel Karim Obeid</a>, the leader of Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> This action led to the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 638, which condemned all hostage takings by all sides.</li> <li>On 16 February 1992, Israeli helicopters attacked a motorcade in southern Lebanon, killing the Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Abbas al-Musawi">Abbas al-Musawi</a>, his wife, son, and four others.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline:_Lebanon-89">[87]</a></li> <li>On 31 March 1995, Rida Yasin, also known as Abu Ali, was killed by a single rocket fired from an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Airforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Airforce">Israeli</a> helicopter while in a car near <a href="/wiki/Derdghaya" title="Derdghaya">Derdghaya</a> in the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_southern_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon">security zone</a> 10 km east of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. Yasin was a senior military commander in southern Lebanon. His companion in the car was also killed. An Israeli civilian was killed and fifteen wounded in the retaliatory rocket fire.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a></li> <li>On 12 February 2008, <a href="/wiki/Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Imad Mughniyeh">Imad Mughniyeh</a> was killed by a car bomb in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a></li> <li>On 3 December 2013, senior military commander <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Laqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al-Laqis">Hassan al-Laqis</a> was shot outside his home, two miles (three kilometers) southwest of Beirut. He died a few hours later on 4 December.<a href="#cite_note-c-345">[343]</a></li> <li>On 18 January 2015, a group of Hezbollah fighters was targeted in <a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a>, with the Al-Nusra Front claiming responsibility. In this attack, for which Israel was also accused, Jihad Mughniyeh, son of Imad Mughniyeh, five other members of Hezbollah and an Iranian general of Quds Force, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Allahdadi" title="Mohammad Ali Allahdadi">Mohammad Ali Allahdadi</a>, were killed.<a href="#cite_note-jpost-346">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aljazeera_a-347">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2-348">[346]</a></li> <li>On 10 May 2016, an explosion near Damascus International Airport killed top military commander <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Badreddine" title="Mustafa Badreddine">Mustafa Badreddine</a>. Lebanese media sources attributed the attack to an Israeli airstrike. Hezbollah attributed the attack to <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a></li> <li>On 30 July 2024, an Israeli air strike in Beirut killed Hezbollah senior commander, a founding member of Hezbollah's armed wing, <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Shukr" title="Fuad Shukr">Fuad Shukr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a></li> <li>On 20 September 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Aqil" title="Ibrahim Aqil">Ibrahim Aqil</a>, a senior commander in the group's elite <a href="/wiki/Redwan_Force" title="Redwan Force">Redwan Force</a>, was killed in Israeli strike on Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a></li> <li>On 27 September 2024, an airstrike by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dahieh" title="Dahieh">Dahieh</a> killed secretary general <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a>, the Hezbollah's supreme leader.<a href="#cite_note-ap20240928-354">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Karaki" title="Ali Karaki">Ali Karaki</a>, Hezbollah's commander of the southern front since 1982, was killed in the same Israeli airstrike alongside Nasrallah.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a></li> <li>On 4 October 2024, an Israeli air strike on the southern suburbs of Beirut killed Head of Hezbollah's Executive Council, <a href="/wiki/Hashem_Safieddine" title="Hashem Safieddine">Hashem Safieddine</a>, likely successor of Nasrallah as Hezbollah's next leader.<a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a></li> <li>On 17 November 2024, Hezbollah's media relations chief, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afif" title="Mohammad Afif">Mohammad Afif</a>, was killed in an Israeli airstrike on the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Ba'ath Party</a> headquarters in Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targeting_policy">Targeting policy</h2></div> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, Hezbollah condemned <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> for targeting civilians in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationbuilder-359">[357]</a> but remained silent on the attack on <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp_inside_the_mind-360">[358]</a> Hezbollah also denounced the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_massacres_of_the_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s">massacres in Algeria</a> by <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Islamic Group">Armed Islamic Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a> attacks on tourists in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a> the murder of <a href="/wiki/Nick_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Berg">Nick Berg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">attacks in Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> Although Hezbollah has denounced certain attacks on civilians, some people accuse the organization of the bombing of an Argentine synagogue in 1994. Argentine prosecutor Alberto Nisman, Marcelo Martinez Burgos, and their "staff of some 45 people"<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> said that Hezbollah and their contacts in Iran were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/AMIA_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIA Bombing">1994 bombing</a> of a Jewish cultural center in Argentina, in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured".<a href="#cite_note-Argentine-365">[363]</a> In August 2012, the United States State Department's counter-terrorism coordinator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin" title="Daniel Benjamin">Daniel Benjamin</a> said that Hezbollah "is not constrained by concerns about collateral damage or political fallout that could result from conducting operations there [in Europe]".<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_Europe_hit3-366">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_Europe_hit-367">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_Europe_hit1-368">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezbollah foreign relations">Hezbollah foreign relations</a></div> Hezbollah has close relations with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> It also has ties with the leadership in Syria, specifically President <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, until his death in 2000, supported it.<a href="#cite_note-e-370">[368]</a> It is also a close Assad ally, and its leader pledged support to the embattled Syrian leader.<a href="#cite_note-f-371">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-g-372">[370]</a> Although Hezbollah and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> are not organizationally linked, Hezbollah provides military training as well as financial and moral support to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a> Furthermore, Hezbollah was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> American and Israeli counter-terrorism officials claim that Hezbollah has (or had) links to <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, although Hezbollah's leaders deny these allegations.<a href="#cite_note-Gunaratna-374">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a> Also, some al-Qaeda leaders, like <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> clerics, consider Hezbollah to be heretics.<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> But United States intelligence officials speculate that there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> for Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Samaha" title="Michel Samaha">Michel Samaha</a>, Lebanon's former minister of information, has said that Hezbollah has been an important ally of the government in the war against terrorist groups, and described the "American attempt to link Hezbollah to al-Qaeda" to be "astonishing".<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3></div> As of 2024, Hezbollah's support within Lebanon is limited, especially after being blamed for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">2020 Beirut port explosion</a> and the obstruction of accountability efforts. According to a 2024 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Barometer" title="Arab Barometer">Arab Barometer</a> survey, 55 percent of Lebanese have "no trust at all" in the group. Support remains concentrated primarily among the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shiite population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-379">[377]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Samaha" title="Michel Samaha">Michel Samaha</a>, Lebanon's minister of information, Hezbollah is seen as "a legitimate resistance organization that has defended its land against the Israeli occupying force, and consistently stood up to the Israeli army".<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> Samaha was sentenced for smuggling explosives to carry out terrorist attacks in Lebanon with the help of the Syrian regime.<a href="#cite_note-meo20feb-380">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-muir-381">[379]</a> According to a survey released by the "Beirut Center for Research and Information", of 800 citizens polled between 24 and 26 July 2006, during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, "showed 87 percent support for Hizbullah's [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] retaliatory attacks on northern Israel".<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> a rise of 29 percentage points from a similar poll conducted in February.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More striking, however, was the level of support for Hezbollah's resistance from Sunni communities. "Eighty percent of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a> polled supported Hizbullah [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] along with 80 percent of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Druze</a> and 89 percent of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunnis</a>."<a href="#cite_note-383">[381]</a> In a poll of Lebanese adults taken in 2004, 6% of respondents gave unqualified support to the statement "Hezbollah should be disarmed". 41% reported unqualified disagreement. A poll of Gaza Strip and West Bank residents indicated that 79.6% had "a very good view" of Hezbollah, and most of the remainder had a "good view". Polls of Jordanian adults in December 2005 and June 2006 showed that 63.9% and 63.3%, respectively, considered Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance organization. In the December 2005 poll, only 6% of Jordanian adults considered Hezbollah to be terrorist.<a href="#cite_note-an-384">[382]</a> A July 2006 USA Today/Gallup poll found that 83% of the 1,005 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, compared to 66% who blamed Israel to some degree. Additionally, 76% disapproved of the military action Hezbollah took in Israel, compared to 38% who disapproved of Israel's military action in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-Pollingreport-385">[383]</a> A poll in August 2006 by ABC News and The Washington Post found that 68% of the 1,002 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the civilian casualties in Lebanon during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, compared to 31% who blamed Israel to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-Pollingreport-385">[383]</a> Another August 2006 poll by CNN showed that 69% of the 1,047 Americans polled believed that Hezbollah is unfriendly towards, or an enemy of, the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Pollingreport-385">[383]</a> In 2010, a survey of Muslims in Lebanon showed that 94% of Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shia</a> supported Hezbollah, while 84% of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni</a> Muslims held an unfavorable opinion of the group.<a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a> Some public opinion has started to turn against Hezbollah for their support of Syrian President Assad's attacks on the opposition movement in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a> Crowds in Cairo shouted out against Iran and Hezbollah, at a public speech by Hamas President Ismail Haniya in February 2012, when Hamas changed its support to the Syrian opposition.<a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="View_of_Hezbollah">View of Hezbollah</h4></div> A November 2020 poll in Lebanon performed by the pro-Israel, American <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" title="The Washington Institute for Near East Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a> declared that support for Hezbollah is declining significantly. Below is a table of the results of their polls.<a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="5">View (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Very positive </th> <th>Somewhat positive </th> <th>Somewhat negative </th> <th>Very negative </th> <th>Unsure </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>59 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shia</a> </td> <td>66 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_or_resistance_movement">Designation as a terrorist organization or resistance movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">List of designated terrorist groups</a></div> Hezbollah's status as a legitimate political party, a terrorist group, a resistance movement, or some combination thereof is a contentious issue.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz1-390">[388]</a> As of October 2020, Hezbollah or its military wing are considered <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organizations</a> by at least 26 countries, as well as by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and since 2017 by most member states of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, with the exception of Iraq and Lebanon, where Hezbollah is the most powerful political party.<a href="#cite_note-Wedeman-391">[389]</a> In June 2024, the Arab League leadership has announced that it no longer views Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-MEM-2024-392">[390]</a> The countries that have designated Hezbollah a terrorist organization include: the Gulf Cooperation Council,<a href="#cite_note-GCC-393">[391]</a> and their members Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Gulf-Coop-394">[392]</a> Bahrain,<a href="#cite_note-bahrain-list-395">[393]</a> United Arab Emirates,<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Gulf-Coop-394">[392]</a> as well as Argentina,<a href="#cite_note-arg-repet-396">[394]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-canada-list-397">[395]</a> Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-Anadolu-Agency-2020-398">[396]</a> Estonia,<a href="#cite_note-jpost646587-399">[397]</a> Germany,<a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a> Honduras,<a href="#cite_note-Anadolu-Agency-2020-398">[396]</a> Israel,<a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a> Kosovo,<a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a> Lithuania,<a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> Paraguay,<a href="#cite_note-PAR-404">[402]</a> Serbia,<a href="#cite_note-jpost646587-399">[397]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ahren-405">[403]</a> United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-homeoffice-406">[404]</a> United States,<a href="#cite_note-us-fto-407">[405]</a> and Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-jpost646700-408">[406]</a> The EU differentiates between Hezbollah's political wing and military wing, banning only the latter, though Hezbollah itself does not recognize such a distinction.<a href="#cite_note-jpost646587-399">[397]</a> Hezbollah maintains that it is a legitimate <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> fighting for the liberation of Lebanese territory. There is a "wide difference" between American and Arab perception of Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a> officially classify Hezbollah or its external security wing as a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a>, and some of their violent acts have been described as terrorist attacks. However, throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim worlds</a>, Hezbollah is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>, engaged in <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HG20Ak02-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-hiof-Views-409">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> Even within Lebanon, sometimes Hezbollah's status as either a "militia" or "national resistance" has been contentious. In Lebanon, although not universally supported, Hezbollah is widely seen as a legitimate national resistance organization defending Lebanon, and has been described by the Lebanese information minister as an important ally in fighting terrorist groups.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> has never listed Hezbollah as a terrorist organization under its sanctions list, although some of its members have done so individually. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> listed Hezbollah's military wing as a terrorist organization<a href="#cite_note-UKHO2015-412">[410]</a> until May 2019 when the entire organization was proscribed,<a href="#cite_note-UKban-413">[411]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-Designation-of-Foreign-Terrorist-Organizations-414">[412]</a> lists the entire group as such. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> has considered Hezbollah a legitimate sociopolitical organization,<a href="#cite_note-Russia-says-Hezbollah-415">[413]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> remains neutral and maintains contacts with Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-Nashabe-2012-416">[414]</a> In May 2013, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> released statements that they will join other European countries in calling for an <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>-blacklisting of Hezbollah as a terror group.<a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a> In April 2020 Germany designated the organization—including its political wing—as a terrorist organization, and banned any activity in support of Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>The following entities have listed Hezbollah as a terror group: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Listing </th> <th class="unsortable">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> Argentina </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JPostAR-419">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-TOIAR-420">[418]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australia </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardaust-423">[421]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austria </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-jnsCzech-424">[422]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Bahrain </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JPostBahrain-425">[423]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canada </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-h-426">[424]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Colombia </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Anadolu-Agency-2020-398">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColombiaHonduras-427">[425]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Czech Republic </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-jnsCzech-424">[422]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> Estonia </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-jpost646587-399">[397]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </td> <td>Hezbollah's military wing </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudoren-Jodi-2013a-429">[427]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> France </td> <td>Hezbollah's military wing, France considers the political wing as a legitimate sociopolitical organization </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Algemeiner-Journal-2013-430">[428]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Germany </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-431">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GCC-393">[391]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> Guatemala </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-jpost646700-408">[406]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Honduras </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ColombiaHonduras-427">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israel </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_–_International_terrorist_organization-39">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> Kosovo </td> <td>Hezbollah's military wing </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-435">[433]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Lithuania </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Netherlands </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Fairclough-Gordon-2012-437">[435]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> New Zealand </td> <td>Hezbollah's military wing Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, since 2010 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NZ-r1373-terrorlist-438">[436]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> Paraguay </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-JPostPAR-439">[437]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> Serbia </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-440">[438]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Slovenia </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ahren-405">[403]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Arab Emirates </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Gulf-Coop-394">[392]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-UKban-413">[411]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-441">[439]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>The following entities do not consider Hezbollah a terror organization: </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-442">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[441]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Algeria </td> <td>The entire organization Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-444">[442]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> China </td> <td>Maintains contacts with Hezbollah </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Nashabe-2012-416">[414]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Cuba </td> <td>Hezbollah allegedly operates a base in Cuba </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Cuba-26">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> Iran </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-openDemocracy-445">[443]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> North Korea </td> <td>Allegedly supports Hezbollah. Considers Hezbollah an organization of Lebanese patriotic forces </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-446">[444]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russia </td> <td>Considers Hezbollah a legitimate sociopolitical organization </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Russia-says-Hezbollah-415">[413]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Syria </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-447">[445]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>Disputed: </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Iraq </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-448">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[450]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Western_world">In the Western world</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: Outdated information and duplicate points. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hezbollah" title="Special:EditPage/Hezbollah">improve this section</a> if you can. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> has designated Hezbollah a terrorist organization since 1995. The group remains on Foreign Terrorist Organization and Specially Designated Terrorist lists. According to the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, "The U.S. government holds Hezbollah responsible for a number of attacks and hostage takings targeting Americans in Lebanon during the 1980s, including the <a href="/wiki/1983_US_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut">bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut in April 1983</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in October 1983</a>, which together killed 258 Americans. Hezbollah's operations outside of Lebanon, including its participation in bombings of Israeli and Jewish targets in Argentina during the 1990s and more recent training and liaison activities with Shiite insurgents in Iraq, have cemented the organization's reputation among U.S. policy makers as a capable and deadly adversary with potential global reach."<a href="#cite_note-453">[451]</a> The United Kingdom was the first government to attempt to make a distinction between Hezbollah's political and military wings, declaring the latter a terrorist group in July 2008 after Hezbollah confirmed its association with Imad Mughniyeh.<a href="#cite_note-454">[452]</a> In 2019, the UK Government proscribed the entirety of Hezbollah as an organisation due to the difficulties in distunishing between the political and military wings, as a way of limiting its influence in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-455">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[454]</a> In 2012, British "Foreign Minister William Hague urged the European Union to place Hezbollah's military wing on its list of terrorist organizations".<a href="#cite_note-457">[455]</a> The United States also urged the EU to classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In light of findings implicating Hezbollah in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">bus bombing in Burgas, Bulgaria in 2012</a>, there was renewed discussion within the European Union to label Hezbollah's military wing as a terrorist group.<a href="#cite_note-458">[456]</a> On 22 July 2013, the European Union agreed to blacklist Hezbollah's military wing over concerns about its growing role in the Syrian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-459">[457]</a> In the midst of the 2006 conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, Russia's government declined to include Hezbollah in a newly released list of terrorist organizations, with Yuri Sapunov, the head of anti-terrorism for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation</a>, saying that they list only organizations which represent "the greatest threat to the security of our country".<a href="#cite_note-460">[458]</a> Prior to the release of the list, Russian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> called "on Hezbollah to stop resorting to any terrorist methods, including attacking neighboring states".<a href="#cite_note-461">[459]</a> The Quartet's fourth member, the United Nations, does not maintain such a list,<a href="#cite_note-462">[460]</a> however, the United Nations has made repeated calls for Hezbollah to disarm and accused the group of destabilizing the region and causing harm to Lebanese civilians.<a href="#cite_note-463">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[463]</a> Human rights organizations <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> have accused Hezbollah of committing <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> against Israeli civilians.<a href="#cite_note-466">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[467]</a> Argentine prosecutors hold Hezbollah and their financial supporters in Iran responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1994_AMIA_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 AMIA Bombing">1994 AMIA Bombing</a> of a Jewish cultural center, described by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> as "the worst terrorist attack on Argentine soil", in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured".<a href="#cite_note-Argentine-365">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[468]</a> During the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> condemned attacks by Hezbollah fighters on Israeli forces in south Lebanon, saying they were "terrorism" and not acts of resistance. "France condemns Hezbollah's attacks, and all types of terrorist attacks which may be carried out against soldiers, or possibly Israel's civilian population."<a href="#cite_note-471">[469]</a> Italian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" title="Massimo D'Alema">Massimo D'Alema</a> differentiated the wings of Hezbollah: "Apart from their well-known terrorist activities, they also have political standing and are socially engaged."<a href="#cite_note-472">[470]</a> Germany does not maintain its own list of terrorist organizations, having chosen to adopt the common EU list. However, German officials have indicated they would likely support designating Hezbollah a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-473">[471]</a> The Netherlands regards Hezbollah as terrorist discussing it as such in official reports of their general intelligence and security service<a href="#cite_note-nlfas-474">[472]</a> and in official answers by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-475">[473]</a> On 22 July 2013, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> declared the military wings of Hezbollah as a terrorist organization; effectively blacklisting the entity.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-476">[474]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Designation-of-Foreign-Terrorist-Organizations-414">[412]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GCC-393">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-h-426">[424]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UKban-413">[411]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fairclough-Gordon-2012-437">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_–_International_terrorist_organization-39">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-guardaust-423">[421]</a> have classified Hezbollah as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organization</a>. In early 2015, the US <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a> removed Hezbollah from the list of "active terrorist threats" against the United States while Hezbollah remained designated as terrorist by the US,<a href="#cite_note-477">[475]</a> and by mid 2015 several Hezbollah officials were sanctioned by the US for their role in facilitating military activity in the ongoing Syrian Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-478">[476]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-Algemeiner-Journal-2013-430">[428]</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> have proscribed Hezbollah's military wing, but do not list Hezbollah as a whole as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-NZ-r1373-terrorlist-438">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudoren-Jodi-2013a-429">[427]</a> Serbia, which recently designated Iran-backed Hezbollah entirely as a terrorist organization, fully implement measures to restrict Hezbollah's operations and financial activities.<a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-440">[438]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Arab_and_Muslim_world">In the Arab and Muslim world</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Islam_Film_protests_(8009242499).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009242499%29.jpg/220px-Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009242499%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009242499%29.jpg/330px-Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009242499%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009242499%29.jpg/440px-Anti-Islam_Film_protests_%288009242499%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia, with a Hezbollah flag in September 2012</figcaption></figure> In 2006, Hezbollah was regarded as a legitimate resistance movement throughout most of the Arab and Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-HG20Ak02-112">[110]</a> Furthermore, most of the Sunni Arab world sees Hezbollah as an agent of Iranian influence, and therefore, would like to see their power in Lebanon diminished.<a href="#cite_note-479">[477]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Jordan, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> have condemned Hezbollah's actions, saying that "the Arabs and Muslims can't afford to allow an irresponsible and adventurous organization like Hezbollah to drag the region to war" and calling it "dangerous adventurism".<a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-480">[478]</a> After an alleged <a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a>, the Egyptian regime of <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> officially classified Hezbollah as a terrorist group.<a href="#cite_note-la-481">[479]</a> Following the 2012 Presidential elections the new government recognized Hezbollah as a "real political and military force" in Lebanon. The Egyptian ambassador to Lebanon, Ashraf Hamdy, stated that, "Resistance in the sense of defending Lebanese territory ... That's their primary role. We ... think that as a resistance movement they have done a good job to keep on defending Lebanese territory and trying to regain land occupied by Israel is legal and legitimate."<a href="#cite_note-RK2012-482">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-LW2012-483">[481]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahraini uprising</a>, Bahrain <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bahrain)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)">foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Ahmad_Al_Khalifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah">Khalid ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah</a> labeled Hezbollah a terrorist group and accused them of supporting the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-bahrain-484">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[483]</a> On 10 April 2013, Bahrain blacklisted Hezbollah as a terrorist group, being the first Arab state in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-jpost10apr13-486">[484]</a> While Hezbollah has supported popular uprisings in <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Yemeni_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Yemeni uprising">Yemen</a>, Bahrain and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a>, Hezbollah publicly sided with Iran and Syria during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Syrian uprising">2011 Syrian uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[485]</a> This position has prompted criticism from anti-government Syrians. As Hezbollah supported other movements in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, anti-government Syrians have stated that they feel "betrayed" by a double standard allegedly applied by the movement. Following Hezbollah's aid in Assad government's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">victory in Qusayr</a>, anti-Hezbollah editorials began regularly appearing in the Arabic media and anti-Hezbollah graffiti has been seen in southern Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-488">[486]</a> In March 2016, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization due to its alleged attempts to undermine GCC states, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> followed the move, with reservation by <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. In the summit, Lebanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Gebran_Bassil" title="Gebran Bassil">Gebran Bassil</a> said that "Hezbollah enjoys wide representation and is an integral faction of the Lebanese community", while Iraqi Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a> said <a href="/wiki/Al-Hashd_al-Shaabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hashd al-Shaabi">PMF</a> and Hezbollah "have preserved Arab dignity" and those who accuse them of being terrorists are terrorists themselves. Saudi delegation walked out of the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-489">[487]</a> Israel's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> called the step, "'important' and 'even amazing'".<a href="#cite_note-490">[488]</a> A day before the move by the Arab League, Hezbollah leader Nasrallah said that, "Saudi Arabia is angry with Hezbollah since it is daring to say what only a few others dare to say against <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">its royal family</a>."<a href="#cite_note-491">[489]</a> In 2020, a German security contractor accused <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> of financing Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-492">[490]</a> In September 2021, U.S' Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a> commended the combined efforts taken by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Qatar">Government of Qatar</a> against Hezbollah financial network which involved the abuse of international financial system by using global networks of financiers and front companies to spread <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-493">[491]</a> In July 2022, Qatar participated in a 30-nation meeting led by the United States to counter Hezbollah, according to <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-494">[492]</a> In June 2024, the Arab League Assistant Secretary-General Hossam Zaki has announced that the Arab League no longer considers Hezbollah a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-MEM-2024-392">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Lebanon">In Lebanon</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_of_killed_Hezbollah_members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graves_of_killed_Hezbollah_members.jpg/220px-Graves_of_killed_Hezbollah_members.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graves_of_killed_Hezbollah_members.jpg/330px-Graves_of_killed_Hezbollah_members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graves_of_killed_Hezbollah_members.jpg/440px-Graves_of_killed_Hezbollah_members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Graves of killed Hezbollah members at a mausoleum in Beirut</figcaption></figure> In an interview during the 2006 Lebanon War, then-President <a href="/wiki/Emile_Lahoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Lahoud">Emile Lahoud</a> stated, "Hezbollah enjoys utmost prestige in Lebanon, because it freed our country ... even though it is very small, it stands up to Israel."<a href="#cite_note-495">[493]</a> Following the 2006 War, other Lebanese including members of the government were resentful of the large damage sustained by the country and saw Hezbollah's actions as unjustified "dangerous adventurism" rather than legitimate resistance. They accused Hezbollah of acting on behalf of Iran and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-496">[494]</a> An official of the <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a>, warned that Hezbollah "has all the characteristics of a terrorist party", and that Hezbollah is moving Lebanon toward the Iranian Islamic system of government.<a href="#cite_note-497">[495]</a> In August 2008, Lebanon's cabinet completed a policy statement which recognized "the right of Lebanon's people, army, and resistance to liberate the Israeli-occupied Shebaa Farms, Kafar Shuba Hills, and the Lebanese section of Ghajar village, and defend the country using all legal and possible means".<a href="#cite_note-Nafez_Qawas-498">[496]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gebran_Tueni" title="Gebran Tueni">Gebran Tueni</a>, a late conservative Orthodox Christian editor of <a href="/wiki/An-Nahar" title="An-Nahar">an-Nahar</a>, referred to Hezbollah as an "Iranian import" and said "they have nothing to do with Arab civilization". Tuení believed that Hezbollah's evolution is cosmetic, concealing a sinister long-term strategy to Islamicize Lebanon and lead it into a ruinous war with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-nybooks-73">[71]</a> By 2017, a poll showed that 62% of Lebanese Christians believed that Hezbollah was doing a "better job than anyone else in defending Lebanese interests in the region, and they trust it more than other social institutions".<a href="#cite_note-499">[497]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarly_views">Scholarly views</h4></div> Academics specializing in a wide variety of the social sciences believe that Hezbollah is an example of an Islamic terrorist organization. Such scholars and research institutes include the following: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Phares" title="Walid Phares">Walid Phares</a>, Lebanese-born terrorism scholar and member of the Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-500">[498]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_LeVine" title="Mark LeVine">Mark LeVine</a>, American historian<a href="#cite_note-501">[499]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a>, Israeli historian<a href="#cite_note-502">[500]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich">Robert S. Wistrich</a>, Israeli historian<a href="#cite_note-503">[501]</a></li> <li>Eyal Zisser, Israeli historian<a href="#cite_note-504">[502]</a></li> <li>Siamak Khatami, Iranian scholar<a href="#cite_note-505">[503]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gunaratna" title="Rohan Gunaratna">Rohan Gunaratna</a>, Singaporean scholar<a href="#cite_note-Gunaratna-374">[372]</a></li> <li>Neeru Gaba, Australian scholar<a href="#cite_note-506">[504]</a></li> <li>Tore Bjørgo, Norwegian scholar<a href="#cite_note-507">[505]</a></li> <li>Magnus Norell, of the <a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_for_Democracy" title="European Foundation for Democracy">European Foundation for Democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-508">[506]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cordesman" title="Anthony Cordesman">Anthony Cordesman</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[507]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a><a href="#cite_note-510">[508]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[509]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_foreign_legislators">Views of foreign legislators</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Barrett" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Gresham Barrett">J. Gresham Barrett</a> brought up legislation in the U.S. House of Representatives which, among other things, referred to Hezbollah as a terrorist organization. Congress members <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lantos" title="Tom Lantos">Tom Lantos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Saxton" title="Jim Saxton">Jim Saxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thad_McCotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Thad McCotter">Thad McCotter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Shays" title="Chris Shays">Chris Shays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boustany" title="Charles Boustany">Charles Boustany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcee_Hastings" title="Alcee Hastings">Alcee Hastings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wexler" title="Robert Wexler">Robert Wexler</a> referred to Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in their speeches supporting the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-512">[510]</a> Shortly before a speech by Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>, U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a> said, "He [Maliki] denounces terrorism, and I have to take him at his word. Hezbollah is a terrorist organization."<a href="#cite_note-513">[511]</a> In 2011, a bipartisan group of members of Congress introduced the Hezbollah Anti-Terrorism Act. The act ensures that no American aid to Lebanon will enter the hands of Hezbollah. On the day of the act's introduction, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a> said, "Hezbollah is a terrorist group and a cancer on Lebanon. The Hezbollah Anti-Terrorism Act surgically targets this cancer and will strengthen the position of Lebanese who oppose Hezbollah."<a href="#cite_note-514">[512]</a> In a Sky News interview during the 2006 Lebanon war, British MP <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> said that Hezbollah is "not a terrorist organization".<a href="#cite_note-515">[513]</a> Former Swiss member of parliament, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ziegler" title="Jean Ziegler">Jean Ziegler</a>, said in 2006: "I refuse to describe Hezbollah as a terrorist group. It is a national movement of resistance."<a href="#cite_note-516">[514]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_performance">Electoral performance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leading candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_Lebanese_general_election" title="1992 Lebanese general election">1992</a> </th> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">8 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>New </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Lebanese_general_election" title="1996 Lebanese general election">1996</a> </th> <td>— </td> <td>— (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">7 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/10px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/15px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/20px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a>1 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_Lebanese_general_election" title="2000 Lebanese general election">2000</a> </th> <td>— </td> <td>— (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a>3 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_Lebanese_general_election" title="2005 Lebanese general election">2005</a> </th> <td>— </td> <td>— (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">14 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a>4 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Fouad_Siniora" title="First Cabinet of Fouad Siniora">Coalition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009</a> </th> <td>— </td> <td>— (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">13 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/10px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/15px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/20px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a>1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Saad_Hariri" title="First Cabinet of Saad Hariri">Coalition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">2018</a> </th> <td>289,174 </td> <td>16.44 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">12 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/10px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/15px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Red_Arrow_Down.svg/20px-Red_Arrow_Down.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a>1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Third_Cabinet_of_Saad_Hariri" title="Third Cabinet of Saad Hariri">Coalition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022</a> </th> <td>335,466 </td> <td>18.56 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">15 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F7DF19; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a>3 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Third_Cabinet_of_Najib_Mikati" title="Third Cabinet of Najib Mikati">Coalition</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/28px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/42px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/56px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_equipment_of_Hezbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment of Hezbollah">Military equipment of Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Lebanon" title="Terrorism in Lebanon">Terrorism in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_al-Bina" title="Jihad al-Bina">Jihad al-Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_Landmark_of_the_Resistance" title="Tourist Landmark of the Resistance">Mleeta museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Companies">Jaysh al-Mahdi (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades (Bahrain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Assad_Allah_al-Ghalib_fi_al-Iraq_wa_al-Sham" title="Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham">Liwa Assad Allah (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_Al-Hejaz" title="Hezbollah Al-Hejaz">Hezbollah al-Hejaz (Saudi Arabia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabireen_Movement" title="Sabireen Movement">Harakah al-Sabireen (Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Bahrain" title="Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain">Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)" title="Islamic Movement (Nigeria)">Islamic Movement (Nigeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emtrasur_Cargo" title="Emtrasur Cargo">Emtrasur Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_Movement_in_Iraq" title="Hezbollah Movement in Iraq">Hezbollah Movement in Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakah Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_al-Imam_Ali" title="Kata'ib al-Imam Ali">Kata'ib al-Imam Ali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> see [Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=56">5:56</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">transliterations</a> include Hizbullah, Hizballah, Hizbollah, Hezbolla, Hezballah, Hisbollah, Hizbu'llah and Hizb Allah. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/37247">"Fadlallah Hits Back at March 14 over Karam Release, Marouni Slams 'Treason Accusations'"</a>. Naharnet. 18 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fadlallah+Hits+Back+at+March+14+over+Karam+Release%2C+Marouni+Slams+%27Treason+Accusations%27&rft.pub=Naharnet&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F37247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiite_jihad-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shiite_jihad_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiite_jihad_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiite_jihad_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Smyth2015" class="citation report cs1">Philip Smyth (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150705/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf">The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects</a> (PDF) (Report). The Washington Institute for Near East Studies. pp. 7–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Shiite+Jihad+in+Syria+and+Its+Regional+Effects&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Studies&rft.date=2015-02&rft.au=Philip+Smyth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fuploads%2FDocuments%2Fpubs%2FPolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalacoura_2012-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalacoura_2012_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalacoura_2012_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalacoura_2012_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalacoura2012" class="citation book cs1">Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlTKrMFyawoC&pg=PA66">"Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah"</a>. Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 66–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511977367.004">10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-97736-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-97736-7"><bdi>978-0-511-97736-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010047275">2010047275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150958046">150958046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamist+Terrorism+and+National+Liberation%3A+Hamas+and+Hizbullah&rft.btitle=Islamist+Terrorism+and+Democracy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=66-96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511977367.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150958046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010047275&rft.isbn=978-0-511-97736-7&rft.aulast=Dalacoura&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlTKrMFyawoC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanova2008" class="citation book cs1">Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf">Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 113. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Asymmetrical+Conflict%3A+Ideological+and+Structural+Aspects&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stepanova&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.sipri.org%2Ffiles%2FRR%2FSIPRIRR23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleis-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gleis_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleis_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleis_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleis_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_L._GleisBenedetta_Berti2012" class="citation book cs1">Joshua L. Gleis; Benedetta Berti (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBtwkj78BUC&pg=PT63">Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0671-8"><bdi>978-1-4214-0671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah+and+Hamas%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0671-8&rft.au=Joshua+L.+Gleis&rft.au=Benedetta+Berti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYBtwkj78BUC%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollah-lebanese-sectarian-state-and-sectarianism">"Hezbollah, the Lebanese Sectarian State, and Sectarianism"</a>. Middle East Institute. Retrieved 13 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%2C+the+Lebanese+Sectarian+State%2C+and+Sectarianism&rft.pub=Middle+East+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fhezbollah-lebanese-sectarian-state-and-sectarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassel_F2015" class="citation web cs1">Bassel F, Salloukh (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pomeps.org/the-sectarian-image-reversed-the-role-of-geopolitics-in-hezbollahs-domestic-politics">"The Sectarian Image Reversed: The Role of Geopolitics in Hezbollah's Domestic Politics"</a>. Middle East Political Pcience.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sectarian+Image+Reversed%3A+The+Role+of+Geopolitics+in+Hezbollah%27s+Domestic+Politics&rft.pub=Middle+East+Political+Pcience&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bassel+F&rft.aufirst=Salloukh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpomeps.org%2Fthe-sectarian-image-reversed-the-role-of-geopolitics-in-hezbollahs-domestic-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iemed.org/publication/hezbollah-and-the-lebanese-popular-movement/">"Hezbollah and the Lebanese Popular Movement"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hezbollah+and+the+Lebanese+Popular+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iemed.org%2Fpublication%2Fhezbollah-and-the-lebanese-popular-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalameyPearson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Salamey, Imad; Pearson, Frederic (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592310701674358">"Hezbollah: A Proletarian Party with an Islamic Manifesto – A Sociopolitical Analysis of Islamist Populism in Lebanon and the Middle East"</a>. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 18 (3): 416–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592310701674358">10.1080/09592310701674358</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143896155">143896155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Hezbollah%3A+A+Proletarian+Party+with+an+Islamic+Manifesto+%E2%80%93+A+Sociopolitical+Analysis+of+Islamist+Populism+in+Lebanon+and+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-438&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143896155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592310701674358&rft.aulast=Salamey&rft.aufirst=Imad&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09592310701674358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElie_Alagha2011" class="citation book cs1">Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0ntL1fUi8kC&pg=PA15">Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. pp. 15, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8555-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8555-037-2"><bdi>978-90-8555-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hizbullah%27s+Documents%3A+From+the+1985+Open+Letter+to+the+2009+Manifesto&rft.pages=15%2C+20&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-8555-037-2&rft.aulast=Elie+Alagha&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0ntL1fUi8kC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehata2012" class="citation book cs1">Shehata, Samer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhl_E-XAeLYC&pg=PA176">Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78361-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78361-3"><bdi>978-0-415-78361-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamist+Politics+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Movements+and+Change&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78361-3&rft.aulast=Shehata&rft.aufirst=Samer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhhl_E-XAeLYC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusseinia2010" class="citation journal cs1">Husseinia, Rola El (2010). "Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria". Third World Quarterly. 31 (5): 803–815. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2010.502695">10.1080/01436597.2010.502695</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219628295">219628295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hezbollah+and+the+Axis+of+Refusal%3A+Hamas%2C+Iran+and+Syria&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=803-815&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2010.502695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219628295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Husseinia&rft.aufirst=Rola+El&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Levitt" title="Matthew Levitt">Levitt, Matthew</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA356">Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God</a>. Hurst Publishers. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-333-5"><bdi>978-1-84904-333-5</bdi></a>. <q>Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+The+Global+Footprint+of+Lebanon%27s+Party+of+God&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-333-5&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTJeAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanhimäkiBlumenau2013" class="citation book cs1">Hanhimäki, Jussi M.; Blumenau, Bernhard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9QycqW1qogC&pg=PA267">An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences</a>. Routledge. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-63540-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-63540-0"><bdi>978-0-415-63540-0</bdi></a>. <q>Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+History+of+Terrorism%3A+Western+and+Non-Western+Experiences&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-63540-0&rft.aulast=Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft.aufirst=Jussi+M.&rft.au=Blumenau%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9QycqW1qogC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2012" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Larry J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MkxxSUSTuEC&pg=PT421">Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-04964-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-04964-7"><bdi>978-1-133-04964-7</bdi></a>. <q>Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminology%3A+Theories%2C+Patterns+%26+Typology&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-04964-7&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MkxxSUSTuEC%26pg%3DPT421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-hi-me-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-hi-me_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-hi-me_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-hi-me_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-hi-me_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314423.stm">"Who Are Hezbollah?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+Are+Hezbollah%3F&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4314423.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anti-West-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Anti-West_16-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Dalacoura_2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-hi-me-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvajal2004" class="citation web cs1">Carvajal, Doreen (14 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/14/world/europe/french-court-orders-a-ban-on-hezbollahrun-tv-channel.html">"French Court Orders a Ban on Hezbollah-Run TV Channel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Court+Orders+a+Ban+on+Hezbollah-Run+TV+Channel&rft.date=2004-12-14&rft.aulast=Carvajal&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F12%2F14%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffrench-court-orders-a-ban-on-hezbollahrun-tv-channel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad-Ghorayeb2002168–86-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaad-Ghorayeb2002168–86_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaad-Ghorayeb2002">Saad-Ghorayeb 2002</a>, pp. 168–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230729-hezbollah-chief-in-new-attack-on-same-sex-relations-1">"Hezbollah chief in new attack on same-sex relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 29 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Hezbollah+chief+in+new+attack+on+same-sex+relations&rft.date=2023-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20230729-hezbollah-chief-in-new-attack-on-same-sex-relations-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308112628/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx">"Interior Ministry releases numbers of votes for new MPs"</a>. The Daily Star. 9 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/2003/2003-02-13-x/pdf/g2-137x1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada+Gazette+Part+II&rft.atitle=SOR%2F2003-53%3A+Criminal+Code%3B+Regulations+Amending+the+Regulations+Establishing+a+List+of+Entities&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=1+extra&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2003-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazette.gc.ca%2Farchives%2Fp2%2F2003%2F2003-02-13-x%2Fpdf%2Fg2-137x1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PitytheNation-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PitytheNation_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PitytheNation_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Fisk, Robert</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC">Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War</a>. 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Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Struggle+Between+Israel+and+Hezbollah&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fsections%2Fisrael-middle-east%2Farticles%2Fstruggle-israel-hezbollah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/breaking-news/265367/hezbollah-chief-marking-one-week-since-badreddines/en">"Hezbollah chief marking one week since Badreddine's killing: Mustafa was the first to fight Israeli military in Khalde battle"</a>. LBC International. 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LBC+International&rft.atitle=Hezbollah+chief+marking+one+week+since+Badreddine%27s+killing%3A+Mustafa+was+the+first+to+fight+Israeli+military+in+Khalde+battle&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbcgroup.tv%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2F265367%2Fhezbollah-chief-marking-one-week-since-badreddines%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim2001" class="citation book cs1">Shlaim, Avi (2001). "The Lebanese Quagmire 1981–1984". The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>. pp. 384–423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32112-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lebanese+Quagmire+1981%E2%80%931984&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Wall%3A+Israel+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=384-423&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32112-8&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AN33-86"><a href="#cite_ref-AN33_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2009" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Augustus (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0MZOnnu8qcC&q=Hezbollah%20a%20short%20history&pg=PP1">Hezbollah: A Short History</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13124-5"><bdi>978-0-691-13124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13124-5&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0MZOnnu8qcC%26q%3DHezbollah%2520a%2520short%2520history%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pape-87"><a href="#cite_ref-pape_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Pape, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape">Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6317-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6317-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-6317-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+to+win%3A+the+strategic+logic+of+suicide+terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6317-8&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyingtowinstrate00pape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980–2003", Appendix 1. (p. 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications) </li> <li id="cite_note-HCR190-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCR190_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCR190_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._CON._RES._190,_1st_session_101st_congress1989" class="citation web cs1">H. CON. RES. 190, 1st session 101st congress (4 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704232744/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:H.CON.RES.190:">"Expressing the sense of the Congress over the reported murder of Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins and Hezbollah-sponsored terrorism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of Congress">The Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:H.CON.RES.190:">the original</a> on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expressing+the+sense+of+the+Congress+over+the+reported+murder+of+Lieutenant+Colonel+William+Higgins+and+Hezbollah-sponsored+terrorism.&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1989-08-04&rft.au=H.+CON.+RES.+190%2C+1st+session+101st+congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fz%3Fc101%3AH.CON.RES.190%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline:_Lebanon-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline:_Lebanon_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline:_Lebanon_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline:_Lebanon_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14649284">"Lebanon profile"</a>. BBC News. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lebanon+profile&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14649284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnden2004" class="citation news cs1">Harnden, Tony (21 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721222037/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fwhizb21.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fixworld.html">"Video games attract young to Hizbollah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/02/21/whizb21.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/02/21/ixworld.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Video+games+attract+young+to+Hizbollah&rft.date=2004-02-21&rft.aulast=Harnden&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fwhizb21.xml%26sSheet%3D%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fixworld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_the_Party_of_God-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Party_of_God_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Party_of_God_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Party_of_God_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Party_of_God_91-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Party_of_God_91-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/10/14/021014fa_fact4?currentPage=4">"In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg"</a>. The New Yorker. 14 October 2002. Retrieved 3 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=In+the+Party+of+God%3A+Are+terrorists+in+Lebanon+preparing+for+a+larger+war%3F+by+Jeffrey+Goldberg&rft.date=2002-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2002%2F10%2F14%2F021014fa_fact4%3FcurrentPage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnus98-92"><a href="#cite_ref-magnus98_92-0">^</a> Ranstorp (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Alagha (2006), pp. 41–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Alagha (2006), p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Marius Deeb, "Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis, and Ideology", Occasional Paper Series (Washington, DC, Georgetown University, 1986) p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> al-Nahar, 7 September 1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> al-Nahar al-Arabi, 10 June </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Ma'aretz, 16 December 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Le Point, 30 July 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> al-Shira, 28 August 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Nouveau Magazine, 23 July 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-magnus97-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magnus97_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnus97_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnus97_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnus97_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnus97_102-4">e</a> Ranstorp (1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates,_John_D._(Presiding)2003" class="citation web cs1">Bates, John D. (Presiding) (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231142249/http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/01-2224.pdf">"Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran"</a> (PDF). District of Columbia, U.S.: The United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/01-2224.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 December 2005. Retrieved 21 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anne+Dammarell+et+al.+v.+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.place=District+of+Columbia%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=The+United+States+District+Court+for+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.date=2003-09&rft.au=Bates%2C+John+D.+%28Presiding%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcd.uscourts.gov%2F01-2224.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDbackground2801-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDbackground2801_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDbackground2801_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDbackground2801_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_State1999" class="citation web cs1">US Department of State (8 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm">"Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations"</a>. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Information+on+Foreign+Terrorist+Organizations&rft.date=1999-10-08&rft.au=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fs%2Fct%2Frls%2Frpt%2Ffto%2F2801.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfaGOV960411-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfaGOV960411_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfaGOV960411_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs1996" class="citation web cs1">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (11 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1996/4/HIZBULLAH+-+11-Apr-96.htm">"Hizbullah"</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hizbullah&rft.date=1996-04-11&rft.au=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FMFAArchive%2F1990_1999%2F1996%2F4%2FHIZBULLAH%2B-%2B11-Apr-96.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/what-is-hezbollahisrael-lebanon-b4daa0a6084df27099cef45b59120034">"What is Hezbollah, the group battling Israel in Lebanon?"</a>. AP News. 24 September 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=What+is+Hezbollah%2C+the+group+battling+Israel+in+Lebanon%3F&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fwhat-is-hezbollahisrael-lebanon-b4daa0a6084df27099cef45b59120034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/hezbollah-lebanese-militant-group/story?id=103864740">"What is Hezbollah? Lebanon's militant group has long been one of Israel's biggest foes"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+Hezbollah%3F+Lebanon%27s+militant+group+has+long+been+one+of+Israel%27s+biggest+foes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fhezbollah-lebanese-militant-group%2Fstory%3Fid%3D103864740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard-2024-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard-2024_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbardRubin2024" class="citation news cs1">Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J. (30 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/iran-axis-of-resistance.html">"Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Facing+a+Big+Test%2C+Iran%27s+%27Axis+of+Resistance%27+Flails&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Alissa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F09%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan-axis-of-resistance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Barak, Oren. "Hizballah". The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a>. New York: Continuum, 2002. p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Rosenthal, Donna. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. New York: Free Press, 2003. p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-2006-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright-2006_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Robin (13 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201557.html">"Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Options+for+U.S.+Limited+As+Mideast+Crises+Spread&rft.pages=A19&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F07%2F12%2FAR2006071201557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HG20Ak02-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HG20Ak02_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG20Ak02_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG20Ak02_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamail2006" class="citation web cs1">Jamail, Dahr (20 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html">"Hezbollah's transformation"</a>. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 20 July 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Hezbollah%27s+transformation&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft.aulast=Jamail&rft.aufirst=Dahr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FMiddle_East%2FHG20Ak02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202078-79-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202078-79_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202078-79_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAl-Aloosy2020">Al-Aloosy 2020</a>, p. 78-79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202080-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202080_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Aloosy202080_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAl-Aloosy2020">Al-Aloosy 2020</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-daher-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daher_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daher_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaher2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Daher, Joseph (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7180AEACAAJ">Hezbollah: a historical materialist analysis</a>. School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) (Thesis). University of London. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25501%2FSOAS.00023667">10.25501/SOAS.00023667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Hezbollah%3A+a+historical+materialist+analysis&rft.inst=University+of+London&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25501%2FSOAS.00023667&rft.aulast=Daher&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7180AEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-engeland-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-engeland_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-engeland_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_EngelandRudolph2008" class="citation book cs1">van Engeland, Anisseh; Rudolph, Rachael M. (2008). From Terrorism to Politics. Ashgate. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4990-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4990-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-4990-8</bdi></a>. <q>The ideology of Hezbollah has changed: it has nowadays a left-wing political speech focused on social justice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Terrorism+to+Politics&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4990-8&rft.aulast=van+Engeland&rft.aufirst=Anisseh&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Rachael+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittle2012" class="citation web cs1">Whittle, Helen (9 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/adorno-prize-for-judith-butler-irks-jewish-groups/a-16225396">"The spirit of Adorno"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=The+spirit+of+Adorno&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fadorno-prize-for-judith-butler-irks-jewish-groups%2Fa-16225396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalameyPearson2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Imad_Salamey" title="Imad Salamey">Salamey, Imad</a>; Pearson, Frederic (2007). "Hezbollah: A Proletarian Party with an Islamic Manifesto – A Sociopolitical Analysis of Islamist Populism in Lebanon and the Middle East". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 18 (3). Routledge: 416–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592310701674358">10.1080/09592310701674358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Hezbollah%3A+A+Proletarian+Party+with+an+Islamic+Manifesto+%E2%80%93+A+Sociopolitical+Analysis+of+Islamist+Populism+in+Lebanon+and+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-438&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592310701674358&rft.aulast=Salamey&rft.aufirst=Imad&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChahal2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chahal, Nahla (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310215252/https://www.palestine-solidarite.org/analyses.Nahla_Chahal.150906.htm">"Le déclin d'Israël"</a>. Palestine solidarité (in French). Archived from the original on 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+solidarit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Le+d%C3%A9clin+d%27Isra%C3%ABl&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Chahal&rft.aufirst=Nahla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-solidarite.org%2Fanalyses.Nahla_Chahal.150906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hizballah_Program-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hizballah_Program_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hizballah_Program_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hizballah_Program_120-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItamar_Rabinovich2008" class="citation book cs1">Itamar Rabinovich (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVJR9UZnTVAC&pg=PA425">Israel in the Middle East</a>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-962-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-962-4"><bdi>978-0-87451-962-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-962-4&rft.au=Itamar+Rabinovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVJR9UZnTVAC%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_document-121"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_document_121-0">^</a> United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310192305/http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/50862df07adbd884852569ad0054a527%21OpenDocument">"Letter dated January 25, 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/50862df07adbd884852569ad0054a527!OpenDocument">the original</a> on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+dated+January+25%2C+2000+from+the+Permanent+Representative+of+Israel+to+the+United+Nations+addressed+to+the+Secretary-General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2Funispal.NSF%2Ffd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918%2F50862df07adbd884852569ad0054a527%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> . Retrieved 17 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program. Joseph Elie Alagha, Amsterdam University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-910-8">978-90-5356-910-8</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Joshua Mitnick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0822/p10s01-wome.html">Behind the dispute over Shebaa Farms</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>, 22 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2006" class="citation news cs1">Whitaker, Brian (10 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,,1771766,00.html">"Flashpoint farmland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 8 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Flashpoint+farmland&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Felsewhere%2Fjournalist%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1771766%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> "Central to this issue is Hizballah's claim, which was also espoused by Lebanon's former pro-Syrian government, that the disputed Shebaa Farms are Lebanese rather than Syrian territories and are occupied by Israel. Therefore, Hizballah maintains that it is a legitimate resistance movement fighting for the liberation of Lebanese territory. Under this pretext, Hizballah, supported by some Lebanese parties, could argue that it is not a militia and thus it is outside the jurisdiction of Resolution 1559." Robert Rabil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2395">Reinforcing Lebanon's Sovereignty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a>, 8 November 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-SC/6878-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SC/6878_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC/6878_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html">"Security council endorses secretary-general's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June"</a>. United Nations Security Council. 18 June 2000. 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The Jerusalem Post. 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Retrieved 14 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Switzerland+nominates+Hezbollah+advocate+for+UN+Human+Rights+Council&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.aulast=Weinthal&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FSwitzerland-nominates-Hezbollah-advocate-for-UN-Human-Rights-Council-322971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Aloosy2020" class="citation book cs1">Al-Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The Changing Ideology of Hezbollah. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Ideology+of+Hezbollah&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Al-Aloosy&rft.aufirst=Massaab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanfordSalim2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blanford, Nicholas; Salim, Arab (23 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0623/Why-Hezbollah-has-openly-joined-the-Syrian-fight">"Why Hezbollah has openly joined the Syrian fight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Why+Hezbollah+has+openly+joined+the+Syrian+fight&rft.date=2013-06-23&rft.aulast=Blanford&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Salim%2C+Arab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMiddle-East%2F2013%2F0623%2FWhy-Hezbollah-has-openly-joined-the-Syrian-fight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvonKhatchadourian2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Avon" title="Dominique Avon">Avon, Dominique</a>; Khatchadourian, Anaïs-Trissa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOZ3Aqf6BzoC&pg=PT14">Hezbollah: A History of the "Party of God"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07031-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07031-8"><bdi>978-0-674-07031-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+A+History+of+the+%22Party+of+God%22&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07031-8&rft.aulast=Avon&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Khatchadourian%2C+Ana%C3%AFs-Trissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOZ3Aqf6BzoC%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaher2019" class="citation book cs1">Daher, Aurélie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Hezbollah: Mobilization and Power</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-09263-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-09263-4"><bdi>978-0-190-09263-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+Mobilization+and+Power&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-190-09263-4&rft.aulast=Daher&rft.aufirst=Aur%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqiieDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionigi2014" class="citation book cs1">Dionigi, Filippo (2014). Hezbollah, Islamist Politics, and International Society. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40302-5"><bdi>978-1-137-40302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%2C+Islamist+Politics%2C+and+International+Society&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-40302-5&rft.aulast=Dionigi&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarida2019" class="citation book cs1">Farida, Mariam (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5rqmDwAAQBAJ">Religion and Hezbollah: Political Ideology and Legitimacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-45857-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-45857-2"><bdi>978-1-000-45857-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Hezbollah%3A+Political+Ideology+and+Legitimacy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-45857-2&rft.aulast=Farida&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5rqmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Richard_Norton" title="Augustus Richard Norton">Norton, Augustus Richard</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXOYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11">Hezbollah: A Short History</a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-400-85144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-400-85144-7"><bdi>978-1-400-85144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+A+Short+History&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-400-85144-7&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXOYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaouli2018" class="citation book cs1">Saouli, Adham (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GiDDwAAQBAJ">Hezbollah: Socialisation and its Tragic Ironies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-474-41954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-474-41954-3"><bdi>978-1-474-41954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+Socialisation+and+its+Tragic+Ironies&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-474-41954-3&rft.aulast=Saouli&rft.aufirst=Adham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GiDDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorrallMabonClubb2015" class="citation book cs1">Worrall, James; Mabon, Simon; Clubb, Gordon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8AfHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9">Hezbollah: From Islamic Resistance to Government: From Islamic Resistance to Government</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-440-83135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-440-83135-5"><bdi>978-1-440-83135-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+From+Islamic+Resistance+to+Government%3A+From+Islamic+Resistance+to+Government&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-440-83135-5&rft.aulast=Worrall&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Mabon%2C+Simon&rft.au=Clubb%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8AfHCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirulnick2012" class="citation news cs1">Zirulnick, Ariel (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1221/In-Hezbollah-stronghold-Lebanese-Christians-find-respect-stability">"In Hezbollah stronghold, Lebanese Christians find respect, stability"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=In+Hezbollah+stronghold%2C+Lebanese+Christians+find+respect%2C+stability&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.aulast=Zirulnick&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMiddle-East%2F2012%2F1221%2FIn-Hezbollah-stronghold-Lebanese-Christians-find-respect-stability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2018" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Augustus R. (2018). Hezbollah: a short history (Updated and expanded third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691180885" title="Special:BookSources/9780691180885"><bdi>9780691180885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+a+short+history&rft.edition=Updated+and+expanded+third&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780691180885&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Augustus+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanstorp1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Ranstorp, Magnus</a> (1997). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16491-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16491-1"><bdi>978-0-312-16491-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hizb%27Allah+in+Lebanon%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Western+Hostage+Crisis&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16491-1&rft.aulast=Ranstorp&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanstorp1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Ranstorp, Magnus</a> (Summer 1998). "The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current Lebanonization process". <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Politics" title="Mediterranean Politics">Mediterranean Politics</a>. 3 (1): 103–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629399808414643">10.1080/13629399808414643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Politics&rft.atitle=The+strategy+and+tactics+of+Hizballah%27s+current+Lebanonization+process&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-134&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629399808414643&rft.aulast=Ranstorp&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Alagha2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Alagha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Alagha (page does not exist)">Joseph Alagha</a> (2006). The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-910-8"><bdi>978-90-5356-910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shifts+in+Hizbullah%27s+Ideology%3A+Religious+Ideology%2C+Political+Ideology&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-910-8&rft.au=Joseph+Alagha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_DiazBarbara_Newman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Diaz" title="Tom Diaz">Tom Diaz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Newman" title="Barbara Newman">Barbara Newman</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQzV3vuV7eAC">Lightning Out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil</a>. <a href="/wiki/Presidio_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio Press">Presidio Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-47568-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-47568-8"><bdi>978-0-345-47568-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightning+Out+of+Lebanon%3A+Hezbollah+Terrorists+on+American+Soil&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-345-47568-8&rft.au=Tom+Diaz&rft.au=Barbara+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQzV3vuV7eAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Nizar_Hamzeh2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Nizar_Hamzeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh (page does not exist)">Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh</a> (2004). In The Path Of Hizbullah. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3053-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3053-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-3053-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+The+Path+Of+Hizbullah&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3053-1&rft.au=Ahmad+Nizar+Hamzeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Palmer_Harik2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_Palmer_Harik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith Palmer Harik (page does not exist)">Judith Palmer Harik</a> (2006). Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-024-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-024-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-024-6&rft.au=Judith+Palmer+Harik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHala_Jaber1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hala_Jaber" title="Hala Jaber">Hala Jaber</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hezbollahbornwit00jabe">Hezbollah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10834-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10834-8"><bdi>978-0-231-10834-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10834-8&rft.au=Hala+Jaber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhezbollahbornwit00jabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvi_Jorisch2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avi_Jorisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avi Jorisch (page does not exist)">Avi Jorisch</a> (2004). Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballahs Al-Manar Television. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944029-88-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944029-88-6"><bdi>978-0-944029-88-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beacon+of+Hatred%3A+Inside+Hizballahs+Al-Manar+Television&rft.pub=Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-944029-88-6&rft.au=Avi+Jorisch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustus_Richard_Norton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Richard_Norton" title="Augustus Richard Norton">Augustus Richard Norton</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720163202/http://www.cfr.org/publication/8612/hizballah_of_lebanon.html">Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/8612/hizballah_of_lebanon.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hizballah+of+Lebanon%3A+Extremist+Ideals+vs.+Mundane+Politics&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Augustus+Richard+Norton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpublication%2F8612%2Fhizballah_of_lebanon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustus_Richard_Norton2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Richard_Norton" title="Augustus Richard Norton">Augustus Richard Norton</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hezbollahshorthi00nort">Hezbollah: A Short History</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13124-5"><bdi>978-0-691-13124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13124-5&rft.au=Augustus+Richard+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhezbollahshorthi00nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQassem2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Qassem, Naim</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hizbullahstoryfr00qasi">Hizbullah: The Story from Within</a>. Saqi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-517-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-517-5"><bdi>978-0-86356-517-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hizbullah%3A+The+Story+from+Within&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-517-5&rft.aulast=Qassem&rft.aufirst=Naim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhizbullahstoryfr00qasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmal_Saad-Ghorayeb2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amal_Saad-Ghorayeb" title="Amal Saad-Ghorayeb">Amal Saad-Ghorayeb</a> (2001). Hizbullah: Politics and Religion. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1793-9"><bdi>978-0-7453-1793-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hizbullah%3A+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1793-9&rft.au=Amal+Saad-Ghorayeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal_Sankari2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_Sankari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamal Sankari (page does not exist)">Jamal Sankari</a> (2005). Fadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi'ite Leader. Saqi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-596-0"><bdi>978-0-86356-596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fadlallah%3A+The+Making+of+a+Radical+Shi%27ite+Leader&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-596-0&rft.au=Jamal+Sankari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Antelava2006" class="citation news cs1">Natalia Antelava (2 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8076820.stm">"Inside Lebanese Hezbollah militia"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+Lebanese+Hezbollah+militia&rft.date=2006-06-02&rft.au=Natalia+Antelava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F8076820.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHezbollah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hezbollah at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hezbollah" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hezbollah">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hezbollah" class="extiw" title="q:Hezbollah">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hezbollah" class="extiw" title="s:Hezbollah">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_resolutions_regarding_Hezbollah">UN resolutions regarding Hezbollah</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8181.doc.htm">UN Press Release SC/8181</a>. UN. 2 September 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=11823&Cr=Lebanon&Cr1=">Lebanon: Close Security Council vote backs free elections, urges foreign troop pullout</a>. UN. 2 September 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links">Other links</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB78.pdf">Is Hezbollah Confronting a Crisis of Popular Legitimacy?</a> (PDF) Eric Lob, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, March 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/html/pdf/hezbollah-testimony-05252005.pdf">Hezbollah</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028175805/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/html/pdf/hezbollah-testimony-05252005.pdf">Archived</a> 28 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise, Testimony of Matthew Levitt, Hearing of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221003851/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/832/op92.htm">Hizbullah's two republics</a> by Mohammed Ben Jelloun, Al-Ahram, 15–21 February 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/lebanon/thestory.html">"Inside Hezbollah"</a> – short documentary and extensive information from Frontline/World on PBS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3284023,00.html">Hizbullah – the 'Party of God'</a> – fact file at Ynetnews</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template talk:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Ministers</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (16)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (3)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hezbollah</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Democratic_Party" title="Lebanese Democratic Party">Lebanese Democratic Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>PM's share (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">National Assembly</a> (128)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (60)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (14)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hezbollah</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Ba'ath Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_Movement" title="Dignity Movement">Dignity Movement</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Union Party (Lebanon)">Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (38)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Movement_(Lebanon)" title="Independence Movement (Lebanon)">Independence Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Group_(Lebanon)" title="Islamic Group (Lebanon)">Islamic group</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a> (13)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqaddom_(Lebanon)" title="Taqaddom (Lebanon)">Taqaddom</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut_Tuqawem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beirut Tuqawem (page does not exist)">Beirut Tuqawem</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahalof_Watani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahalof Watani (page does not exist)">Tahalof Watani</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatt_Ahmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatt Ahmar (page does not exist)">Khatt Ahmar</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_(political_party)" title="Lana (political party)">Lana</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osos_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osos Lebanon (page does not exist)">Osos Lebanon</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReLebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReLebanon (page does not exist)">ReLebanon</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (10)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Dialogue_Party" title="National Dialogue Party">National Dialogue Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab–Israeli_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab–Israeli_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CountriesAuthoritiesOrganizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Countries</li><li>Authorities</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary countries and authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Hamas Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraqi Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Syrian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Gaza)" title="Army of Islam (Gaza)">Army of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">Popular Resistance Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" title="Abu Nidal Organization">Abu Nidal Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Holy War Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_(German_group)" title="Revolutionary Cells (German group)">Revolutionary Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_engagements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="History of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Armed engagements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency" title="Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency">Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samu_incident" title="Samu incident">Samu incident</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a> (1968–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon" title="1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon">Gift</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre">Bayonet</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid">Entebbe</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">Litani</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Opera</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">Wooden Leg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (1987–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers' Bus attack">Mothers' Bus attack</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">Iraqi missile attacks against Israel</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bramble_Bush" title="Operation Bramble Bush">Bramble Bush</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> (1993–2008; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Accountability" title="Operation Accountability">Accountability</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="Operation Grapes of Wrath">Grapes of Wrath</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> (2000–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a> (2001–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">Bringing Home the Goods</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">Summer Rains</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">Autumn Clouds</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> (2006–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">Hot Winter</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">Southern Israel cross-border attacks</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">Returning Echo</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Israeli_operation_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip">Pillar of Defense</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">Gaza War</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wave of violence</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Black Belt</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">Breaking Dawn</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">Shield and Arrow</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> (2023–2024)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_peace_proposals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy and <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">peace proposals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1914 <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li>1915 <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a></li> <li>1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li>1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li>1918 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_to_the_Seven" title="Declaration to the Seven">Declaration to the Seven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Declaration" title="Anglo-French Declaration">Anglo-French Declaration</a></li> <li>1919 <a href="/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_agreement" title="Faisal–Weizmann agreement">Faisal–Weizmann agreement</a></li> <li>1920 <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Churchill_White_Paper" title="Churchill White Paper">Churchill White Paper</a></li> <li>1937 <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1939" title="London Conference of 1939">London Conference</a></li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Morrison%E2%80%93Grady_Plan" title="Morrison–Grady Plan">Morrison–Grady Plan</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Bevin_Plan" title="Bevin Plan">Bevin Plan</a></li> <li>1946–47 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="London Conference of 1946–1947">London Conference</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/American_trusteeship_proposal_for_Palestine" title="American trusteeship proposal for Palestine">American trusteeship proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">Armistice agreements</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Declaration_of_1950" title="Tripartite Declaration of 1950">Tripartite Declaration</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">Khartoum Resolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_338" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 338">UNSC Resolution 338</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_339" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 339">UNSC Resolution 339</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria" title="Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria">Israel–Syria disengagement agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_350" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 350">UNSC Resolution 350</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_425" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 425">UNSC Resolution 425</a> / <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_446" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 446">UNSC Resolution 446</a> / <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_autonomy_talks" title="Palestinian autonomy talks">Palestinian autonomy talks</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_452" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 452">UNSC Resolution 452</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 478">UNSC Resolution 478</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_497" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 497">UNSC Resolution 497</a></li> <li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Reagan_peace_plan" title="Reagan peace plan">Reagan peace plan</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/May_17_Agreement" title="May 17 Agreement">Israel–Lebanon agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Beilin%E2%80%93Abu_Mazen_agreement" title="Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement">Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Arab_League_summit" title="2002 Arab League summit">Beirut Summit and peace initiative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road map</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Initiative" title="Geneva Initiative">Geneva Initiative</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1559" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559">UNSC Resolution 1559</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1566" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566">UNSC Resolution 1566</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1583" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583">UNSC Resolution 1583</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Summit_of_2005" title="Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005">Sharm El Sheikh Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip#2005_Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1850" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1850">UNSC Resolution 1850</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quartet_Principles" title="Quartet Principles">Quartet Principles</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701">UNSC Resolution 1701</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_Parameters" title="John Kerry Parameters">John Kerry Parameters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Trump peace plan</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">Israel–UAE normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Israel–Sudan normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Israel–Morocco normalization agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_maritime_border_dispute" title="Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute">Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_civil_war" title="Template:Syrian civil war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_civil_war" title="Template talk:Syrian civil war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_civil_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian civil war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2024 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2024)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)">Northwestern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">Battle of Aleppo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive 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Forces">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces" title="Kuwait Armed Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of 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title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">italic - country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41053#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41053#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41053#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5110433-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88191600">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12476708q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12476708q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20070126010&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11044617">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBassel_F2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates,_John_D._(Presiding)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelot2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanford2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanfordSalim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoettcher,_MikeSchuster,_Henry2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks-Pollock2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalamur2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvajal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChahal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaya2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCody2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColitt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowell,_Alan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalacoura2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeeb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDershowitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDionigi2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_CodyMolly_Moore2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Deeb2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElie_Alagha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElise_LabottHenry_Schuster2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelandRudolph2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarida2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarquhar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilkins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitchDana_Ballout2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFollath2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGantz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatoWindrem2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Fakhry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhattas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhattas_Saab2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiraldo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenbergShurafa2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._CON._RES._190,_1st_session_101st_congress1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHala_Jaber1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanhimäkiBlumenau2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarelStern2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarkov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirst2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbardRubin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumire2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusseinia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItamar_Rabinovich2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFItani2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvana_KottasováFrederik_PleitgenNadine_Schmidt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamail2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamal_Sankari2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_A_RussellJames_J._Wirtz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorisch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Alagha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_L._GleisBenedetta_Berti2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudith_Palmer_Harik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKais,_Roi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKais2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanter,_JamesRudoren,_Jodi2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKanter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanterRudoren2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatie_Fretland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendall-TaylorFontaine2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaled_Abu_Toameh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirchner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadki2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Luxner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavertyLamothe2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeVine,_Mark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonnig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2013\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFLinthicum2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacIntyreSilver2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadeline_ChambersAndreas_Rink\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastersLaub\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElroy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinisterio_de_Justicia_y_Derechos_Humanos_de_la_Nación\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroue,_Bassej2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroueLidman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNafez_Qawas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakhoulHafezi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashabe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatalia_Antelava2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNimrod_Raphaeli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNizar_Abdel-Kader\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman,_LawrenceFairclough,_Gordon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlfa_Lamloum2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttolenghi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPape2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Smyth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQassem2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabil,_Robert_G2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanstorp1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanstorp1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavid2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavid2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocheRobbins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoee_Nahmias2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaad-Ghorayeb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachs2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalameyPearson2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSaouli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_ShaneAndrew_W._Lehren2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeelye2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShehata2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoibel,_Leah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpangler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpangler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepanova2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternIssacharoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroul2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTalley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_DiazBarbara_Newman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_State1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Security_Council2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrquhart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValencia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVianna_de_Azevedo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWege2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWege2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinthal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisman,_Jonathan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitaker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittle2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Harris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorrallMabonClubb2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthBakri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYalib2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarour,_Khoder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZirulnick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFstaff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_EngelandRudolph2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Arab-Israeli Conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Assassinated\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 184,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 149,\n [\"Cleanup section\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 8,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 20,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 8,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 31,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox War Faction\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox war faction\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Lebanese political parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Military of the Arab world\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 3,\n [\"No2\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Party color\"] = 8,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics of Lebanon\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 16,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 2,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Syrian civil war\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Yes2\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","16.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","11.6"],["recursiveClone 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