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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Twelve Years a Slave" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_a%C3%B1os_de_esclavitud_(libro)" title="12 años de esclavitud (libro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="12 años de esclavitud (libro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douze_ans_d%27esclavage" title="Douze ans d'esclavage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Douze ans d'esclavage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88_12%EB%85%84_(%EC%B1%85)" title="노예 12년 (책) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예 12년 (책)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Twelve Years a Slave" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodece_Annos_Sclavo" title="Duodece Annos Sclavo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Duodece Annos Sclavo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_anni_schiavo_(libro)" title="12 anni schiavo (libro) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="12 anni schiavo (libro)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਾਰਾਂ ਸਾਲ ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਰਾਂ ਸਾਲ ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Twelve Years a Slave" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Twelve Years a Slave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_vuotta_orjana" title="12 vuotta orjana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="12 vuotta orjana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A4%E0%B9%85%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="ฤๅสิ้นสุดมนุษยภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฤๅสิ้นสุดมนุษยภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Y%C4%B1ll%C4%B1k_Esaret" title="12 Yıllık Esaret – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="12 Yıllık Esaret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%A5%AA%E8%B5%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4" title="被奪走的十二年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="被奪走的十二年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7857661#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1853 memoir by Solomon Northup</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1853 memoir. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Twelve Years a Slave (disambiguation)">Twelve Years a Slave (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Twelve Years a Slave <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Years+a+Slave&rft.author=%5B%5BDavid+Wilson+%28New+York+politician%29%7CDavid+Wilson%5D%5D&rft.date=1853&rft.pub=%5B%5BJames+Cephas+Derby%7CDerby+%26+Miller%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BAuburn%2C+New+York%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon_Northup_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Solomon_Northup_001.jpg/220px-Solomon_Northup_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Solomon_Northup_001.jpg/330px-Solomon_Northup_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Solomon_Northup_001.jpg/440px-Solomon_Northup_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="3062" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration from <i>Twelve Years a Slave</i> (1855)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Wilson_(New_York_politician)" title="David Wilson (New York politician)">David Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narrative</a> as told by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narrative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Cephas_Derby" title="James Cephas Derby">Derby & Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_New_York" title="Auburn, New York">Auburn, New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-derby1884_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derby1884-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1853<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843914716" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843914716">978-1843914716</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">301.45</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" class="extiw" title="s:Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Twelve Years a Slave</b></i> is an 1853 <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narrative</a> by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a> as told to and written by <a href="/wiki/David_Wilson_(New_York_politician)" title="David Wilson (New York politician)">David Wilson</a>. Northup, a black man who was <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">born free</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state, details himself being tricked to go to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where he was kidnapped and sold into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. He was in bondage for 12 years in <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Red River Parish, Louisiana">Louisiana</a> before he was able to secretly get information to friends and family in New York, who in turn secured his release with the aid of the state. Northup's account provides extensive details on the <a href="/wiki/Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States" title="Slave markets and slave jails in the United States">slave markets</a> in Washington, D.C., and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, and describes at length cotton and sugar cultivation and slave treatment on major plantations in Louisiana. </p><p>The work was published by <a href="/wiki/James_Cephas_Derby" title="James Cephas Derby">Derby & Miller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_New_York" title="Auburn, New York">Auburn, New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-derby1884_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derby1884-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eight years before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and soon after <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>'s best-selling <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> about slavery, <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852), to which Northup's book lent factual support. Northup's book, <a href="/wiki/Dedication_(publishing)" title="Dedication (publishing)">dedicated</a> to Stowe, sold 30,000 copies, making it a <a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">bestseller</a> in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-Summary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the memoir was published in several editions in the 19th century and later cited by scholarly works on <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>, it fell into public obscurity for nearly 100 years. It was re-discovered on separate occasions by two Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sue_Eakin" title="Sue Eakin">Sue Eakin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_at_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana State University at Alexandria">Louisiana State University at Alexandria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Logsdon" title="Joseph Logsdon">Joseph Logsdon</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">University of New Orleans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Logsdon_Contribution_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logsdon_Contribution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1960s, they researched and retraced Solomon Northup's journey<sup id="cite_ref-Escape_From_Slavery_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escape_From_Slavery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and co-edited a <a href="/wiki/Textual_scholarship" title="Textual scholarship">historically annotated</a> version that was published by <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-LSU_Press_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSU_Press-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The memoir has been adapted as two film versions, produced as the 1984 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> television film <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup%27s_Odyssey" title="Solomon Northup's Odyssey">Solomon Northup's Odyssey</a></i> and the 2013 film <i><a href="/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(film)" title="12 Years a Slave (film)">12 Years a Slave</a></i>, which won multiple <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscars</a> including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his home town of <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga Springs, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free negro</a> and a skilled <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violinist</a>, was approached by two <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> promoters, Brown and Hamilton. They offered him a brief, high-paying job as a musician with their traveling circus. Without informing his wife, who was away at work in a nearby town, he traveled with the strangers to <a href="/wiki/Downstate_New_York" title="Downstate New York">downstate New York</a> and Washington, D.C. Soon after arriving in the capital, he awoke to find himself drugged, bound, and in the cell of a <a href="/wiki/Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States" title="Slave markets and slave jails in the United States">slave pen</a>. When Northup asserted his rights as a free man, he was beaten by slave trader <a href="/wiki/James_H._Birch_(slave_trader)" title="James H. Birch (slave trader)">James H. Birch</a> and warned to never again mention his free life in New York. </p><p>Transported by ship to <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Freeman" title="Theophilus Freeman">Theophilus Freeman</a>'s slave jail in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Northup and other enslaved black people contracted <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and one died. In transit, Northup implored a sympathetic sailor to send a letter to his family. The letter arrived safely, but, lacking knowledge of his final destination, Northup's family was unable to effect his rescue. </p><p>Northup's first owner was <a href="/wiki/William_Prince_Ford" title="William Prince Ford">William Prince Ford</a>, who ran a <a href="/wiki/Lumber_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumber mill">lumber mill</a> on a bayou of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northup subsequently had several other owners, less humane than Ford, during his twelve-year bondage. At times, his carpentry and other skills contributed to his being treated relatively well, but he also suffered extreme cruelty. On two occasions, he was attacked by John Tibeats, a white man he was leased to, and defended himself, for which he suffered severe reprisals. After about two years of enslavement, Northup was sold to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Epps" title="Edwin Epps">Edwin Epps</a>, a notoriously cruel cotton planter. Epps held Northup enslaved for 10 years, during which time he assigned the New Yorker to various roles from cotton picker, to hauler to driver, which required Northup to oversee the work of fellow slaves and punish them for undesirable behavior. While on Epps' plantation, Northup became friends with a slave girl named <a href="/wiki/Patsey_(12_Years_a_Slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patsey (12 Years a Slave)">Patsey</a>, whom he writes about briefly in the book. </p><p>After being beaten for claiming his free status in Washington, D.C., Northup in the ensuing 12 years did not reveal his true history again to a single person, slave or owner. Finally he confided his story to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bass_(abolitionist)" title="Samuel Bass (abolitionist)">Samuel Bass</a>, a white carpenter and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> working at the Epps plantation (to build the <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Epps_House" title="Edwin Epps House">Edwin Epps House</a>). Bass, at great risk to himself, sent letters to Northup's wife and friends in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga</a>. Parker, a white shopkeeper, received one of the letters and sought assistance from Henry B. Northup, a white attorney and politician whose family had held and freed Solomon Northup's father and with whom Solomon had a longtime friendship. Henry contacted New York state officials. As the state had passed a law in 1840 to provide financial resources for the rescue of citizens kidnapped into slavery, the Governor appointed Henry Northup as an agent to travel to Louisiana and work with law enforcement to free Solomon. Once in Louisiana, Henry Northup hired a local <a href="/wiki/Avoyelles_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoyelles Parish">Avoyelles Parish</a> attorney, John P. Waddill, to assist in securing Solomon Northup's freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a variety of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a> measures and searches were undertaken, the attorney succeeded in locating Solomon and freeing him from the plantation. Northup later filed charges against the men who sold him into slavery but was unsuccessful in his suit. He returned to New York and reunited with his family there. </p><p>Northup concludes his narrative with the following statement: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My narrative is at an end. I have no comments to make upon the subject of Slavery. Those who read this book may form their own opinions of the "<a href="/wiki/Peculiar_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar institution">peculiar institution</a>." What it may be in other States, I do not profess to know; what it is in the region of Red River, is truly and faithfully delineated in these pages. This is no fiction, no exaggeration. If I have failed in anything, it has been in presenting to the reader too prominently the bright side of the picture. I doubt not hundreds have been as unfortunate as myself; that hundreds of free citizens have been kidnapped and sold into slavery, and are at this moment wearing out their lives on plantations in Texas and Louisiana. But I forbear. Chastened and subdued in spirit by the sufferings I have borne, and thankful to that good Being through whose mercy I have been restored to happiness and liberty, I hope henceforward to lead an upright though lowly life, and rest at last in the church yard where my father sleeps.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Solomon Northup<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_historical_value">Reception and historical value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception and historical value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions were often raised about accuracy or authenticity of books about slavery, including slave narratives. Similarities between Northup's book and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> have been noted by critics. Stowe's book was published a year before Northup's memoir but by the time she published her rebuttal to critics about accuracy in her <i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>, she referred to his story, which had been publicized in newspaper accounts. Stowe wrote, </p> <blockquote><p>It is a singular coincidence that this man was carried to a plantation in the Red River country, that same region where the scene of Tom's captivity was laid; and his account of this plantation, his mode of life there, and some incidents which he describes, form a striking parallel to that history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Northup's account confirms Stowe's fictional portrayal of conditions in Louisiana, as the area where Northup was enslaved was close to the fictional setting of Simon Legree's plantation on the Red River. Northup expresses other arguments against slavery. For instance, <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> focuses on how the legal system prevents even kind owners from treating slaves well and how it releases cruel owners from liabilities for their treatment of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such themes appear in Northup's narrative, too. Writing about this work, Eric Herschtal noted that "Slave narratives were never intended to give an unbiased view. They were antislavery polemics meant to bring down the institution."<sup id="cite_ref-herschtal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herschtal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that these works had a purpose was similar to other published works.<sup id="cite_ref-herschtal_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herschtal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herschtal emphasizes that Northup expressed compassion in his account, quoting him: "It is not the fault of the slaveholder that he is cruel," Northup writes, "so much as it is the fault of the system under which he lives."<sup id="cite_ref-herschtal_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herschtal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northup's first-person account of his twelve years of bondage captured attention in the national political debate over slavery that took place in the years leading up to the Civil War. It drew endorsements from major Northern newspapers, anti-slavery organizations, and evangelical groups. It "sold three times as many copies as Frederick Douglass's slave narrative in its first two years."<sup id="cite_ref-herschtal_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herschtal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northup's account describes the daily life of slaves at <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Boeuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayou Boeuf">Bayou Boeuf</a> in Louisiana, their diet and living conditions, the relationship between master and slave, and the means that slave catchers used to recapture runaways. His account shares some details similar to those of authors who were escaped slaves, such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a>. However, Northup was unique in documenting his being kidnapped as a freeman from the North and sold into slavery. His perspective was always to compare what he saw to what he knew before while living as a free man in a free state. While there were hundreds of such kidnappings, he was among the few persons who gained freedom again.<sup id="cite_ref-Summary_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early and mid-twentieth century historians of slavery, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stampp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Stampp">Kenneth Stampp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Stanley Elkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips">Ulrich Bonnell Phillips</a>, endorsed the historical accuracy of the book. Eakin and Logsdon in 1968, wrote: "In the last analysis, [the] narrative deserves to be believed, not simply because [Northup] seems to be talking reasonably, not merely because he adorns his tale with compelling and persuasive details. At every point where materials exist for checking his account, it can be verified." These materials include trial records, correspondence, diary, and slave sale records.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>Twelve Years a Slave</i> is the best-known example of someone who was kidnapped and later freed – albeit through extraordinary efforts – historians have begun to research and present other cases. Most of the known court cases of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">freedom suits</a> related to kidnapping victims were filed in New Orleans, although some were in border states such as Missouri. One such suit took place in <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa, Alabama</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Sinclair" title="Cornelius Sinclair">Cornelius Sinclair</a>, a free black man from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, had been sold after being kidnapped in August 1825 and transported South with some younger free blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-crump_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crump-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of about 20 young blacks disappeared from the Philadelphia area that summer, some survivors sold into slavery in Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-crump_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crump-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-henderson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helped by the intervention of Philadelphia mayor Joseph Watson, most of those kidnapped were returned free to Philadelphia by June 1826, but Sinclair's odyssey was longer. He was freed in 1827 by a unanimous verdict of an all-white jury.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reissue">Reissue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reissue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After additional printings in the 19th century, the book went out of print until 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-LSU_Press_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSU_Press-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when historians Joseph Logsdon and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Eakin" title="Sue Eakin">Sue Eakin</a> restored it to prominence. Eakin discovered the story as a child growing up in Louisiana plantation country – the owner of a first edition showed her the book, after finding it in a former plantation home. </p><p>Years later, Logsdon had a student from an old Louisiana family who brought a copy of the original 1853 book to class; her family had owned it for more than a century. Together Logsdon and Eakin studied Northup's account, documenting it through the slave sales records of Washington, D.C., and New Orleans, by retracing his journey and bondage in Bayou Boeuf plantation country in central Louisiana and through its records, and documenting his New York State origins. They found his father's freeman's decree, and the case files for the legal work that restored Northup's freedom and prosecuted his abductors. In 1968, Eakin and Logsdon's thoroughly annotated edition of the original book was published by Louisiana State University Press, shedding new light on Northup's account and establishing its historic significance. That book has been widely used by scholars and in classrooms for more than 40 years, and is still in print. </p><p>In 1998, Logsdon was invited by scholars in upstate New York to participate in a search for Solomon's grave. However, bad weather prevented the search that year, and Logsdon died the following June 1999. In 2007, shortly before her death at age 90, Eakin completed an updated and expanded version of their book; it includes more than 150 pages of new background material, maps, and photographs. In 2013, e-book and audiobook versions of her final definitive edition were released in her honor. With permission, scholars may use Eakin's lifetime archives through The Sue Eakin Collection, Louisiana State University at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>. The Joseph Logsdon Archives are available at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">University of New Orleans</a>. </p><p>Historian Jesse Holland noted in a 2009 interview that he had relied on Northup's memoir and detailed description of Washington in 1841 to identify the location of some slave markets in the capital. Holland has also researched the roles of African American slaves who, as skilled laborers, helped build some of the important public buildings in Washington, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> and part of the original Executive Mansion.<sup id="cite_ref-democracynow1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracynow1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_adaptations">Editions and adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Editions and adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg/80px-His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg/120px-His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg/160px-His_Master%27s_Voice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Twelve_Years_A_Slave_excerpt_chapter_6_librivox.ogg" title="File:Twelve Years A Slave excerpt chapter 6 librivox.ogg"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Scene at the New Orleans slave pen.<br />Excerpt from Ch. 6, via LibriVox</div></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="397" data-mwtitle="Twelve_Years_A_Slave_excerpt_chapter_6_librivox.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Twelve_Years_A_Slave_excerpt_chapter_6_librivox.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Twelve_Years_A_Slave_excerpt_chapter_6_librivox.ogg/Twelve_Years_A_Slave_excerpt_chapter_6_librivox.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">00:6:36 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/twelveyearsslave00nort#page/78/mode/2up">text</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i> is in the public domain; e-book versions can be downloaded from several sites and many reprints are still in print by multiple publishers (see 'External links' section)</li> <li>In 1968, historians Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, both based in Louisiana, published an edited and annotated version of Northup's narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Updated and illustrated editions of this work have since been published, including an adaptation for younger readers.</li> <li>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/David_Fiske" title="David Fiske">David Fiske</a> self-published the biography <i>Solomon Northup: His Life Before and After Slavery</i>. The book's Appendix C provides the publishing history for <i>Twelve Years a Slave</i> during the 19th century. The book was expanded and re-issued by <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger</a> in August 2013 as <i>Solomon Northup: The Complete Story of the Author of Twelve Years a Slave</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440829741" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440829741">978-1440829741</a>, with co-authors Fiske, Clifford W. Brown, and Rachel Seligman.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup%27s_Odyssey" title="Solomon Northup's Odyssey">Solomon Northup's Odyssey</a></i> (1984), a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> television film directed by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Avery_Brooks" title="Avery Brooks">Avery Brooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(film)" title="12 Years a Slave (film)">12 Years a Slave</a></i> (2013), a feature film directed by <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor" title="Chiwetel Ejiofor">Chiwetel Ejiofor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiobook">Audiobook</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Audiobook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Twelve+Years+a+Slave&author=Northup&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i>, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gossett_Jr." title="Louis Gossett Jr.">Louis Gossett Jr.</a> (Eakin Films & Publishing, 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i>, narrated by Richard Allen (Dreamscape Media, 2013)</li> <li><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i>, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Quarshie" title="Hugh Quarshie">Hugh Quarshie</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC_Audiobooks" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Audiobooks">AudioGO</a>, 2013)</li> <li><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i>, narrated by Sean Crisden (<a href="/wiki/Tantor_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantor Audio">Tantor Audio</a>, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-derby1884-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derby1884_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-derby1884_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.C._Derby1884" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Cephas_Derby" title="James Cephas Derby">J.C. Derby</a> (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fiftyyearsamonga00derbuoft#page/62/mode/2up">"William H. Seward"</a>, <i>Fifty Years Among Authors, Books and Publishers</i>, New York: G.W. Carleton & Co., pp. 62–63</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+H.+Seward&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+Among+Authors%2C+Books+and+Publishers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=G.W.+Carleton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1884&rft.au=J.C.+Derby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffiftyyearsamonga00derbuoft%23page%2F62%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Picayune">The Picayune</a></i>, 6 February 1853, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Summary_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summary_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Northup, Solomon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/menu.html"><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i>: Summary</a>, online text at <i>Documenting the American South</i>, University of North Carolina, accessed 19 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logsdon_Contribution-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Logsdon_Contribution_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsupress.org/books/detail/twelve-years-a-slave/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'12 Years a Slave' prompts effort to recognize work of UNO historian in reviving tale"</a>. Nola.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2712+Years+a+Slave%27+prompts+effort+to+recognize+work+of+UNO+historian+in+reviving+tale&rft.pub=Nola.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsupress.org%2Fbooks%2Fdetail%2Ftwelve-years-a-slave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Escape_From_Slavery-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Escape_From_Slavery_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCieply2013" class="citation news cs1">Cieply, Michael (23 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/23/business/media/an-escape-from-slavery-now-a-movie-has-long-intrigued-historians.html?_r=0">"An Escape From Slavery, Now a Movie, Has Long Intrigued Historians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Escape+From+Slavery%2C+Now+a+Movie%2C+Has+Long+Intrigued+Historians&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft.aulast=Cieply&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F23%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fan-escape-from-slavery-now-a-movie-has-long-intrigued-historians.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSU_Press-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSU_Press_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSU_Press_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsupress.org/books/detail/twelve-years-a-slave/">"Twelve Years A Slave by Solomon Northup"</a>. Lsupress.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twelve+Years+A+Slave+by+Solomon+Northup&rft.pub=Lsupress.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsupress.org%2Fbooks%2Fdetail%2Ftwelve-years-a-slave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCieplyBarnesmarch,_Brooks2014" class="citation web cs1">Cieply, Michael; Barnesmarch, Brooks (2 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/movies/awardsseason/oscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html?hpw&rref=arts">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'12 Years a Slave' Claims Best Picture Oscar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%2712+Years+a+Slave%27+Claims+Best+Picture+Oscar&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft.aulast=Cieply&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Barnesmarch%2C+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F03%2Fmovies%2Fawardsseason%2Foscars-2014-winners-and-losers.html%3Fhpw%26rref%3Darts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford became a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a> in Louisiana as he and his <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">congregation</a> were influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelancon" class="citation web cs1">Melancon, Meredith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162810/http://acadianahistorical.org/items/show/65">"Avoyelles Parish Courthouse, Marksville"</a>. <i>Acadiana Historical</i>. Robert Carriker. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acadianahistorical.org/items/show/65">the original</a> on 28 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acadiana+Historical&rft.atitle=Avoyelles+Parish+Courthouse%2C+Marksville&rft.aulast=Melancon&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facadianahistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthup" class="citation book cs1">Northup, Solomon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/northup.html"><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i></a> (First ed.). p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Years+a+Slave&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=First&rft.aulast=Northup&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Ffpn%2Fnorthup%2Fnorthup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stowe, H. B. <i>A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, Inkling Books, 2005 (reprint), p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_L._Brophy1995–1996" class="citation journal cs1">Alfred L. Brophy (1995–1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/stowe.pdf">"Over and above ... There Broods a Portentous Shadow, – The Shadow of Law: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Critique of Slave Law in Uncle Tom's Cabin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Law and Religion</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 457–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1051590">10.2307/1051590</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051590">1051590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159994075">159994075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Over+and+above+...+There+Broods+a+Portentous+Shadow%2C+%E2%80%93+The+Shadow+of+Law%3A+Harriet+Beecher+Stowe%27s+Critique+of+Slave+Law+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=457-506&rft.date=1995%2F1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159994075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1051590%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1051590&rft.au=Alfred+L.+Brophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblurblawg.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fstowe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herschtal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herschtal_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herschtal_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herschtal_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herschtal_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Herschtal, "The Passion of Solomon Northup" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/the-passion-of-solomon-northup/?_r=0">The New York Times</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthup1968" class="citation book cs1">Northup, Solomon (1968). 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Crump and Alfred L. Brophy, "Cornelius Sinclair's Odyssey: Freedom, Slavery, and Freedom Again in the Old South"</a>, Social Science Research Network, July 2014, UNC Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2469529, accessed 16 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henderson-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-henderson_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-henderson_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093801?seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents">John Henderson, Joseph Watson, Job Brown, Thomas Bradford Junr., R. L. Kennon, Joshua Boucher, H. V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indie+Wire&rft.atitle=12+Years+A+Slave+%E2%80%93+The+Second+Time+Around&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.aulast=Maltin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2013%2F10%2F12-years-a-slave-the-second-time-around-180138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannaford2016" class="citation news cs1">Hannaford, Alex (4 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/06/03/12-years-a-slave-the-true-story-of-solomon-northup/">"12 Years A Slave: the true story of Solomon Northup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=12+Years+A+Slave%3A+the+true+story+of+Solomon+Northup&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft.aulast=Hannaford&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffilms%2F2016%2F06%2F03%2F12-years-a-slave-the-true-story-of-solomon-northup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergio2013" class="citation news cs1">Sergio (13 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiewire.com/2013/01/what-about-that-other-12-years-a-slave-movie-138735/">"What About That OTHER '12 Years A Slave' Movie?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indie_Wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie Wire">Indie Wire</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indie+Wire&rft.atitle=What+About+That+OTHER+%2712+Years+A+Slave%27+Movie%3F&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.au=Sergio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fwhat-about-that-other-12-years-a-slave-movie-138735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2016" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Jennifer Wilde (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUmVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200"><i>Come to the Garden: A Novel</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501131332" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501131332"><bdi>978-1501131332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come+to+the+Garden%3A+A+Novel&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1501131332&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Wilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZUmVCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Years_a_Slave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Twelve_Years_a_Slave_by_Solomon_Northup" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Twelve Years a Slave by Solomon Northup">Twelve Years a Slave</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Digital editions</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/solomon-northup/twelve-years-a-slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/45631">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Twelve+Years+a+Slave&author=Northup&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/search.php?query=title%3ATwelve%20years%20a%20slave%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts"><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> (scanned original editions with some color illustrated)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Original sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928124017/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLinkDigital?_collection=oasis&inoid=4431&histno=0&uniqueId=hou01912">Letters by John R. Smith, "Wilbur H. Siebert Collection"</a>, Houghton Library, Harvard University. Available as online images, detailing Northup's involvement in the Underground Railroad after January 1863.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TwelveYearsASlave.org"><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i> website</a>, with audio excerpts by <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gossett_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Gossett Jr.">Lou Gossett Jr.</a>; history, art and images</li> <li>Kneller, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20091122071501/http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/narratives/bio_northrup.htm">"Solomon Northup: From Freedom to Slavery to Freedom Again"</a>, <i>Slavery in America</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ustrek.org/odyssey/semester1/112900/112900nicksolo.html">"Snatched Up and Sold Into Slavery: The Story of Solomon Northup"</a>, US Trek, Odyssey (complements history curriculum for junior high and high school students)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/NY/200003387.html">"New York: Solomon Northup Day – A Celebration of Freedom (Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots)"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York%3A+Solomon+Northup+Day+%E2%80%93+A+Celebration+of+Freedom+%28Local+Legacies%3A+Celebrating+Community+Roots%29&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fdiglib%2Flegacies%2FNY%2F200003387.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelve+Years+a+Slave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eblackstudies.org/intro/chapter4.htm/">"Solomon Northup"</a>, eBlack Studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/twelve-years-slave-analyzing-slave-narratives">EDSITEment lesson <i>Twelve Years a Slave</i>: Analyzing Slave Narratives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/twelve-years-slave-was-case-solomon-northup-exceptional">EDSITEment lesson <i>Twelve Years a Slave</i>: Was the Case of Solomon Northup Exceptional?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solomon_Northup" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solomon_Northup" title="Template:Solomon Northup"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solomon_Northup" title="Template talk:Solomon Northup"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon_Northup" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon Northup"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solomon_Northup" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friends<br /> and family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup#Marriage_and_family" title="Solomon Northup">Anne Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsey" title="Patsey">Patsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bass_(abolitionist)" title="Samuel Bass (abolitionist)">Samuel Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Birdseye" title="Victory Birdseye">Victory Birdseye</a> (NY kidnapping law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Marvin" title="James M. Marvin">Judge James M. Marvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Pierre Soulé</a></li> <li>Governor <a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Washington Hunt</a> of New York</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors and<br /> historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Eakin" title="Sue Eakin">Sue Eakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fiske" title="David Fiske">David Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Logsdon" title="Joseph Logsdon">Joseph Logsdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilson_(New_York_politician)" title="David Wilson (New York politician)">David Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enslavers<br />(chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Birch_(slave_trader)" title="James H. Birch (slave trader)">James H. Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Freeman" title="Theophilus Freeman">Theophilus Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Prince_Ford" title="William Prince Ford">William Prince Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Epps" title="Edwin Epps">Edwin Epps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Epps_House" title="Edwin Epps House">Edwin Epps House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Fort_House_(Fort_Edward,_New_York)" title="Old Fort House (Fort Edward, New York)">Old Fort House (Fort Edward, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga Springs, New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books<br />and films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (memoir - 1854)</li> <li><i>Twelve Years a Slave</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sue_Eakin" title="Sue Eakin">Eakin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Logsdon" title="Joseph Logsdon">Logsdon</a> - 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(film)" title="12 Years a Slave (film)"><i>12 Years a Slave</i> (film)</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(score)" title="12 Years a Slave (score)"><i>12 Years a Slave</i></a> (score)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(soundtrack)" title="12 Years a Slave (soundtrack)"><i>12 Years a Slave</i></a> (soundtrack)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup%27s_Odyssey" title="Solomon Northup's Odyssey">Solomon Northup's Odyssey</a></i> (film - 1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals<br />by continent<br />of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a> (c. 1790–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(1714-1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Berg (1714-1761)">Marcus Berg</a> (1714-1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a> (b. 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a> (1620–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni </a> (1747–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a> (1767–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a> (1564–1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a> (late 19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a> (1735–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a> (1704–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a> (1708–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a> (1705–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a> (1663 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a> (1598–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a> (1632–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a> (1660–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a> (1644–1744)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a> (1684–1736)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav</a> (1576–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a> (1698–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a> (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a> (1684-1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a> (1783–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a> (1792 – fl. 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a> (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a> (1783 England – 1821 United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a> (1797–1854, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a> (1860–1965, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a> (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a> (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a> (1845 KY – 1938 OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Delaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Delaney">Lucy Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a> (1814 – after 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a> (1815 <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a> (19th century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(ex-slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grimes (ex-slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a> (1848/1854 VA – 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a> (1799–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a> (1790–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a> (1827 VA – 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a> (1793 VA – 1860)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Veney" title="Bethany Veney">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (19th century Indian Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a> (b. c. 1780 Congo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a> (1845–1847, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a> (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a></i> (1936–38)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7857661#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7857661#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7857661#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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