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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economic theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utility_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Utility theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_and_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_and_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interest and capital</span> </div> </a> <ul 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crash of 1929</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_market_crash_of_1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructive_Income_Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructive_Income_Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Constructive Income Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constructive_Income_Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_health_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_health_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social and health campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_health_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="إيرفينغ فيشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرفينغ فيشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rvinq_Fi%C5%9Fer" title="İrvinq Fişer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrvinq Fişer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Ървин Фишър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ървин Фишър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ایروینگ فیشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایروینگ فیشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%99_%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94" title="어빙 피셔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어빙 피셔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իրվինգ Ֆիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրվինգ Ֆիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="אירווינג פישר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירווינג פישר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92rvings_Fi%C5%A1ers" title="Ērvings Fišers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ērvings Fišers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ирвинг Фишер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирвинг Фишер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ايرفينج فيشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرفينج فيشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="アーヴィング・フィッシャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーヴィング・フィッシャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Фишер, Ирвинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фишер, Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ірвінг Фішер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірвінг Фішер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irving Fisher" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E9%9B%AA" title="欧文·费雪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧文·费雪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American economist (1867–1947)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Irving Fisher</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irvingfisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Irvingfisher.jpg/220px-Irvingfisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Irvingfisher.jpg/330px-Irvingfisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Irvingfisher.jpg/440px-Irvingfisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1710" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fisher photographed by <a href="/wiki/George_Grantham_Bain" title="George Grantham Bain">George Grantham Bain</a> in 1927</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1867-02-27</span>)</span>February 27, 1867<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Saugerties_(village),_New_York" title="Saugerties (village), New York">Saugerties, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 29, 1947<span style="display:none">(1947-04-29)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, New York">New York City, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaret Hazard<br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1893; died 1940)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><sup id="cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFObit1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">William Stanley Jevons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fisher_equation" title="Fisher equation">Fisher equation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_exchange" title="Equation of exchange">Equation of exchange</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Price_index" title="Price index">Price index</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Debt_deflation" title="Debt deflation">Debt deflation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Money_illusion" title="Money illusion">Money illusion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher_separation_theorem" title="Fisher separation theorem">Fisher separation theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Independent Party of Connecticut">Independent Party of Connecticut</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomics" title="Category:Macroeconomics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ec_8_(26088200676)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Federal Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ec_8_%2826088200676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1633" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">Aggregate demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_supply" title="Aggregate supply">Aggregate supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">CAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">Deflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_shock" title="Demand shock">Demand shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinflation" title="Disinflation">Disinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_demand" title="Effective demand">Effective demand</a></li> <li>Expectations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_expectations" title="Adaptive expectations">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand-pull_inflation" title="Demand-pull inflation">Demand-pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost-push_inflation" title="Cost-push inflation">Cost-push</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics)" title="Investment (macroeconomics)">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">Liquidity trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">Measures of national income and output</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_national_income" title="Net national income">NNI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">Microfoundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">Endogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">Demand for money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_preference" title="Liquidity preference">Liquidity preference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_of_National_Accounts" title="System of National Accounts">SNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Nominal rigidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">Price level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkflation" title="Shrinkflation">Shrinkflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_shock" title="Supply shock">Supply shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_saving" title="National saving">Saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS%E2%80%93LM_model" title="IS–LM model">IS–LM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD%E2%80%93AS_model" title="AD–AS model">AD–AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_cross" title="Keynesian cross">Keynesian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplier_(economics)" title="Multiplier (economics)">Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%E2%80%93Debreu_model" title="Arrow–Debreu model">Arrow–Debreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrod%E2%80%93Domar_model" title="Harrod–Domar model">Harrod–Domar</a>Нмиф</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solow%E2%80%93Swan_model" title="Solow–Swan model">Solow–Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey%E2%80%93Cass%E2%80%93Koopmans_model" title="Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model">Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlapping_generations_model" title="Overlapping generations model">Overlapping generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">General equilibrium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium" title="Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium">DSGE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">Endogenous growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matching_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matching theory (economics)">Matching theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshooting_model" title="Overshooting model">Overshooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAIRU" title="NAIRU">NAIRU</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><i>Mainstream</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater and freshwater</a></li></ul> <p><i>Heterodox</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomists" title="Category:Macroeconomists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_model" title="Macroeconomic model">Macroeconomic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics#Macroeconomics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications in macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macroeconomics_sidebar" title="Template:Macroeconomics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macroeconomics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Macroeconomics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irving Fisher</b> (February 27, 1867 – April 29, 1947)<sup id="cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFObit1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a>, inventor, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> social campaigner. He was one of the earliest American <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economists</a>, though his later work on <a href="/wiki/Debt_deflation" title="Debt deflation">debt deflation</a> has been embraced by the <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">post-Keynesian</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-Post-Keynesian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-Keynesian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> described him as "the greatest economist the United States has ever produced",<sup id="cite_ref-Schumpeter_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an assessment later repeated by <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher made important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigler-I_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigler-I-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stigler-II_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigler-II-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a pioneer in the rigorous study of <a href="/wiki/Intertemporal_choice" title="Intertemporal choice">intertemporal choice</a> in markets, which led him to develop a theory of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research on the <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a> inaugurated the school of macroeconomic thought known as "<a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-DeLong_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLong-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher was also a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a>, including the development of <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">index numbers</a>. Some concepts named after him include the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_equation" title="Fisher equation">Fisher equation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher hypothesis">Fisher hypothesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Fisher_effect" title="International Fisher effect">international Fisher effect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_separation_theorem" title="Fisher separation theorem">Fisher separation theorem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisher_market" title="Fisher market">Fisher market</a>. </p><p>Fisher was perhaps the first <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> economist, but his reputation during his lifetime was irreparably harmed by his public statement, just nine days before the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>, that the stock market had reached "a permanently high plateau". His subsequent theory of <a href="/wiki/Debt_deflation" title="Debt deflation">debt deflation</a> as an explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, as well as his advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Full-reserve_banking" title="Full-reserve banking">full-reserve banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative currency">alternative currencies</a>, were largely ignored in favor of the work of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's reputation has since recovered in academic economics, particularly after his theoretical models were rediscovered in the late 1960s to the 1970s, a period of increasing reliance on mathematical models within the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirschleifer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschleifer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernanke_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernanke-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in him has also grown in the public due to an increased interest in debt deflation after the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_global_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2012 global recession">Great Recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shadow_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher was one of the foremost proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Full-reserve_banking" title="Full-reserve banking">full-reserve banking</a>, which he advocated as one of the authors of <a href="/wiki/A_Program_for_Monetary_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="A Program for Monetary Reform">A Program for Monetary Reform</a> where the general proposal is outlined.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher was born in <a href="/wiki/Saugerties_(village),_New_York" title="Saugerties (village), New York">Saugerties, New York</a>. His father was a teacher and a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a> minister, who raised his son to believe he must be a useful member of society. Despite being raised in religious family, he later on became an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, he had remarkable mathematical ability and a flair for invention. A week after he was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale College</a> his father died, at age 53. Irving then supported his mother, brother, and himself, mainly by tutoring. He graduated first in his class with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> degree in 1888, having also been elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1891, Fisher received the first <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in economics granted by Yale.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His faculty advisors were the theoretical physicist <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Willard Gibbs</a> and the sociologist <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a>. As a student, Fisher had shown particular talent and inclination for mathematics, but he found that economics offered greater scope for his ambition and social concerns. His thesis, published by Yale in 1892 as <i>Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices</i>, was a rigorous development of the <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">theory of general equilibrium</a>. When he began writing the thesis, Fisher had not been aware that <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a> and his continental European disciples had already covered similar ground. Nonetheless, Fisher's work was a very significant contribution and was immediately recognized and praised as first-rate by such European masters as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Edgeworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Edgeworth">Francis Edgeworth</a>. </p><p>After graduating from Yale, Fisher studied in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. From 1890 onward, he remained at Yale, first as a tutor, then after 1898 as a professor of political economy, and after 1935 as professor emeritus. He edited the <i>Yale Review</i> from 1896 to 1910 and was active in many learned societies, institutes, and welfare organizations. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> in 1918. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a> selected him as its Gibbs Lecturer for 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A leading early proponent of <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a>, in 1930 he founded, with <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Roos" title="Charles F. Roos">Charles F. Roos</a> the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a>, of which he was the first president. </p><p>Fisher was a prolific writer, producing journalism as well as technical books and articles, and addressing various social issues surrounding <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the prosperous 1920s and the depressed 1930s. He made several practical inventions, the most notable of which was an "index visible filing system" which he patented in 1913<sup id="cite_ref-Patent_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sold to Kardex Rand (later <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a>) in 1925. This, and his subsequent stock investments, made him a wealthy man until his personal finances were badly hit by the Crash of 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher was also an active social and health campaigner, as well as an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuchs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuchs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, he married Margaret <a href="/wiki/Hazard_family" title="Hazard family">Hazard</a>, a granddaughter of Rhode Island industrialist and social reformer <a href="/wiki/Rowland_G._Hazard" title="Rowland G. Hazard">Rowland G. Hazard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFObit1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of inoperable colon cancer<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New York City in 1947, at the age of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFObit1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_theories">Economic theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utility_theory">Utility theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Utility theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a>, writing on the contributions of <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John Bates Clark</a> and Irving Fisher to neoclassical theory in America<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that American economists contributed in their own way to the preparation of a common ground after the neoclassical revolution. In particular Clark and Irving Fisher "brought neoclassical theory into American journals, classrooms, and textbooks, and its analytical tools into the kits of researchers and practitioners." Already in his doctoral thesis, "Fisher expounds thoroughly the mathematics of utility functions and their maximization, and he is careful to allow for corner solutions." Already then, Fisher "states clearly that neither interpersonally comparable utility nor cardinal utility for each individual is necessary to the determination of equilibrium." </p><p>In reviewing the history of <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> theory, economist <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> wrote that Fisher's doctoral thesis had been "brilliant" and stressed that it contained "the first careful examination of the measurability of the utility function and its relevance to demand theory."<sup id="cite_ref-Stigler-II_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigler-II-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his published work exhibited an unusual degree of mathematical sophistication for an economist of his day, Fisher always sought to bring his analysis to life and to present his theories as lucidly as possible. For instance, to complement the arguments in his doctoral thesis, he built an elaborate hydraulic machine with pumps and levers, allowing him to demonstrate visually how the equilibrium prices in the market adjusted in response to changes in supply or demand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_and_capital">Interest and capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interest and capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_-_Theory_of_interest_as_determined_by_impatience_to_spend_income_and_opportunity_to_invest_it,_1930_-_5800257.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fisher_-_Theory_of_interest_as_determined_by_impatience_to_spend_income_and_opportunity_to_invest_it%2C_1930_-_5800257.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Fisher_-_Theory_of_interest_as_determined_by_impatience_to_spend_income_and_opportunity_to_invest_it%2C_1930_-_5800257.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fisher_-_Theory_of_interest_as_determined_by_impatience_to_spend_income_and_opportunity_to_invest_it%2C_1930_-_5800257.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Fisher_-_Theory_of_interest_as_determined_by_impatience_to_spend_income_and_opportunity_to_invest_it%2C_1930_-_5800257.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fisher_-_Theory_of_interest_as_determined_by_impatience_to_spend_income_and_opportunity_to_invest_it%2C_1930_-_5800257.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Fisher_-_Theory_of_interest_as_determined_by_impatience_to_spend_income_and_opportunity_to_invest_it%2C_1930_-_5800257.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="3277" /></a><figcaption><i>Theory of interest as determined by impatience to spend income and opportunity to invest it</i>, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher is probably best remembered today in neoclassical economics for his theory of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interest_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest rates">interest rates</a>, first exposited in his <i>The Nature of Capital and Income</i> (1906) and elaborated on in <i>The Rate of Interest</i> (1907). His 1930 treatise, <i>The Theory of Interest</i>, summed up a lifetime's research into capital, <a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">capital budgeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit market">credit markets</a>, and the factors (including <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>) that determine interest rates. </p><p>Fisher saw that subjective economic value is not only a function of the amount of goods and services owned or exchanged, but also of the moment in time when they are purchased with money. A good available now has a different value than the same good available at a later date; value has a time as well as a quantity dimension. The <a href="/wiki/Relative_price" title="Relative price">relative price</a> of goods available at a future date, in terms of goods sacrificed now, is measured by the <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a>. Fisher made free use of the standard diagrams used to teach undergraduate economics but labeled the axes "consumption now" and "consumption next period" (instead of the usual schematic alternatives of <a href="/wiki/Apples_and_oranges" title="Apples and oranges">"apples" and "oranges"</a>). The resulting theory, one of considerable power and insight, was presented in detail in <i>The Theory of Interest</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This model, later generalized to the case of <i>K</i> goods and <i>N</i> periods (including the case of infinitely many periods) has become a standard theory of capital and interest, and is described in Gravelle and Rees,<sup id="cite_ref-Gravelle_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gravelle-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Aliprantis, Brown, and Burkinshaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Aliprantis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliprantis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theoretical advance is explained in Hirshleifer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirschleifer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschleifer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher saw that his theory, via economic policy, was making an impact on society as a whole. Once he brought out his Quantity Theory of Money, it started to bring economic models to life. One of the strongest points that Fisher brings out in discussing interest rates was the power of impatience.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monetary_economics">Monetary economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monetary economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher's research into the basic theory of prices and interest rates did not touch directly on the great social issues of the day. On the other hand, his <a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">monetary economics</a> <i>did</i> and this grew to be the main focus of Fisher's mature work. </p><p>It was Fisher who (following the pioneering work of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a>) formulated the <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a> in terms of the "<a href="/wiki/Equation_of_exchange" title="Equation of exchange">equation of exchange</a>:" Let <i>M</i> be the total stock of money, <i>P</i> the <a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">price level</a>, <i>T</i> the number of transactions carried out using money, and <i>V</i> the <a href="/wiki/Velocity_of_money" title="Velocity of money">velocity of circulation</a> of money, so that: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot V=P\cdot T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot V=P\cdot T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddd41e481946c1b71f5f1c5db0cb73dbd0c79ff4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.068ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot V=P\cdot T}"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="statement should be supported by citation to a reliable source. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <p>Later economists replaced <i>T</i> by the real output <i>Y</i> (or <i>Q</i>), usually quantified by the real <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a> (GDP). </p><p>Fisher's <i>Appreciation and Interest</i> was an abstract analysis of the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">price level</a> is changing. It emphasized the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Real_interest_rate" title="Real interest rate">real</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate" title="Nominal interest rate">nominal interest rates</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\frac {(1+i)}{(1+\pi )}}-1\simeq i-\pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≃</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\frac {(1+i)}{(1+\pi )}}-1\simeq i-\pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cbe8835d177e2085b1ad7c99a9cb0ffe25266e8d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:24.204ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\frac {(1+i)}{(1+\pi )}}-1\simeq i-\pi }"></span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> is the real interest rate, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> is the nominal interest rate, and the inflation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }"></span> is a measure of the increase in the price level. When inflation is sufficiently low, the real interest rate can be approximated as the nominal interest rate minus the expected <a href="/wiki/Inflation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation rate">inflation rate</a>. The resulting equation is known as the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_equation" title="Fisher equation">Fisher equation</a> in his honor. </p><p>Fisher believed that investors and savers – people in general – were afflicted in varying degrees by "<a href="/wiki/Money_illusion" title="Money illusion">money illusion</a>"; they could not see past the money to the goods the money could buy. In an ideal world, changes in the price level would have no effect on production or employment. In the actual world with money illusion, <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> (and deflation) did serious harm. For more than forty years, Fisher elaborated his vision of the damaging "dance of the dollar" and devised various schemes to "stabilize" money, i.e. to stabilize the price level. He was one of the first to subject <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> data, including the money stock, interest rates, and the price level, to statistical analyses and tests. In the 1920s, he introduced the technique later called <a href="/wiki/Distributed_lag" title="Distributed lag">distributed lags</a>. In 1973, the <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> posthumously reprinted his 1926 paper on the statistical relation between <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, retitling it as "I discovered the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a>". <a href="/wiki/Price_index" title="Price index">Index numbers</a> played an important role in his monetary theory, and his book <i>The Making of Index Numbers</i> has remained influential down to the present day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="statement should be supported by citation to a reliable source. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fisher's main intellectual rival was the Swedish economist <a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a>. Fisher espoused a more succinct explanation of the quantity theory of money, resting it almost exclusively on long run prices. Wicksell's theory was considerably more complicated, beginning with interest rates in a system of changes in the real economy. Although both economists concluded from their theories that at the heart of the business cycle (and economic crisis) was government monetary policy, their disagreement would not be solved in their lifetimes, and indeed, it was inherited by the policy debates between the Keynesians and monetarists beginning a half-century later.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt-deflation">Debt-deflation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Debt-deflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Debt_deflation" title="Debt deflation">Debt deflation</a></div> <p>Following the stock market crash of 1929, and in light of the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Fisher developed a theory of <a href="/wiki/Economic_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crises">economic crises</a> called <a href="/wiki/Debt-deflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt-deflation">debt-deflation</a>, which attributed the crises to the bursting of a <a href="/wiki/Credit_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit bubble">credit bubble</a>. Initially, during the upswing over-confident economic agents are lured by the prospect of high profits to increase their debt in order to leverage their gains. According to Fisher, once the credit bubble bursts, this unleashes a series of effects that have serious negative impact on the real economy: </p> <ol><li>Debt liquidation and distress selling.</li> <li>Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off.</li> <li>A fall in the level of asset prices.</li> <li>A still greater fall in the net worth of businesses, precipitating bankruptcies.</li> <li>A fall in profits.</li> <li>A reduction in output, in trade and in employment.</li> <li>Pessimism and loss of confidence.</li> <li>Hoarding of money.</li> <li>A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation-adjusted interest rates.</li></ol> <p>Crucially, as debtors try to liquidate or pay off their nominal debt, the fall of prices caused by this defeats the very attempt to reduce the real burden of debt. Thus, while repayment reduces the amount of money owed, this does not happen fast enough since the real value of the dollar now rises ('swelling of the dollar').<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theory was largely ignored in favor of <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>, in part because of the damage to Fisher's reputation caused by his public optimism about the stock market, just prior to the crash. Debt-deflation has experienced a <a href="/wiki/Debt_deflation#Mainstream_interest" title="Debt deflation">revival of mainstream interest</a> since the 1980s, and particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">Late-2000s recession</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Keen" title="Steve Keen">Steve Keen</a> predicted the 2008 recession by using <a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a>'s further development of Fisher's work on debt-deflation. Debt-deflation is now the major theory with which Fisher's name is associated.<sup id="cite_ref-shadow_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stock_market_crash_of_1929">Stock market crash of 1929</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stock market crash of 1929"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stock market <a href="/wiki/Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash of 1929">crash of 1929</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> cost Fisher much of his personal wealth and academic reputation. He famously predicted, nine days before the crash, that stock prices had "reached what looks like a permanently high plateau."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving Fisher stated on October 21 that the market was "only shaking out of the lunatic fringe" and went on to explain why he felt the prices still had not caught up with their real value and should go much higher. On Wednesday, October 23, he announced in a banker's meeting "security values in most instances were not inflated." For months after the Crash, he continued to assure investors that a recovery was just around the corner. Once the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> was in full force, he did warn that the ongoing drastic <a href="/wiki/Deflation_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflation (economics)">deflation</a> was the cause of the disastrous cascading insolvencies then plaguing the American economy because deflation increased the real value of debts fixed in dollar terms. Fisher was so discredited by his 1929 pronouncements and by the failure of a firm he had started that few people took notice of his "debt-deflation" analysis of the Depression. People instead eagerly turned to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a>. Fisher's debt-deflation scenario has since seen a revival since the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constructive_Income_Taxation">Constructive Income Taxation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constructive Income Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence Lokken, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami_School_of_Law" title="University of Miami School of Law">University of Miami School of Law</a> professor of economics, credits <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's 1942 book with the concept behind the <a href="/wiki/USA_Tax" title="USA Tax">Unlimited Savings Accumulation Tax</a>, a reform introduced in the United States Senate in 1995 by Senator <a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Pete Domenici</a> (R-New Mexico), former Senator Sam Nunn (D-Georgia), and Senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kerrey" title="Bob Kerrey">Bob Kerrey</a> (D-Nebraska). The concept was that unnecessary spending (which is hard to define in a law) can be taxed by taxing income minus all net investments and savings, and minus an allowance for essential purchases, thus making funds available for investment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_health_campaigns">Social and health campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social and health campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #006150; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#006150; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF"><b>Eugenics Movement</b></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair" title="He Jiankui affair">He Jiankui affair</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey )</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and<br />Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Might_Is_Right" title="Might Is Right">Might Is Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Without significant post-war activity</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <p><b>With significant post-war activity</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>" only 1954)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Journal of Biosocial Science</i>" only 1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">Foundation for Research and Education<br />on Eugenics and Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">Human Diversity Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">Journal of Social, Political<br />and Economic Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">London Conference on Intelligence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Eugenics in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/29px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eugenics_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eugenics Movement (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Eugenics_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Eugenics Movement (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1898, Fisher was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, the same disease that had killed his father. He spent three years in sanatoria, finally making a full recovery. That experience sparked in him a vocation as a health campaigner. He was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Institute" title="Life Extension Institute">Life Extension Institute</a>, under whose auspices he co-authored the bestselling book <i>How to Live: Rules for Healthful Living Based on Modern Science</i>, published in 1915. He advocated regular exercise and the avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a>. In 1924, Fisher wrote an <a href="/wiki/Anti-smoking" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-smoking">anti-smoking</a> article for the <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>, which argued that "tobacco lowers the whole tone of the body and decreases its vital power and resistance ... [it] acts like a narcotic poison, like opium and like alcohol, though usually in a less degree".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher supported the legal <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> of alcohol and wrote three booklets defending <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition in the United States</a> on grounds of public health and economic productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a proponent of Eugenics he helped found the <a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a> in 1906. He also defended <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, serving in the scientific advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">Eugenics Record Office</a> and as first president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">American Eugenics Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When his daughter Margaret was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, Fisher had her treated at the <a href="/wiki/Trenton_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Trenton Psychiatric Hospital">New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton</a>, whose director was the psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(doctor)" title="Henry Cotton (doctor)">Henry Cotton</a>. Cotton believed in a "focal <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>" theory, according to which <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> resulted from infectious material in the roots of teeth, bowel recesses, and other places in the body. Cotton also claimed that surgical removal of the infected tissue could alleviate the patient's mental disorder. At Trenton, Margaret Fisher had sections of her <a href="/wiki/Bowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel">bowel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> removed, which eventually resulted in her death. Irving Fisher nonetheless remained convinced of the validity of Cotton's treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher, Irving Norton, 1961. <i>A Bibliography of the Writings of Irving Fisher</i> (1961). Compiled by Fisher's son; contains 2425 entries. </p> <ul><li>Primary <ul><li>1892. <i>Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scroll to chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMNGyKoJxv8C">links.</a></li> <li>1896. <i>Appreciation and Interest</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJHPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Appreciation+and+interest%22+fisher">Link.</a></li> <li>1906. <i>The Nature of Capital and Income</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidwell1909_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidwell1909-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scroll to chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR4">links.</a></li> <li>1907. <i>The Rate of Interest</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidwell1909_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidwell1909-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~salemi/Econ006/Irving_Fisher_Chaper_1.pdf">Extracts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215091955/http://www.unc.edu/~salemi/Econ006/Irving_Fisher_Chaper_1.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Preface and Appendix to ch. VII.</li> <li>1910, 1914. <i>Introduction to Economic Science</i>. Section <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NegsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Introduction+to+Economic+Science%22+fisher">links.</a></li> <li>1911a,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1922, 2nd ed. <i>The Purchasing Power of Money: Its Determination and Relation to Credit, Interest, and Crises</i>. Scroll to chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Fisher/fshPPM.html">links</a> from <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (LE&L). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3610">Full text</a> of 1920 edition online via <a href="/wiki/FRASER" title="FRASER">FRASER</a></li> <li>1911b, 1913. <i>Elementary Principles of Economics</i>. Scroll to chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5V9MAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Elementary+Principles+of+Economics%22+fisher">links.</a></li> <li>1915. <i>How to Live: Rules for Healthful Living Based on Modern Science</i> (with Eugene Lyon Fisk). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH0XAAAAYAAJ&q=false">Link.</a></li> <li>1918, "Is 'Utility' the Most Suitable Term for the Concept It is Used to Denote?" <i>American Economic Review</i>, pp. 335–37]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/fisher/utility.htm">Reprint.</a></li> <li>1921a. "Dollar Stabilization," <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> 12th ed.. XXX, pp. 852–853. Reprint page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/fshEnc1.html">links</a> from LE&L.</li> <li>1921b, <i>The Best Form of Index Number,</i> <i>American Statistical Association Quarterly</i>. 17(133), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2965310">pp. 533–537</a>.</li> <li>1922. <i>The Making of Index Numbers: A Study of Their Varieties, Tests, and Reliability</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scroll to chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FO9AAAAAYAAJ">links</a>,</li> <li>1923, "The Business Cycle Largely a 'Dance of the Dollar'," <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i>, 18, pp. 1024–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2965663">Link.</a></li> <li>1926, "A Statistical Relation between Unemployment and Price Changes," <i>International Labour Review</i>, 13(6), p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/intlr13&div=43&id=&page=">pp. 785–92</a>. Reprinted as 1973, "I Discovered the Phillips Curve: A Statistical Relation between Unemployment and Price Changes'," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 81(2, Part 1), p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1830534">pp. 496–502</a>.</li> <li>1927, "A Statistical Method for Measuring 'Marginal Utility' and Testing the Justice of a Progressive Income Tax" in <i>Economic Essays Contributed in Honor of John Bates Clark </i>.</li> <li>1928, The Money Illusion, New York: Adelphi Company. Scroll to chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiyX9Xdk8YAC&q=%22The+Money+Illusion%22+fisher">links.</a></li> <li>1930a. <i>The Stock Market Crash and After</i>.</li> <li>1930b. <i>The Theory of Interest</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~salemi/Econ006/Irving_Fisher_Chaper_1.pdf">Chapter I.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215091955/http://www.unc.edu/~salemi/Econ006/Irving_Fisher_Chaper_1.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Fisher/fshToI.html">links</a>, each numbered by paragraph via LE&L.</li> <li>1932. <i>Booms and Depressions: Some First Principles</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/104">full text online</a> via <a href="/wiki/FRASER" title="FRASER">FRASER</a>.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFisher1933a" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Irving (1933a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3596">"The debt-deflation theory of great depressions"</a>. <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 337–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907327">10.2307/1907327</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907327">1907327</a> – via <a href="/wiki/FRASER" title="FRASER">FRASER</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=The+debt-deflation+theory+of+great+depressions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337-357&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1907327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1907327%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffraser.stlouisfed.org%2Ftitle%2F3596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1933b. <i>Stamp Scrip</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/roehrigw/fisher/">full text online</a></li> <li>1935. <i>100% Money</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisher-100money.blogspot.fr/">full text online</a></li> <li>1942. "Constructive Income Taxation: A Proposal for Reform." New York: Harper & Brothers.</li> <li>1996. <i>The Works of Irving Fisher.</i> edited by William J. Barber et al. 14 volumes London : Pickering & Chatto.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_plan" title="Chicago plan">Chicago plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_and_Eggs_Movement" title="Ham and Eggs Movement">Ham and Eggs Movement</a>, California pension reform plan, 1938–40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Swiss_sovereign-money_initiative" title="2018 Swiss sovereign-money initiative">2018 Swiss sovereign-money initiative</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IFObit1947-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IFObit1947_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/04/30/88780366.html?pageNumber=23">"PROF. IRVING FISHER OF YALE DIES AT 80; Famed, Economist Succumbs Here After 2-Month Illness--On Faculty 45 Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 30 April 1947<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PROF.+IRVING+FISHER+OF+YALE+DIES+AT+80%3B+Famed%2C+Economist+Succumbs+Here+After+2-Month+Illness--On+Faculty+45+Years&rft.date=1947-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1947%2F04%2F30%2F88780366.html%3FpageNumber%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post-Keynesian-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Post-Keynesian_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2012" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Steve (2012). "Growth Theory". In King, J. E. (ed.). <i>The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics</i> (2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. pp. 271–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-318-2"><bdi>978-1-84980-318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Growth+Theory&rft.btitle=The+Elgar+Companion+to+Post+Keynesian+Economics&rft.pages=271-277&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84980-318-2&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumpeter-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter1951" class="citation book cs1">Schumpeter, Joseph (1951). <i>Ten Great Economists from Marx to Keynes</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Great+Economists+from+Marx+to+Keynes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tobin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1987" class="citation cs2">Tobin, James (1987), "Fisher, Irving (1867–1947)", <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>: 369–376, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.0581">10.1057/9780230226203.0581</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78676-5"><bdi>978-0-333-78676-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Fisher%2C+Irving+%281867%E2%80%931947%29&rft.pages=369-376&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230226203.0581&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78676-5&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton Friedman, <i>Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History</i>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1994) p. 37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-661930-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-661930-X">0-15-661930-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stigler-I-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stigler-I_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Stigler1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> (1950). 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II". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>58</b> (5): 373–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F256980">10.1086/256980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1825710">1825710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222450704">222450704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Utility+Theory.+II&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=373-396&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222450704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1825710%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F256980&rft.au=George+Stigler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLong-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeLong_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Bradford_DeLong2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">J. Bradford DeLong</a> (2000). 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"The Theory of Optimal Investment Decisions". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>66</b> (4): 329–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F258057">10.1086/258057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154033914">154033914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Optimal+Investment+Decisions&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=329-352&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F258057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154033914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jack+Hirshleifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernanke-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernanke_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a>, <i>Essays on the Great Depression</i>, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01698-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01698-4">0-691-01698-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadow-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shadow_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shadow_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13104022">Out of Keynes's shadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, Feb 12th 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorn2019" class="citation web cs1">Dorn, James A. (17 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/blog/irving-fishers-search-stable-money-what-we-can-learn">"Irving Fisher's Search for Stable Money: What We Can Learn"</a>. <i>Cato Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610160476" title="Special:BookSources/9781610160476"><bdi>9781610160476</bdi></a>. <q>Fisher's atheism would appear to place him at odds with religious reformers, the principal supporters of prohibition. 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Yale University. 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1925_1952/1946-47.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary+record+of+graduates+deceased+during+the+year+ending+July+1%2C+1947&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmssa.library.yale.edu%2Fobituary_record%2F1925_1952%2F1946-47.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiller, Robert (2011). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Irving+Fisher&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Firving-fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Irving+Fisher&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DIrving%2BFisher%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher,_Irving1930" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Irving (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1930-04919-8">"The application of mathematics to the social sciences"</a>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 225–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1930-04919-8">10.1090/s0002-9904-1930-04919-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1561927">1561927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=The+application+of+mathematics+to+the+social+sciences&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=225-243&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1930-04919-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1561927%23id-name%3DMR&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252Fs0002-9904-1930-04919-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1048058">U.S. patent 1,048,058</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimand2019" class="citation book cs1">Dimand, Robert W. (2019). Thirlwall, A.P. (ed.). <i>Great Thinkers in Economics:Irving Fisher</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-05177-8">10.1007/978-3-030-05177-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05176-1"><bdi>978-3-030-05176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Thinkers+in+Economics%3AIrving+Fisher&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-05177-8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-05176-1&rft.aulast=Dimand&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuchs-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuchs_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_R._Fuchs2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_R._Fuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor R. Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w6710.pdf">"Health, Government, and Irving Fisher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 407–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2005.00370.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.2005.00370.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3488138">3488138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144164940">144164940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Health%2C+Government%2C+and+Irving+Fisher&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=407-425&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144164940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3488138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2005.00370.x&rft.au=Victor+R.+Fuchs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw6710.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngs2003" class="citation book cs1">Engs, Ruth Clifford (2003). <i>The progressive era's health reform movement : a historical dictionary</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275979324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275979324"><bdi>978-0275979324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+progressive+era%27s+health+reform+movement+%3A+a+historical+dictionary&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0275979324&rft.aulast=Engs&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1985" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1985). "Neoclassical Theory in America: J. B. Clark and Fisher". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a></i>. <b>75</b> (6): 28–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Neoclassical+Theory+in+America%3A+J.+B.+Clark+and+Fisher&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=28-38&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a concise exposition see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429203224/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/capital/fisherinvest.htm">cepa.newschool.edu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gravelle-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gravelle_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravelle, H., and Rees, R., 2004. <i>Microeconomics</i>, 3rd ed. Pearson Education, ch. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aliprantis-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aliprantis_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliprantisBrownBurkinshaw1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charalambos_D._Aliprantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charalambos D. Aliprantis">Aliprantis, Charalambos D.</a>; Brown, Donald J.; Burkinshaw, Owen (April 1988). "5 The overlapping generations model (pp. 229–271)". <i>Existence and optimality of competitive equilibria</i> (1990 student ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. xii+284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-52866-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-52866-0"><bdi>3-540-52866-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1075992">1075992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+The+overlapping+generations+model+%28pp.+229%E2%80%93271%29&rft.btitle=Existence+and+optimality+of+competitive+equilibria&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=xii%2B284&rft.edition=1990+student&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1988-04&rft.isbn=3-540-52866-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1075992%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Aliprantis&rft.aufirst=Charalambos+D.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Donald+J.&rft.au=Burkinshaw%2C+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandmo2011" class="citation book cs1">Sandmo, Angar (2011). <i>Economics Evolving: A History of Economic Thought</i>. Princeton University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+Evolving%3A+A+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sandmo&rft.aufirst=Angar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/fisher-equation/">"Fisher Equation"</a>. <i>Corporate Finance Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Finance+Institute&rft.atitle=Fisher+Equation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporatefinanceinstitute.com%2Fresources%2Fknowledge%2Feconomics%2Ffisher-equation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey" class="citation web cs1">Humphrey, Thomas M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/1997/fall/humphrey">"Fisher and Wicksell on the Quantity Theory - Economic Quarterly, Fall 1997 - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond"</a>. <i>www.richmondfed.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.richmondfed.org&rft.atitle=Fisher+and+Wicksell+on+the+Quantity+Theory+-+Economic+Quarterly%2C+Fall+1997+-+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Richmond&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.richmondfed.org%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Feconomic_quarterly%2F1997%2Ffall%2Fhumphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1933" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Irving (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3596">"The debt-deflation theory of great depressions"</a>. <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 337–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907327">10.2307/1907327</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907327">1907327</a> – via <a href="/wiki/FRASER" title="FRASER">FRASER</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=The+debt-deflation+theory+of+great+depressions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337-357&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1907327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1907327%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffraser.stlouisfed.org%2Ftitle%2F3596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"FISHER SEES STOCKS PERMANENTLY HIGH; Yale Economist Tells Purchasing Agents Increased Earnings Justify Rise. SAYS TRUSTS AID SALES Finds Special Knowledge, Applied to Diversify Holdings, Shifts Risks for Clients". <i>New York Times</i>. October 16, 1929. p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/104696595">104696595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=FISHER+SEES+STOCKS+PERMANENTLY+HIGH%3B+Yale+Economist+Tells+Purchasing+Agents+Increased+Earnings+Justify+Rise.+SAYS+TRUSTS+AID+SALES+Finds+Special+Knowledge%2C+Applied+to+Diversify+Holdings%2C+Shifts+Risks+for+Clients.&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1929-10-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLokken1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Lokken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Lokken (page does not exist)">Lokken, Lawrence</a> (October 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517171816/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-21276813.html"><i>Taxing USA tomorrow. (Unlimited Savings Allowance Tax)</i></a>. Southern Economic Journal (e-document ed.). Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-21276813.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxing+USA+tomorrow.+%28Unlimited+Savings+Allowance+Tax%29&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Southern+Economic+Journal&rft.edition=e-document&rft.date=1998-10-01&rft.aulast=Lokken&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-21276813.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Fisher1924" class="citation web cs1">Irving Fisher (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233913/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fgo81c00/pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D512902F957843008C40E997C9D0B9A6C.tobacco03">"Does tobacco injure the human body?"</a>. <i>Reader's Digest</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fgo81c00/pdf;jsessionid=512902F957843008C40E997C9D0B9A6C.tobacco03">the original</a> on 2014-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=Does+tobacco+injure+the+human+body%3F&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Irving+Fisher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.library.ucsf.edu%2Ftid%2Ffgo81c00%2Fpdf%3Bjsessionid%3D512902F957843008C40E997C9D0B9A6C.tobacco03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving Fisher, Prohibition at Its Worst (New York: Macmillan, 1926); Prohibition Still at Its Worst (New York: Alcohol Information Committee, 1928); The Noble Experiment (New York: Alcohol Information Committee, 1930).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngs2003" class="citation book cs1">Engs, Ruth C. (2003). <i>The Progressive Era's Health Reform Movement: A Historical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275979324" title="Special:BookSources/9780275979324"><bdi>9780275979324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Progressive+Era%27s+Health+Reform+Movement%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780275979324&rft.aulast=Engs&rft.aufirst=Ruth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Madhouse:_A_Tragic_Tale_of_Megalomania_and_Modern_Medicine" title="Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine">Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine</a></i>, Andrew Scull, Yale University Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske,_Thomas1893" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fiske" title="Thomas Fiske">Fiske, Thomas</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1893-02-09/S0002-9904-1893-00145-6/S0002-9904-1893-00145-6.pdf">"Review: <i>Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices</i> by Irving Fisher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>2</b> (9): 204–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1893-00145-6">10.1090/s0002-9904-1893-00145-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Mathematical+Investigations+in+the+Theory+of+Value+and+Prices+by+Irving+Fisher&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=204-211&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1893-00145-6&rft.au=Fiske%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1893-02-09%2FS0002-9904-1893-00145-6%2FS0002-9904-1893-00145-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bidwell1909-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bidwell1909_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bidwell1909_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Edwin_Bidwell1909" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson">Wilson, Edwin Bidwell</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1909-15-04/S0002-9904-1909-01728-8/S0002-9904-1909-01728-8.pdf">"Review: <i>The Nature of Capital and Income</i> (1906) and <i>The Rate of Interest</i> (1907) by Irving Fisher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 169–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1909-01728-8">10.1090/S0002-9904-1909-01728-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Nature+of+Capital+and+Income+%281906%29+and+The+Rate+of+Interest+%281907%29+by+Irving+Fisher&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=169-186&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1909-01728-8&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Edwin+Bidwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1909-15-04%2FS0002-9904-1909-01728-8%2FS0002-9904-1909-01728-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Edwin_Bidwell1914" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Edwin Bidwell (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1914-20-07/S0002-9904-1914-02503-0/S0002-9904-1914-02503-0.pdf">"Review: <i>The Purchasing Power of Money</i> by Irving Fisher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>20</b> (7): 377–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1914-02503-0">10.1090/s0002-9904-1914-02503-0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Purchasing+Power+of+Money+by+Irving+Fisher&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=377-381&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1914-02503-0&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Edwin+Bidwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1914-20-07%2FS0002-9904-1914-02503-0%2FS0002-9904-1914-02503-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrathorne,_A._R.1924" class="citation journal cs1">Crathorne, A. R. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1924-30-01/S0002-9904-1924-03859-2/S0002-9904-1924-03859-2.pdf">"Review: <i>The Making of Index Numbers</i> by Irving Fisher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 82–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1924-03859-2">10.1090/s0002-9904-1924-03859-2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Making+of+Index+Numbers+by+Irving+Fisher&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-83&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1924-03859-2&rft.au=Crathorne%2C+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1924-30-01%2FS0002-9904-1924-03859-2%2FS0002-9904-1924-03859-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos,_C._F.1930" class="citation journal cs1">Roos, C. F. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1930-36-11/S0002-9904-1930-05048-X/S0002-9904-1930-05048-X.pdf">"Review of <i>The Theory of Interest</i> by Irving Fisher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>36</b> (11): 783–784. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1930-05048-x">10.1090/s0002-9904-1930-05048-x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Theory+of+Interest+by+Irving+Fisher&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=783-784&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1930-05048-x&rft.au=Roos%2C+C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1930-36-11%2FS0002-9904-1930-05048-X%2FS0002-9904-1930-05048-X.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, Robert Loring (1993). <i>Irving Fisher: A Biography</i></li> <li>Dimand, Robert W. (2020). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpaa014" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/oep/gpaa014">J. Laurence Laughlin versus Irving Fisher on the quantity theory of money, 1894 to 1913.</a>" <i>Oxford Economic Papers</i></li> <li>Dimand, Robert W. (2003). "Irving Fisher on the International Transmission of Booms and Depressions through Monetary Standards." <i>Journal of Money, Credit & Banking</i>. Vol: 35#1 pp 49+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000634264">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000634264">Archived</a> 2010-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Dimand, Robert W. (1993). "The Dance of the Dollar: Irving Fisher's Monetary Theory of Economic Fluctuations," <i>History of Economics Review</i> 20:161–172.</li> <li>Dimand, Robert W. (1994). "Irving Fisher's Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions," <i>Review of Social Economy</i> 52:92–107</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimand1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dimand, Robert W (1998). "The Fall and Rise of Irving Fisher's Macroeconomics". <i>Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 191–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1053837200001851">10.1017/s1053837200001851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153821087">153821087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Irving+Fisher%27s+Macroeconomics&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-201&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1053837200001851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153821087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dimand&rft.aufirst=Robert+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dimand, Robert W., and Geanakoplos, John (2005). "Celebrating Irving Fisher: The Legacy of a Great Economist" <i>American Journal of Economics & Sociology,</i> Jan 2005, Vol. 64 Issue 1, pp. 3–18</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorfman,_Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorfman, Joseph (page does not exist)">Dorfman, Joseph</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dorfman_(%C3%96konom)" class="extiw" title="de:Joseph Dorfman (Ökonom)">de</a>]</span> (1958). <i>The Economic Mind in American Civilization</i>, vol. 3.</li> <li>Fellner, William, ed. (1967). <i>Ten Economic Studies in the Tradition of Irving Fisher</i></li> <li>Fisher, Irving Norton (1956). <i>My Father Irving Fisher</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasuly1947" class="citation journal cs1">Sasuly, Max (1947). "Irving Fisher and Social Science". <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 255–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1905330">10.2307/1905330</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1905330">1905330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Irving+Fisher+and+Social+Science&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=255-78&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1905330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1905330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sasuly&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumpeter,_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumpeter, Joseph">Schumpeter, Joseph</a> (1951). <i>Ten Great Economists</i>: 222–38.</li> <li>Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). <i>A History of Economic Analysis</i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaler,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaler, Richard">Thaler, Richard</a> (1999). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071202154721/http://gsbwww.uchicago.edu/fac/richard.thaler/research/Irving%20Fisher.pdf">Irving Fisher: Behavioral Economist</a>," <i>American Economic Review</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin,_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobin, James">Tobin, James</a> (1987). "Fisher, Irving," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, Vol. 2: 369–76. Reprinted in <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>, Jan, 2005, 17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_1_64/ai_n13798783/?tag=content;col1">pages.</a></li> <li>Tobin, James (1985). "Neoclassical Theory in America: J. B. Clark and Fisher" <i>American Economic Review</i> (Dec 1985) vol 75#6 pp. 28–38 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1914327">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Fisher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Irving_Fisher" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irving_Fisher" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Irving_Fisher" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050324032215/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/index.html">Archive for the History of Economic Thought</a> at <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School for Social Research">New School for Social Research</a> website: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603160005/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/fisher.htm">Irving Fisher, 1867–1947.</a> Includes a photograph of the young Fisher. For a photograph of the older man, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/fisher_i.gif">Irving Fisher</a> on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/welcome.htm">Portraits of Statisticians</a> page.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429203224/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/capital/fisherinvest.htm">Irving Fisher's Theory of Investment.</a></li></ul></li> <li>Irving Fisher Papers (MS 212). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0212">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cd/d12b/d1272.pdf">Herbert Scarf, William C.Brainard, "How to Compute Equilibrium Prices in 1891". Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper 1272, August 2000</a> – for the description of Fisher's hydraulic apparatus.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Fisher.html">"Irving Fisher (1867–1947)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irving+Fisher+%281867%E2%80%931947%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FFisher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8773">Works by Irving Fisher</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Fisher%2C%20Irving%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Irving%20Fisher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fisher%2C%20Irving%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Irving%20Fisher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fisher%2C%20I%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Irving%20Fisher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fisher%2C%20Irving%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Irving%20Fisher%22%29%20OR%20%28%221867-1947%22%20AND%20Fisher%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Irving Fisher</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/134">Works by or about Irving Fisher</a> on <a href="/wiki/FRASER" title="FRASER">FRASER</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6684071">Irving Fisher</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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Walker</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles F. Dunbar</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John B. Clark</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry C. Adams</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah W. Jenks</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon N. Patten</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis R. Dewey</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry W. Farnam</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank A. Fetter</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Gray_(economist)" title="John H. Gray (economist)">John H. Gray</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter F. Willcox</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas N. Carver</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the Econometric Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Econometric Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Econometric Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Econometric Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1931–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Fisher</a> (1931–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Divisia" title="François Divisia">François Divisia</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hotelling" title="Harold Hotelling">Harold Hotelling</a> (1936–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Bowley</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Mitchell</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (1944–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Roos" title="Charles F. Roos">Charles Roos</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">R. G. D. Allen</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Roy_(economist)" title="René Roy (economist)">René Roy</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Boiteux" title="Marcel Boiteux">Marcel Boiteux</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Theil" title="Henri Theil">Henri Theil</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Malinvaud" title="Edmond Malinvaud">Edmond Malinvaud</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Morishima" title="Michio Morishima">Michio Morishima</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wold" title="Herman Wold">Herman Wold</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik Houthakker</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hahn" title="Frank Hahn">Frank Hahn</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dr%C3%A8ze" title="Jacques Drèze">Jacques Drèze</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Gorman" title="W. M. Gorman">W. M. Gorman</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Radner" title="Roy Radner">Roy Radner</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Patinkin" title="Don Patinkin">Don Patinkin</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirofumi_Uzawa" title="Hirofumi Uzawa">Hirofumi Uzawa</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_W._McKenzie" title="Lionel W. McKenzie">Lionel McKenzie</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sargan" title="Denis Sargan">J. Denis Sargan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Nerlove</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Scarf" title="Herbert Scarf">Herbert Scarf</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya K. Sen</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bruno_(economist)" title="Michael Bruno (economist)">Michael Bruno</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale Jorgenson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Anthony B. Atkinson</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_F._Sonnenschein" title="Hugo F. Sonnenschein">Hugo Sonnenschein</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Michel_Grandmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Michel Grandmont (page does not exist)">Jean-Michel Grandmont</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Grandmont" class="extiw" title="de:Jean-Michel Grandmont">de</a>]</span> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Laffont" title="Jean-Jacques Laffont">Jean-Jacques Laffont</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreu_Mas-Colell" title="Andreu Mas-Colell">Andreu Mas-Colell</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Negishi" title="Takashi Negishi">Takashi Negishi</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher Sims</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guesnerie" title="Roger Guesnerie">Roger Guesnerie</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas, Jr.</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_Helpman" title="Elhanan Helpman">Elhanan Helpman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Laroque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Laroque (page does not exist)">Guy Laroque</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Laroque" class="extiw" title="fr:Guy Laroque">fr</a>]</span> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Rubinstein" title="Ariel Rubinstein">Ariel Rubinstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blundell" title="Richard Blundell">Richard Blundell</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsten_Persson" title="Torsten Persson">Torsten Persson</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hardman_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hardman Moore">John H. Moore</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Charles_Rochet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Charles Rochet (page does not exist)">Jean-Charles Rochet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Роше, Жан-Шарль">ru</a>]</span> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arellano" title="Manuel Arellano">Manuel Arellano</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Porter_(economist)" title="Robert Porter (economist)">Robert Porter</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Dekel" title="Eddie Dekel">Eddie Dekel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Fudenberg" title="Drew Fudenberg">Drew Fudenberg</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Besley" title="Tim Besley">Tim Besley</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Morris_(economist)" title="Stephen Morris (economist)">Stephen Morris</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orazio_Attanasio" title="Orazio Attanasio">Orazio Attanasio</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinelopi_Koujianou_Goldberg" title="Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg">Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Tabellini" title="Guido Tabellini">Guido Tabellini</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Matzkin" title="Rosa Matzkin">Rosa Matzkin</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliana_La_Ferrara" title="Eliana La Ferrara">Eliana La Ferrara</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Statistical_Association_Presidents" title="Template:American Statistical Association Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Statistical_Association_Presidents" title="Template talk:American Statistical Association Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Statistical_Association_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Statistical Association Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" title="List of presidents of the American Statistical Association">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1839–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Richard Fletcher</a> (1839–1845)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Shattuck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Shattuck (page does not exist)">George C. Shattuck</a> (1846–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jarvis_(physician)" title="Edward Jarvis (physician)">Edward Jarvis</a> (1852–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a> (1883–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_D._Wright" title="Carroll D. Wright">Carroll D. Wright</a> (1897–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._D._North" title="S. N. D. North">S. N. D. North</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter Francis Willcox</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Koren" title="John Koren">John Koren</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dana_Durand" title="Edward Dana Durand">Edward Dana Durand</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Neill" title="Charles P. Neill">Charles P. Neill</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn Abbott Young</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Adna_Hill" title="Joseph Adna Hill">Joseph Adna Hill</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Roberts" title="George E. Roberts">George E. Roberts</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_W._Doten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll W. Doten (page does not exist)">Carroll W. Doten</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_S._Rossiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William S. Rossiter (page does not exist)">William S. Rossiter</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Persons" title="Warren M. Persons">Warren M. Persons</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Israel_Dublin" title="Louis Israel Dublin">Louis Israel Dublin</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Chaddock" title="Robert E. Chaddock">Robert E. Chaddock</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Porter_Ayres" title="Leonard Porter Ayres">Leonard Porter Ayres</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_E._Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund E. Day (page does not exist)">Edmund E. Day</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Snyder" title="Carl Snyder">Carl Snyder</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson">Edwin Bidwell Wilson</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_C._Rorty" title="Malcolm C. Rorty">Malcolm C. Rorty</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fielding_Ogburn" title="William Fielding Ogburn">William Fielding Ogburn</a> (1931)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Fisher</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice_(statistician)" title="Stuart A. Rice (statistician)">Stuart A. Rice</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willford_I._King" title="Willford I. King">Willford I. King</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Randolph_Burgess" title="Warren Randolph Burgess">Warren Randolph Burgess</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Coats" title="Robert H. Coats">Robert H. Coats</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Pearl" title="Raymond Pearl">Raymond Pearl</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Leslie_Hayford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Leslie Hayford (page does not exist)">F. Leslie Hayford</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_W._Riefler" title="Winfield W. Riefler">Winfield W. Riefler</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Lotka" title="Alfred J. Lotka">Alfred J. Lotka</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel Goldenweiser</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_M._Walker" title="Helen M. Walker">Helen M. Walker</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Shewhart" title="Walter A. Shewhart">Walter A. Shewhart</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isador_Lubin" title="Isador Lubin">Isador Lubin</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Thorp" title="Willard Thorp">Willard Thorp</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Snedecor" title="George W. Snedecor">George W. Snedecor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Wilks" title="Samuel S. Wilks">Samuel S. Wilks</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Reed" title="Lowell Reed">Lowell Reed</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryness_Joy_Wickens" title="Aryness Joy Wickens">Aryness Joy Wickens</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gemmell_Cochran" title="William Gemmell Cochran">William Gemmell Cochran</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marshall_(statistician)" title="Herbert Marshall (statistician)">Herbert Marshall</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_J._Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph J. Watkins (page does not exist)">Ralph J. Watkins</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Mary_Cox" title="Gertrude Mary Cox">Gertrude Mary Cox</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Leonard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Leonard (page does not exist)">William R. Leonard</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Hoadley" title="Walter E. Hoadley">Walter E. Hoadley</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensis_Likert" title="Rensis Likert">Rensis Likert</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_H._Hansen" title="Morris H. Hansen">Morris H. Hansen</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_R._Gainsbrugh" title="Martin R. Gainsbrugh">Martin R. Gainsbrugh</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hauser" title="Philip Hauser">Philip Hauser</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_T._Bowman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond T. Bowman (page does not exist)">Raymond T. Bowman</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_H._Bowker" title="Albert H. Bowker">Albert H. Bowker</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Allen_Wallis" title="W. Allen Wallis">W. Allen Wallis</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_F._Stephan" title="Frederick F. Stephan">Frederick F. Stephan</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Mosteller" title="Frederick Mosteller">Frederick Mosteller</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_H._Moore" title="Geoffrey H. Moore">Geoffrey H. Moore</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Ross_Eckler" title="A. Ross Eckler">A. Ross Eckler</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._A._Bancroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. A. Bancroft (page does not exist)">T. A. Bancroft</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Eisenhart" title="Churchill Eisenhart">Churchill Eisenhart</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Shaw" title="William H. Shaw">William H. Shaw</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_G._Hildreth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford G. Hildreth (page does not exist)">Clifford G. Hildreth</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Cornfield" title="Jerome Cornfield">Jerome Cornfield</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frankel" title="Lester Frankel">Lester Frankel</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_A._Graybill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin A. Graybill (page does not exist)">Franklin A. Graybill</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Kish" title="Leslie Kish">Leslie Kish</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._P._Box" title="George E. P. Box">George E. P. Box</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Otto_Hartley" title="Herman Otto Hartley">Herman Otto Hartley</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_E._Martin" title="Margaret E. Martin">Margaret E. Martin</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Bradley" title="Ralph A. Bradley">Ralph A. Bradley</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kruskal" title="William Kruskal">William Kruskal</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Loree_Anderson" title="Richard Loree Anderson">Richard Loree Anderson</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Richard_Savage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Richard Savage (page does not exist)">I. Richard Savage</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neter" title="John Neter">John Neter</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquardt" title="Donald Marquardt">Donald Marquardt</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_A._Bailar" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara A. Bailar">Barbara A. Bailar</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Hogg" title="Robert V. Hogg">Robert V. Hogg</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._Norwood" title="Janet L. Norwood">Janet L. Norwood</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Barabba" title="Vincent Barabba">Vincent Barabba</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zellner" title="Arnold Zellner">Arnold Zellner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Wallman" title="Katherine Wallman">Katherine Wallman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Stuart_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Stuart Hunter (page does not exist)">J. Stuart Hunter</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Iman" title="Ronald L. Iman">Ronald L. Iman</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_H._Gail" title="Mitchell H. Gail">Mitchell H. Gail</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Billard" title="Lynne Billard">Lynne Billard</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_R._Kettenring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon R. Kettenring (page does not exist)">Jon R. Kettenring</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Moore" title="David S. Moore">David S. Moore</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_H._Ellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas H. Ellenberg (page does not exist)">Jonas H. Ellenberg</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Michael_O%27Fallon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Michael O'Fallon (page does not exist)">W. Michael O'Fallon</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_L._Scheaffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard L. Scheaffer (page does not exist)">Richard L. Scheaffer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miron_L._Straf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miron L. Straf (page does not exist)">Miron L. Straf</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Mason_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert L. Mason (statistician) (page does not exist)">Robert L. Mason</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Scheuren" title="Fritz Scheuren">Fritz Scheuren</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Ann_Keller" title="Sallie Ann Keller">Sallie Ann Keller</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Bock" title="Mary Ellen Bock">Mary Ellen Bock</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_A._Lachenbruch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter A. Lachenbruch (page does not exist)">Peter A. Lachenbruch</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_C._Morton" title="Sally C. Morton">Sally C. Morton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastry_G._Pantula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastry G. Pantula (page does not exist)">Sastry G. Pantula</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Geller" title="Nancy Geller">Nancy Geller</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_N._Rodriguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert N. Rodriguez (page does not exist)">Robert N. Rodriguez</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Davidian" title="Marie Davidian">Marie Davidian</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Schenker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Schenker (page does not exist)">Nathaniel Schenker</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_R._Morganstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David R. Morganstein (page does not exist)">David R. Morganstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Utts" title="Jessica Utts">Jessica Utts</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_D._Nussbaum" title="Barry D. Nussbaum">Barry D. Nussbaum</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Morrissey_LaVange" title="Lisa Morrissey LaVange">Lisa Morrissey LaVange</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kafadar" title="Karen Kafadar">Karen Kafadar</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_L._Martinez" title="Wendy L. Martinez">Wendy L. Martinez</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Santos" title="Robert Santos">Robert Santos</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Ensor" title="Kathy Ensor">Kathy Ensor</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Price" title="Dionne Price">Dionne Price</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhumita_Ghosh_Dastidar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar (page does not exist)">Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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