Medical Sciences | September 2024

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Medical Sciences | September 2024 - Browse Articles </title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-sq.png?3568b168e67d2809"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-sq.png?3568b168e67d2809"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-sq.png?3568b168e67d2809"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-sq.png?3568b168e67d2809"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-sq.png?3568b168e67d2809"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-sq.png?3568b168e67d2809"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-sq.png?3568b168e67d2809"> <meta name="title" content="Medical Sciences"> <meta name="description" content="Medical Sciences, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo.png?3568b168e67d2809" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Medical Sciences" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Medical Sciences, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo-social.png?3568b168e67d2809" /> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(0,91,100,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(0,91,100,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(0,91,100,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(0,91,100,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(0,91,100,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Medical Sciences - Latest Articles" href="/rss/journal/medsci"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;padding:0;"> <div style="float: right; text-align: right; position:relative; margin: 14px 1.7em 0 0"> Next Issue <div><a href="/2076-3271/12/4">Volume 12, December</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div style="margin: 13px 0 0 1.7em"> Previous Issue <div><a href="/2076-3271/12/2">Volume 12, June</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=medsci " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" selected='selected'> Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="12" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="3" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div style="position: absolute; right: 40px; z-index: 10; top: 5px;"> <div class="iflogo1" style="/*z-index:30;*/"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2076-3271" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/PM.svg?d6a69b922515dcf5?1732286508" class="iflogo2"> </a> </div> <div class="iflogo1" style="/*z-index:30;*/"> <a rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/TF_IF.svg?92efd6e97ad7fc1d?1732286508" class="iflogo2"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a class="lean" href="/journal/medsci">Medical Sciences</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a class="lean" href="/2076-3271/12">Volume 12</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">Issue 3</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width "> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/medsci"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/medsci-logo.png?3568b168e67d2809" alt="medsci-logo" title="Medical Sciences" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=81" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Medical Sciences</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Medical Sciences</em> </a> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item condensed-small UI_JournalMenu"> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Menu</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Menu </a> <ul class="accordion__dummy accordion__menu hide-small-down-initially" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <li class="accordion-navigation accordion-navigation__journal"> <ul> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci"><em>Medical Sciences</em> Home </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/about">Aims & Scope</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/editors"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/submission_reviewers">Reviewer Board</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/special_issues">Special Issues</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/topics?journal=medsci">Topics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/sections">Sections & Collections</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/apc">Article Processing Charge</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/indexing">Indexing & Archiving</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/most_cited">Most Cited & Viewed</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/stats">Journal Statistics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/history">Journal History</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/awards">Journal Awards</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/medsci/editorial_office">Editorial Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Browser</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-browser show-for-small" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Browser </a> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item last-item no-border"> <form method="post" action="/journal/medsci" id="qckvi" onsubmit="return !$('#journal-browser-go').hasClass('button--grey');"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Volume"> <select id="journal-browser-volume" name="volume" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' data-id="0">volume</option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="12"> 12 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="11"> 11 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="10"> 10 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="9"> 9 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="8"> 8 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="7"> 7 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="6"> 6 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="5"> 5 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="4"> 4 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="3"> 3 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="2"> 2 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="medsci" value="1"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Issue"> <select id="journal-browser-issue" name="issue" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' class="volume-0">issue</option> <option value="1" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="XvTKtcoHRwTufFkOtuaKl1eHgZiQSKwATrssM1AqfYE"> <input type="hidden" id="journal-browser-namesystem" name="namesystem" value="medsci"> <input type="hidden" name="getIssueByVI" value="1"> <input type="submit" id="journal-browser-go" value="Go" style="" class="button button--grey button--full-width UI_JournalBrowser_GoButton"> </form> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item first-item no-border"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li class="side-menu-li side-menu-li__padded"> <a href="/2076-3271/12/4"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Forthcoming issue</strong> </a> <br/> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Current issue</strong> </a> </li> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class=""> <div class="journal-browser-volumes "> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/12"> Vol. 12 (2024) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/11"> Vol. 11 (2023) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/10"> Vol. 10 (2022) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/9"> Vol. 9 (2021) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/8"> Vol. 8 (2020) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/7"> Vol. 7 (2019) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/6"> Vol. 6 (2018) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/5"> Vol. 5 (2017) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/4"> Vol. 4 (2016) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/3"> Vol. 3 (2015) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/2"> Vol. 2 (2014) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2076-3271/1"> Vol. 1 (2013) </a> </li> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="content__container banner-container" style="padding:0px;"> <div> <div class="generic-item1"> <div id="bestAwardPaperAD" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner1" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="4" data-repeat-interval="10" style="width: 100%; padding:0px;margin:0px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main ul-spaced"> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <h1> <i>Med. Sci.</i>, Volume 12, Issue 3 (September 2024) – 18 articles </h1> <div style="position: absolute; width: 140px; padding-bottom: 15px"> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/45" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img style="width: 140px; height: auto;" src="/files/uploaded/covers/medsci/cover-medsci-v12-i3.png"/> </a> </div> <div style="margin-left: 160px; min-height: 210px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 1em;"> <strong>Cover Story</strong> (<a href="/files/uploaded/covers/medsci/big_cover-medsci-v12-i3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">view full-size image</a>): Fifty octogenarian patients (median age: 82 years) underwent the repair of acute aortic dissection (closed distal—22, open distal—28). The in-hospital mortality was 18% (open distal; 14.2% vs. closed distal; 22.7%, <em>p</em> = 0.44). Stroke was present in 26% (open distal; 28.6% vs. closed distal; 22.7%, <em>p</em> = 0.64). The median survival was 7.2 years (IQR; 4.5–11.6 years). Survival was comparable between the open and closed distal groups (median 10.6 vs. 7.2 years, <em>p</em> = 0.35, respectively). The critical preoperative status (HR; 3.2, <em>p</em> = 0.03) and composite endpoint (Renal Replacement Therapy, new CVA/neurological event, Length of stay > 30 days or return to theatre; HR; 4.1, <em>p</em> = 0.02) predicted adverse survival. Repair in selected octogenarians is associated with an acceptable short and long-term survival. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/45">View this paper</a> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the <a href="/journal/medsci/toc-alert">table of contents alert mailing list</a>.</li> <li>You may <a href="/journal/medsci/toc-alert">sign up for e-mail alerts</a> to receive table of contents of newly released issues.</li> <li>PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free <a href="http://www.adobe.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Adobe Reader</a> to open them.</li> </ul> <form id="exportArticles" method="post" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="ApWMJgcwzPp9zZoVES3MnHt95iIPODNNm15ENnZtvqc"> <div class="ui-tabs-panel article-listing" style="padding: 0px;border: 0;"> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"], preferredFonts: "TeX", webFont:"TeX", imageFont:"TeX", undefinedFamily:"'Arial Unicode MS',serif", scale: 80, linebreaks: { automatic: true, width: "container" } }, "TeX": { extensions: ["noErrors.js"], noErrors: { inlineDelimiters: ["",""], multiLine: true, style: { "font-size": "90%", "text-align": "left", "color": "black", "padding": "1px 3px", "border": "1px solid" } } } }); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End",function () { $(".art-abstract").css("display", "block"); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <div class="header listing-header"> <div class="listing-display-options1" id="selectView"> <div class="row generic-item indented1"> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Order results </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="listby" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="date" selected="selected"> Publication Date </option> <option value="cited" > Times Cited </option> <option value="viewed" > Times Viewed </option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Result details </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="view" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="default" selected="selected">Normal</option> <option value="abstract">Extended</option> <option value="compact">Compact</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Section </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="section_id" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="" selected="selected">All Sections</option> <option value="0">None</option> <option value="200">Cancer and Cancer-Related Research</option> <option value="198">Cardiovascular Disease</option> <option value="253">Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases</option> <option value="194">Gynecology</option> <option value="254">Hepatic and Gastroenterology Diseases</option> <option value="202">Immunology and Infectious Diseases</option> <option value="195">Nephrology and Urology</option> <option value="196">Neurosciences</option> <option value="229">Nursing Research</option> <option value="203">Pneumology and Respiratory Diseases</option> <option value="875">Translational Medicine</option> <option value="2448">Critical Care Medicine</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="listing-apply" style="display: none;"> <input type="submit" value="Apply Settings" class="articleBrowserSubmit" data-url="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3" id="articleBrowserView"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row listing-select-options1"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="exportPosition" name="export_position" value=""> <div class="indented1"> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Export citation of selected articles as:</span> <br class="show-for-medium-down" /> <div class="listing-export"> <select class="chosen-select inline" name="format_top"> <option value="plaintext"> Plain Text </option> <option value="bibtex"> BibTeX </option> <option value="bibtex_no_abstract"> BibTeX (without abstracts) </option> <option value="endnote"> Endnote </option> <option value="endnote_no_abstract"> Endnote (without abstracts) </option> <option value="tab_delimited"> Tab-delimited </option> <option value="ris"> RIS </option> </select> </div> <input type="submit" value="Export" class="articleBrowserSubmit button button--color-inversed" id="articleBrowserExport_top"> </div> </div> <a id="link-export-modal-nothing-selected" data-reveal-id="export-modal-nothing-selected" style="display: none;"></a> <div id="export-modal-nothing-selected" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1481705" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 8 pages, 1540 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/49/pdf?version=1726818657" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhanced Osteoporosis Detection Using Artificial Intelligence: A Deep Learning Approach to Panoramic Radiographs with an Emphasis on the Mental Foramen" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/49">Enhanced Osteoporosis Detection Using Artificial Intelligence: A Deep Learning Approach to Panoramic Radiographs with an Emphasis on the Mental Foramen</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Robert Gaudin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wolfram Otto</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Iman Ghanad</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephan Kewenig</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carsten Rendenbach</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vasilios Alevizakos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pascal Grün</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Florian Kofler</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Max Heiland</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Constantin von See</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 49; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030049">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030049</a> - 20 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 1181 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder, is expected to affect 60% of women aged over 50 years. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, the current gold standard, are typically used post-fracture, highlighting the need for early detection tools. Panoramic radiographs (PRs), common in annual dental evaluations, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/49/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder, is expected to affect 60% of women aged over 50 years. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, the current gold standard, are typically used post-fracture, highlighting the need for early detection tools. Panoramic radiographs (PRs), common in annual dental evaluations, have been explored for osteoporosis detection using deep learning, but methodological flaws have cast doubt on otherwise optimistic results. This study aims to develop a robust artificial intelligence (AI) application for accurate osteoporosis identification in PRs, contributing to early and reliable diagnostics. A total of 250 PRs from three groups (A: osteoporosis group, B: non-osteoporosis group matching A in age and gender, C: non-osteoporosis group differing from A in age and gender) were cropped to the mental foramen region. A pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier was used for training, testing, and validation with a random split of the dataset into subsets (A vs. B, A vs. C). Detection accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The method achieved an F1 score of 0.74 and an AUC of 0.8401 (A vs. B). For young patients (A vs. C), it performed with 98% accuracy and an AUC of 0.9812. This study presents a proof-of-concept algorithm, demonstrating the potential of deep learning to identify osteoporosis in dental radiographs. It also highlights the importance of methodological rigor, as not all optimistic results are credible. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/49">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/49/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1481705"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1481705"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1481705" data-cycle-prev="#prev1481705" data-cycle-progressive="#images1481705" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1481705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00049/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00049-g001-550.jpg?1726818727" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1481705" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1481705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00049/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00049-g002-550.jpg?1726818728'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1481705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00049/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00049-g003-550.jpg?1726818729'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1481705-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00049/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00049-g001-550.jpg?1726818727" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Automatically rectangular images, cropped to the region of interest of the mental foramen: (<b>A</b>) young patients, (<b>B</b>) old patients without osteoporosis, and (<b>C</b>) old patients with osteoporosis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00049/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00049-g002-550.jpg?1726818728" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Confusion matrix illustrating, on the left, the detection results of osteoporosis based on PR for an untouched validation set after training and hyperparameter selection and, on the right, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00049/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00049-g003-550.jpg?1726818729" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Confusion matrix illustrating, on the left, the detection results of osteoporosis based on PR for an untouched validation set of the osteoporosis group versus a young control group and, on the right, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, indicating that the high accuracy is due to the recognition of a young-versus-old bone structure, making the results misleading.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1477167" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4 pages, 182 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/48/pdf?version=1726206056" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sunitinib in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with Favorable Risk: Be Aware of PD-L1 Expression" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Commentary</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/48">Sunitinib in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with Favorable Risk: Be Aware of PD-L1 Expression</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ilya Tsimafeyeu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 48; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030048">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030048</a> - 13 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 8425 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has advanced significantly with first-line immunotargeted therapy combinations. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the cohort of patients with favorable risk and some oncologists continue to use sunitinib in these patients. PD-L1 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/48/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has advanced significantly with first-line immunotargeted therapy combinations. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the cohort of patients with favorable risk and some oncologists continue to use sunitinib in these patients. PD-L1 expression has emerged as a negative prognostic factor in RCC, particularly in sunitinib-treated patients, where higher PD-L1 levels are linked to worse outcomes. This article discusses the potential risks associated with the use of sunitinib in PD-L1-positive patients. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/48">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/medsci/special_issues/6LZ928555T ">Molecular and Clinical Advances in Kidney Cancer</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1469788" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 461 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/47/pdf?version=1725278236" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Survival Analysis, Clinical Characteristics, and Predictors of Cerebral Metastases in Patients with Colorectal Cancer" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/47">Survival Analysis, Clinical Characteristics, and Predictors of Cerebral Metastases in Patients with Colorectal Cancer</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antoine Jeri-Yabar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liliana Vittini-Hernandez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jerry K. Benites-Meza</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sebastian Prado-Nuñez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 47; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030047">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030047</a> - 2 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 930 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. While liver metastasis is common, brain metastasis (BM) is rare, occurring in 0.1% to 14% of cases. Risk factors for BM include lung metastasis at <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/47/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. While liver metastasis is common, brain metastasis (BM) is rare, occurring in 0.1% to 14% of cases. Risk factors for BM include lung metastasis at diagnosis, rectal cancer, and mutations in RAS and KRAS genes. Due to its rarity, guidelines for BM screening and treatment are limited. The aim of this study is to identify the clinical characteristics and predictors of BM at the time of the initial diagnosis of CRC. Methods: We evaluated patients ≥18 years old with metastatic colorectal cancer and brain metastases at diagnosis from the SEER database (2010–2021). A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze overall survival and predictive factors for brain metastasis, utilizing multivariate logistic regression, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards models, with <i>p</i>-values < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Out of 24,703 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), 228 (0.92%) had brain metastasis (BM) at diagnosis. BM was more prevalent in average-onset mCRC (≥50 years) compared to early-onset (<50 years) (1% vs. 0.55%, <i>p</i> = 0.004). Certain factors, such as older age and adenocarcinoma subtype, were associated with BM. Additionally, Asians/Pacific-Islanders (HR 1.83 CI: 1.01-3-33, <i>p</i> = 0.045) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (HR 4.79 CI 1.15–19.97, <i>p</i> = 0.032) had higher mortality rates, while surgical treatment and chemotherapy were linked to decreased mortality. Patients with BM had significantly worse overall survival (6 months vs. 21 months, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Conclusion: BM in mCRC is uncommon, but it is associated with significantly worse outcomes, including markedly reduced overall survival. Our study highlights several critical factors associated with the presence of BM, such as older age and specific racial/ethnic groups, which may inform risk stratification and early-detection strategies. Our findings emphasize the need for heightened awareness and screening for BM in high-risk mCRC patients, as well as the inclusion of these patients in clinical trials to explore tailored therapeutic approaches aimed at improving survival and quality of life. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/47">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/47/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1469788-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00047/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00047-g001-550.jpg?1725278411" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1469788-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00047/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00047-g001-550.jpg?1725278411" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overall survival of individuals with colorectal cancer and brain metastases compared to other metastatic sites at diagnosis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1469766" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 1384 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/46/pdf?version=1725426944" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Survival and Durability of Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair: Insights from Different Repair Techniques" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/46">Survival and Durability of Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair: Insights from Different Repair Techniques</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandra Iaccarino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ilaria Giambuzzi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Denise Galbiati</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Enea Cuko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ginevra Droandi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Forcina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eraldo Kushta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessio Basciu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandro Barbone</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrea Fumero</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lucia Torracca</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 46; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030046">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030046</a> - 2 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 584 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study evaluates the long-term outcomes of minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MIMVR) in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation, focusing on survival, mitral valve repair failure, and re-operation rates. A cohort of patients undergoing three primary repair techniques—quadrangular resection, edge-to-edge repair, and artificial <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/46/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study evaluates the long-term outcomes of minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MIMVR) in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation, focusing on survival, mitral valve repair failure, and re-operation rates. A cohort of patients undergoing three primary repair techniques—quadrangular resection, edge-to-edge repair, and artificial chordae implantation—was analyzed using time-to-event methods. The overall survival rates at 1, 10, and 20 years were high and comparable among the techniques, indicating effective long-term benefits of MIMVR. However, freedom from recurrence of moderate mitral regurgitation (MR) ≥ 2 was significantly higher in the quadrangular resection and edge-to-edge groups compared to the artificial chordae group. No significant differences were observed for recurrent MR ≥ 3. Re-operation rates were low and similar across all techniques, underscoring the durability of MIMVR. Pre-discharge residual MR ≥ 2 was identified as a strong predictor of long-term repair failure. These findings confirm the effectiveness of MIMVR, with all techniques demonstrating excellent long-term survival and durability. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/46">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/46/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1469766"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1469766"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1469766" data-cycle-prev="#prev1469766" data-cycle-progressive="#images1469766" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1469766-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00046/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00046-g001-550.jpg?1725427065" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1469766" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1469766-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00046/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00046-g002-550.jpg?1725427067'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1469766-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00046/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00046-g003-550.jpg?1725427068'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1469766-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00046/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00046-g001-550.jpg?1725427065" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>KM of overall death.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/46'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00046/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00046-g002-550.jpg?1725427067" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>KM of recurrent MR ≥ 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/46'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00046/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00046-g003-550.jpg?1725427068" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>KM of recurrent MR ≥ 3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/46'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1469391" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 416 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/45/pdf?version=1725259968" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Perioperative and Long-Term Outcomes of Acute Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection Repair in Octogenarians" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/45">Perioperative and Long-Term Outcomes of Acute Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection Repair in Octogenarians</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hannah Masraf</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manoraj Navaratnarajah</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura Viola</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Davorin Sef</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pietro G. Malvindi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Szabolcs Miskolczi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Theodore Velissaris</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suvitesh Luthra</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 45; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030045">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030045</a> - 2 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 715 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: The aims of this study were to assess the perioperative morbidity, mortality and long-term survival of octogenarians undergoing acute type A aortic dissection repair (ATAAD), and to compare open and closed distal anastomosis techniques. Methods: This was a single-centre retrospective study (2007–2021). <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/45/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: The aims of this study were to assess the perioperative morbidity, mortality and long-term survival of octogenarians undergoing acute type A aortic dissection repair (ATAAD), and to compare open and closed distal anastomosis techniques. Methods: This was a single-centre retrospective study (2007–2021). Open versus closed distal anastomosis were compared. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to compare long-term survival. Results: Fifty octogenarian patients were included (median age—82 years; closed distal—22; open distal—28). Median cardiopulmonary bypass time was 187 min (open distal vs. closed distal group; 219 min vs. 115.5 min, <i>p</i> < 0.01, respectively). Median cross-clamp time was 93 min (IQR; 76–130 min). Median circulatory arrest time was 26 min (IQR; 20–39 min) in the open-distal group. In-hospital mortality was 18% (open distal; 14.2% vs. closed distal; 22.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.44). Stroke was 26% (open distal; 28.6% vs. closed distal; 22.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.64). Median survival was 7.2 years (IQR; 4.5–11.6 years). Survival was comparable between open and closed distal groups (median 10.6 vs. 7.2 years, <i>p</i> = 0.35, respectively). Critical preoperative status (HR; 3.2, <i>p</i> = 0.03) and composite endpoint (renal replacement therapy, new neurological event, length of stay > 30 days or return to theatre; HR; 4.1, <i>p</i> = 0.02) predicted adverse survival. Open distal anastomosis did no impact survival. Conclusions: ATAAD repair in selected octogenarians has acceptable short- and long-term survival. There is no significant difference between open versus closed distal anastomosis strategies. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/45">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/45/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1469391-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00045/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00045-g001-550.jpg?1725260053" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1469391-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00045/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00045-g001-550.jpg?1725260053" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Kaplan–Meier survival curves comparing open vs. closed distal anastomosis technique.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/45'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1466410" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 664 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/44/pdf?version=1724905137" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="HLA Genetic Diversity and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Effect of Heterozygosity Advantage" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/44">HLA Genetic Diversity and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Effect of Heterozygosity Advantage</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adriana Tălăngescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Tizu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bogdan Calenic</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dan Florin Mihăilescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandra Elena Constantinescu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ileana Constantinescu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 44; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030044">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030044</a> - 29 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 957 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This research aims to determine whether HLA heterozygosity confers a protective effect against hepatitis B virus infection by analyzing the relationship between HLA diversity and the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A total of 327 hepatitis B patients were selected and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/44/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This research aims to determine whether HLA heterozygosity confers a protective effect against hepatitis B virus infection by analyzing the relationship between HLA diversity and the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A total of 327 hepatitis B patients were selected and categorized based on their clinical status: 284 patients with chronic HBV infection and 43 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC). The control group included 304 healthy individuals. HLA genotyping for 11 loci, including HLA class I and class II, was conducted using next-generation sequencing. The results of this study indicate a statistically significant negative correlation between HLA class II heterozygosity and the risk of HBV infection. Specifically, heterozygosity in HLA-DQB1 (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.31–0.76, <i>p</i> = 0.01277) and HLA-DRB1 (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24–0.77, <i>p</i> = 0.01855) were significantly associated with protection. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the effect of HLA diversity among pathological subtypes (chronic hepatitis B and control group, liver cirrhosis and control group). For liver cirrhosis, compared with the control group, a decreased risk of LC was possibly associated with the heterozygosity of HLA class I locus B (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.09–0.65, <i>p</i> = 0.0591), but this hypothesis was not confirmed by other studies. The diversity of HLA, measured by HLA heterozygosity, was associated with a protective effect against HBV infection. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/44">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/44/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1466410"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1466410"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1466410" data-cycle-prev="#prev1466410" data-cycle-progressive="#images1466410" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1466410-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00044/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00044-g001a-550.jpg?1724905280" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1466410" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1466410-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00044/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00044-g001b-550.jpg?1724905281'><p>Figure 1 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1466410-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00044/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00044-g001a-550.jpg?1724905280" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Frequency distribution of HLA alleles in the CHB group and the control group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/44'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00044/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00044-g001b-550.jpg?1724905281" title=" <strong>Figure 1 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Frequency distribution of HLA alleles in the CHB group and the control group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/44'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1465915" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1465915" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1465915" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1465915" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/43/s1?version=1724839908"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 46 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 1676 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/43/pdf?version=1724839907" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Emerging Cancer Immunotherapies: Cutting-Edge Advances and Innovations in Development" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/43">Emerging Cancer Immunotherapies: Cutting-Edge Advances and Innovations in Development</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Monica Maccagno</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marta Tapparo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriele Saccu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Letizia Rumiano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sharad Kholia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lorenzo Silengo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Beatriz Herrera Sanchez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 43; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030043">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030043</a> - 28 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1934 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The rise in biological therapies has revolutionized oncology, with immunotherapy leading the charge through breakthroughs such as CAR-T cell therapy for melanoma and B-ALL. Modified bispecific antibodies and CAR-T cells are being developed to enhance their effectiveness further. However, CAR-T cell therapy currently <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/43/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The rise in biological therapies has revolutionized oncology, with immunotherapy leading the charge through breakthroughs such as CAR-T cell therapy for melanoma and B-ALL. Modified bispecific antibodies and CAR-T cells are being developed to enhance their effectiveness further. However, CAR-T cell therapy currently relies on a costly ex vivo manufacturing process, necessitating alternative strategies to overcome this bottleneck. Targeted in vivo viral transduction offers a promising avenue but remains under-optimized. Additionally, novel approaches are emerging, such as in vivo vaccine boosting of CAR-T cells to strengthen the immune response against tumors, and dendritic cell-based vaccines are under investigation. Beyond CAR-T cells, mRNA therapeutics represent another promising avenue. Targeted delivery of DNA/RNA using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) shows potential, as LNPs can be directed to T cells. Moreover, CRISPR editing has demonstrated the ability to precisely edit the genome, enhancing the effector function and persistence of synthetic T cells. Enveloped delivery vehicles packaging Cas9 directed to modified T cells offer a virus-free method for safe and effective molecule release. While this platform still relies on ex vivo transduction, using cells from healthy donors or induced pluripotent stem cells can reduce costs, simplify manufacturing, and expand treatment to patients with low-quality T cells. The use of allogeneic CAR-T cells in cancer has gained attraction for its potential to lower costs and broaden accessibility. This review emphasizes critical strategies for improving the selectivity and efficacy of immunotherapies, paving the way for a more targeted and successful fight against cancer. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/43">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/43/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1465915"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1465915"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1465915" data-cycle-prev="#prev1465915" data-cycle-progressive="#images1465915" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1465915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g001-550.jpg?1724839980" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1465915" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1465915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g002-550.jpg?1724839981'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1465915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g003-550.jpg?1724839982'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1465915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g004-550.jpg?1724839984'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1465915-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g001-550.jpg?1724839980" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Graphical representation of new therapies and approaches in the anti-tumor field.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/43'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g002-550.jpg?1724839981" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Five generations of CARs. The 1st generation of CAR consisted of an extracellular single-chain variable (scFv) and an intracellular CD3ζ activation domain. Building on this, the 2nd generation of CARs incorporated an additional co-stimulation domain. The 3rd generation advanced further by integrating two co-stimulation domains. The 4th generation, also known as TRUCKs, included a cytokine inducer domain to enhance cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity. The 5th generation introduced an IL-2Rbeta domain, which activates the cytokine receptor-dependent JAK/STAT pathway.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/43'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g003-550.jpg?1724839982" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Cell therapy clinical trials as of July 2024 include a variety of approaches, as illustrated by the pie chart displaying data from <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov" target="_blank">clinicaltrials.gov</a>. The chart highlights the number of clinical trials involving CAR-M (5 trials), CAR-NK (75 trials), and CAR-CRISPR/Cas9 (17 trials). These trials encompass treatments for both hematological and solid tumors.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/43'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00043/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00043-g004-550.jpg?1724839984" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Engineered nanoparticles for in vivo CAR-T cell production. The top section of the figure illustrates the schematic process of in vivo CAR-T cell generation through the administration of nanoparticles, highlighting their anti-tumor efficacy. The bottom section depicts the diverse types of nanoparticles, and the strategies utilized in preclinical models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/43'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1458656" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1458656" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1458656" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1458656" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/42/s1?version=1723969375"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 236 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 1038 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/42/pdf?version=1723969375" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Antibiotic Resistance & Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase Production in Clinical and Non-Clinical Isolates in Tabuk" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/42">Antibiotic Resistance & Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase Production in Clinical and Non-Clinical Isolates in Tabuk</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Badriah Alanazi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ghulam Muhiuddin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yazeed Albalawi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Khalid Alhazmi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Othman Alzahrani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marai Alamri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hisham Alshadfan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohammad Zubair</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 42; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030042">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030042</a> - 18 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1170 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, driven by the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), presents a critical challenge to current medical treatments, particularly in clinical settings. Understanding the distribution and frequency of ESBL-producing bacteria is essential for developing effective control strategies. This study <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/42/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, driven by the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), presents a critical challenge to current medical treatments, particularly in clinical settings. Understanding the distribution and frequency of ESBL-producing bacteria is essential for developing effective control strategies. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in bacterial isolates in clinical and non-clinical (food) specimens in Tabuk, KSA. A total of 57 bacterial isolates were analysed, with <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. being the most prevalent. High resistance rates were observed, particularly against third-generation cephalosporins in clinical isolates. ESBL screening revealed a significant prevalence in clinical samples (58.3%), with <i>E. coli</i> showing the highest positivity. Conversely, only a low percentage of food isolates were ESBL positive. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of various ESBL genes, with <i>bla<sub>CTX</sub></i><sub>-M</sub> being the most frequent, predominantly found in clinical isolates. This study highlights the concerning levels of antibiotic resistance and ESBL production in the region, emphasising the need for effective infection control measures and prudent antibiotic use. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/42">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/medsci/sections/immunology_infectious_diseases">Immunology and Infectious Diseases</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/42/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1458656"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1458656"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1458656" data-cycle-prev="#prev1458656" data-cycle-progressive="#images1458656" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1458656-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g001-550.jpg?1723969462" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1458656" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1458656-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g002-550.jpg?1723969463'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1458656-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g003-550.jpg?1723969466'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1458656-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g004-550.jpg?1723969468'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1458656-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g001-550.jpg?1723969462" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A diagram displaying the different food samples used in this study along with a summary of their processing steps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/42'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g002-550.jpg?1723969463" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Bla</span> ESBL gene positivity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/42'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g003-550.jpg?1723969466" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Bla</span> ESBL gene positive results per organism.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/42'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00042/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00042-g004-550.jpg?1723969468" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Clinical isolates distribution pattern of mono and two <span class="html-italic">bla<sub>ESBL</sub></span> gene pattern analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/42'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1457774" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 357 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/41/pdf?version=1723805738" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Beneficial Bacteria in the Gut Microbiota May Lead to Improved Metabolic and Immunological Status in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/41">Beneficial Bacteria in the Gut Microbiota May Lead to Improved Metabolic and Immunological Status in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabine Correia Passos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lucas Matheus Gonçalves de Oliveira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabíola Ramos Jesus</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dalila Lucíola Zanette</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Odilon Lobão Leal Neto</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Margarida Célia Lima Costa Neves</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antônio Carlos Moreira Lemos</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gyselle Chrystina Baccan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 41; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030041">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030041</a> - 16 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 909 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by functional changes in the airways. The lung–gut axis and gut microbiota (GM) have been linked to the pathophysiology of airway diseases. Regarding COPD, studies have shown that GM alterations could be related <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/41/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by functional changes in the airways. The lung–gut axis and gut microbiota (GM) have been linked to the pathophysiology of airway diseases. Regarding COPD, studies have shown that GM alterations could be related the stages of this disease. However, the relationship between GM and clinical, biochemical and immunological parameters in patients with COPD are not well understood. The aim of this study was to compare the relative abundance of specific groups of beneficial gut bacteria between COPD patients and healthy controls (CTLs) in order to evaluate relationships with metabolic and inflammatory markers in COPD. Methods: We included 16 stable COPD patients and 16 healthy volunteer CTLs. The relative abundances of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp. (Bf) and <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> (Akk) bacteria and the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were assessed by qPCR. Pulmonary function was evaluated by spirometry, biochemical parameters by colorimetric methods and plasma cytokine levels by cytometric bead array analysis. Results: The Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio was related to emergency hospital visits and six-minute walk test (6MWT) results. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Bf was associated with plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, HDL-C and IL-10. In addition, Firmicutes levels and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were associated with the IL-12/IL-10 ratio, while Akk abundance was linked to IL-12 levels. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the GM could influence clinical presentation and immunoregulation in COPD. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/41">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/medsci/special_issues/3W732I66B5 ">Therapeutic Potential of the Microbiome—2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1457624" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 1848 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/40/pdf?version=1723799160" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Subclinical Enthesopathy in Psoriasis—An Ultrasonographic Study" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/40">Subclinical Enthesopathy in Psoriasis—An Ultrasonographic Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rucsandra Cristina Dascălu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreea Lili Bărbulescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ștefan Cristian Dinescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cristina Elena Biță</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Loredana Elena Stoica</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Florentin Ananu Vreju</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 40; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030040">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030040</a> - 16 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 740 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The present study is aimed at assessing the presence and prevalence of subclinical entheseal changes in Psoriasis (PsO) patients using musculoskeletal ultrasonography (US), conjoined with the analysis of possible differences in terms of demographic, clinical, or biological features. We carried out an observational <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/40/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The present study is aimed at assessing the presence and prevalence of subclinical entheseal changes in Psoriasis (PsO) patients using musculoskeletal ultrasonography (US), conjoined with the analysis of possible differences in terms of demographic, clinical, or biological features. We carried out an observational study on 54 patients with PsO and 40 controls. Subclinical enthesopathy, according to OMERACT definitions, was identified in 20 of the psoriasis patients (37.03%), a significantly difference compared to the controls (5 patients; 10.20%). A comparison between US examinations for psoriasis patients and controls indicates that all the examined areas manifested changes in a significantly higher percentage of patients than the controls. The most common structural changes were represented by thickened tendon (85%), calcification (65%), erosions (35%), power Doppler (PD) signal (20%), and bursitis (5%). The difference in mean MASEI (Madrid Sonographic Enthesitis Index) score between the psoriasis and control groups was statistically significant (10.56 + 2.96 vs. 2.9 + 2.20; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). In conclusion, ultrasound is an easily accessible and vital follow-up method for psoriasis patients to enable an early, subclinical detection of entheseal involvement, i.e., the first red-flag sign for a future transition to psoriatic arthritis (PsA). <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/40">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/medsci/sections/immunology_infectious_diseases">Immunology and Infectious Diseases</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/40/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1457624"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1457624"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1457624" data-cycle-prev="#prev1457624" data-cycle-progressive="#images1457624" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1457624-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g001-550.jpg?1723799247" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1457624" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1457624-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g002-550.jpg?1723799248'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1457624-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g003-550.jpg?1723799249'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1457624-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g004a-550.jpg?1723799253'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1457624-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g004b-550.jpg?1723799254'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1457624-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g001-550.jpg?1723799247" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Enthesitis distribution in the PsO study group. TT, triceps tendon; QT, quadriceps tendon; PP, proximal patellar tendon; DP, distal patellar tendon; AT, Achilles tendon; PA, plantar aponeurosis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/40'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g002-550.jpg?1723799248" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Power Doppler US image of the patellar tendon’s distal enthesis, showing a hypoechoic tendon, with the loss of a homogenous fibrillar pattern primarily near the cortical bone (&lt;2 mm), with an intense power Doppler signal. DP—distal patellar tendon; T—tibial tuberosity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/40'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g003-550.jpg?1723799249" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mean MASEI score in PsO and controls.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/40'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g004a-550.jpg?1723799253" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>MASEI score and (<b>a</b>) BMI; (<b>b</b>) PASI; (<b>c</b>) ESR.; (<b>d</b>) CRP; (<b>e</b>) age; and (<b>f</b>) disease duration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/40'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00040/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00040-g004b-550.jpg?1723799254" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>MASEI score and (<b>a</b>) BMI; (<b>b</b>) PASI; (<b>c</b>) ESR.; (<b>d</b>) CRP; (<b>e</b>) age; and (<b>f</b>) disease duration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/40'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1456444" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 218 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/39/pdf?version=1724051485" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Successes and Challenges in Clinical Trial Recruitment: The Experience of a New Study Team" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/39">Successes and Challenges in Clinical Trial Recruitment: The Experience of a New Study Team</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Man Hung</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amir Mohajeri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Konstantinia Almpani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriel Carberry</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John F. Wisniewski</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kade Janes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brooklyn Janes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chase Hardy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Golnoush Zakeri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ben Raymond</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Heather Trinh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jordan Bretner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Val J. Cheever</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rafael Garibyan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Perry Bachstein</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Frank W. Licari</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 39; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030039">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030039</a> - 14 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1018 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Participant recruitment is one of the most challenging aspects of a clinical trial, directly impacting both the study’s duration and the quality of its results. Therefore, reporting successful recruitment strategies is crucial. This study aimed to document the recruitment tactics and experiences of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/39/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Participant recruitment is one of the most challenging aspects of a clinical trial, directly impacting both the study’s duration and the quality of its results. Therefore, reporting successful recruitment strategies is crucial. This study aimed to document the recruitment tactics and experiences of a research team during a university-based randomized clinical trial, conducted as part of a clinical research immersion program. Recruitment took place from October 2021 to October 2022. Before the study commenced, study team members received formal training in clinical trial participant recruitment from the Principal Investigator. The recruitment strategies were integrated into initial study design, which was approved by the Institutional Review Board. A multimodal approach was employed, incorporating both direct and indirect recruitment methods. These strategies successfully met the enrollment target within the twelve-month period. Throughout the process, team members acquired valuable knowledge in recruitment design and implementation, along with transferable interpersonal and networking skills. In-person recruitment was the most efficient and cost-effective strategy, followed by personal referrals. The primary challenge was accommodating participants’ availability. Other study teams should consider these recruitment strategies during their study designs. Additionally, the knowledge and skills gained by this study team underscore the value of experiential learning in research education. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/39">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1449818" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1164 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/38/pdf?version=1722770167" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hemodialysis without Systemic Anticoagulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Five Strategies in Patients at a High Risk of Bleeding" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/38">Hemodialysis without Systemic Anticoagulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Five Strategies in Patients at a High Risk of Bleeding</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro H. Franca Gois</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David McIntyre</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sharad Ratanjee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anita Pelecanos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carla Scuderi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chungun L. Janoschka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kara Summers</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haibing Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Belinda Elford</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dwarakanathan Ranganathan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Helen G. Healy</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 38; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030038">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030038</a> - 4 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1285 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: There has been growing interest in exploring combined interventions to achieve a more effective heparin-free treatment approach. Aim: to evaluate combination of interventions compared to standard practice (intermittent flushes) to prevent clotting and consequently reduce premature interruptions of hemodialysis. Methods: This open-label <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/38/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: There has been growing interest in exploring combined interventions to achieve a more effective heparin-free treatment approach. Aim: to evaluate combination of interventions compared to standard practice (intermittent flushes) to prevent clotting and consequently reduce premature interruptions of hemodialysis. Methods: This open-label randomized controlled trial recruited chronic hemodialysis patients with contra-indication to systemic heparinization. Participants were randomized into one of five groups to receive different strategies of heparin-free hemodialysis treatment for up to three sessions. Primary endpoint: the successful completion of hemodialysis without clotting. Secondary outcomes: the clotting of the air traps assessed by a semi-quantitative scale, online KT/V, and safety of the interventions. Results: Forty participants were recruited and randomized between May and December 2020. Participants showed similar baseline biochemistry results and coagulation profiles. The highest success rates were observed in group 3 (heparin-coated dialyzers combined with intermittent flushes) (100%) and group 5 (hemodiafiltration with online predilution combined with heparin-coated dialyzers), with 91% vs. the control (intermittent flushes) (64%). Group 2 (heparin-coated dialyzers alone) had the poorest success rate, with 38% of the sessions being prematurely terminated due to clotting. KT/V and clotting scores were similar between groups. No adverse events related to the trial interventions were observed. Conclusions: The proposed combination of interventions may have had additive effects, leading to less frequent clotting and the premature termination of an HD/HDF session. Our study supports the feasibility of conducting a larger randomized controlled trial focusing on the efficacy of combined interventions for heparin-free HD in patients with a high risk of bleeding. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/38">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/medsci/sections/nephrology_urology">Nephrology and Urology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/38/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1449818"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1449818"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1449818" data-cycle-prev="#prev1449818" data-cycle-progressive="#images1449818" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1449818-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00038/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00038-g001-550.jpg?1722770269" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1449818" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1449818-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00038/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00038-g002-550.jpg?1722770272'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1449818-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00038/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00038-g001-550.jpg?1722770269" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Study schema.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/38'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00038/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00038-g002-550.jpg?1722770272" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>CONSORT 2010 flow diagram of the study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/38'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1447314" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3223 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/37/pdf?version=1722515201" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Ultrasound Features in Gout: An Overview" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/37">Ultrasound Features in Gout: An Overview</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cristina Dorina Pârvănescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreea Lili Bărbulescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cristina Elena Biță</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ștefan Cristian Dinescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Beatrice Andreea Trașcǎ</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sineta Cristina Firulescu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Florentin Ananu Vreju</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 37; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030037">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030037</a> - 31 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 1287 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The accurate diagnosis of gout frequently constitutes a challenge in clinical practice, as it bears a close resemblance to other rheumatologic conditions. An undelayed diagnosis and an early therapeutic intervention using uric acid lowering therapy (ULT) is of the utmost importance for preventing <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/37/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The accurate diagnosis of gout frequently constitutes a challenge in clinical practice, as it bears a close resemblance to other rheumatologic conditions. An undelayed diagnosis and an early therapeutic intervention using uric acid lowering therapy (ULT) is of the utmost importance for preventing bone destruction, the main point of managing gout patients. Advanced and less invasive imaging techniques are employed to diagnose the pathology and ultrasonography (US) stands out as a non-invasive, widely accessible and easily reproducible method with high patient acceptability, enabling the evaluation of the full clinical spectrum in gout. The 2023 EULAR recommendations for imaging in diagnosis and management of crystal-induced arthropathies in clinical practice state that US is a fundamental imagistic modality. The guidelines underline its effectiveness in detecting crystal deposition, particularly for identifying tophi and the double contour sign (DCS). Its utility also arises in the early stages, consequent to synovitis detection. US measures of monosodium urate (MSU) deposits are valuable indicators, sensitive to change consequent to even short-term administration of ULT treatment, and can be feasibly used both in current daily practice and clinical trials. This paper aimed to provide an overview of the main US features observed in gout patients with reference to standardized imaging guidelines, as well as the clinical applicability both for diagnosis accuracy and treatment follow-up. Our research focused on summarizing the current knowledge on the topic, highlighting key data that emphasize gout as one of the few rheumatological conditions where US is recognized as a fundamental diagnostic and monitoring tool, as reflected in the most recent classification criteria. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/37">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/37/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1447314"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1447314"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1447314" data-cycle-prev="#prev1447314" data-cycle-progressive="#images1447314" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1447314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g001-550.jpg?1722515411" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1447314" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1447314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g002-550.jpg?1722515412'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1447314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g003-550.jpg?1722515413'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1447314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g004-550.jpg?1722515413'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1447314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g005-550.jpg?1722515414'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1447314-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g006-550.jpg?1722515417'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1447314-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g001-550.jpg?1722515411" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Baker cyst in transverse (<b>A</b>) and longitudinal (<b>B</b>) view with the presence of multiple hyperechoic spots “snowstorm sign”.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/37'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g002-550.jpg?1722515412" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>). Urate deposits, grade 3 (definite and severe) visible in longitudinal view at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. (<b>B</b>). Urate deposits at de surface of the metatarsal bone cartilage—double contour sign. MT—metatarsal bone, P—phalanx, T—intraarticular tophus, arrow—double contour sign.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/37'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g003-550.jpg?1722515413" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Intratendinous soft tophus visible in longitudinal view of the proximal insertion of the patellar tendon ((<b>A</b>)—grayscale, (<b>B</b>)—Power Doppler mode). P—patella, PT—patellar tendon, arrow—intratendinous soft tophus.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/37'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g004-550.jpg?1722515413" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Intratendinous hard tophus visible in longitudinal view of the distal insertion of the patellar tendon. Notice the posterior shadowing from the tophus. P—patella, PT—patellar tendon, arrow—intratendinous hard tophus.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/37'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g005-550.jpg?1722515414" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Erosions (arrow) of the metatarsal head (MT) in a patient with gout. To note a grade 2 urate aggregate at the level of the metatarsophalangeal joint. ET—extensor tendon, P—phalanx.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/37'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00037/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00037-g006-550.jpg?1722515417" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Ultrasound features of “double contour sign” visible on the cartilage surface of the femur (<b>A</b>) and first metatarsal bone (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/37'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1445214" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 896 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/36/pdf?version=1722247461" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Prognostic Role of Pre- and Post-Treatment [18F]FDG PET/CT in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx in Patients Treated with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/36">Prognostic Role of Pre- and Post-Treatment [18F]FDG PET/CT in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx in Patients Treated with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesco Dondi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Gazzilli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Domenico Albano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessio Rizzo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giorgio Treglia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Rosario Pisani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carmen Palumbo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dino Rubini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manuela Racca</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Rubini</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesco Bertagna</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 36; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030036">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030036</a> - 29 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 1107 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: The prognostic role of imaging with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in oropharynx cancer (OPC) has been demonstrated in the past. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic impact of both baseline and post-treatment PET/CT in patients <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/36/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: The prognostic role of imaging with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in oropharynx cancer (OPC) has been demonstrated in the past. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic impact of both baseline and post-treatment PET/CT in patients with OPC and treated with chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Methods: The PET/CT parameters of scans performed before and after therapy were collected and analyzed to find significant prognosticators for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection’s influence on the prognosis was also taken into account. Results: A total of 66 patients were included in the study. The staging volumetric parameters of PET/CT were significant prognosticators for OS, while the same parameters were affordable predictors for PFS at the restaging evaluation. No significant correlations between HPV infection and PET/CT parameters were reported. Conclusion: The prognostic role of volumetric [18F]FDG PET/CT parameters in patients with OPC was reported. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/36">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/medsci/sections/cancer_cancerrelated_research">Cancer and Cancer-Related Research</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/36/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1445214"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1445214"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1445214" data-cycle-prev="#prev1445214" data-cycle-progressive="#images1445214" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1445214-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00036/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00036-g001-550.jpg?1722247605" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1445214" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1445214-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00036/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00036-g002-550.jpg?1722247606'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1445214-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00036/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00036-g001-550.jpg?1722247605" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Fused PET/CT (<b>A</b>) and maximum index projection (MIP) (<b>B</b>) images of an [18F]FDG scan performed for staging purposes in a patient with an SCC of the oropharynx. The exam demonstrated the presence of a primary tumor but also of nodal and lung metastases. After undergoing ChT and RT, the subject again underwent a PET/CT scan 5 months later (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) that revealed the persistence of local and nodal uptake of the tracer. Four months afterwards, the relapse of disease on the lung and the progression on nodes were demonstrated, and the patient died 2 months later.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00036/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00036-g002-550.jpg?1722247606" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Representative survival curves for OS with baseline MTV(<b>A</b>) and for PFS with restaging MTV (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1440598" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 306 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/35/pdf?version=1721717560" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Emerging Indications for Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapies in Cutaneous Malignancies" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/35">Emerging Indications for Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapies in Cutaneous Malignancies</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Domingos Sávio do Rego Lins Junior</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Beatriz Mendes Awni Cidale</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Zelia Leal Pereira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jacqueline Nunes de Menezes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eduardo Bertolli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco Aparecido Belfort</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rodrigo Ramella Munhoz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 35; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030035">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030035</a> - 23 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 1239 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Patients with cutaneous malignancies and locoregional involvement represent a high-risk population for disease recurrence, even if they receive optimal surgery and adjuvant treatment. Here, we discuss how neoadjuvant therapy has the potential to offer significant advantages over adjuvant treatment, further improving outcomes in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/35/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Patients with cutaneous malignancies and locoregional involvement represent a high-risk population for disease recurrence, even if they receive optimal surgery and adjuvant treatment. Here, we discuss how neoadjuvant therapy has the potential to offer significant advantages over adjuvant treatment, further improving outcomes in some patients with skin cancers, including melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. Both preclinical studies and in vivo trials have demonstrated that exposure to immunotherapy prior to surgical resection can trigger a broader and more robust immune response, resulting in increased tumor cell antigen presentation and improved targeting by immune cells, potentially resulting in superior outcomes. In addition, neoadjuvant approaches hold the possibility of providing a platform for evaluating pathological responses in the resected lesion, optimizing the prognosis and enabling personalized adaptive management, in addition to expedited drug development. However, more data are still needed to determine the ideal patient selection and the best treatment framework and to identify reliable biomarkers of treatment responses. Although there are ongoing questions regarding neoadjuvant treatment, current data support a paradigm shift toward considering neoadjuvant therapy as the standard approach for selecting patients with high-risk skin tumors. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/35">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1439896" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 1709 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/34/pdf?version=1721631358" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Quantifying Lumbar Foraminal Volumetric Dimensions: Normative Data and Implications for Stenosis—Part 2 of a Comprehensive Series" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/34">Quantifying Lumbar Foraminal Volumetric Dimensions: Normative Data and Implications for Stenosis—Part 2 of a Comprehensive Series</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Renat Nurmukhametov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manuel De Jesus Encarnacion Ramirez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Medet Dosanov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abakirov Medetbek</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stepan Kudryakov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laith Wisam Alsaed</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gennady Chmutin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gervith Reyes Soto</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jeff Ntalaja Mukengeshay</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tshiunza Mpoyi Chérubin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vladimir Nikolenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Artem Gushcha</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sabino Luzzi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreina Rosario Rosario</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Salvador Ovalle</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katherine Valenzuela Mateo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jesus Lafuente Baraza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Juan Carlos Roa Montes de Oca</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Castillo Rangel</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Salman Sharif</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 34; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030034">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030034</a> - 22 Jul 2024 </div> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/34#metrics">Cited by 2</a> | Viewed by 1268 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Introduction: Lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS) occurs primarily due to degenerative changes in older adults, affecting the spinal foramina and leading to nerve compression. Characterized by pain, numbness, and muscle weakness, LFS arises from structural changes in discs, joints, and ligaments, further complicated by <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/34/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Introduction: Lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS) occurs primarily due to degenerative changes in older adults, affecting the spinal foramina and leading to nerve compression. Characterized by pain, numbness, and muscle weakness, LFS arises from structural changes in discs, joints, and ligaments, further complicated by factors like inflammation and spondylolisthesis. Diagnosis combines patient history, physical examination, and imaging, while management ranges from conservative treatment to surgical intervention, underscoring the need for a tailored approach. Materials and Methods: This multicenter study, conducted over six years at a tertiary hospital, analyzed the volumetric dimensions of lumbar foramina and their correlation with nerve structures in 500 patients without lumbar pathology. Utilizing high-resolution MRI with a standardized imaging protocol, eight experienced researchers independently reviewed the images for accurate measurements. The study emphasized quality control through the calibration of measurement tools, double data entry, validation checks, and comprehensive training for researchers. To ensure reliability, interobserver and intraobserver agreements were analyzed, with statistical significance determined by kappa statistics and the Student’s <i>t</i>-test. Efforts to minimize bias included blinding observers to patient information and employing broad inclusion criteria to mitigate referral and selection biases. The methodology and findings aim to enhance the understanding of normal lumbar foramina anatomy and its implications for diagnosing and treating lumbar conditions. Results: The study’s volumetric analysis of lumbar foramina in 500 patients showed a progressive increase in foraminal volume from the L1/L2 to the L5/S1 levels, with significant enlargement at L5/S1 indicating anatomical and biomechanical complexity in the lumbar spine. Lateral asymmetry suggested further exploration. High interobserver and intraobserver agreement levels (ICC values of 0.91 and 0.95, respectively) demonstrated the reliability and reproducibility of measurements. The patient cohort comprised 58% males and 42% females, highlighting a balanced gender distribution. These findings underscore the importance of understanding foraminal volume variations for lumbar spinal health and pathology. Conclusion: Our study significantly advances spinal research by quantifying lumbar foraminal volumes, revealing a clear increase from the L1/L2 to the L5/S1 levels, indicative of the spine’s adaptation to biomechanical stresses. This provides clinicians with a precise tool to differentiate between pathological narrowing and normal variations, enhancing the detection and treatment of lumbar foraminal stenosis. Despite limitations like its cross-sectional design, the strong agreement in measurements underscores the method’s reliability, encouraging future research to further explore these findings’ clinical implications. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/34">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/34/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1439896"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1439896"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1439896" data-cycle-prev="#prev1439896" data-cycle-progressive="#images1439896" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1439896-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g001-550.jpg?1721631431" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1439896" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1439896-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g002-550.jpg?1721631432'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1439896-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g003-550.jpg?1721631434'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1439896-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g004-550.jpg?1721631436'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1439896-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g001-550.jpg?1721631431" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Measurements of magnetic resonance imaging parameters: sagittal view. the measurements lines of major longitudinal and shortest distance perpendicular minor size of formanen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g002-550.jpg?1721631432" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Measurements of deep of foramen in axial view magnetic resonance imaging parameters .measure the distance from the anterior boundary (vertebral body or intervertebral disc) to the posterior boundary (ligamentum flavum or facet joint) of the foramen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g003-550.jpg?1721631434" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Lateral anatomical view of lumbar foraminal space. A; anterior limit of foramen, B: posterior limit of foramen, C: area total of foramen including the superior and inferior limits.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00034/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00034-g004-550.jpg?1721631436" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Axial view of lumbar foraminal space. A: anterior limit of foramen, B: posterior limit of foramen, C: Intraforaminal, D: foraminal, E: extraforaminal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1437487" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 272 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/33/pdf?version=1721382603" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Advanced Therapies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/33">Advanced Therapies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel Josef Lindegger</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 33; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030033">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030033</a> - 18 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 1602 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a significant global health challenge with approximately 38 million people currently having the virus worldwide. Despite advances in treatment development, the virus persists in the human population and still leads to new infections. The virus has a powerful <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/33/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a significant global health challenge with approximately 38 million people currently having the virus worldwide. Despite advances in treatment development, the virus persists in the human population and still leads to new infections. The virus has a powerful ability to mutate and hide from the human immune system in reservoirs of the body. Current standard treatment with antiretroviral therapy effectively controls viral replication but requires lifelong adherence and does not eradicate the virus. This review explores the potential of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products as novel therapeutic approaches to HIV, including cell therapy, immunisation strategies and gene therapy. Cell therapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, shows promise in preclinical studies for targeting and eliminating HIV-infected cells. Immunisation therapies, such as broadly neutralising antibodies are being investigated to control viral replication and reduce reservoirs. Despite setbacks in recent trials, vaccines remain a promising avenue for HIV therapy development. Gene therapy using technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 aims to modify cells to resist HIV infection or eliminate infected cells. Challenges such as off-target effects, delivery efficiency and ethical considerations persist in gene therapy for HIV. Future directions require further research to assess the safety and efficacy of emerging therapies in clinical trials. Combined approaches may be necessary to achieve complete elimination of the HIV reservoir. Overall, advanced therapies offer new hope for advancing HIV treatment and moving closer to a cure. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/33">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/medsci/sections/immunology_infectious_diseases">Immunology and Infectious Diseases</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1427788" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 1195 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/32/pdf?version=1719929567" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Conservative Treatment in Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: A Systematic Review" data-journal="medsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3271/12/3/32">Conservative Treatment in Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: A Systematic Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Evgeniy Nikolaevich Goncharov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oleg Aleksandrovich Koval</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eduard Nikolaevich Bezuglov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vetoshkin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikolay Gavriilovich Goncharov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manuel De Jesus Encarnación Ramirez</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicola Montemurro</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Med. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(3), 32; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030032">https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12030032</a> - 2 Jul 2024 </div> <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/32#metrics">Cited by 2</a> | Viewed by 3010 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Introduction: Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a pressing orthopedic issue, leading to bone tissue death due to disrupted blood supply and affecting the quality of life of individuals significantly. This review focuses on conservative treatments, evaluating their efficacy as mainstay <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/32/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Introduction: Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a pressing orthopedic issue, leading to bone tissue death due to disrupted blood supply and affecting the quality of life of individuals significantly. This review focuses on conservative treatments, evaluating their efficacy as mainstay therapies. Enhanced understanding of AVN’s pathophysiology and advancements in diagnostic tools have rekindled interest in non-surgical interventions, emphasizing personalized, multidisciplinary approaches for improved outcomes. Material and Method: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases from January 2020 to August 2023, with the objective of focusing on conservative treatments for AVN of the femoral head. Eligible studies, including original research, case reports, and observational studies, were examined for relevant, well-documented patient outcomes post-conservative treatments, excluding non-English and surgically focused articles without comparative conservative data. Results: A systematic search yielded 376 records on AVN of the femoral head across multiple databases. After de-duplication and rigorous screening for relevance and quality, 11 full-text articles were ultimately included for a comprehensive qualitative synthesis, focusing on conservatively managing the condition. Conclusions: This review evaluates the effectiveness of conservative treatments such as pharmacological interventions and physical modalities in managing AVN of the femoral head. Despite promising results in symptom alleviation and disease progression delay, variability in outcomes and methodological limitations in studies necessitate further rigorous, randomized controlled trials for a robust, patient-centric approach to optimize therapeutic outcomes in AVN management. <a href="/2076-3271/12/3/32">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3/32/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1427788"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1427788"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1427788" data-cycle-prev="#prev1427788" data-cycle-progressive="#images1427788" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1427788-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00032/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00032-g001-550.jpg?1719929636" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1427788" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1427788-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00032/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00032-g002-550.jpg?1719929638'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1427788-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00032/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00032-g001-550.jpg?1719929636" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>PRISMA flow diagram of the articles screened.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medsci/medsci-12-00032/article_deploy/html/images/medsci-12-00032-g002-550.jpg?1719929638" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Avascular necrosis of femoral head pathophysiology. After ischemia, hypoxic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3271/12/3/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <div class="indented1"> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Export citation of selected articles as:</span> <br class="show-for-medium-down" /> <div class="listing-export"> <select class="chosen-select inline" name="format_bottom"> <option value="plaintext"> Plain Text </option> <option value="bibtex"> BibTeX </option> <option value="bibtex_no_abstract"> BibTeX (without abstracts) </option> <option value="endnote"> Endnote </option> <option value="endnote_no_abstract"> Endnote (without abstracts) </option> <option value="tab_delimited"> Tab-delimited </option> <option value="ris"> RIS </option> </select> </div> <input type="submit" value="Export" class="articleBrowserSubmit button button--color-inversed" id="articleBrowserExport_bottom"> </div> <div style="border-top: 1px solid #ededed; height: 5px; margin-top: 15px;">   </div> </div> <a id="link-export-modal-nothing-selected" data-reveal-id="export-modal-nothing-selected" style="display: none;"></a> <div id="export-modal-nothing-selected" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="columns large-12 medium-12 small-12"> Displaying articles 1-18 </div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="content__container content__container__combined-for-large content__container__combined-for-large__last show-for-small"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-6 columns text-left"> Previous Issue <div><a href="/2076-3271/12/2">Volume 12, June</a></div> </div> <div class="small-6 columns text-right"> Next Issue <div><a href="/2076-3271/12/4">Volume 12, December</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="metrics-modal2" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row row-smallh3"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Issue View Metrics</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="issue_stats_div" style="margin-bottom: 1em;"> <div id="issue_stats_swf"></div> <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/medsci">Med. Sci.</a></em>, EISSN 2076-3271, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/medsci" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/medsci/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#615e47000c115a1214030b0402155c27130e0c4453512c2531284452204453514453534710140e155a47000c115a030e05185c09151511125b4e4e1616164f0c0511084f020e0c4e535156574c525356504e50534e524452204451204451206b6b" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=&hashtags=mdpimedsci&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2076-3271%2F12%2F3&via=medsci_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2076-3271%2F12%2F3&title=%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/12/3</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "medsci"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script> <script> var mainColumn1 = "#middle-column"; var extendingReady = true; $(document).ready(function() { $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--grey", "" === $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--color", "" !== $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-volume").change(function(e) { $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option').not('.volume-0').hide(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('.volume-' + $(this).val()).show(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option:first').prop('selected', 'selected'); $("#journal-browser-issue").trigger("chosen:updated"); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--grey', '' === $(this).val()); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--color', '' !== $(this).val()); }); // add resize event for the window (to recalculate side column elements) // TODO: is it better to use resize end or resize here? $(window).on('resize', function() { mdpi_column_height_module.calculateColumnHeights(false, mainColumn1); }); $(".link-journal-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("ul").toggleClass("active"); $("#social-media-links").toggle(); $("#journal-alerts").toggle(); }); $(".link-journal-browser").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass('show-for-medium-up'); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script> <script > var loadArticles = true; var currentOffset = 0; function loadAllRemainingArticles() { var url = "/2076-3271/12/3/date/default/__offset__/1000"; url = url.replace(/__offset__/g, currentOffset); $(document.body).css({'cursor' : 'wait'}); $("<div>").load(url, function() { $(".jscroll").append($(this)); updateLoadedArticles(); $(document.body).css({'cursor' : 'default'}); $('.selectUnselectAll').removeClass("jscroll-override").change(); }); } function updateLoadedArticles() { if ($(".article-content.export-expanded").length > 0) { var listing = $(".article-listing"); listing.find("div.article-content, .export-element").not(".export-options-show").addClass("export-expanded"); } $(".cycle-slideshow").cycle({ log: false }); $('.popupgallery').each(function() { $(this).magnificPopup({ type: 'image', delegate: 'a', index: 2, image: { verticalFit: false }, gallery: { enabled: true } }); }); $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); } function loadMoreArticles() { if (loadArticles) { var url = "/2076-3271/12/3/date/default/__offset__/15"; url = url.replace(/__offset__/g, currentOffset); $("<div>").load(url, function() { $(".jscroll").append($(this)); updateLoadedArticles(); if (1 === $(this).find(".more").length) { currentOffset += 15; loadMoreArticles(); } else { $(".selectUnselectAll").removeClass("jscroll-override"); } }); } } $(document).ready(function() { if ($(".more").length > 0) { $(".selectUnselectAll").addClass("jscroll-override"); } $('.selectUnselectAll').change(function(e) { if ($(this).hasClass("jscroll-override")) { loadArticles = false; loadAllRemainingArticles(); } }); $.get('/2076-3271/12/3/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } var countWrapper = $(".js-stats-summary"); var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".js-stats-summary-views"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".js-stats-summary-downloads"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".js-stats-summary-citations"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); if ('elements' in jsondata) { $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#issue_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); $(".js-chart-data-available").show(); } else { $(".js-chart-data-unavailable").show(); } }); }); </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6e06bdbf243e32',t:'MTczMjMzMjA1Ny4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Medical Sciences | September 2024 - Browse Articles